Factor Structure and Heritability of Obsessive-Compulsive Traits in Children and Adolescents in the General Population

ABSTRACT Background Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is a heritable childhood-onset psychiatric disorder that may represent the extreme of obsessive-compulsive (OC) traits that are widespread in the general population. We studied the factor structure and heritability of the Toronto Obsessive Compulsive Scale (TOCS), a new measure designed to assess traits associated with OCD in children and adolescents. We also examined the degree to which genetic effects are unique and shared between dimensions. Methods OC traits were measured using the TOCS in 16,718 children and adolescents (6 to 18 years) at a local science museum. Factor analysis was conducted to identify OC trait dimensions. Univariate and multivariate twin modeling was performed to estimate the heritability of OC trait dimensions in a subset of twins (220 pairs). Results Six OC dimensions were identified: Cleaning/Contamination, Hoarding, Rumination, Superstition, Counting/Checking, and Symmetry/Ordering. The TOCS total score (74%) and OC trait dimensions were heritable (30-77%). Hoarding was phenotypically distinct but shared genetic effects with other OC dimensions. Most of the genetic effects were shared between dimensions while unique environment accounted for the majority of dimension-specific variance, except for hoarding which had considerable unique genetic factors. A latent trait did not account for the shared variance between dimensions. Conclusions OC traits and individual OC dimensions were heritable, although the degree of shared and dimension-specific etiological factors varied by dimension. The TOCS is useful for genetic research of OC traits and OC dimensions should be examined individually and together along with total trait scores to characterize OC genetic architecture.