End-Tidal Carbon Dioxide Monitoring for Spontaneous Pneumothorax.

Spontaneous pneumothorax (SP) without external factor is traditionally classified as primary spontaneous pneumothorax (PSP) or secondary spontaneous pneumothorax (SSP) based on the absence or presence of associated underlying lung conditions. In clinical course of SSP, SSP is usually more unstable than PSP. Thus, SPP needs longer hospitalization period, requires more surgical intervention, and leads to higher mortality. [ 1 ] Regarding management strategies, not only characteristics of pneumothorax itself, but also the underlying lung disease associated with SPP should be considered. [ 2 , 3 ] Therefore, it is important to distinguish between PSP and SSP for a timely diagnosis to guide appropriate management. Partial pressure of end-tidal carbon dioxide (ETCO 2 ) can be measured via capnography. ETCO 2 directly reflects emission of carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) by ventilation and indirectly reflects the gas exchange capacity of lung and transport of CO 2 via pulmonary circulation. Under normal physiologic conditions, the ETCO 2 level is 35–40 mmHg. ETCO 2 is correlated with partial pressure of carbon dioxide in arterial blood (PaCO 2 ). The gradient between PaCO 2 and ETCO 2 (Pa-ETCO 2 gradient) should be maintained at 2–5 mmHg [ 4 ]. However, in respiratory dead space and those with a low cardiac output that can present as ventilation-perfusion (V/Q) mismatch, Pa-ETCO 2 gradient may be increased due to a reduction of ETCO 2 [ 5 – 7 ]. Pneumothorax is one of the diseases with alveolar hypoventilation from the reduction of vital capacity by air in the pleural space. Therefore, we hypothesized that ETCO 2 could be decreased by SP and that such decrease could be large, especially in SSP with lung dysfunction. The objective of this study was to determine whether ETCO 2 could be used to distinguish between PSP and SSP.

This was a retrospective observational study conducted in consecutive patients aged greater than 16 years who had spontaneous pneumothorax and who had been admitted to a tertiary hospital emergency room (ER) between April 2019 and September 2020. Patients were excluded if they were not monitored for ETCO 2 or did not perform a chest computed tomography (CT) scan. During the study period, patients who had symptoms with dyspnea and/or suggested pneumothorax such as pleurisy (pain while breathing, shortness of breath, and cough) were admitted. We usually monitored side-stream ETCO 2 using Cap 35 Capnography (Medtronic Inc., USA) as a portable respiratory monitor. The average value of ETCO 2 in 5 cycles of breathing was recorded 1 minute after starting ETCO 2 monitoring and then recorded on the electronic medical chart at intervals of about one hour. The presence of pneumothorax was confirmed through simple chest X -ray. A chest CT scan was routinely performed to identify underlying pulmonary diseases that could contribute to the disease course unless patient refused it. Closed tube thoracotomy was indicated clinically for unstable pneumothorax cases (such as large-size pneumothorax, bilateral pneumothorax, with hemodynamic compromise or respiratory distress). Tube management was done by emergency physicians or thoracic surgeons. Chest CT was read by a radiologist. Clinical data were obtained from electronic medical records, including age, gender, chest symptoms, history of pulmonary disease, blood pressure (BP), heart rate (HR), respiration rate (RR), body temperature (BT), peripheral oxygen saturation (SpO 2 ), ETCO 2 , PaCO 2 , radiologic finding of simple chest X -ray and chest CT, surgical management of pneumothorax, duration of hospital stay, and mortality. Spontaneous pneumothorax that occurred without evidence of underlining lung disease was defined as PSP. Pneumothorax that occurred as a complication of underling lung disease that altered normal lung structure was defined as SSP. Underlining lung diseases were confirmed by past medical history or by findings of chest CT reviewed by an independent radiologist. They were categorized as abnormal parenchyma (including known lung disease (eq. COPD, cystic fibrosis, interstitial lung disease, and bronchiectasis), including radiologic finding of emphysema, bullous emphysema, sequelae of tuberculosis/except simple subpleural blebs or single bulla), infection, malignancy, or others (endometriosis, genetic predisposition, etc.). Both current smokers and ex-smokers were defined as smokers. An initial systolic BP (SBP) less than 90 mmHg or diastolic BP (DBP) less than 60 mmHg after ER visit was defined as low BP. An initial HR of less than 60 or more than 120 beats per minute after ER visit was defined as an abnormal heart rate. An initial RR more than 20 per minute after ER visit was defined as tachypnea. An initial BT of 37.3°C or more than 37.3°C after ER visit was defined as fever. An initial SpO 2 of less than 90% after ER visit was defined as desaturation. The pneumothorax diagnosed for first time in life of patient was defined as the first episode. A distance of more than 2 cm between the parietal and visceral pleura at the level of the hilum in chest X -ray was defined as a large-size pneumothorax according to British guidelines. Percent of pneumothorax was calculated by rhea and choi method [PA projection: pneumothorax% = 4.95 + 8.8 (apical interpleural distance + interpleural distance of midpoint of upper half of lung + interpleural distance of midpoint of lower half of lung)/3, and AP projection: pneumothorax% = 9 + 10 (apical interpleural distance + interpleural distance of midpoint of upper half of lung + interpleural distance of midpoint of lower half of lung)/3] [ 8 , 9 ]. The presence of pneumothorax in both lungs was defined as bilateral pneumothorax. Subsequent chemical pleurodesis or wedged resection via video-assisted thoracic surgery after closed tube thoracotomy was defined as subsequent surgical operation. Initial SpO 2 was defined as initially measured percent of oxygen saturation by peripheral pulse oximetry after ER visit. Initial ETCO 2 was defined as initially measured partial pressure of ETCO 2 after ER visit. Initial PaCO 2 was defined as partial pressure of carbon dioxide on initial arterial blood gas analysis after ER visit. Pa-ETCO 2 gradient was calculated as the difference between initial ETCO 2 and initial PaCO 2 (Pa-ETCO 2 gradient = initial ETCO 2 —initial PaCO 2 ). The ETCO 2 after air drainage was defined as the average value of ETCO 2 measured between 45 and 75 minutes after tube thoracotomy. ETCO 2 rise after air drainage was defined as increase of ETCO 2 after closed tube thoracotomy (ETCO 2 rise after air drainage = ETCO 2 after tube thoracotomy—initial ETCO 2 ). We compared study variables between PSP and SSP groups. Continuous variables are presented as median values (interquartile range, IQR) and compared with the Mann-Whitney test. Nominal data were calculated as percentages based on the frequency of occurrence and compared using Chi-squared test or Fisher's exact test, as appropriate. Multivariate logistic regression was used to correlate gas variables with SSP. The area under receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve of ETCO 2 for the detection of SSP was calculated. Resulting odds ratios (ORs) are presented with 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs). A two-sided p value of less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant. This study was approved by the Institutional Review Board of Dongguk University Ilsan Hospital, Dongguk University (2020-09-025). Informed consent was waived by the IRB due to its retrospective nature.

A total of 66 patients were diagnosed as spontaneous pneumothorax in ED from April 2019 to September 2020. Of these, 16 were excluded due to no ETCO 2 monitoring ( n  = 11) or no chest CT scan ( n  = 5). Finally, 50 patients were enrolled for the analysis. They were divided into two groups: 33 (66%) in the PSP group and 17 (34%) in the SSP group. Patients in the SSP group were older than those in the PSP group (56 (50–70) years vs. 20 (17–29) years, p ≤ 0.001). Smokers were not significantly different between the two groups. However, those in the SSP group had longer smoking duration than those in the PSP group (29 (15–35) pack years vs. 5 (3–5) pack years, p =0.012). In the SSP group, all of the cases showed abnormal finding on chest CT; the underlying lung disease was abnormal parenchyma in 10 cases, infection in 8 cases, malignancy in 2 cases, and endometriosis in 1 case. Abnormal heart rate (5 (29.4%) vs. 1 (3.0%), p =0.014), desaturation (4 (23.5%) vs. 0, p =0.010), and bilateral pneumothorax (4 (23.5%) vs. 0, p =0.010) were more in the SSP group than in the PSP group. There were no significant differences in gender, symptoms (pleuritic chest pain, dyspnea), onset-to-visit interval, low BP, tachypnea, fever, first episode pneumothorax, or size of pneumothorax between the two groups. The SSP group received more tube thoracotomy than the PSP (21 (63.6%) vs. 16 (94.1%), p =0.038). The SSP group had a longer hospital day than the PSP group (8 (6–12) days vs. 6 (3–7) days, p =0.003). There were no significant differences in subsequent surgical operation or mortality between the two groups ( Table 1 ). Initial ETCO 2 was lower in the SSP group than in the PSP group (30 (23–33) mmHg vs. 35 (33–38) mmHg, p =0.002). Pa-ETCO 2 gradient was higher in the SSP group (11.4 (5.7–18.3) mmHg vs. 3.3 (0.6–6.7) mmHg, p =0.001). The ETCO 2 level rise after closed thoracotomy was higher in the SSP group than in the PSP group (6 (3–7) mmHg vs. 0 (0–3) mmHg, p =0.008). However, initial PaCO 2 had no significant difference between the two groups ( Table 2 ). Multivariate logistic regression revealed that respiratory gas associated with SSP was initial ETCO 2 (OR: 0.824; 95% CI: 0.697–0.974, p =0.023) ( Table 3 ). Initial ETCO 2 had an area under the ROC curve (AUC) of 0.754 (CI: 604–0.904), with lower initial ETCO 2 values indicating SSP. The optimal cutoff for initial ETCO 2 to detect SSP was 32 mmHg, with a sensitivity of 76.5% and a specificity of 72.7% ( Figure 1 ).

Lower initial ETCO 2 was associated with SSP in this study. Initial ETCO 2 could be an acceptable factor for discriminating between PSP and SSP. If there is a known lung disease or if the lung abnormality is evident in the chest X -ray conducted as a primary exam, SSP can be easily determined. A screening factor to determine SSP may not be necessary in such cases. However, because there are also many unrecognized pulmonary diseases and ambivalent findings, especially for those with collapsed lung due to pneumothorax in chest X -ray, it is not easy to distinguish between PSP and SSP in such cases. [ 10 ] The chest CT scan was routinely performed to evaluate underlying lung disease that may have contributed to the disease course in our institution; in our study, 8 (47.1%) cases showed these unrecognized parenchyma abnormalities in the SSP group who did not have known lung disease but showed lung abnormality in chest CT scan. Although chest CT has the advantage of being able to easily detect parenchymal changes in lung, it is difficult for chest CT to help clinician make a rapid decision because it is not a primary bedside test, and it can be limitedly performed due to the incurring cost and radiation exposure. In addition, 2001 American College of Chest Physicians [ 11 ] recommended selective use of chest CT scan in cases with recurrent pneumothorax, persistent air leak, or planning surgical intervention such as lung volume reduction surgery. On the other hand, the use of side-stream ETCO 2 is reasonable to screen SSP because it is noninvasive, there is no radiation hazard, there is no additional time-consuming procedure for monitoring, and it can be bedside monitored in real time without interfering with necessary surgical procedures. As shown in our study results, old age and smoking were risk factors for SSP. SSP was more often expressed by unstable features such as abnormal heart rate, hypoxia, and bilateral pneumothorax, resulting in more need for tube thoracotomy and longer hospital stays. In SSP, clinical course may worsen to respiratory failure due to an increase in V/Q mismatch caused by additional alveolar hypoventilation in the existing dysfunctional lung [ 12 ]. A few studies have revealed a change of ETCO 2 in spontaneous pneumothorax [ 13 ]. Some case reports have shown that ETCO 2 can be reduced in tension pneumothorax. The mechanism has been explained by a decrease in cardiac output due to a decrease in venous return [ 14 ]. In our study, there was no statistical difference in low blood pressure between the two groups. Thus, it was not enough to explain the difference in ETCO 2 by decreased cardiac output. ETCO 2 can change due to respiratory dynamics such as respiratory volume, in which case PaCO 2 also changes. However, in our study, since PaCO 2 did not show any significant difference between SSP and PSP, respiration volume could be excluded as the cause of ETCO 2 reduction. According to Bohr equation [ 15 ], the fraction of alveolar dead space/tidal volume is equal to the fraction of Pa-ETCO 2 /PaCO 2 . Therefore, the change in Pa-ETCO 2 gradient correlates with the change in the alveolar dead space [ 16 ]. Using this theory, some studies have revealed that the severity of pulmonary diseases with increased dead space can be clinically classified based on Pa-ETCO 2 gradient such as acute respiratory distress syndrome [ 5 ]. In results of our study, the Pa-ETCO 2 gradient was higher in SSP than in PSP with a normal gradient. This might be due to a V/Q mismatch in SSP. In addition, the reason for an increase in ETCO 2 after air drainage management in SSP might be improved pulmonary dysfunction. Moran et al. [ 17 ] have performed an animal study and reported that hypoxia may occur by anatomical shunt in unilateral pneumothorax. However, the concentration of CO 2 is unchanged because minute ventilation is maintained by controlling the respiration rate and V/Q balance is restored by autoregulation. This theory could explain why CO 2 variable did not change in PSP in our results. Several studies have shown that ETCO 2 can be used to predict disease severity and prognostication in acute phase of systemic diseases such as sepsis, trauma, and cardiac arrest [ 18 , 19 ]. However, our study could not reveal whether severity or prognosis of pneumothorax was related to ETCO 2 because we did not have enough subjects. In addition, our results showed an increase of ETCO 2 after closed thoracotomy. From these results, it could be assumed that ETCO 2 will drop when air is refilled in the interpleural space by tube dysfunction such as blockage or tube kinking. Therefore, further study is needed to verify the effectiveness of ETCO 2 for monitoring tube function. This study has some limitations. First, because of its retrospective design, the time for recording the initial ETCO 2 and the time for sampling PaCO 2 were not exactly the same. Thus, sudden changes of variables if patients were unstable could not be reflected. Still, the time difference between sampling and recording was limited to within 30 minutes (median, 9 min; IQR, 2–20 min). Also, PaCO 2 values were not measured in all patients. This is because the decision of whether or not to perform the arterial blood gas test was performed differently depending on the condition of each patient and the policy of each clinician. Second, 50% of patients had no record of ETCO 2 rise after air drainage on ER because they did not need closed tube thoracotomy or they underwent closed tube thoracotomy after admission. Depending on the situation of procedure room on ER or the preference of the physician or the patient's condition, the place for performing tube thoracotomy may change. Therefore, this study might have a risk of selection bias in the analysis of ETCO 2 rise. Third, in this study, we assumed that underlying pulmonary dysfunction might be present based on past history and radiologic finding without quantifying. However, in pneumothorax attack, performing forced expiratory maneuvers for pulmonary function test is ill-advised with unstable condition. It may produce inaccurate results with dynamic condition change in an ED setting. Finally, comprehensive factors of respiratory dynamics and hemodynamics have not been presented in our study, such as minute volume and cardiac output, which may be related to ETCO 2 . However, there were limitations because of retrospective study design, measuring some of these variables may require specific procedures, and accurate respiration volume is difficult to measure unless fixed in a laboratory setting. And the relationship between cardiac output and ETCO 2 is logarithmic, and it is known that ETCO 2 also changes when the cardiac output reduction exceeds the normal range enough to cause significant shock [ 20 ]. Since there was no difference in PaCO 2 and low BP between PSP and SSP groups in our results, it could be estimated that there is no significant difference in respiratory dynamics and hemodynamics that may affect ETCO 2 between the two groups.

The ETCO 2 monitoring in spontaneous pneumothorax may be an acceptable practice for discriminating between PSP and SSP. Lower initial ETCO 2 is associated with SSP. Its optimal cutoff value is 32 mmHg (AUC: 0.754, sensitivity: 76.5%, specificity: 72.7%). Further research addressing the usefulness of ETCO 2 as a severity and prognostic indicator for spontaneous pneumothorax is needed.