Periodic table of standard model particles: Shared three-letter code words with amino acids

Periodic table of standard model particles: Shared three-letter code words with amino acids | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Periodic table of standard model particles: Shared three-letter code words with amino acids Susumu Morimoto This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-8317601/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract The standard model (SM) in particle physics is a well-established and extensively tested theory, formulated using advanced mathematical frameworks such as gauge theory. This study presents a periodic table of SM particles as a simplified tool, without relying on such advanced mathematics. Each SM particle is assigned a number in the table, analogous to an atom in the periodic table of elements. The decay modes of baryons and mesons were analyzed using particle inversion numbers (P-INs), defined as the binary representation of each particle's decimal number. The analysis revealed a “multiple-of-four” rule for the P-INs of baryons and mesons decay modes, enabling their classification into two groups: multiples of four and non-multiples of four. For instance, a neutron has a P-IN of 16 (a multiple of four), whereas a proton has a P-IN of 14 (not a multiple of four). The P-INs of SM particles indicate that reactions across the three generations follow analogous P-IN patterns. These numerical values introduce a new perspective based on binary numbers: the even P-IN values (0, 4, 6) and the odd codon inversion numbers (C-INs) in the genetic code (1, 3, 5) suggest a habitat segregation relationship between elementary particles and proteins, reflected in the even and odd values of their inversion numbers. Mathematical Physics Standard model particles periodic table sharing three-letter genetic codes binary code particle numbers baryons/mesons decay law Full Text Additional Declarations The authors declare no competing interests. Supplementary Files SupplementarymaterialsRSDec032025.docx Periodic table of standard model particles: Shared three-letter code words with amino acids Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-8317601","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":557633607,"identity":"6ce98316-d266-4780-925f-b9e69c9f235d","order_by":0,"name":"Susumu 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