Evaluation of Heavy Metal content in Unbranded Facial Cosmetic and their potential Health risk

Evaluation of Heavy Metal content in Unbranded Facial Cosmetic and their potential Health risk | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Evaluation of Heavy Metal content in Unbranded Facial Cosmetic and their potential Health risk Dasola Airat Apata, Ezekiel Clinton Oroke This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-8363602/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Under Review Version 1 posted 15 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract The use of cosmetic items in daily life in order to enhance the quality of outlook is becoming quite common. The continuous use of these products, may expose consumers to health challenges which may be caused by the absorption of chemical elements. Pure cosmetic production is important for our health. Women’s ingestion and; exposure to organic and inorganic contaminants in cosmetics through dermal absorption, due to reasons such as personal habits and characteristics of the living environment, may contribute to carcinogenic risks following daily dietary exposure. The care for the physical body has gain huge attention especially the facial part where various kind of cosmetic item have been utilized to bring out a desired appearance. This investigation was based on determining the concentration of heavy metal such as Nickel (Ni), Lead (Pb), Cadmium (Cd) , Chromium(Cr) and Iron(Fe) in four types of unbranded cosmetic products (lipstick, eye pencil, eye shadow, talc powder) available at local markets in south west Nigeria. The analysis was carried out via inductive coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES). The results revealed that Pb, Cd, Cr, Fe claimed high concentration as compared with world health organization WHO recommendation. Heavy metals cosmetic ICP-OES Figures Figure 1 Introduction Cosmetic can be defined as materials intended to be rubbed, poured, sprinkled or sprayed on, or applied into the human body or any part for cleansing, promoting attractiveness, beautifying or altering the appearances [ 1 ]. Cosmetic products are monitored for any presence of detrimental entities including heavy metals which could result to health issues. There are has not been much research on the content of heavy metals presence in locally purchased cosmetics products in Nigeria especially the unbranded ones. Cosmetic products are regulated for health and safety and the regulation body also states clearly the permissible quantity and the prohibited ingredients in cosmetic products [ 2 ]. Amongst the prohibit ingredients include heavy metals such as cadmium, arsenic, lead, nickel and tin, while some other metals and their salt are allowed with a specific limit such as cobalt, chromium, gold, mercury and selenium amongst others [ 3 ]. The concentrations of metals in cosmetics products are of great importance to health concern because their use represents a potential source of human exposure [ 4 ]. Actually, the use of these cosmetics and their exposure vary from one product to another. Some of these products are applied to the whole body surface such as cream and emulsion, while some others such as hydroalcoholic gels, lipsticks, eye mascara, cream foundations, talc powder and scalp care products are applied to a particular areas of the body [ 5 ]. Table 1 WHO Heavy metal limit. Metals Limit content (ppm) Lead 10 Cadmium 0.3 Mercury 1 Arsenic 5 (WHO, 2015). The absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion and interaction of heavy metals with bodily systems are complex processes that are not yet fully understood. This is even more complex when considering that some cosmetics are applied and rinsed shortly after (such as toothpastes, shampoos and conditioners and cleansers, others are applied and allowed for a few minutes to hours such as body creams, lotions and facial makeup and those that are applied and remain in contact with the skin for several hours such as nail polish and hair dyes [ 6 ]. Materials and Methods Sample collection The facial cosmetics items( eye shadow, talc powder, eye pencil and lipstick,) used for the investigation were purchased from different beauty shops in Kings market Ado Ekiti, Ekiti State South West Nigeria. A total of five each of unbranded cosmetic items coded as: . Sample preparation The samples were scrapped to get a powdered content which will be used for the analysis. All the reagents and chemicals used in the study were of analytical grade. HNO 3 (69%, BDH), HCl (36%, Sigma-Aldrich), H 2 SO 4 (98%, Sigma-Aldrich), HClO 4 (70%, Sigma-Aldrich), H 2 O 2 (30%, Sigma-Aldrich), KMnO4 (Merck), hydroxylamine (BDH), and deionized water (Resistivity > 18 MΩ/cm) were used for digestion and dilution of samples and preparation of intermediate metal standard solutions prior to analysis Digestion of Sample About 5 g of the sample was measured into a conical flask, 20 ml of Aqua regia i.e. (3:1 of Conc. HNO 3 : HCl) was added to the sample inside the conical flask. The mixture inside the conical flask was placed on the hot plate inside the fume cupboard. The mixture was digested for 1 hours for about 200 0 C. After 1 hour, there is a clear solution, the sample was removed from the hot plate in the fume cupboard and allow to cool. After cooling, the digested sample was filtered and made up to 20 ml with distilled water. Elemental Analysis Using Agilent 720 Icp-Oes Ensure that the exhaust line is secured, the gas lines are connected and the gas supplies are turned on. Check that all tubing on the spray chamber, nebulizer, and peristaltic tubes are correctly connected. Turn on the power supply/High voltage switch/ auto-sampler. Power on instrument (ICP-OES 720), computer, ICP-OES software interface and allow 10 minutes for initialization. Ensure that the Plasma Enable Switch is in the Enable State (pushed in). Allow the instrument to warm up and initialize for about 10 minutes. rinse the instrument with rinse-solution (2–5% HNO 3 ). Set appropriate conditions and parameters for fitting the calibration curve on the worksheet created. Select the elements of interest alongside with suitable wavelength for their measurement. Create method, input sample matrix, blank, standards and sample codes. Input blank and standards in the appropriate rack position on the auto sampler. Read blank first, then working standards. Check for the calibration coefficient and ensure regression equation of R 2 ≥ 0.995. Recalibrate instrument with standard if lower than this value. Enter the sample codes for the samples to be analysed on the Sequence page and begin the analysis run. Result and Discussion The concentration of the heavy metals (Cd, Pb, Ni, Cr and Fe) analysed were presented in the Table 2 below. The concentration of the metals vary in all the cosmetics items, cadmium was high (0.0077 mg/L) in the eye shadow compare to the WHO recommendation (0.003mg/L). According to the WHO, the permissible limit for cadmium is 0.3µg/g, and unfortunately, all the cosmetic products were found to contain cadmium concentration higher than the permissible limit [7]. High level was also observed with lead in all the cosmetic. And as for nickel, the concentration was low in eye shadow and lipstick, but was high in eye pencil and talc powder as compared with recommendation of WHO [8]. Among the heavy metals, data presented in Table 2, reveals that chromium was obtained as 0.5404 mg/L in only one sample B (Eye shadow) and the other samples also showed a high above the recommended value by WHO. Iron concentrations were high through all the samples and extremely high quantity (3.9260) was observed in sample D (lipstick). So it can be said that all the samples contain all the analysed metals above the recommended and acceptable limit. It is also mentioned that according to Health Canada, it may be seen that the metal concentration of lead, chromium, nickel, cadmium and iron are beyond the permissible limit [9]. Table 2 Heavy metals concentration in the cosmetic items Element A(mg/L) B(mg/L) C(mg/L) D(mg/L) WHO(mg/L) Cd 0.0037 0.077 0.0075 0.0011 0.03 Pb 0.5421 0.5598 0.4957 0.2755 0.01 Ni 0.3570 0.0533 0.2940 0.0544 0.07 Cr 0.1507 0.5404 0.5248 0.2167 0.05 Fe 0.7091 0.4225 0.7103 3.9260 0.3 A- Eye pencil, B- Eye shadow, C- Talc powder and D-lipstick . WHO REC- World Health Organization Recommendation Health Risk Assessment of Investigated Cosmetic Items The health risk assessment for the cosmetic items was carried out using average daily dose of injection(ADD), hazard quotient (HQ) and hazard index (HI). If the hazard quotient (HQ) is equal to or less than 1, it is presumed that no detrimental effect will be experienced on human health. In contrary, if the HQ value is greater than 1, it is totally unsafe for human health [10]. These parameter can be calculated using the equation below: Where: ADD = average daily dose of ingestion (mg kg − 1 day − 1 ). C = concentrations of heavy metals (mg kg − 1 ) IR = intake rate of the lipstick (40 mg day − 1 ). EF = the frequency of exposure (260 days year − 1 ). ED = exposure duration (35 years). BW = the body weight of the exposed population (60 kg). AT = averaging time (365 days/year). CF = conversion factor (10 − 3 ). From the Table 3 above, it is clearly shown that all the investigated cosmetic items are prone to a very high health risk due to the extremely high HQ value which also contributed to the high value of HI. It is a matter of urgency on the side of regulating agency in Nigeria such as National Agency for Food and Drug Administration and control (NAFDAC). Conclusion Generally, the concentrations of the heavy metals in the cosmetics analysed in this study are in the order of Fe > Cr > Pb > Ni > Cd. The investigated eye pencil and lipstick were varied in their heavy metal concentration and the estimated amount of lead, iron and chromium were found to be higher than respective maximum allowable, and cadmium and nickel were found to be lower than the recommendation value. The source of these heavy metals may not be really deduced, but manufacturing procedure and management goes a long way in determining the indebt composition of any products. Since the cosmetic items in question are unbranded, which means they are regulatory deficit under any health of government agency, therefore such counterfeit and incompetency is expected in the final product. Unfortunately, the middle class and poor populace which constitute the larger percentage of population are seen at the receiving end of the inadequacy and health risk posed by these unbranded cosmetic items. From the results determined, it is well known that the use of unbranded facial cosmetics is detrimental to health and prolong usage is totally discouraged. Declarations Author contributions All Authors wrote, edited and financed this research work Funding This research received no financial assistance from any funding agency Data Availability No datasets were generated or analysed during the study Clinical trial registration Not Applicable Consent to publish declaration Not Applicable. Ethic Declaration Not Applicable Competing interests The Author decline no competing interest References Duck SL, Tae HR, Min KK, Yong CK, Seul MC, Seung JK, Kyu BK, Sungpil Y, Hyung SK, Byung-Mu L (2018): Non-cancer, cancer, and dermal sensitization risk assessment of heavy metals in cosmetics. J Toxic Environ Health A 81(11):432–452. Festus BO, Joseph GA, Abolanle SA, Adeyinka MY, Bhekie BM (2014) Safety evaluation of heavy metals exposure from consumer products. Int J Consum Stud 38:25–34. Mohammad BM, Gholamreza M, Raheleh K, Mohammad RG, Fatemeh A, Gholamreza H, Fahimeh K (2021) Determination of heavy metals in cream foundations and assessment of their dermal sensitivity, carcinogenicity, and non-carcinogenicity. Int J Environ Anal Chem , 20 January 2021, 13p Serpil K, Murat K, Mustafa S (2020) The determination of toxic metals in some traditional cosmetic products and health risk assessment . Biol Trace Elem Res , 05 September 2020, 6p. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12011-020-02357-8 Gondal MA, Seddigi ZS, Nasr MM, Gondal B (2010) Spectroscopic detection of health hazardous contaminants in lipstick using laser induced breakdown spectroscopy . J Hazard Mater 175(1-3):726–732 Chauhan AS, Bhadauria R, Singh AK, Lodhi SS, Chaturvedi DK, Tomar VS. (2019): Determination of Lead and Cadmium in cosmetic products . J. Chem. Pharm. Res , 2(6): 92-97 Sukender,K . Jaspreet, S . Sneha,D. Munish, G. AAS estimation of heavy metals and trace elements in Indian herbal cosmetic preparations, Res J Chem Sci 2(3) (2012) 46–51 Nkansah MA, Owusu-Afriyie E and Opoku F. Determination of lead and cadmium contents in lipstick and their potential health risks to consumers. J Consum Protect Food Safet 2018; 3: 191–198. Umar MA, Caleb H. Analysis of metals in some cosmetics products in FCT-Abuja, Nigeria. Int J Res Cosmet Sci. 2013;3(2):14–8. Tannenbaum LV, Johnson MS and Bazar M. Application of the hazard quotient method in remedial decisions: A com- parison of human and ecological risk assessments. Human and Ecological Risk Assessment: An International Journal 2003; 9(1): 387–401. Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Under Review Version 1 posted Reviews received at journal 11 May, 2026 Reviewers agreed at journal 08 May, 2026 Reviewers agreed at journal 06 Apr, 2026 Reviewers agreed at journal 04 Apr, 2026 Reviews received at journal 31 Mar, 2026 Reviewers agreed at journal 30 Mar, 2026 Reviews received at journal 07 Feb, 2026 Reviewers agreed at journal 07 Feb, 2026 Reviewers agreed at journal 04 Feb, 2026 Reviewers agreed at journal 02 Feb, 2026 Reviewers invited by journal 02 Feb, 2026 Editor invited by journal 01 Feb, 2026 Editor assigned by journal 19 Jan, 2026 Submission checks completed at journal 15 Jan, 2026 First submitted to journal 15 Jan, 2026 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. 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Cosmetic products are monitored for any presence of detrimental entities including heavy metals which could result to health issues. There are has not been much research on the content of heavy metals presence in locally purchased cosmetics products in Nigeria especially the unbranded ones. Cosmetic products are regulated for health and safety and the regulation body also states clearly the permissible quantity and the prohibited ingredients in cosmetic products [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e]. Amongst the prohibit ingredients include heavy metals such as cadmium, arsenic, lead, nickel and tin, while some other metals and their salt are allowed with a specific limit such as cobalt, chromium, gold, mercury and selenium amongst others [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e]. The concentrations of metals in cosmetics products are of great importance to health concern because their use represents a potential source of human exposure [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e]. Actually, the use of these cosmetics and their exposure vary from one product to another. Some of these products are applied to the whole body surface such as cream and emulsion, while some others such as hydroalcoholic gels, lipsticks, eye mascara, cream foundations, talc powder and scalp care products are applied to a particular areas of the body [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWHO Heavy metal limit.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"2\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMetals\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLimit content (ppm)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLead\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCadmium\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMercury\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eArsenic\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(WHO, 2015).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion and interaction of heavy metals with bodily systems are complex processes that are not yet fully understood. This is even more complex when considering that some cosmetics are applied and rinsed shortly after (such as toothpastes, shampoos and conditioners and cleansers, others are applied and allowed for a few minutes to hours such as body creams, lotions and facial makeup and those that are applied and remain in contact with the skin for several hours such as nail polish and hair dyes [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Materials and Methods","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec3\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003eSample collection\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe facial cosmetics items( eye shadow, talc powder, eye pencil and lipstick,) used for the investigation were purchased from different beauty shops in Kings market Ado Ekiti, Ekiti State South West Nigeria. A total of five each of unbranded cosmetic items coded as:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e. \u003cstrong\u003eSample preparation\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe samples were scrapped to get a powdered content which will be used for the analysis. All the reagents and chemicals used in the study were of analytical grade. HNO 3 (69%, BDH), HCl (36%, Sigma-Aldrich), H\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eSO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e (98%, Sigma-Aldrich), HClO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e (70%, Sigma-Aldrich), H\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e O\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e (30%, Sigma-Aldrich), KMnO4 (Merck), hydroxylamine (BDH), and deionized water (Resistivity\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;18 MΩ/cm) were used for digestion and dilution of samples and preparation of intermediate metal standard solutions prior to analysis\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eDigestion of Sample\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAbout 5 g of the sample was measured into a conical flask, 20 ml of Aqua regia i.e. (3:1 of Conc. HNO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e: HCl) was added to the sample inside the conical flask. The mixture inside the conical flask was placed on the hot plate inside the fume cupboard. The mixture was digested for 1 hours for about 200\u003csup\u003e0\u003c/sup\u003eC. After 1 hour, there is a clear solution, the sample was removed from the hot plate in the fume cupboard and allow to cool. After cooling, the digested sample was filtered and made up to 20 ml with distilled water.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eElemental Analysis Using Agilent 720 Icp-Oes\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eEnsure that the exhaust line is secured, the gas lines are connected and the gas supplies are turned on. Check that all tubing on the spray chamber, nebulizer, and peristaltic tubes are correctly connected. Turn on the power supply/High voltage switch/ auto-sampler. Power on instrument (ICP-OES 720), computer, ICP-OES software interface and allow 10 minutes for initialization. Ensure that the Plasma Enable Switch is in the Enable State (pushed in). Allow the instrument to warm up and initialize for about 10 minutes. rinse the instrument with rinse-solution (2\u0026ndash;5% HNO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e). Set appropriate conditions and parameters for fitting the calibration curve on the worksheet created. Select the elements of interest alongside with suitable wavelength for their measurement. Create method, input sample matrix, blank, standards and sample codes. Input blank and standards in the appropriate rack position on the auto sampler. Read blank first, then working standards. Check for the calibration coefficient and ensure regression equation of R\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;0.995. Recalibrate instrument with standard if lower than this value. Enter the sample codes for the samples to be analysed on the Sequence page and begin the analysis run.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Result and Discussion","content":"\u003cdiv\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe concentration of the heavy metals (Cd, Pb, Ni, Cr and Fe) analysed were presented in the Table 2 below. The concentration of the metals vary in all the cosmetics items, cadmium was high (0.0077 mg/L) in the eye shadow compare to the WHO recommendation (0.003mg/L). According to the WHO, the permissible limit for cadmium is 0.3\u0026micro;g/g, and unfortunately, all the cosmetic products were found to contain cadmium concentration higher than the permissible limit [7]. High level was also observed with lead in all the cosmetic. And as for nickel, the concentration was low in eye shadow and lipstick, but was high in eye pencil and talc powder as compared with recommendation of WHO [8]. Among the heavy metals, data presented in Table 2, reveals that chromium was obtained as 0.5404 mg/L in only one sample B (Eye shadow) and the other samples also showed a high above the recommended value by WHO. Iron concentrations were high through all the samples and extremely high quantity (3.9260) was observed in sample D (lipstick). So it can be\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003esaid that all the samples contain all the analysed metals above the recommended and acceptable limit. It is also mentioned that according to Health Canada, it may be seen that the metal concentration of lead, chromium, nickel, cadmium and iron are beyond the permissible limit [9].\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003ctable border=\"1\"\u003e\n \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv\u003eTable 2\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHeavy metals concentration in the cosmetic items\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/caption\u003e\n \u003cthead\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eElement\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eA(mg/L)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eB(mg/L)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eC(mg/L)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eD(mg/L)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWHO(mg/L)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/thead\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCd\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0037\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.077\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0075\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0011\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.03\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePb\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.5421\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.5598\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.4957\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.2755\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eNi\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.3570\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0533\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.2940\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0544\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.07\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCr\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.1507\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.5404\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.5248\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.2167\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.05\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFe\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.7091\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.4225\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.7103\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.9260\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eA- Eye pencil, B- Eye shadow, C- Talc powder and D-lipstick .\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eWHO REC- World Health Organization Recommendation\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cdiv\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003eHealth Risk Assessment of Investigated Cosmetic Items\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe health risk assessment for the cosmetic items was carried out using average daily dose of injection(ADD), hazard quotient (HQ) and hazard index (HI). If the hazard quotient (HQ) is equal to or less than 1, it is presumed that no detrimental effect will be experienced on human health. In contrary, if the HQ value is greater than 1, it is totally unsafe for human health [10].\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThese parameter can be calculated using the equation below:\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"data:image/png;base64,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\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWhere:\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eADD\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;average daily dose of ingestion (mg kg\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e day\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eC\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;concentrations of heavy metals (mg kg\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;intake rate of the lipstick (40 mg day\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEF\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;the frequency of exposure (260 days year\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eED\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;exposure duration (35 years).\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBW\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;the body weight of the exposed population (60 kg).\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAT\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;averaging time (365 days/year).\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCF\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;conversion factor (10\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;3\u003c/sup\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cimg 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\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFrom the Table 3 above, it is clearly shown that all the investigated cosmetic items are prone to a very high health risk due to the extremely high HQ value which also contributed to the high value of HI. It is a matter of urgency on the side of regulating agency in Nigeria such as National Agency for Food and Drug Administration and control (NAFDAC).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Conclusion","content":"\u003cp\u003eGenerally, the concentrations of the heavy metals in the cosmetics analysed in this study are in the order of Fe\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;Cr\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;Pb\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;Ni\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;Cd. The investigated eye pencil and lipstick were varied in their heavy metal concentration and the estimated amount of lead, iron and chromium were found to be higher than respective maximum allowable, and cadmium and nickel were found to be lower than the recommendation value. The source of these heavy metals may not be really deduced, but manufacturing procedure and management goes a long way in determining the indebt composition of any products. Since the cosmetic items in question are unbranded, which means they are regulatory deficit under any health of government agency, therefore such counterfeit and incompetency is expected in the final product. Unfortunately, the middle class and poor populace which constitute the larger percentage of population are seen at the receiving end of the inadequacy and health risk posed by these unbranded cosmetic items. From the results determined, it is well known that the use of unbranded facial cosmetics is detrimental to health and prolong usage is totally discouraged.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthor contributions\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAll Authors wrote, edited and financed this research work\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFunding\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis research received no financial assistance from any funding agency\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eData Availability\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNo datasets were generated or analysed during the study\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;Clinical trial registration\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNot Applicable\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConsent to publish declaration\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNot Applicable.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEthic Declaration\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNot Applicable\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCompeting interests\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe Author decline no competing interest\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eDuck SL, Tae HR, Min KK, Yong CK, Seul MC, Seung JK, Kyu BK, Sungpil Y, Hyung SK, Byung-Mu L (2018): Non-cancer, cancer, and dermal sensitization risk assessment of heavy metals in cosmetics. \u003cem\u003eJ Toxic Environ Health A\u003c/em\u003e 81(11):432\u0026ndash;452.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eFestus BO, Joseph GA, Abolanle SA, Adeyinka MY, Bhekie BM (2014) Safety evaluation of heavy metals exposure from consumer products. \u003cem\u003eInt J Consum Stud\u003c/em\u003e 38:25\u0026ndash;34.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eMohammad BM, Gholamreza M, Raheleh K, Mohammad RG, Fatemeh A, Gholamreza H, Fahimeh K (2021) Determination of heavy metals in cream foundations and assessment of their dermal sensitivity, carcinogenicity, and non-carcinogenicity. \u003cem\u003eInt J Environ Anal Chem\u003c/em\u003e, 20 January 2021, 13p\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eSerpil K, Murat K, Mustafa S (2020) The determination of toxic metals in some traditional cosmetic products and health risk assessment\u003cem\u003e. Biol Trace Elem Res\u003c/em\u003e, 05 September 2020, 6p. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12011-020-02357-8\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eGondal MA, Seddigi ZS, Nasr MM, Gondal B (2010) Spectroscopic detection of health hazardous contaminants in lipstick using laser induced breakdown spectroscopy\u003cem\u003e. J Hazard Mater\u003c/em\u003e 175(1-3):726\u0026ndash;732\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eChauhan AS, Bhadauria R, Singh AK, Lodhi SS, Chaturvedi DK, Tomar VS. (2019): \u0026nbsp; Determination of Lead and Cadmium in cosmetic products\u003cem\u003e. J. Chem. Pharm. Res\u003c/em\u003e, 2(6): 92-97\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eSukender,K . Jaspreet, S . Sneha,D. \u0026nbsp;Munish, G. \u0026nbsp; AAS estimation of heavy metals and trace elements in Indian herbal cosmetic preparations, Res J Chem Sci 2(3) (2012) 46\u0026ndash;51\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eNkansah MA, Owusu-Afriyie E and Opoku F. Determination of lead and cadmium contents in lipstick and their potential health risks to consumers. J Consum Protect Food Safet 2018; 3: 191\u0026ndash;198.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eUmar MA, Caleb H. Analysis of metals in some cosmetics products in FCT-Abuja, Nigeria. Int J Res Cosmet Sci. 2013;3(2):14\u0026ndash;8.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eTannenbaum LV, Johnson MS and Bazar M. Application of the hazard quotient method in remedial decisions: A com- parison of human and ecological risk assessments. Human and Ecological Risk Assessment: An International Journal 2003; 9(1): 387\u0026ndash;401.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"discover-green-chemistry","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"Learn more about [Discover Green Chemistry](https://link.springer.com/journal/44509)","snPcode":"44509","submissionUrl":"https://submission.nature.com/new-submission/44509/3?_gl=1*101gs6x*_gcl_au*MTIwNjQ2NjkxNi4xNzUyNTgzNDgx*_ga*MjAwMTA4NDA0NS4xNzE2OTAwNjg2*_ga_B3E4QL2TPR*czE3NjAwNDAzNjEkbzg4JGcxJHQxNzYwMDQwNzQ5JGo1NCRsMCRoMjAxMjYzMDU3NA..","title":"Discover Green Chemistry","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"stoa","reportingPortfolio":"Discover Series","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Heavy metals, cosmetic, ICP-OES","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-8363602/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-8363602/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eThe use of cosmetic items in daily life in order to enhance the quality of outlook is becoming quite common. The continuous use of these products, may expose consumers to health challenges which may be caused by the absorption of chemical elements. Pure cosmetic production is important for our health. Women’s ingestion and; exposure to organic and inorganic contaminants in cosmetics through dermal absorption, due to reasons such as personal habits and characteristics of the living environment, may contribute to carcinogenic risks following daily dietary exposure. The care for the physical body has gain huge attention especially the facial part where various kind of cosmetic item have been utilized to bring out a desired appearance. This investigation was based on determining the concentration of heavy metal such as Nickel (Ni), Lead (Pb), Cadmium (Cd) , Chromium(Cr) and Iron(Fe) in four types of unbranded cosmetic products (lipstick, eye pencil, eye shadow, talc powder) available at local markets in south west Nigeria. The analysis was carried out via inductive coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES). The results revealed that Pb, Cd, Cr, Fe claimed high concentration as compared with world health organization WHO recommendation.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Evaluation of Heavy Metal content in Unbranded Facial Cosmetic and their potential Health risk","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2026-02-04 09:12:03","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-8363602/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2026-05-11T16:24:05+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"241267751523542704386901232090976117416","date":"2026-05-08T10:04:35+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"330472540435739997766684623226568689815","date":"2026-04-06T12:43:00+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"160109390400020743851422571334887127001","date":"2026-04-04T15:06:33+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2026-03-31T05:46:20+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"247354104565165148124249729110942850916","date":"2026-03-30T15:37:36+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2026-02-08T04:40:01+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"98965242863143210924399574828868949120","date":"2026-02-07T13:39:23+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"115352142815383892193080721645423200835","date":"2026-02-04T16:13:07+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"303339741127736391403807525893211204435","date":"2026-02-02T17:29:21+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2026-02-02T13:33:53+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvited","content":"","date":"2026-02-01T10:05:37+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2026-01-19T05:04:03+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"checksComplete","content":"","date":"2026-01-16T01:03:08+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"Discover Green Chemistry","date":"2026-01-16T00:58:38+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"discover-green-chemistry","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"Learn more about [Discover Green Chemistry](https://link.springer.com/journal/44509)","snPcode":"44509","submissionUrl":"https://submission.nature.com/new-submission/44509/3?_gl=1*101gs6x*_gcl_au*MTIwNjQ2NjkxNi4xNzUyNTgzNDgx*_ga*MjAwMTA4NDA0NS4xNzE2OTAwNjg2*_ga_B3E4QL2TPR*czE3NjAwNDAzNjEkbzg4JGcxJHQxNzYwMDQwNzQ5JGo1NCRsMCRoMjAxMjYzMDU3NA..","title":"Discover Green Chemistry","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"stoa","reportingPortfolio":"Discover Series","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"3d81f56b-b232-4271-826d-14e235b6ba7a","owner":[],"postedDate":"February 4th, 2026","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2026-05-11T16:24:05+00:00","index":53,"fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"241267751523542704386901232090976117416","date":"2026-05-08T10:04:35+00:00","index":52,"fulltext":""}],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"under-review","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2026-02-04T09:12:03+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2026-02-04 09:12:03","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-8363602","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-8363602","identity":"rs-8363602","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"XKTyCvWXoU3ODBz1xrDgd","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}