Analysis of organophosphorus pesticide residue content in brinjal and cucumber vegetables in the Narsingdi district in Bangladesh

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Abdur Razzak, Matiur Rahman, Abu Noman Faruq Ahmmed, and 1 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-4720362/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract This study investigated the prevalence of organophosphorus (OPs) pesticide residues in brinjal (eggplant) and cucumber samples collected from Narsingdi District, Bangladesh, between September 2021 and June 2022. A total of 36 unwashed vegetable samples (18 from brinjals and 18 from cucumbers) were collected from three sources, namely, farmers' fields, retail markets, and a controlled export zone. The samples were analyzed for residues of four OPs pesticides, viz. Diazinon, Dimethoate, Malathion, and Chlorpyrifos, using the QuEChERS method followed by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC/MS) technology. The results revealed a concerning level of pesticide contamination, particularly with Dimethoate. Over half (58%) of all the samples contained Dimethoate, more than one-third (39%) of which exceeded the European Union's Maximum Residue Limits (MRL). Chlorpyrifos was also detected in 50% of the samples, but only 8% of the samples exceeded the MRLs. Malathion residues were found in a small number of samples (11%), all within the MRLs. Notably, Diazinon was not detected in any of the samples. Cooking (boiling at 100°C for 30 minutes) reduced the pesticide content in some samples, but it was not always sufficient to bring the pesticide content below the MRLs. This highlights the limitations of cooking as a sole decontamination method. Encouragingly, no pesticide residues were found in samples collected from the export zone, suggesting stricter adherence to regulations in these controlled environments. These findings highlight the potential health risks associated with consuming vegetables contaminated with pesticide residues above the recommended limits. These factors emphasize the need for stricter regulations on pesticide use, the promotion of Integrated Pest Management (IPM) techniques, and consumer education on safe prewashing practices. Food Science & Technology Chlorpyrifos Diazinon Dimethoate Malathion MRL levels Raw and cooked vegetables Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 Figure 5 Introduction Agriculture is a main sector for Bangladesh that contributes to food production. Among the different crops in Bangladesh, vegetables are vital parts of a healthy diet, and vegetable production increased by 450% (2.9 to 15.95 million tons from 2008 to 2018) in 2018 compared with that in recent decades [ 1 ]. The use of pesticides plays a crucial role in increasing the production of these vegetables. However, their journey from farm to table can involve a hidden risk of pesticide residue. Farmers in Bangladesh largely depend on different kinds of pesticides that are crucial for protecting crops from pests and disease, but some of these chemicals can linger on produce after harvest. Currently, major concerns about the potential health effects of consuming fruits and vegetables with higher concentrations of pesticide residue are raised. Famers use these pesticides without maintaining the proper dose or harvesting interval. Farmers use pesticides on farmland to protect crops against insects, weeds, and pathogens to increase their production. However, its improper use can cause short-term, intermediate, and even long-term effects on human health. Ensuring safe food is one of the most important pillars for achieving food security [ 2 ]. Considering public health, there is a threshold recommended by world regulatory bodies that specifies the Maximum Residual Limit (MRL) in foods after harvesting or processing [ 3 ]. There is a guideline for harvesting time after the application of a pesticide, but farmers are not maintaining the recommended interval time and dose [ 4 ]. As a result, the residues remain in foods even after cooking. Several studies have been performed on raw vegetables and fruits, but very few studies have been performed after cooking, especially in Bangladesh. Brinjal and cucumber are very popular vegetables consumed in Bangladesh [ 5 ]. However, considering the production process, both of these plants, especially brinjal, are highly susceptible to insect attack [ 6 ]. To protect these crops from pest attacks, the use of different groups of pesticides, such as organophosphorus (OPs), pyrethroids, carbamate, and organochlorine, by farmers has increased steadily every day. Sometimes, they sprayed these pesticides just before taking them to market. Among these pesticide groups, OPs pesticides, such as chlorpyrifos, dimethoate, diazinon, and malathion, are the most common [ 7 ]. This study focused on OPS group pesticides, which are widely used to control insects and mites on vegetables. OPs are absorbed by humans when they eat or touch treated crops. While OPs are effective at killing a broad range of pests, OPs residues can remain on vegetables, fruits, grains, and other plants. It is crucial to control the amount of OPs used in vegetables to safeguard human health [ 8 – 9 ]. These pesticides target the nervous system by inhibiting an enzyme called acetylcholinesterase [ 10 ]. Exposure to high levels of OPs can lead to headache, dizziness, nausea, and even death [ 11 ]. With extensive use of these pesticides, without maintaining the dose and considering the harvest interval, the food system is more susceptible. This research aimed to measure the quantity of OPs pesticide residue before and after cooking selected vegetables in the Narsingdi district of Bangladesh. Materials and Methods Survey site and period This study was conducted from September 2021 to June 2022 in the Narsingdi District of Bangladesh. Study sample The most popular vegetable brinjal and cucumber (unwashed) samples were collected randomly, for a total sample number of 36. The samples were fresh (raw) and cooked (30 minutes at 100°C) and boiled without any spices, salt, or any other ingredient. Samples were collected from three different types of sources, namely, the farmer level, retail market, and control area of the export zone in the Narsingdi district. The minimum weight of each sample was 500 gm (fresh weight). Selection of pesticides To measure the amount of pesticide residue, four different pesticides from the OPs group were considered which were Diazinon, Dimethoate, Malathion, and Chlorpyrifos. Analysis of pesticides The OPs pesticides were analyzed for both raw and cooked vegetable samples. The analysis was performed following the method of Quick Easy Cheap Effective Rugged Safe (QuEChERS) [ 12 ]. Gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) was used for the quantification and detection of pesticides. The extraction and clean-up were performed based on the QuEChERS sample preparation method for pesticides. Total analysis was performed at the Food Safety Laboratory of the Institute of Public Health (IPH). The Maximum Residue Limits or tolerances set by the European Union were compared to the results. Results The overall scenario of pesticide residues in eggplant and cucumber is shown in Fig. 1 . Among the 36 samples, 21 (58%) contained Dimethoate, 14 (39%) of which exceeded the MRL set by the European Union database. Among the Chlorpyrifos samples, 18 (50%) contained Chlorpyrifos, for which only 3 (8%) samples surpassed the MRL, whereas 4 (11%) samples contained malathion, for which none (0%) exceeded the MRL. However, Diazinon was completely absent among the samples in this study. Considering all the pesticides, 15 (42%) out of the 36 samples exceeded the MRL for one or more pesticides, whereas 12 and 1 samples surpassed the MRL for Dimethoate and Chlorpyrifos, respectively, and 2 samples surpassed the MRL for both of these pesticides. Pesticide residue at the farmer level and in retail market samples Dimethoate residue in brinjal Figure 2 shows that among the brinjal samples collected from different sources at the farmer level (field) and retail markets, all the raw samples exceeded the MRL recommended by the EU, where the Fermer-1 (0.123 mg/kg), Retailer-2 (0.11 mg/kg) and Retailer-3 (0.109 mg/kg) samples contained residues 10–12 times greater than the recommended value. However, after cooking, all the samples showed more or less reduction in their residual content, where some of them went below the recommended level, whereas some of them still contained above the level of MRL, such as Farmer-1 (0.101 mg/kg) cooked samples. Chlorpyrifos residue in brinjal With respect to the Chlorpyrifos residue content in Brinjal, only one sample collected from Retailer-1 (0.02 mg/kg) exceeded the MRL by 2 times more when it was raw, whereas none of the samples displayed a residual content higher than the MRL limit while it was cooked. In addition, some samples were free of residual Chlorpyrifos; these were the Farmer-1 (both raw and cooked) and Retailer-3 (cooked) samples (Fig. 3 ). Therefore, the contamination rate and presence of pesticide residue caused by Chlorpyrifos are markedly lower than those caused by dimethoate in Brinjal samples for both raw and cooked conditions. Dimethoate residue in cucumber Figure 4 shows the Dimethoate residue found in cucumber samples, where four out of the six raw samples exceeded the above MRL: Farmer-2 (0.014 mg/kg), Fermer-3 (0.011 mg/kg), Retailer-2 (0.019 mg/kg), and Retailer-3 (0.016 mg/kg). However, after cooking, most of the samples exhibited a reduction in residual content, while the residual content in the Fermer-2 (0.012 mg/kg) and Retailer-3 (0.014 mg/kg) samples was still slightly greater than the MRL. Chlorpyrifos residue in cucumber The residual content of Chlorpyrifos was comparatively less than the amount of Dimethoate contained in cucumber under both the raw and cooked conditions, which showed a similar pattern to the residue content in brinjal. Among the samples, only one sample collected from Retailer-2 (0.013 and 0.011 mg/kg raw and cooked, respectively) slightly exceeded the MRL (Fig. 5 ). Malathion and Diazinon residues in brinjal and cucumber In both the brinjal and cucumber samples, Malathion was detected in only four (11%) samples, one each in the brinjal and cucumber samples. However, all the samples contained an amount of residue of this pesticide that was below the recommended MRL (Table 1 ). In contrast, Diazinon could not be found in any of the samples taken from any of the other sources, which showed that the vegetables in this area were free from Diazinon residue contamination. Table 1 Residual amount of Malathion in brinjal and cucumber samples collected from farmers and retail markets. Samples Malathion residue content in MRL level Raw brinjal Cooked brinjal Raw cucumber Cooked cucumber Farmer-1 0.001 0 0.001 0 0.01 Farmer-2 0 0 0 0 0.01 Farmer-2 0 0 0 0 0.01 Retailer-1 0 0 0.001 0 0.01 Retailer-2 0 0 0.002 0 0.01 Retailer-3 0 0 0 0 0.01 Pesticide residue in the export zone samples In the Narsingdi district, there are several areas in which vegetable production is controlled, and these areas are specially permitted for export. Samples were taken from the controlled environment and the respective area's retail market. No pesticide residue was found in the export zone samples. Discussion This study investigated the presence of pesticide residues in brinjal (eggplant) and cucumber samples collected from various sources in Bangladesh, including farmers' fields, retail markets, and export zones. The findings revealed a concerning scenario of pesticide contamination, particularly with Dimethoate (58%), followed by Chlorpyrifos (50%), in these vegetables when they were raw (fresh). The prevalence of all OPs pesticides in the samples was more than one-third (42%) greater than the MRL set by the European Union, where Dimethoate solely represents the highest exceeding level of MRL, which was 39%. This indicates the widespread use and potential overuse of Dimethoate in Bangladeshi agriculture. On the other hand, while cooking reduces the pesticide content in some samples, it is not always sufficient to bring the pesticide content below the MRL. This highlights the limitations of cooking as a sole decontamination method. However, Malathion residue was present in only 4 (11%) samples without exceeding the MRL, and unlike in other studies, Diazinon residues were not detected in any of the samples, suggesting a possible shift in pesticide use practices. Encouragingly, no pesticide residues were found in samples collected from the export zone, indicating adherence to stricter regulations in these controlled environments. These results align with those of several previous studies [ 13 – 16 ] reporting similar patterns of pesticide contamination in vegetables from Bangladesh. The observed decrease in pesticide residue after washing and peeling, as reported by [ 17 – 18 ], necessitates emphasizing proper prewashing practices for consumers. The high prevalence of pesticide residues, especially above the MRL, poses potential health risks to consumers. Stricter enforcement of pesticide use regulations and promotion of Integrated Pest Management (IPM) techniques can help reduce reliance on harmful chemicals. In addition, farmers should maintain the Dimethoate harvesting interval, which is a 12-day minimum gap between the harvest and the last spray of Dimethoate recommended by the WHO. However, educational campaigns can empower consumers to make informed choices by helping them understand safe prewashing practices and purchasing vegetables from reliable sources. However, further investigations are needed to assess the long-term health effects of chronic exposure to these pesticide residues. This study focused on a specific region in Bangladesh. A broader sampling across the country would provide a more comprehensive picture of the national scenario. Additionally, the study did not explore the reasons behind the high prevalence of Dimethoate use. Conclusion These findings highlight the concern about OPs pesticide contamination in brinjal and cucumber plants in the Narsingdi district of Bangladesh. Combined efforts are crucial for promoting responsible pesticide use, raising consumer awareness, and implementing stricter regulations to ensure the safety of the food supply. Declarations Author contribution statement T Mahjabin = Conceptualization, methodology, data curation, formal analysis, resources, validation, visualization, writing - original draft; MA Razzak = Project administration, supervision, investigation; conceptualization, funding acquisition, validation; M Rahman = Visualization, investigation, resources, validation; ANF Ahmmed = Supervision, investigation, resources, validation, writing - review and editing; R Ferdous = Data curation, formal analysis, software, validation, visualization; writing - original draft, writing - review and editing. All the authors reviewed the manuscript and provided their feedback. Acknowledgments The authors would like to thank the Bangladesh Institute of Research and Training on Applied Nutrition (BIRTAN) for allowing them to perform this research. Funding information The funding was allocated by the BIRTAN only for testing and data collection; no external funding was received. Conflict of interest The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest. Ethical implication : The study was conducted while maintaining all possible ethical considerations. The farmers and sellers were informed before the sample was collected. References Bangladesh Progress and Development: Agriculture and Food Security. Centre for Research and Information (2019) p. 38. https://cri.org.bd/publication/2019/Sep/Progress-&-Development/files/downloads/Bangladesh-Progress-and-Development-2019.pdf Damalas CA, Koutroubas SD (2016) Farmers’ exposure to pesticides: Toxicity types and ways of prevention. Toxics 4(1):1–10. 10.3390/toxics4010001 European, Commission (2008) Directorate-General for Health and Consumers, New rules on pesticide residues in food. Eur Comm. 10.2772/13509 Ali MP, Kabir MMM, Haque SS, Qin X, Nasrin S, Landis D et al (2020) Farmer’s behavior in pesticide use: Insights study from smallholder and intensive agricultural farms in Bangladesh. 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J AOAC Int 86(2):412–431 PMID: 12723926 Nisha US, Khan MSI, Prodhan MDH, Meftaul IM, Begum N, Parven A et al (2021) Quantification of Pesticide Residues in Fresh Vegetables Available in Local Markets for Human Consumption and the Associated Health Risks. Agronomy 11(9):1804. 10.3390/agronomy11091804 Nahar KM, Khan MSI, Habib M, Hossain SM, Prodhan MDH, Islam M (2020) Health risk assessment of pesticide residues in vegetables collected from. Food Res 4(6):2281–2288. 10.26656/fr.2017.4(6).309 Ahmed S, Siddique MA, Rahman M, Bari ML, Ferdousi S (2019) A study on the prevalences of heavy meetals, pesticides and microbial contaminants and antibiotices resistance pathogens in raw salad vegetables sold in Dhaka. Bangladesh Heliyon 5. 10.1016/j.heliyon.2019.e01205 Bhandhari G, Zomer P, Atreya K, Mol HGJ, Yang X, Geissen V (2019) Pesticides residue in Nepalease vegetables and potential health risks. Environ Res 172:511–521. 10.1016/j.envres.2019.03.002 Tomer V, Sangha JK (2013) Vegetable Processing At Household Level: Effective Tool Against Pesticide Residue Exposure. IOSR-JESTFT. 2013;6(2): 43–53. 10.9790/2402-0624353 Ayhan E, Umaz A, Pirinc V, Aydin F (2022) Evaluation as time-dependent of pesticides applied in preharvest period of grown vegetables: removal of pesticide residues in the vegetables. International Journal of Environmental Analytical Chemistry. 2022: 1–28 10.1080/03067319.2022.2085040 Additional Declarations The authors declare no competing interests. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-4720362","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":325368634,"identity":"9cc3d41c-d0a2-4042-a6f1-575fd2f72a4b","order_by":0,"name":"Tasnima Mahjabin","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Bangladesh Institute of Research and Training on Applied Nutrition, Dhaka-1207, Bangladesh","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Tasnima","middleName":"","lastName":"Mahjabin","suffix":""},{"id":325368635,"identity":"192c04f8-c3de-432c-8eee-d0fdefc17c55","order_by":1,"name":"Md. 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3","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":67193,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eResidual amount of Chlorpyrifos in raw and cooked brinjal samples collected from farmers and retail markets\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"Figures3.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4720362/v1/29cfd03a0675e44bf83a85f7.png"},{"id":60127552,"identity":"4ad7db14-5564-4068-9b79-76cea2985355","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-07-12 06:21:03","extension":"png","order_by":4,"title":"Figure 4","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":92216,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eResidual amount of Dimethoate in the raw and cooked cucumber samples collected from the farmers and retail 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Among the different crops in Bangladesh, vegetables are vital parts of a healthy diet, and vegetable production increased by 450% (2.9 to 15.95\u0026nbsp;million tons from 2008 to 2018) in 2018 compared with that in recent decades [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e]. The use of pesticides plays a crucial role in increasing the production of these vegetables. However, their journey from farm to table can involve a hidden risk of pesticide residue. Farmers in Bangladesh largely depend on different kinds of pesticides that are crucial for protecting crops from pests and disease, but some of these chemicals can linger on produce after harvest. Currently, major concerns about the potential health effects of consuming fruits and vegetables with higher concentrations of pesticide residue are raised. Famers use these pesticides without maintaining the proper dose or harvesting interval.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFarmers use pesticides on farmland to protect crops against insects, weeds, and pathogens to increase their production. However, its improper use can cause short-term, intermediate, and even long-term effects on human health. Ensuring safe food is one of the most important pillars for achieving food security [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e]. Considering public health, there is a threshold recommended by world regulatory bodies that specifies the Maximum Residual Limit (MRL) in foods after harvesting or processing [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e]. There is a guideline for harvesting time after the application of a pesticide, but farmers are not maintaining the recommended interval time and dose [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e]. As a result, the residues remain in foods even after cooking. Several studies have been performed on raw vegetables and fruits, but very few studies have been performed after cooking, especially in Bangladesh.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBrinjal and cucumber are very popular vegetables consumed in Bangladesh [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e]. However, considering the production process, both of these plants, especially brinjal, are highly susceptible to insect attack [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e]. To protect these crops from pest attacks, the use of different groups of pesticides, such as organophosphorus (OPs), pyrethroids, carbamate, and organochlorine, by farmers has increased steadily every day. Sometimes, they sprayed these pesticides just before taking them to market. Among these pesticide groups, OPs pesticides, such as chlorpyrifos, dimethoate, diazinon, and malathion, are the most common [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e]. This study focused on OPS group pesticides, which are widely used to control insects and mites on vegetables. OPs are absorbed by humans when they eat or touch treated crops. While OPs are effective at killing a broad range of pests, OPs residues can remain on vegetables, fruits, grains, and other plants. It is crucial to control the amount of OPs used in vegetables to safeguard human health [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e]. These pesticides target the nervous system by inhibiting an enzyme called acetylcholinesterase [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e]. Exposure to high levels of OPs can lead to headache, dizziness, nausea, and even death [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWith extensive use of these pesticides, without maintaining the dose and considering the harvest interval, the food system is more susceptible. This research aimed to measure the quantity of OPs pesticide residue before and after cooking selected vegetables in the Narsingdi district of Bangladesh.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Materials and Methods","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec3\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eSurvey site and period\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis study was conducted from September 2021 to June 2022 in the Narsingdi District of Bangladesh.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec4\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eStudy sample\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe most popular vegetable brinjal and cucumber (unwashed) samples were collected randomly, for a total sample number of 36. The samples were fresh (raw) and cooked (30 minutes at 100\u0026deg;C) and boiled without any spices, salt, or any other ingredient. Samples were collected from three different types of sources, namely, the farmer level, retail market, and control area of the export zone in the Narsingdi district. The minimum weight of each sample was 500 gm (fresh weight).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec5\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eSelection of pesticides\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eTo measure the amount of pesticide residue, four different pesticides from the OPs group were considered which were Diazinon, Dimethoate, Malathion, and Chlorpyrifos.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec6\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eAnalysis of pesticides\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe OPs pesticides were analyzed for both raw and cooked vegetable samples. The analysis was performed following the method of Quick Easy Cheap Effective Rugged Safe (QuEChERS) [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e]. Gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) was used for the quantification and detection of pesticides. The extraction and clean-up were performed based on the QuEChERS sample preparation method for pesticides. Total analysis was performed at the Food Safety Laboratory of the Institute of Public Health (IPH). The Maximum Residue Limits or tolerances set by the European Union were compared to the results.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Results","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe overall scenario of pesticide residues in eggplant and cucumber is shown in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e. Among the 36 samples, 21 (58%) contained Dimethoate, 14 (39%) of which exceeded the MRL set by the European Union database. Among the Chlorpyrifos samples, 18 (50%) contained Chlorpyrifos, for which only 3 (8%) samples surpassed the MRL, whereas 4 (11%) samples contained malathion, for which none (0%) exceeded the MRL. However, Diazinon was completely absent among the samples in this study. Considering all the pesticides, 15 (42%) out of the 36 samples exceeded the MRL for one or more pesticides, whereas 12 and 1 samples surpassed the MRL for Dimethoate and Chlorpyrifos, respectively, and 2 samples surpassed the MRL for both of these pesticides.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec8\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003ePesticide residue at the farmer level and in retail market samples\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec9\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eDimethoate residue in brinjal\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eFigure \u003cspan refid=\"Fig2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e shows that among the brinjal samples collected from different sources at the farmer level (field) and retail markets, all the raw samples exceeded the MRL recommended by the EU, where the Fermer-1 (0.123 mg/kg), Retailer-2 (0.11 mg/kg) and Retailer-3 (0.109 mg/kg) samples contained residues 10\u0026ndash;12 times greater than the recommended value. However, after cooking, all the samples showed more or less reduction in their residual content, where some of them went below the recommended level, whereas some of them still contained above the level of MRL, such as Farmer-1 (0.101 mg/kg) cooked samples.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec10\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eChlorpyrifos residue in brinjal\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eWith respect to the Chlorpyrifos residue content in Brinjal, only one sample collected from Retailer-1 (0.02 mg/kg) exceeded the MRL by 2 times more when it was raw, whereas none of the samples displayed a residual content higher than the MRL limit while it was cooked. In addition, some samples were free of residual Chlorpyrifos; these were the Farmer-1 (both raw and cooked) and Retailer-3 (cooked) samples (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e). Therefore, the contamination rate and presence of pesticide residue caused by Chlorpyrifos are markedly lower than those caused by dimethoate in Brinjal samples for both raw and cooked conditions.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec11\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eDimethoate residue in cucumber\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eFigure \u003cspan refid=\"Fig4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e shows the Dimethoate residue found in cucumber samples, where four out of the six raw samples exceeded the above MRL: Farmer-2 (0.014 mg/kg), Fermer-3 (0.011 mg/kg), Retailer-2 (0.019 mg/kg), and Retailer-3 (0.016 mg/kg). However, after cooking, most of the samples exhibited a reduction in residual content, while the residual content in the Fermer-2 (0.012 mg/kg) and Retailer-3 (0.014 mg/kg) samples was still slightly greater than the MRL.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec12\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eChlorpyrifos residue in cucumber\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe residual content of Chlorpyrifos was comparatively less than the amount of Dimethoate contained in cucumber under both the raw and cooked conditions, which showed a similar pattern to the residue content in brinjal. Among the samples, only one sample collected from Retailer-2 (0.013 and 0.011 mg/kg raw and cooked, respectively) slightly exceeded the MRL (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec13\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eMalathion and Diazinon residues in brinjal and cucumber\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn both the brinjal and cucumber samples, Malathion was detected in only four (11%) samples, one each in the brinjal and cucumber samples. However, all the samples contained an amount of residue of this pesticide that was below the recommended MRL (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e). In contrast, Diazinon could not be found in any of the samples taken from any of the other sources, which showed that the vegetables in this area were free from Diazinon residue contamination.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eResidual amount of Malathion in brinjal and cucumber samples collected from farmers and retail markets.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"6\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSamples\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMalathion residue content in\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMRL\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003elevel\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRaw\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ebrinjal\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCooked brinjal\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRaw cucumber\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCooked cucumber\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFarmer-1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.01\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFarmer-2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.01\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFarmer-2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.01\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRetailer-1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.01\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRetailer-2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.002\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.01\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRetailer-3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.01\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec14\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003ePesticide residue in the export zone samples\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn the Narsingdi district, there are several areas in which vegetable production is controlled, and these areas are specially permitted for export. Samples were taken from the controlled environment and the respective area's retail market. No pesticide residue was found in the export zone samples.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003eThis study investigated the presence of pesticide residues in brinjal (eggplant) and cucumber samples collected from various sources in Bangladesh, including farmers' fields, retail markets, and export zones. The findings revealed a concerning scenario of pesticide contamination, particularly with Dimethoate (58%), followed by Chlorpyrifos (50%), in these vegetables when they were raw (fresh). The prevalence of all OPs pesticides in the samples was more than one-third (42%) greater than the MRL set by the European Union, where Dimethoate solely represents the highest exceeding level of MRL, which was 39%. This indicates the widespread use and potential overuse of Dimethoate in Bangladeshi agriculture. On the other hand, while cooking reduces the pesticide content in some samples, it is not always sufficient to bring the pesticide content below the MRL. This highlights the limitations of cooking as a sole decontamination method. However, Malathion residue was present in only 4 (11%) samples without exceeding the MRL, and unlike in other studies, Diazinon residues were not detected in any of the samples, suggesting a possible shift in pesticide use practices. Encouragingly, no pesticide residues were found in samples collected from the export zone, indicating adherence to stricter regulations in these controlled environments.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThese results align with those of several previous studies [\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR14 CR15\" citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e16\u003c/span\u003e] reporting similar patterns of pesticide contamination in vegetables from Bangladesh. The observed decrease in pesticide residue after washing and peeling, as reported by [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e17\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e18\u003c/span\u003e], necessitates emphasizing proper prewashing practices for consumers.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe high prevalence of pesticide residues, especially above the MRL, poses potential health risks to consumers. Stricter enforcement of pesticide use regulations and promotion of Integrated Pest Management (IPM) techniques can help reduce reliance on harmful chemicals. In addition, farmers should maintain the Dimethoate harvesting interval, which is a 12-day minimum gap between the harvest and the last spray of Dimethoate recommended by the WHO. However, educational campaigns can empower consumers to make informed choices by helping them understand safe prewashing practices and purchasing vegetables from reliable sources. However, further investigations are needed to assess the long-term health effects of chronic exposure to these pesticide residues.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis study focused on a specific region in Bangladesh. A broader sampling across the country would provide a more comprehensive picture of the national scenario. Additionally, the study did not explore the reasons behind the high prevalence of Dimethoate use.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Conclusion","content":"\u003cp\u003eThese findings highlight the concern about OPs pesticide contamination in brinjal and cucumber plants in the Narsingdi district of Bangladesh. Combined efforts are crucial for promoting responsible pesticide use, raising consumer awareness, and implementing stricter regulations to ensure the safety of the food supply.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthor contribution statement\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eT Mahjabin\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e= Conceptualization, methodology, data curation, formal analysis, resources, validation, visualization, writing - original draft; \u003cstrong\u003eMA Razzak\u003c/strong\u003e= Project administration, supervision, investigation; conceptualization, funding acquisition, validation; \u003cstrong\u003eM Rahman\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e= Visualization, investigation, resources, validation; \u003cstrong\u003eANF Ahmmed\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e= Supervision, investigation, resources, validation, writing - review and editing; \u003cstrong\u003eR Ferdous\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e= Data curation, formal analysis, software, validation, visualization; writing - original draft, writing - review and editing. All the authors reviewed the manuscript and provided their feedback.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAcknowledgments\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors would like to thank the Bangladesh Institute of Research and Training on Applied Nutrition (BIRTAN) for allowing them to\u0026nbsp;perform\u0026nbsp;this research.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFunding information\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe funding was allocated by the BIRTAN only for testing and data collection; no external funding was received.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConflict of interest\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEthical implication\u003c/strong\u003e: The study was conducted while maintaining all possible ethical considerations. The farmers and sellers were informed before the sample was collected.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eBangladesh Progress and Development: Agriculture and Food Security. Centre for Research and Information (2019) p. 38. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://cri.org.bd/publication/2019/Sep/Progress-\u0026amp;-Development/files/downloads/Bangladesh-Progress-and-Development-2019.pdf\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"https://cri.org.bd/publication/2019/Sep/Progress-\u0026amp;-Development/files/downloads/Bangladesh-Progress-and-Development-2019.pdf\" targettype=\"URL\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eDamalas CA, Koutroubas SD (2016) Farmers\u0026rsquo; exposure to pesticides: Toxicity types and ways of prevention. 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IOSR-JESTFT. 2013;6(2): 43\u0026ndash;53. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003e10.9790/2402-0624353\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.9790/2402-0624353\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eAyhan E, Umaz A, Pirinc V, Aydin F (2022) Evaluation as time-dependent of pesticides applied in preharvest period of grown vegetables: removal of pesticide residues in the vegetables. International Journal of Environmental Analytical Chemistry. 2022: 1\u0026ndash;28 \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003e10.1080/03067319.2022.2085040\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1080/03067319.2022.2085040\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":true,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"Bangladesh Institute of Research and Training on Applied Nutrition (BIRTAN), Dhaka-1207, Bangladesh","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Chlorpyrifos, Diazinon, Dimethoate, Malathion, MRL levels, Raw and cooked vegetables","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4720362/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4720362/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eThis study investigated the prevalence of organophosphorus (OPs) pesticide residues in brinjal (eggplant) and cucumber samples collected from Narsingdi District, Bangladesh, between September 2021 and June 2022. A total of 36 unwashed vegetable samples (18 from brinjals and 18 from cucumbers) were collected from three sources, namely, farmers' fields, retail markets, and a controlled export zone. The samples were analyzed for residues of four OPs pesticides, viz. Diazinon, Dimethoate, Malathion, and Chlorpyrifos, using the QuEChERS method followed by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC/MS) technology. The results revealed a concerning level of pesticide contamination, particularly with Dimethoate. Over half (58%) of all the samples contained Dimethoate, more than one-third (39%) of which exceeded the European Union's Maximum Residue Limits (MRL). Chlorpyrifos was also detected in 50% of the samples, but only 8% of the samples exceeded the MRLs. Malathion residues were found in a small number of samples (11%), all within the MRLs. Notably, Diazinon was not detected in any of the samples. Cooking (boiling at 100\u0026deg;C for 30 minutes) reduced the pesticide content in some samples, but it was not always sufficient to bring the pesticide content below the MRLs. This highlights the limitations of cooking as a sole decontamination method. Encouragingly, no pesticide residues were found in samples collected from the export zone, suggesting stricter adherence to regulations in these controlled environments. These findings highlight the potential health risks associated with consuming vegetables contaminated with pesticide residues above the recommended limits. These factors emphasize the need for stricter regulations on pesticide use, the promotion of Integrated Pest Management (IPM) techniques, and consumer education on safe prewashing practices.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Analysis of organophosphorus pesticide residue content in brinjal and cucumber vegetables in the Narsingdi district in Bangladesh","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2024-07-12 06:20:57","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4720362/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"120f0673-0c62-47ae-9236-6f52a6eea5e0","owner":[],"postedDate":"July 12th, 2024","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[{"id":34418780,"name":"Food Science \u0026 Technology"}],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2024-07-12T06:20:57+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2024-07-12 06:20:57","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-4720362","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-4720362","identity":"rs-4720362","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}