Evaluating Physics-Based, Hybrid, and Data-Driven Models for Rubber-Metal Bushings

Evaluating Physics-Based, Hybrid, and Data-Driven Models for Rubber-Metal Bushings | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Evaluating Physics-Based, Hybrid, and Data-Driven Models for Rubber-Metal Bushings Meike Wohlleben, Jan Schütte, Manuel Berkemeier, Sebastian Peitz, and 1 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-6556746/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Published Journal Publication published 27 Jan, 2026 Read the published version in Multibody System Dynamics → Version 1 posted 10 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Rubber-metal bushings (RMB) are critical components in multi-body systems, such as vehicles and industrial machinery, due to their abilityto enable relative motion, dampen vibrations, and transmit forces. However,their nonlinear behavior challenges accurate modeling. Traditional physics-based models often fail to balance simplicity, accuracy, and computationalefficiency. The growing availability of experimental data offers opportunitiesto improve RMB modeling through hybrid and data-driven approaches. Thisstudy evaluates physics-based, hybrid, and data-driven methods based on predictive accuracy, modeling effort, and computational cost. Hybrid approaches,combining machine learning techniques with physics-based models, are investigated to leverage their complementary strengths. Results show that hybridmethods enhance accuracy for simpler models with a modest increase in computational time. This highlights their potential to simplify RMB modelingwhile balancing accuracy and efficiency, offering insights for advancing multi-body system simulations. Building on these insights, data-driven methods areexplored for their ability to provide surrogate models for dynamical systemswithout requiring expert knowledge. Experiments reveal that while simpledata-driven methods approximate system behavior when data has low variance, they fail with trajectories of widely varying frequency and amplitude. Rubber metal bushing Data-driven modeling Hybrid modeling Full Text Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Published Journal Publication published 27 Jan, 2026 Read the published version in Multibody System Dynamics → Version 1 posted Editorial decision: Revision requested 19 Aug, 2025 Reviews received at journal 03 Jul, 2025 Reviews received at journal 04 Jun, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 22 May, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 22 May, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 08 May, 2025 Reviewers invited by journal 07 May, 2025 Editor assigned by journal 30 Apr, 2025 Submission checks completed at journal 29 Apr, 2025 First submitted to journal 29 Apr, 2025 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-6556746","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":453555223,"identity":"ebeacbaf-e79c-42d3-9bb4-acfaeb66e24a","order_by":0,"name":"Meike Wohlleben","email":"data:image/png;base64,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","orcid":"","institution":"University of Paderborn","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Meike","middleName":"","lastName":"Wohlleben","suffix":""},{"id":453555224,"identity":"93499a8a-5704-4b01-8fb5-2264ef277ae1","order_by":1,"name":"Jan Schütte","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"University of Paderborn","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Jan","middleName":"","lastName":"Schütte","suffix":""},{"id":453555225,"identity":"23d39f88-4ec3-4e76-b0ef-bc747a149840","order_by":2,"name":"Manuel Berkemeier","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"TU Dortmund University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Manuel","middleName":"","lastName":"Berkemeier","suffix":""},{"id":453555226,"identity":"bda382a1-324b-4cd3-8117-aa8d13bd92bd","order_by":3,"name":"Sebastian Peitz","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"TU Dortmund University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Sebastian","middleName":"","lastName":"Peitz","suffix":""},{"id":453555227,"identity":"105ad7c3-5c8d-4ec8-bfe2-2cc614d6b48f","order_by":4,"name":"Walter Sextro","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"University of Paderborn","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Walter","middleName":"","lastName":"Sextro","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2025-04-29 13:08:18","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6556746/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-6556746/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[{"content":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11044-026-10146-9","type":"published","date":"2026-01-27T15:58:41+00:00"}],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":101690575,"identity":"f4f22d77-812f-423a-98c6-2ee7324f79b6","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-02-02 16:05:53","extension":"pdf","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":1593246,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"PaperMW.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6556746/v1_covered_f0e0c9ab-12f4-447d-aa0d-2b457fcfa808.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Evaluating Physics-Based, Hybrid, and Data-Driven Models for Rubber-Metal Bushings","fulltext":[],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":false,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":true,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":true,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":true,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"multibody-system-dynamics","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"mubo","sideBox":"Learn more about [Multibody System Dynamics](http://link.springer.com/journal/11044)","snPcode":"11044","submissionUrl":"https://submission.nature.com/new-submission/11044/3","title":"Multibody System Dynamics","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"Springer Hybrid","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":false},"keywords":"Rubber metal bushing, Data-driven modeling, Hybrid modeling","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6556746/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-6556746/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"Rubber-metal bushings (RMB) are critical components in multi-body systems, such as vehicles and industrial machinery, due to their abilityto enable relative motion, dampen vibrations, and transmit forces. 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