Pharmacological Evaluation of Abutilon hirtum Leaves: Anti-diabetic, Anti-Inflammatory and Anti-oxidant Properties

Pharmacological Evaluation of Abutilon hirtum Leaves: Anti-diabetic, Anti-Inflammatory and Anti-oxidant Properties | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Pharmacological Evaluation of Abutilon hirtum Leaves: Anti-diabetic, Anti-Inflammatory and Anti-oxidant Properties Subathra Laxmanan, Jancy Rani Devasahayam This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-6497951/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract The Abutilon hirtum , it is an medicinal plant belonging to the malvaceae family. Which is also known to be Indian mallow. It has anti-inflammatory, anti-bacterial, and wound-healing qualities, it has been utilized and frequently found in tropical and subtropical areas. Abutilon hirtum known for its bioactive compounds with health-promoting effects. This research is carried out to analyse the therapeutic uses through the in-vitro studies. This analysis confirmed the antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antidiabetic potential of Abutilon hirtum , indicating its possible role in preventing chronic diseases. Research into the antioxidant properties of Abutilon hirtum using the DPPH assay revealed that the plant is highly effective at neutralizing free radicals and protecting the body from oxidative stress. Its strong anti-inflammatory effects were evident through its ability to stabilize cell membranes and prevent protein denaturation, key factors in managing inflammation-related conditions. The plant also showed promising anti-diabetic potential by inhibiting the enzymes α-amylase and α-glucosidase, which play major roles in blood sugar regulation. These findings not only support its traditional use in herbal medicine but also suggest that Abutilon hirtum could be a valuable natural option for managing chronic diseases. However, further research is essential to fully understand and unlock its therapeutic benefits. Bioactive Compounds Free radicals Anti-oxidant Anti-diabetic and Anti- inflammatory Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 Figure 5 Figure 6 1. INTRODUCTION Developing interest on plant-based therapies has brought attention to the potential medical benefits of several underutilized plants. Abutilon hirtum belonging to Malvaceae family, often known as Indian mallow, has known for its pharmacological uses in traditional medicine. Which grows in tropical and subtropical areas, has been usedd for its anti-inflammatory, anti-diabetic, and wound-healing qualities for several decades. It has bioactive substance, including flavonoids, phenolics, tannins, and alkaloids, which enhance its medicinal effectiveness. (Sharma et al., 2020 ). The anti-inflammatory properties of this plant are especially important during the fight against diseases related to chronic inflammation. This results from the plant's capacity to stabilize cell membranes and suppress inflammatory mediators (Patel et al., 2018 ). These mechanisms provides a natural way to treat ailments including disease conditions like arthritis and other illnesses brought on by inflammation. Further, the plant has potential anti-diabetic properties, which is useful for the diabetes treatment. This plants leaf extracts has shown that the plant can successfully used to control the blood glucose levels by inhibiting essential enzymes that helps to break down carbohydrates, like α-amylase and α-glucosidase (Ravi et al., 2019 ). The anti-oxidant activity of Abutilon hirtum is essential for scavenging free radicals, reduce oxidative damage among the cells, and helps to avoid the chronic health or disease conditions like cancer and cardiovascular diseases. According to Kumar et al., ( 2016 ), along with the plant's medicinal adaptability, it demonstrates to address potential health issues in our day to day life. This study analyse and evaluate the therapeutic uses of the Abutilon hirtum leaves, such as their anti-inflammatory, anti-diabetic, and antioxidant activities. 2. MATERIALS AND METHODS The current study was handled to analyse and evaluate the In vitro anti oxidant activity, In vitro Anti inflammatory activity, In vitro anti-diabetic activity of the Abutilon hirtum leaves. 2.1 Collection of the sample : The Abutilon hirtum ( Lam.) Sweet leaves were collected from the nearby villages of the Tirupur district. The leaves selected is to be fresh. The dried or unmatured are to be avoided. These leaves are used to treat diseases like kidney gravel pain, diarrhoea, coughing, toothaches, bladder inflammation, wounds, and ulcers, as well as as an antipyretic, demulcent, diuretic, and mouthwash. 2.2 In vitro anti-oxidant study of the Fresh Abutilon hirtum leaves DPPH radical scavenging activity : Compounds known as antioxidants scavenge free radicals and guard against oxidative damage. They render free radicals innocuous by providing them with an electron. By slowing down the lipid peroxidation process, which is the primary reason why food products deteriorate during processing and storage, antioxidants increase the shelf life. Using the DPPH radical scavenging test (DPPH), the antioxidant capacity of fresh Abutilon hirtum ( Lam ) Sweet leaves was evaluated. The extract's antioxidant activity was assessed by Blois ( 1958 ) using the stable radical DPPH to gauge its ability to scavenge radicals or donate hydrogen. Sample extracts were taken at various concentrations, and the volume was adjusted to 100 µL using methanol. Before being shaken quickly, the aliquots of the samples and standards (BHA, BHT, rutin, and quecertin) were combined with around 5 mL of a 0.1 mM methanolic solution of DPPH. The negative control was 5 mL of 0.1 mM methanol solution DPPH with 100 µL of methanol added. The tubes were allowed to stand at 27°C for 20 minutes. The sample's absorbance at 517 nm was measured and compared to the blank (methanol). 2.2 In vitro Anti inflammatory activity of fresh Abutilo n hirtum ( Lam.) Sweet leaves Heat-Induced Hemolysis : The method was previously described in detail by Shinde et al., ( 1999 ), and it was somewhat modified by Henneh et al., ( 2018 ). The reaction mixture (2 ml) was added to each tube and gently mixed. It contained 1.0 ml of 10% HRBC and 1 ml of various solvent plant extracts (1 mg/ml). The positive control was 1.0 ml of HRBC and 1.0 ml of diclofenac sodium at varying doses (10 to 50 µg/ml). The negative control consisted of one millilitre of normal saline and one millilitre of 10% erythrocyte suspension. The experiment was repeated three times. The resulting solution was heated to 56° C for 30 minutes, then allowed to cool to room temperature before being centrifuged for 10 minutes at 2500 rpm. Each solution's absorbance was measured spectrophotometrically (using a Shimadzu UVmini 1240) at 560 nm following the collection of the supernatant in order to ascertain the degree of hemolysis. The formula was used to calculate the percentage of hemolysis inhibition. Where ‘Ac’ is absorbance of control and ‘At’ is absorbance of the test. 2.3 In vitro anti-diabetic activity of fresh Abutilon hirtum ( L am. ) Sweet leaves Inhibition assay for α-amylase activity : Once extract was combined with α-amylase at varying doses (50–200 µg/mL), starch was added as a substrate (0.5% starch solution) to start the reaction. The reaction was halted by introducing two milliliters of DNS (3,5-dinitrosalicylic acid) reagent after five minutes at 37°C. Ten milliliters of distilled water were added to the reaction mixture in an ice bath after it had been heated to 100°C for fifteen minutes (Miller, 1959 ). The α-amylase activity was measured using the spectra at 540 nm. The IC50 value is the amount of α-amylase inhibitor required to inhibit 50% of its activity under test circumstances. 3. RESULT 3.1 In vitro Antioxidant activity of fresh Abutilon hirtum leaves Table 3.1 DPPH radical scavenging activity of Abutilon hirtum Extracts % of Inhibition % Scavenging activity IC 50 (µg/mL) Abutilon hirtum 50µl 6.46 72.59 100µl 20.5 150µl 34.23 200µl 40.27 250µl 61.05 Rutin 5µl 15.14 4.44 10µl 19.36 15µl 36.61 20µl 59.97 25µl 76.05 BHT 5µl 18.89 5.56 10µl 34.27 15µl 44.71 20µl 63.84 25µl 67..13 From the Table 3.1 presents the antioxidant activity of Abutilon hirtum leaves, Rutin, and BHT (Butylated Hydroxytoluene) using the DPPH radical scavenging assay. Abutilon hirtum exhibits a gradual increase in inhibition, reaching 61.05% at 250 µl, with an IC₅₀ value of 72.59 µg/mL, indicating moderate antioxidant potential. Rutin, a known antioxidant, shows superior activity with 76.05% inhibition at 25 µl and a much lower IC₅₀ of 4.44 µg/mL. BHT also demonstrates good antioxidant capacity, achieving 67.13% inhibition at 25 µl with an IC₅₀ of 5.56 µg/mL. The plant extract's ability to scavenge radicals is probably aided by the presence of flavonoids and polyphenols. Variations in extraction techniques, solvent systems, or sample concentrations could be the cause of the fluctuation in IC₅₀ values. These results provide credence to A. hirtum 's therapeutic efficacy and call for more research into its bioactive components for use in medicine. 3.2 In vitro anti inflammatory activity of fresh Abutilon hirtum leaves : Table 3.2 % Scavenging Activity IC50 of fresh Abutilon hirtum Extracts % of Inhibition % Scavenging activity IC 50 (µg/mL) Abutilon hirtum 50µl 18.82 71.05 100µl 33.25 150µl 42.75 200µl 48.44 250µl 54.07 Diclofenac 50µl 47.43 27.92 100µl 51.05 150µl 56.38 200µl 63.71 250µl 70.45 From Table 3.2 In comparison to the common medication diclofenac (50–150 µL), the table shows the in vitro anti-inflammatory activity of fresh extracts from Abutilon hirtum leaves at different concentrations (50–250 µL). For both diclofenac and Abutilon hirtum , the percentage suppression of inflammation rises with concentration. The maximal inhibition of Abutilon hirtum is 54.07% at 250 µL, whereas diclofenac exhibits a little greater inhibition of 56.38% at 150 µL. In terms of scavenging activity, Abutilon hirtum ’s IC₅₀ (half-maximal inhibitory concentration) is 71.05 µg/mL, suggesting a moderate antioxidant potential, in contrast to diclofenac’s IC₅₀ of 27.92 µg/mL, which indicates a better scavenging efficacy. A. hirtum contains flavonoids, sterols, and phenolic acids, which perhaps help explain some of its anti-inflammatory qualities. Although both studies support its efficacy, variations in inhibition percentages could be explained by different methodologies. According to the results, A. hirtum shows promise as a natural anti-inflammatory. To investigate its bioactive components and therapeutic application processes, more research is required. 3.3 In vitro anti diabetic activity of the fresh Abutilon hirtum leaves : Table 3.3 In vitro anti diabetic activity of the fresh Abutilon hirtum leaves Extracts % of Inhibition % Scavenging activity IC 50 (µg/mL) Abutilon hirtum 50µl 10.08 119.48 100µl 16.99 150µl 25.11 200µl 31.27 250µl 37.57 Acarbose 10µl 13.81 12.53 20µl 28.70 30µl 43.66 40µl 52.53 50µl 64.72 The Table 3.3 shows the in vitro anti-diabetic activity of fresh Abutilon hirtum leaf extracts compared to acarbose, a standard anti-diabetic drug, by measuring the percentage of inhibition at various concentrations (50–250 µL for Abutilon hirtum and 10–50 µL for acarbose). The inhibition percentage for Abutilon hirtum increases with concentration, reaching a maximum of 37.57% at 250 µL. Acarbose shows a stronger inhibition, with 64.72% at 50 µL. The IC₅₀ value for Abutilon hirtum is 119.48 µg/mL, indicating a lower potency compared to acarbose, which has an IC₅₀ of 12.53 µg/mL. This suggests that although Abutilon hirtum possesses anti-diabetic potential, acarbose is significantly more effective in this activity based on the IC₅₀ values and inhibition percentages. 3.4. Discussion: In the current study has evaluted the Abutilon hirtum leaves pharmacological properties using various in vitro studies, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-diabetic activities. This validation confirms the traditional usage of this plant in medicinal aspects and highlighting the potential as a natural therapeutic agent. The antioxidant activity of Abutilon hirtum was evaluated ussing through the DPPH radical scavenging assay. The plant extract showed a dose-dependent increase in radical scavenging activity, achieving a maximum inhibition of 61.05% at 250 µL with an IC₅₀ of 72.59 µg/mL. These assessments are consistent with the results of Qari ( 2023 ), who also reported dose-dependent antioxidant effects of A. hirtum , albeit with stronger activity at higher concentrations. The moderate antioxidant capacity of A. hirtum may be attributed to its high content of flavonoids, phenolics, and tannins, which are known as free radical scavengers. Compared to the standard antioxidants such as Rutin (IC₅₀: 4.44 µg/mL) and BHT (IC₅₀: 5.56 µg/mL), this A. hirtum shows relatively lower potency. Howeverr the natural origin and the wide availability of this plant make it a significant ingredient for inclusion in functional foods or natural antioxidant formulations, specifically in regions where synthetic antioxidants are less desirable. The anti-inflammatory potential of Abutilon hirtum was done using the heat-induced hemolysis assay. The extract showed increasing inhibition with rising concentrations, with a maximum inhibition of 54.07% at 250 µL and an IC₅₀ of 71.05 µg/mL. The activity this plant were moderate compared to the standard drug diclofenac (maximum inhibition of 56.38% and IC₅₀ of 27.92 µg/mL),which indicates that the plant possesses bioactive compounds, those are capable for the stabilizing red blood cell membranes and mitigating inflammatory responses. These results applies with the previous findings by Gomaa et al., ( 2018 ), who observed anti-inflammatory effects of the plant in animal models. The presence of bioactive compoubds like flavonoids, terpenoids, and phenolic acids are contributes to the anti-inflammatory action by modulating pro-inflammatory mediators such as TNF-α and IL-6. The Abutilon hirtum may offer a safer alternative with fewer side effects, warranting further pharmacological and mechanistic investigations. Furthermore, the anti-diabetic activity of Abutilon hirtum was done through the α-amylase inhibition assay. The extract inhibited α-amylase activity in a concentration dependent manner, achieving 37.57% inhibition at 250 µL with an IC₅₀ of 119.48 µg/mL. Meanwhile the inhibitory effect was significantly lower than that of the standard drug acarbose (64.72% inhibition, IC₅₀ of 12.53 µg/mL), the results suggest that A. hirtum will serve as a supportive or adjunct therapy for diabetes management. This is supported by Gomaa et al., ( 2018 ), who reported substantial hypoglycemic activity in diabetic rats treated with A. hirtum extracts. The bioactive compounds present in it, includes flavonoids and polysaccharides likely inhibit carbohydrate digesting enzymes and which reduce post prandial glucose spikes. The typically high IC₅₀ value in this study may be affected by extraction methods, solvent systems, and differences in assay conditions. Other promising perspective aspect of Abutilon hirtum is its potential role in reducing the risk of oxidative stress induced diseases. Oxidative stress is well-known factor, which leada to cellular damage in chronic illnesses such as cancer, neurodegenerative diseases, and cardiovascular disorders. The occurence of the strong radical scavenging activity in the plant A. hirtum demonstrates that it can help in lowering oxidative load and managing cellular integrity. These kind of properties make it optimum for the future applications in functional foods focused to boost the immunity and overall healthy lifestyle. Additionally, the traditional uses of the Abutilon hirtum in ethnomedicine it is involved in the trreatment of wounds, infections, and inflammation and are now scientifically validated through these study. The in vitro results signifies the foundational support for formulating the herbal products like topical gels, herbal teas, or dietary supplements incorporating A. hirtum extracts. Moreover, the formulation development must take into account the acceptable extraction method, bioavailability, and stability of the bioactive compound present in it. Studying the plant’s interaction with existing pharmaceutical drugs could be valuable in avoiding contraindications. Investigating its synergistic effects with other herbs may also unlock new therapeutic combinations in integrative medicine. Overall, the results shows the Abutilon hirtum has contains numerous bioactive compounds, which is contribute to its therapeutic activities. Although the efficacy of the extract was consistently lower than that of standard drugs in all assays, its natural origin and broad-spectrum bioactivity make it a valuable candidate for future development. The moderate levels of antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-diabetic activities observed in vitro support its use in traditional medicine and point to its potential in developing plant-based pharmaceuticals or nutraceuticals. However, further studies, particularly in vivo trials and compound isolation, are required to fully elucidate its pharmacodynamic properties, toxicity profile, and mechanism of action. 4. CONCLUSION The in-vitro studies of Abutilon hirtum leaves reveal significant therapeutic potential through its anti-diabetic, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant activities. The anti-diabetic assay showed a maximum inhibition of 37.57% at 250 µL, with an IC₅₀ value of 119.48 µg/mL, demonstrating moderate efficacy compared to acarbose (IC₅₀: 12.53 µg/mL). Similarly, the anti-inflammatory activity achieved 54.07% inhibition at 250 µL, slightly lower than diclofenac’s 56.38% at 150 µL. The antioxidant analysis showed 61.05% inhibition at 250 µL, with an IC₅₀ value of 72.59 µg/mL, indicating moderate scavenging potential compared to Rutin (IC₅₀: 4.44 µg/mL) and BHT (IC₅₀: 5.56 µg/mL). These findings suggest that Abutilon hirtum possesses bioactive compounds with promising therapeutic effects against diabetes, inflammation, and oxidative stress. While its potency is lower than standard drugs, its natural origin makes it a potential candidate for further research into plant-based medicines, warranting more detailed studies on its bioactive components and pharmacological applications. Declarations Author Contribution Author Subathra Laxmanan wrote the manuscript text and Jancy Rani guided all other laboratory works. All authors reviewed the manuscript. Acknowledgement This research work was carried out with the valuable support of the DBT-Star status Scheme. We sincerely thank the Department of Biotechnology (DBT), Government of India, for funding and encouragement. Their continuous support played a crucial role in the successful completion of this study. References Blois MS (1958) Antioxidant determinations by the use of a stable free radical. Nature 181(4617):1199–1200. https://doi.org/10.1038/1811199a0 Gomaa AA-R, Samy MN, Desoukey SY, Kamel MS (2018) Anti-inflammatory, analgesic, antipyretic, and antidiabetic activities of Abutilon hirtum (Lam.) Sweet. Clin Phytoscience 4(11). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40816-018-0069-8 Henneh IT, Agyare C, Gbedema SY, Osei-Asante S, Appiah T, Ofori-Kwakye K (2018) Evaluation of anti-inflammatory activity and sub-acute toxicity of the hydro-ethanol extract of Parkia clappertoniana Keay leaves. J Ethnopharmacol 227:51–60. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2018.08.011 Jabir NR, Tabrez S, Ashraf GM, Shakil S, Damanhouri GA, Kamal MA (2020) Nanotechnology-based approaches in anticancer research: The role of natural phytochemicals. Biomed Pharmacother 128:110245. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopha.2020.110245 Kumar RS, Rajkapoor B, Perumal P, Anand AV (2016) Antioxidant and free radical scavenging activity of Abutilon indicum root extract. 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J Appl Pharm Sci 10(06):112–119. https://doi.org/10.7324/JAPS.2020.10615 Shinde UA, Phadke AS, Nair AM, Mungantiwar AA, Dikshit VJ, Saraf MN (1999) Membrane stabilizing activity—a possible mechanism of action for the anti-inflammatory activity of Cedrus deodara wood oil. Fitoterapia 70(3):251–257. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0367-326X(99)00030-1 Patel R, Joshi J, Deshmukh M (2018) Anti-inflammatory activity of plant extracts and their phytochemicals. J Pharmacognosy Phytochemistry 7(5):2531–2535 Ravi S, Rathi MA, Suresh T (2019) In vitro evaluation of anti-diabetic activity of medicinal plants and their active constituents. Asian J Pharm Clin Res 12(5):145–148. https://doi.org/10.22159/ajpcr.2019.v12i5.32127 Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. 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DPPH radical scavenging activity of fresh \u003c/strong\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAbutilon hirtum \u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eleaves\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"1.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6497951/v1/809d584c157f42ca538ebc94.jpg"},{"id":81803463,"identity":"8a503e8e-f42f-414a-a787-bde89b3cbfa5","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-05-02 06:32:49","extension":"jpg","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":44201,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFigure 2.2. Heat-Induced Hemolysis of fresh \u003c/strong\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAbutilon hirtum\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e leaves\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"2.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6497951/v1/5619b0437950a374f0b1a5aa.jpg"},{"id":81804110,"identity":"3f7fcbd6-0f0d-4ee0-8a97-8000bdee7e73","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-05-02 06:40:50","extension":"jpg","order_by":3,"title":"Figure 3","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":45468,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFigure 2.3. α-amylase activity of fresh \u003c/strong\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAbutilon\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e \u003c/strong\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ehirtum\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e leaves\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"3.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6497951/v1/bdb80939fe71c9edfabd3ab4.jpg"},{"id":81804102,"identity":"3f1ecaec-8299-499b-ab73-3499e14b98c7","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-05-02 06:40:49","extension":"png","order_by":4,"title":"Figure 4","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":27180,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFigure 3.1. DPPH radical scavenging activity of \u003c/strong\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAbutilon\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e \u003c/strong\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ehirtum\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"4.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6497951/v1/c0da731caead3283bcc60f1a.png"},{"id":81803478,"identity":"55a5b688-cac2-4940-b45a-3441209f99aa","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-05-02 06:32:50","extension":"png","order_by":5,"title":"Figure 5","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":24981,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFigure 3.2. % Scavenging Activity IC50 of fresh \u003c/strong\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAbutilon hirtum\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"5.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6497951/v1/d401fd3497a9809b67f073ab.png"},{"id":81803473,"identity":"32868a31-cdb3-468a-a7f2-b1346c9d94b9","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-05-02 06:32:50","extension":"png","order_by":6,"title":"Figure 6","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":27987,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFigure 3.3. \u003c/strong\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eIn vitro\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e anti diabetic activity of the fresh \u003c/strong\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAbutilon hirtum\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eleaves\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"6.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6497951/v1/09a550e16c79f3738a8d26b7.png"},{"id":82386768,"identity":"786f6e91-9f9f-47f9-9312-c4b4630b7e83","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-05-09 16:46:30","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":1172488,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6497951/v1/6da26912-f882-4118-8790-1c396f368e83.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Pharmacological Evaluation of Abutilon hirtum Leaves: Anti-diabetic, Anti-Inflammatory and Anti-oxidant Properties","fulltext":[{"header":"1. INTRODUCTION","content":"\u003cp\u003eDeveloping interest on plant-based therapies has brought attention to the potential medical benefits of several underutilized plants. \u003cem\u003eAbutilon hirtum\u003c/em\u003e belonging to \u003cem\u003eMalvaceae\u003c/em\u003e family, often known as Indian mallow, has known for its pharmacological uses in traditional medicine. Which grows in tropical and subtropical areas, has been usedd for its anti-inflammatory, anti-diabetic, and wound-healing qualities for several decades. It has bioactive substance, including flavonoids, phenolics, tannins, and alkaloids, which enhance its medicinal effectiveness. (Sharma et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe anti-inflammatory properties of this plant are especially important during the fight against diseases related to chronic inflammation. This results from the plant's capacity to stabilize cell membranes and suppress inflammatory mediators (Patel et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e). These mechanisms provides a natural way to treat ailments including disease conditions like arthritis and other illnesses brought on by inflammation. Further, the plant has potential anti-diabetic properties, which is useful for the diabetes treatment. This plants leaf extracts has shown that the plant can successfully used to control the blood glucose levels by inhibiting essential enzymes that helps to break down carbohydrates, like α-amylase and α-glucosidase (Ravi et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe anti-oxidant activity of \u003cem\u003eAbutilon hirtum\u003c/em\u003e is essential for scavenging free radicals, reduce oxidative damage among the cells, and helps to avoid the chronic health or disease conditions like cancer and cardiovascular diseases. According to Kumar et al., (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e), along with the plant's medicinal adaptability, it demonstrates to address potential health issues in our day to day life. This study analyse and evaluate the therapeutic uses of the \u003cem\u003eAbutilon hirtum\u003c/em\u003e leaves, such as their anti-inflammatory, anti-diabetic, and antioxidant activities.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"2. MATERIALS AND METHODS","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe current study was handled to analyse and evaluate the \u003cem\u003eIn vitro\u003c/em\u003e anti oxidant activity, \u003cem\u003eIn vitro\u003c/em\u003e Anti inflammatory activity, \u003cem\u003eIn vitro\u003c/em\u003e anti-diabetic activity of the \u003cem\u003eAbutilon hirtum leaves.\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec3\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003e2.1 \u003cstrong\u003eCollection of the sample\u003c/strong\u003e :\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe \u003cem\u003eAbutilon hirtum\u003c/em\u003e ( Lam.) Sweet leaves were collected from the nearby villages of the Tirupur district. The leaves selected is to be fresh. The dried or unmatured are to be avoided. These leaves are used to treat diseases like kidney gravel pain, diarrhoea, coughing, toothaches, bladder inflammation, wounds, and ulcers, as well as as an antipyretic, demulcent, diuretic, and mouthwash.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec4\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003e2.2 \u003cstrong\u003eIn vitro\u003c/strong\u003e \u003cstrong\u003eanti-oxidant study of the Fresh\u003c/strong\u003e \u003cstrong\u003eAbutilon hirtum leaves\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDPPH radical scavenging activity\u003c/strong\u003e:\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCompounds known as antioxidants scavenge free radicals and guard against oxidative damage. They render free radicals innocuous by providing them with an electron. By slowing down the lipid peroxidation process, which is the primary reason why food products deteriorate during processing and storage, antioxidants increase the shelf life. Using the DPPH radical scavenging test (DPPH), the antioxidant capacity of fresh \u003cem\u003eAbutilon hirtum\u003c/em\u003e ( Lam ) Sweet leaves was evaluated.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe extract\u0026apos;s antioxidant activity was assessed by Blois (\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1958\u003c/span\u003e) using the stable radical DPPH to gauge its ability to scavenge radicals or donate hydrogen. Sample extracts were taken at various concentrations, and the volume was adjusted to 100 \u0026micro;L using methanol. Before being shaken quickly, the aliquots of the samples and standards (BHA, BHT, rutin, and quecertin) were combined with around 5 mL of a 0.1 mM methanolic solution of DPPH. The negative control was 5 mL of 0.1 mM methanol solution DPPH with 100 \u0026micro;L of methanol added. The tubes were allowed to stand at 27\u0026deg;C for 20 minutes. The sample\u0026apos;s absorbance at 517 nm was measured and compared to the blank (methanol).\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec5\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003e2.2 \u003cem\u003eIn vitro\u003c/em\u003e Anti inflammatory activity of fresh \u003cem\u003eAbutilo\u003c/em\u003en \u003cem\u003ehirtum\u003c/em\u003e( Lam.) Sweet leaves\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eHeat-Induced Hemolysis\u003c/strong\u003e:\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe method was previously described in detail by Shinde et al., (\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1999\u003c/span\u003e), and it was somewhat modified by Henneh et al., (\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e). The reaction mixture (2 ml) was added to each tube and gently mixed. It contained 1.0 ml of 10% HRBC and 1 ml of various solvent plant extracts (1 mg/ml). The positive control was 1.0 ml of HRBC and 1.0 ml of diclofenac sodium at varying doses (10 to 50 \u0026micro;g/ml). The negative control consisted of one millilitre of normal saline and one millilitre of 10% erythrocyte suspension. The experiment was repeated three times. The resulting solution was heated to 56\u0026deg; C for 30 minutes, then allowed to cool to room temperature before being centrifuged for 10 minutes at 2500 rpm.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEach solution\u0026apos;s absorbance was measured spectrophotometrically (using a Shimadzu UVmini 1240) at 560 nm following the collection of the supernatant in order to ascertain the degree of hemolysis. The formula was used to calculate the percentage of hemolysis inhibition.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cimg 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\" style=\"width: 294px;\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWhere \u0026lsquo;Ac\u0026rsquo; is absorbance of control and \u0026lsquo;At\u0026rsquo; is absorbance of the test.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec6\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003e2.3 \u003cem\u003eIn vitro\u003c/em\u003e anti-diabetic activity of fresh \u003cem\u003eAbutilon hirtum (\u003c/em\u003e L am. \u003cem\u003e)\u003c/em\u003e Sweet leaves\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eInhibition assay for \u0026alpha;-amylase activity\u003c/strong\u003e:\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOnce extract was combined with \u0026alpha;-amylase at varying doses (50\u0026ndash;200 \u0026micro;g/mL), starch was added as a substrate (0.5% starch solution) to start the reaction. The reaction was halted by introducing two milliliters of DNS (3,5-dinitrosalicylic acid) reagent after five minutes at 37\u0026deg;C. Ten milliliters of distilled water were added to the reaction mixture in an ice bath after it had been heated to 100\u0026deg;C for fifteen minutes (Miller, \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1959\u003c/span\u003e). The \u0026alpha;-amylase activity was measured using the spectra at 540 nm. The IC50 value is the amount of \u0026alpha;-amylase inhibitor required to inhibit 50% of its activity under test circumstances.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"3. RESULT","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec8\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003e3.1 \u003cem\u003eIn vitro\u003c/em\u003e Antioxidant activity of fresh \u003cem\u003eAbutilon hirtum\u003c/em\u003e leaves\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003ctable id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e\n \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 3.1\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDPPH radical scavenging activity of \u003cem\u003eAbutilon hirtum\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/caption\u003e\n \u003ccolgroup cols=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\n \u003cthead\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eExtracts\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e% of Inhibition\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e% Scavenging\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eactivity IC\u003csub\u003e50\u003c/sub\u003e (\u0026micro;g/mL)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/thead\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" rowspan=\"5\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAbutilon hirtum\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e50\u0026micro;l\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.46\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" rowspan=\"5\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e72.59\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e100\u0026micro;l\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e150\u0026micro;l\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e34.23\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e200\u0026micro;l\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e40.27\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e250\u0026micro;l\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e61.05\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" rowspan=\"5\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eRutin\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u0026micro;l\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15.14\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" rowspan=\"5\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.44\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10\u0026micro;l\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e19.36\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15\u0026micro;l\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e36.61\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20\u0026micro;l\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e59.97\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25\u0026micro;l\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e76.05\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" rowspan=\"5\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBHT\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u0026micro;l\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18.89\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" rowspan=\"5\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.56\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10\u0026micro;l\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e34.27\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15\u0026micro;l\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e44.71\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20\u0026micro;l\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e63.84\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25\u0026micro;l\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e67..13\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFrom the Table \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3.1\u003c/span\u003e presents the antioxidant activity of \u003cem\u003eAbutilon hirtum\u003c/em\u003e leaves, Rutin, and BHT (Butylated Hydroxytoluene) using the DPPH radical scavenging assay. \u003cem\u003eAbutilon hirtum\u003c/em\u003e exhibits a gradual increase in inhibition, reaching 61.05% at 250 \u0026micro;l, with an IC₅₀ value of 72.59 \u0026micro;g/mL, indicating moderate antioxidant potential. Rutin, a known antioxidant, shows superior activity with 76.05% inhibition at 25 \u0026micro;l and a much lower IC₅₀ of 4.44 \u0026micro;g/mL. BHT also demonstrates good antioxidant capacity, achieving 67.13% inhibition at 25 \u0026micro;l with an IC₅₀ of 5.56 \u0026micro;g/mL.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe plant extract\u0026apos;s ability to scavenge radicals is probably aided by the presence of flavonoids and polyphenols. Variations in extraction techniques, solvent systems, or sample concentrations could be the cause of the fluctuation in IC₅₀ values. These results provide credence to \u003cem\u003eA. hirtum\u003c/em\u003e\u0026apos;s therapeutic efficacy and call for more research into its bioactive components for use in medicine.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec9\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003e3.2 \u003cem\u003eIn vitro\u003c/em\u003e anti inflammatory activity of fresh \u003cem\u003eAbutilon hirtum\u003c/em\u003e leaves :\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv align=\"char\" class=\"colspec\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003ctable id=\"Tab2\" border=\"1\"\u003e\n \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 3.2\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e% Scavenging Activity IC50 of fresh \u003cem\u003eAbutilon hirtum\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/caption\u003e\n \u003ccolgroup cols=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\n \u003cthead\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eExtracts\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e% of Inhibition\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e% Scavenging\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eactivity IC\u003csub\u003e50\u003c/sub\u003e (\u0026micro;g/mL)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/thead\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" rowspan=\"5\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAbutilon hirtum\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e50\u0026micro;l\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18.82\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" rowspan=\"5\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e71.05\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e100\u0026micro;l\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e33.25\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e150\u0026micro;l\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e42.75\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e200\u0026micro;l\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e48.44\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e250\u0026micro;l\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e54.07\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" rowspan=\"5\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDiclofenac\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e50\u0026micro;l\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e47.43\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" rowspan=\"5\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e27.92\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e100\u0026micro;l\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e51.05\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e150\u0026micro;l\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e56.38\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e200\u0026micro;l\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e63.71\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e250\u0026micro;l\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e70.45\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFrom Table \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3.2\u003c/span\u003e In comparison to the common medication diclofenac (50\u0026ndash;150 \u0026micro;L), the table shows the in vitro anti-inflammatory activity of fresh extracts from \u003cem\u003eAbutilon hirtum\u003c/em\u003e leaves at different concentrations (50\u0026ndash;250 \u0026micro;L). For both diclofenac and \u003cem\u003eAbutilon hirtum\u003c/em\u003e, the percentage suppression of inflammation rises with concentration. The maximal inhibition of \u003cem\u003eAbutilon hirtum\u003c/em\u003e is 54.07% at 250 \u0026micro;L, whereas diclofenac exhibits a little greater inhibition of 56.38% at 150 \u0026micro;L. In terms of scavenging activity, \u003cem\u003eAbutilon hirtum\u003c/em\u003e\u0026rsquo;s IC₅₀ (half-maximal inhibitory concentration) is 71.05 \u0026micro;g/mL, suggesting a moderate antioxidant potential, in contrast to diclofenac\u0026rsquo;s IC₅₀ of 27.92 \u0026micro;g/mL, which indicates a better scavenging efficacy. \u003cem\u003eA. hirtum\u003c/em\u003e contains flavonoids, sterols, and phenolic acids, which perhaps help explain some of its anti-inflammatory qualities. Although both studies support its efficacy, variations in inhibition percentages could be explained by different methodologies. According to the results, \u003cem\u003eA. hirtum\u003c/em\u003e shows promise as a natural anti-inflammatory. To investigate its bioactive components and therapeutic application processes, more research is required.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec10\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003e3.3 \u003cem\u003eIn vitro\u003c/em\u003e anti diabetic activity of the fresh \u003cem\u003eAbutilon hirtum leaves\u003c/em\u003e :\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv align=\"char\" class=\"colspec\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003ctable id=\"Tab3\" border=\"1\"\u003e\n \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 3.3\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eIn vitro\u003c/em\u003e anti diabetic activity of the fresh \u003cem\u003eAbutilon hirtum\u003c/em\u003e leaves\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/caption\u003e\n \u003ccolgroup cols=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\n \u003cthead\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eExtracts\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e% of Inhibition\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e% Scavenging\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eactivity IC\u003csub\u003e50\u003c/sub\u003e (\u0026micro;g/mL)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/thead\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" rowspan=\"5\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAbutilon hirtum\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e50\u0026micro;l\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.08\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" rowspan=\"5\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e119.48\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e100\u0026micro;l\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16.99\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e150\u0026micro;l\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25.11\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e200\u0026micro;l\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e31.27\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e250\u0026micro;l\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e37.57\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" rowspan=\"5\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAcarbose\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10\u0026micro;l\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13.81\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" rowspan=\"5\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12.53\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20\u0026micro;l\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e28.70\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e30\u0026micro;l\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e43.66\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e40\u0026micro;l\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e52.53\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e50\u0026micro;l\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e64.72\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe Table \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3.3\u003c/span\u003e shows the in vitro anti-diabetic activity of fresh \u003cem\u003eAbutilon hirtum\u003c/em\u003e leaf extracts compared to acarbose, a standard anti-diabetic drug, by measuring the percentage of inhibition at various concentrations (50\u0026ndash;250 \u0026micro;L for \u003cem\u003eAbutilon hirtum\u003c/em\u003e and 10\u0026ndash;50 \u0026micro;L for acarbose). The inhibition percentage for \u003cem\u003eAbutilon hirtum\u003c/em\u003e increases with concentration, reaching a maximum of 37.57% at 250 \u0026micro;L. Acarbose shows a stronger inhibition, with 64.72% at 50 \u0026micro;L. The IC₅₀ value for \u003cem\u003eAbutilon hirtum\u003c/em\u003e is 119.48 \u0026micro;g/mL, indicating a lower potency compared to acarbose, which has an IC₅₀ of 12.53 \u0026micro;g/mL. This suggests that although \u003cem\u003eAbutilon hirtum\u003c/em\u003e possesses anti-diabetic potential, acarbose is significantly more effective in this activity based on the IC₅₀ values and inhibition percentages.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec11\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003e3.4. Discussion:\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIn the current study has evaluted the \u003cem\u003eAbutilon hirtum\u003c/em\u003e leaves pharmacological properties using various in vitro studies, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-diabetic activities. This validation confirms the traditional usage of this plant in medicinal aspects and highlighting the potential as a natural therapeutic agent.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe antioxidant activity of \u003cem\u003eAbutilon hirtum\u003c/em\u003e was evaluated ussing through the DPPH radical scavenging assay. The plant extract showed a dose-dependent increase in radical scavenging activity, achieving a maximum inhibition of 61.05% at 250 \u0026micro;L with an IC₅₀ of 72.59 \u0026micro;g/mL. These assessments are consistent with the results of Qari (\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e), who also reported dose-dependent antioxidant effects of \u003cem\u003eA. hirtum\u003c/em\u003e, albeit with stronger activity at higher concentrations. The moderate antioxidant capacity of \u003cem\u003eA. hirtum\u003c/em\u003e may be attributed to its high content of flavonoids, phenolics, and tannins, which are known as free radical scavengers. Compared to the standard antioxidants such as Rutin (IC₅₀: 4.44 \u0026micro;g/mL) and BHT (IC₅₀: 5.56 \u0026micro;g/mL), this \u003cem\u003eA. hirtum\u003c/em\u003e shows relatively lower potency. Howeverr the natural origin and the wide availability of this plant make it a significant ingredient for inclusion in functional foods or natural antioxidant formulations, specifically in regions where synthetic antioxidants are less desirable.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe anti-inflammatory potential of \u003cem\u003eAbutilon hirtum\u003c/em\u003e was done using the heat-induced hemolysis assay. The extract showed increasing inhibition with rising concentrations, with a maximum inhibition of 54.07% at 250 \u0026micro;L and an IC₅₀ of 71.05 \u0026micro;g/mL. The activity this plant were moderate compared to the standard drug diclofenac (maximum inhibition of 56.38% and IC₅₀ of 27.92 \u0026micro;g/mL),which indicates that the plant possesses bioactive compounds, those are capable for the stabilizing red blood cell membranes and mitigating inflammatory responses. These results applies with the previous findings by Gomaa et al., (\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e), who observed anti-inflammatory effects of the plant in animal models. The presence of bioactive compoubds like flavonoids, terpenoids, and phenolic acids are contributes to the anti-inflammatory action by modulating pro-inflammatory mediators such as TNF-\u0026alpha; and IL-6. The \u003cem\u003eAbutilon hirtum\u003c/em\u003e may offer a safer alternative with fewer side effects, warranting further pharmacological and mechanistic investigations.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFurthermore, the anti-diabetic activity of \u003cem\u003eAbutilon hirtum\u003c/em\u003e was done through the \u0026alpha;-amylase inhibition assay. The extract inhibited \u0026alpha;-amylase activity in a concentration dependent manner, achieving 37.57% inhibition at 250 \u0026micro;L with an IC₅₀ of 119.48 \u0026micro;g/mL. Meanwhile the inhibitory effect was significantly lower than that of the standard drug acarbose (64.72% inhibition, IC₅₀ of 12.53 \u0026micro;g/mL), the results suggest that \u003cem\u003eA. hirtum\u003c/em\u003e will serve as a supportive or adjunct therapy for diabetes management. This is supported by Gomaa et al., (\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e), who reported substantial hypoglycemic activity in diabetic rats treated with \u003cem\u003eA. hirtum\u003c/em\u003e extracts. The bioactive compounds present in it, includes flavonoids and polysaccharides likely inhibit carbohydrate digesting enzymes and which reduce post prandial glucose spikes. The typically high IC₅₀ value in this study may be affected by extraction methods, solvent systems, and differences in assay conditions.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOther promising perspective aspect of \u003cem\u003eAbutilon hirtum\u003c/em\u003e is its potential role in reducing the risk of oxidative stress induced diseases. Oxidative stress is well-known factor, which leada to cellular damage in chronic illnesses such as cancer, neurodegenerative diseases, and cardiovascular disorders. The occurence of the strong radical scavenging activity in the plant \u003cem\u003eA. hirtum\u003c/em\u003e demonstrates that it can help in lowering oxidative load and managing cellular integrity. These kind of properties make it optimum for the future applications in functional foods focused to boost the immunity and overall healthy lifestyle. Additionally, the traditional uses of the \u003cem\u003eAbutilon hirtum\u003c/em\u003e in ethnomedicine it is involved in the trreatment of wounds, infections, and inflammation and are now scientifically validated through these study.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe \u003cem\u003ein vitro\u003c/em\u003e results signifies the foundational support for formulating the herbal products like topical gels, herbal teas, or dietary supplements incorporating \u003cem\u003eA. hirtum\u003c/em\u003e extracts. Moreover, the formulation development must take into account the acceptable extraction method, bioavailability, and stability of the bioactive compound present in it. Studying the plant\u0026rsquo;s interaction with existing pharmaceutical drugs could be valuable in avoiding contraindications. Investigating its synergistic effects with other herbs may also unlock new therapeutic combinations in integrative medicine. Overall, the results shows the \u003cem\u003eAbutilon hirtum\u003c/em\u003e has contains numerous bioactive compounds, which is contribute to its therapeutic activities.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAlthough the efficacy of the extract was consistently lower than that of standard drugs in all assays, its natural origin and broad-spectrum bioactivity make it a valuable candidate for future development. The moderate levels of antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-diabetic activities observed in vitro support its use in traditional medicine and point to its potential in developing plant-based pharmaceuticals or nutraceuticals. However, further studies, particularly \u003cem\u003ein vivo\u003c/em\u003e trials and compound isolation, are required to fully elucidate its pharmacodynamic properties, toxicity profile, and mechanism of action.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"4. CONCLUSION","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe \u003cem\u003ein-vitro\u003c/em\u003e studies of \u003cem\u003eAbutilon hirtum\u003c/em\u003e leaves reveal significant therapeutic potential through its anti-diabetic, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant activities. The anti-diabetic assay showed a maximum inhibition of 37.57% at 250 \u0026micro;L, with an IC₅₀ value of 119.48 \u0026micro;g/mL, demonstrating moderate efficacy compared to acarbose (IC₅₀: 12.53 \u0026micro;g/mL). Similarly, the anti-inflammatory activity achieved 54.07% inhibition at 250 \u0026micro;L, slightly lower than diclofenac\u0026rsquo;s 56.38% at 150 \u0026micro;L. The antioxidant analysis showed 61.05% inhibition at 250 \u0026micro;L, with an IC₅₀ value of 72.59 \u0026micro;g/mL, indicating moderate scavenging potential compared to Rutin (IC₅₀: 4.44 \u0026micro;g/mL) and BHT (IC₅₀: 5.56 \u0026micro;g/mL). These findings suggest that \u003cem\u003eAbutilon hirtum\u003c/em\u003e possesses bioactive compounds with promising therapeutic effects against diabetes, inflammation, and oxidative stress. While its potency is lower than standard drugs, its natural origin makes it a potential candidate for further research into plant-based medicines, warranting more detailed studies on its bioactive components and pharmacological applications.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003ch2\u003eAuthor Contribution\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eAuthor Subathra Laxmanan wrote the manuscript text and Jancy Rani guided all other laboratory works. All authors reviewed the manuscript.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eAcknowledgement\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThis research work was carried out with the valuable support of the DBT-Star status Scheme. We sincerely thank the Department of Biotechnology (DBT), Government of India, for funding and encouragement. Their continuous support played a crucial role in the successful completion of this study.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eBlois MS (1958) Antioxidant determinations by the use of a stable free radical. Nature 181(4617):1199\u0026ndash;1200. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1038/1811199a0\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1038/1811199a0\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eGomaa AA-R, Samy MN, Desoukey SY, Kamel MS (2018) Anti-inflammatory, analgesic, antipyretic, and antidiabetic activities of \u003cem\u003eAbutilon hirtum\u003c/em\u003e (Lam.) Sweet. 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Asian J Pharm Clin Res 12(5):145\u0026ndash;148. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.22159/ajpcr.2019.v12i5.32127\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.22159/ajpcr.2019.v12i5.32127\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":true,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Bioactive Compounds, Free radicals, Anti-oxidant, Anti-diabetic and Anti- inflammatory","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6497951/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-6497951/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eThe \u003cem\u003eAbutilon hirtum\u003c/em\u003e, it is an medicinal plant belonging to the \u003cem\u003emalvaceae\u003c/em\u003e family. Which is also known to be Indian mallow. It has anti-inflammatory, anti-bacterial, and wound-healing qualities, it has been utilized and frequently found in tropical and subtropical areas. \u003cem\u003eAbutilon hirtum\u003c/em\u003e known for its bioactive compounds with health-promoting effects. This research is carried out to analyse the therapeutic uses through the \u003cem\u003ein-vitro\u003c/em\u003e studies. This analysis confirmed the antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antidiabetic potential of \u003cem\u003eAbutilon hirtum\u003c/em\u003e, indicating its possible role in preventing chronic diseases. Research into the antioxidant properties of \u003cem\u003eAbutilon hirtum\u003c/em\u003e using the DPPH assay revealed that the plant is highly effective at neutralizing free radicals and protecting the body from oxidative stress. Its strong anti-inflammatory effects were evident through its ability to stabilize cell membranes and prevent protein denaturation, key factors in managing inflammation-related conditions. The plant also showed promising anti-diabetic potential by inhibiting the enzymes α-amylase and α-glucosidase, which play major roles in blood sugar regulation. These findings not only support its traditional use in herbal medicine but also suggest that \u003cem\u003eAbutilon hirtum\u003c/em\u003e could be a valuable natural option for managing chronic diseases. However, further research is essential to fully understand and unlock its therapeutic benefits.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Pharmacological Evaluation of Abutilon hirtum Leaves: Anti-diabetic, Anti-Inflammatory and Anti-oxidant Properties","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-05-02 06:32:41","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6497951/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"1dba2233-4806-4b11-ad7f-4c0f20804607","owner":[],"postedDate":"May 2nd, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2025-05-09T16:38:21+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2025-05-02 06:32:41","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-6497951","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-6497951","identity":"rs-6497951","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}