Transfer distortions of acoustic emission signals - power relations between the signal parameters and normalized temporal shapes of avalanches

Transfer distortions of acoustic emission signals - power relations between the signal parameters and normalized temporal shapes of avalanches | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Article Transfer distortions of acoustic emission signals - power relations between the signal parameters and normalized temporal shapes of avalanches Asmaa A. Azim, Dezső L. Beke, László Z. Tóth, Lajos Daróczi This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-7324962/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Published Journal Publication published 07 Nov, 2025 Read the published version in Scientific Reports → Version 1 posted 11 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Power law correlation between the rising time, \(\:R\) , and amplitude, \(\:\:A\) , of the detected acoustic emission, AE, signals of crackling noises is investigated in the framework of a driven damped harmonic oscillator model. It is shown that the \(\:R\sim{A}^{1-\phi\:}\) relation holds, similar to the well-known enigma for acoustic emission between the detected energy, \(\:E\) and amplitude, \(\:A\) , as well as area, \(\:S\) , and amplitude ( \(\:E\sim{A}^{3-\phi\:}\:\) as well as \(\:S\sim{A}^{2-\phi\:}\) , where 3 and 2 are the expected exponents from the mean field theory, MFT), with the same value of \(\:\phi\:\) . For the experimental value \(\:{\phi\:}_{exp}={\phi\:}_{AE}+{\phi\:}_{o}\) fulfils, where \(\:{\phi\:}_{AE}\) results from transfer distortions of AE signals and \(\:{\phi\:}_{o}\) is the exponent in the power relation between the amplitude and the rising time of the source function ( \(\:{\phi\:}_{o}=-0.32\) beyond the MFT and \(\:{\phi\:}_{o}=0\:\) in MFT). The calculated value of \(\:{\phi\:}_{AE}=1\) is in good agreement with experimental data obtained for different jerky structural changes: \(\:{\phi\:}_{exp}\:0.8\pm\:0.2\) . Well scaled together universal functions can be obtained for the temporal avalanche shapes at fixed area normalizing the voltage by \(\:A\) and the time by \(\:R\sim{A}^{1-\phi\:}\) . The first part (around the peak) of it is not sensitive to transfer distortions, while the tail region can be heavily distorted. Physical sciences/Engineering Physical sciences/Physics Acoustic emission crackling noises power relations between avalanche parameters temporal avalanche shapes Full Text Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Supplementary Files SUPLEMENTARYMATERIAL.docx Cite Share Download PDF Status: Published Journal Publication published 07 Nov, 2025 Read the published version in Scientific Reports → Version 1 posted Editorial decision: Revision requested 19 Sep, 2025 Reviews received at journal 08 Sep, 2025 Reviews received at journal 25 Aug, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 19 Aug, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 19 Aug, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 19 Aug, 2025 Reviewers invited by journal 19 Aug, 2025 Editor assigned by journal 19 Aug, 2025 Editor invited by journal 19 Aug, 2025 Submission checks completed at journal 18 Aug, 2025 First submitted to journal 18 Aug, 2025 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-7324962","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":505547029,"identity":"8f58e436-ce1a-41b3-bc34-581dbb9f9fa9","order_by":0,"name":"Asmaa A. Azim","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"University of Debrecen","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Asmaa","middleName":"A.","lastName":"Azim","suffix":""},{"id":505547031,"identity":"71d6be46-062e-4b57-852b-c0cf35353124","order_by":1,"name":"Dezső L. Beke","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA8ElEQVRIiWNgGAWjYDCCGwzMDAwVDAxsMAE2hgQ2BsYGQlrOkKyFsQ1FiIAWvtvNhw0+zquT52PvPfjhA8PhPD725GMPGHccxqlF8s6x5MSZ2w4btvGcS5acwXC4mI3nWboB4xncWgxu5Bgf5t12IIFNIseMmYfhcGIbkCHB2IZPS/7nw3/n1CWwyb8xY/4D1pL/jYCWHOZkxgZmoC08ZsCwA9vChlcL0C/Ghj3HQH7JMZbsMUhPbON5Zm6Q2JaOUwswxB5L/Kipk5dvP2P44UeFdeL89uRnDz62WePUgu5OKJ1ArIZRMApGwSgYBVgBAEpbVGKRYBagAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC","orcid":"","institution":"University of Debrecen","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Dezső","middleName":"L.","lastName":"Beke","suffix":""},{"id":505547032,"identity":"a8eb537e-9445-4d9b-8085-8f28a03b6f40","order_by":2,"name":"László Z. Tóth","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"University of Debrecen","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"László","middleName":"Z.","lastName":"Tóth","suffix":""},{"id":505547034,"identity":"75dda1b6-4313-4fa8-a308-db49cf043ee7","order_by":3,"name":"Lajos Daróczi","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"University of Debrecen","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Lajos","middleName":"","lastName":"Daróczi","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2025-08-08 08:08:33","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7324962/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-7324962/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[{"content":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-26238-z","type":"published","date":"2025-11-07T15:57:14+00:00"}],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":95564074,"identity":"513a63e1-bde8-4860-9835-b6e8598872bb","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-10 16:07:23","extension":"pdf","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":895369,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7324962/v1_covered_1ed335ab-2615-4374-a0e8-b90559f8b6eb.pdf"},{"id":90017553,"identity":"716539b7-d21e-44cb-b3d4-753e6dcea03a","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-08-27 12:15:43","extension":"docx","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"supplement","size":149716,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"SUPLEMENTARYMATERIAL.docx","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7324962/v1/6eaa82023ad20a3239b5d1d7.docx"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Transfer distortions of acoustic emission signals - power relations between the signal parameters and normalized temporal shapes of avalanches","fulltext":[],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":false,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":true,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":true,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":true,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"scientific-reports","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"scirep","sideBox":"Learn more about [Scientific Reports](http://www.nature.com/srep/)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"","title":"Scientific Reports","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"stoa","reportingPortfolio":"Scientific Reports","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Acoustic emission, crackling noises, power relations between avalanche parameters, temporal avalanche shapes","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7324962/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-7324962/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003ePower law correlation between the rising time, \u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\:R\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e, and amplitude,\u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\:\\:A\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e, of the detected acoustic emission, AE, signals of crackling noises is investigated in the framework of a driven damped harmonic oscillator model. It is shown that the \u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\:R\\sim{A}^{1-\\phi\\:}\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e relation holds, similar to the well-known enigma for acoustic emission between the detected energy, \u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\:E\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e and amplitude, \u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\:A\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e, as well as area, \u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\:S\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e, and amplitude (\u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\:E\\sim{A}^{3-\\phi\\:}\\:\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003eas well as \u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\:S\\sim{A}^{2-\\phi\\:}\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e, where 3 and 2 are the expected exponents from the mean field theory, MFT), with the same value of \u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\:\\phi\\:\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e. For the experimental value \u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\:{\\phi\\:}_{exp}={\\phi\\:}_{AE}+{\\phi\\:}_{o}\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e fulfils, where \u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\:{\\phi\\:}_{AE}\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e results from transfer distortions of AE signals and \u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\:{\\phi\\:}_{o}\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e is the exponent in the power relation between the amplitude and the rising time of the source function (\u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\:{\\phi\\:}_{o}=-0.32\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e beyond the MFT and \u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\:{\\phi\\:}_{o}=0\\:\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003ein MFT). The calculated value of \u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\:{\\phi\\:}_{AE}=1\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e is in good agreement with experimental data obtained for different jerky structural changes: \u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\:{\\phi\\:}_{exp}\\:0.8\\pm\\:0.2\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e. Well scaled together universal functions can be obtained for the temporal avalanche shapes at fixed area normalizing the voltage by \u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\:A\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e and the time by \u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\:R\\sim{A}^{1-\\phi\\:}\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e. The first part (around the peak) of it is not sensitive to transfer distortions, while the tail region can be heavily distorted.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Transfer distortions of acoustic emission signals - power relations between the signal parameters and normalized temporal shapes of avalanches","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-08-27 12:07:38","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7324962/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"decision","content":"Revision requested","date":"2025-09-19T10:00:51+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2025-09-08T20:01:01+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2025-08-25T16:34:36+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"293509240440496186051062103266828222366","date":"2025-08-19T17:01:21+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"201442511433166697431095234836398481291","date":"2025-08-19T14:30:13+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"14608371349347609714985090526353246071","date":"2025-08-19T14:16:18+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2025-08-19T14:02:52+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2025-08-19T13:56:00+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvited","content":"","date":"2025-08-19T12:11:59+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"checksComplete","content":"","date":"2025-08-18T11:08:15+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"Scientific Reports","date":"2025-08-18T11:04:33+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"scientific-reports","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"scirep","sideBox":"Learn more about [Scientific Reports](http://www.nature.com/srep/)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"","title":"Scientific Reports","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"stoa","reportingPortfolio":"Scientific Reports","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"d96cdd38-645c-4cda-899f-efd16d83e618","owner":[],"postedDate":"August 27th, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"published-in-journal","subjectAreas":[{"id":53693475,"name":"Physical sciences/Engineering"},{"id":53693476,"name":"Physical sciences/Physics"}],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2025-11-10T16:02:41+00:00","versionOfRecord":{"articleIdentity":"rs-7324962","link":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-26238-z","journal":{"identity":"scientific-reports","isVorOnly":false,"title":"Scientific Reports"},"publishedOn":"2025-11-07 15:57:14","publishedOnDateReadable":"November 7th, 2025"},"versionCreatedAt":"2025-08-27 12:07:38","video":"","vorDoi":"10.1038/s41598-025-26238-z","vorDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-26238-z","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-7324962","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-7324962","identity":"rs-7324962","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}