Community Rehabilitation-Based and Inclusive Approaches in Climate Smart Agricultural Technology Promotion for Internally Displaced People in East Hararghe Zone, Ethiopia

Community Rehabilitation-Based and Inclusive Approaches in Climate Smart Agricultural Technology Promotion for Internally Displaced People in East Hararghe Zone, Ethiopia | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Community Rehabilitation-Based and Inclusive Approaches in Climate Smart Agricultural Technology Promotion for Internally Displaced People in East Hararghe Zone, Ethiopia Ibsa Aliyi Usmane, Kemal K. Ahmed, Lelisa Sh. Mohammed, Asfaw E. Fayisa, and 1 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-7104990/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Internally Displaced People could be exposed for different hardships in time of leaving their residents because inaccessible facilities in the areas they settle and wait and rely on humanitarians’ aids. This make, they fail into food insecure, malnutrition, and instability in their livelihood strategies. Based on these notions, this research activity was conducted by the objectives of engaging internally displaced people into agricultural technology production’s demonstration and diversifies the source of income for IDPs through alternative enterprises. Accordingly, Ifadin and Erer Ibada kebeles in Babile district were selected and 75 households were purposively enrolled and provided lands in temporary from districts’ agriculture office. Then, researchers gave training on climate smart agricultural practices practically on field. The IDPs household participated in different cropping models, as a result; double cropping model benefited them in earning extra income and enough home consumption as compare to intercropping and single cropping. Because in double, Haricot-bean that was produced early and Melkam variety of sorghum yielded more and has high demand on market, as a result, they had got opportunity to use in both off and active seasons in their home. All these performances and implementations got media coverage in lesson and experience sharing. Therefore, it is recommended that the government and other humanitarians’ agencies should scale up these lessons to other areas and mainstream IDPs in research and development programs. IDPs Climate Smart Agriculture Inclusive Eastern Hararghe Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 Figure 5 Figure 6 1. INTRODUCTION The number of internally displaced persons (IDPs) is on the rise worldwide. In the year 2018 alone, about 28 million new displacements were recorded arising from conflict and disasters across 148 countries and territories. A number of countries in the Third World were affected by displacement associated with conflict and disaster (Internal Displacement Monitoring Center, 2019). Currently, the number of IDPs is twice more than that of refugees (Wanninayake, 2019). UNHCR’s report shows that the number of displaced people at the end of 2020 was more than 82 million (Dereje & Lietaert, 2022). Internal displacement is becoming an increasingly significant phenomenon globally and nationally (Benyam, 2020) that Global Report on Internal Displacement shows that more than two-thirds (69.1%) of the new displacements associated with conflict occurred in Sub-Saharan Africa, which suffered not only new and ongoing violence but also drought and floods (IDMC, 2019). On the report, Ethiopia, the Democratic Republic of Congo, Nigeria, Somalia, and the Central African Republic were countries worst affected by displacement related to natural disasters, conflict, and communal violence (Yigzaw & Abitew, 2019) an in number 16.5 million people were internally displaced in Sub-Saharan Africa because of conflict as of the end of 2018. Ethiopia ranked first among all countries by recording a high number of IDPs in 2018 (Internal Displacement Monitoring Center, 2018). The number of IDPs in Ethiopia in 2018 was 3,191,000, a considerable portion of which was attributed to ethnic and border-based disputes (International Organization for Migration, 2019a). According to Tesfaw (2022), the main driver of internal displacement in Ethiopia is conflict induced displacement including inter-communal violence, regional political instability, ethnic tensions and localized conflicts. Dereje and Lietaert (2022) also found the major drivers to include environmental disasters, armed conflict, the expansion of development infrastructure, and large scale forced resettlement. Political violence is the prominent driver of internal displacement in the Country. Ethiopia registered the highest Internally Displaced Persons (IDPs) globally with 3.2 million IDPs as of 30 April 2019 surpassing countries like Syria and the Democratic Republic of Congo. Since most of the displaced leave their residence with their bare hand, leaving their every asset behind, they will face tremendous challenges both to survive and to adapt to a new environment. They are also forced to pursue new ways of livelihood different from what they were pursuing before displacement (Assefa, 2019). The Oromia Regional Administration had placed those 86,400 Oromo IDPs displaced from urban areas of the Somali region and Somaliland to 11 towns in central Oromia that are located around the city of Addis Ababa (OCHA, 2018) and among resettlements areas Babile district was one that some IDPs selected in the planning based on their interest. 1.1. Statements of Problems Territorial disputes were common between Ethiopia’s Oromia and Somali regions that share a border that extends over 1,400 km. This territorial contest often times leads to disagreements and conflicts over resources such as wells and grazing land. Recently, however, the conflict between the Oromo and the Somali was politically engineered and resulted in the displacement of many Oromo living in the Somali region and on the border of the two regions (Easton-Calabria et al., 2020). The displaced persons were forced to flee their homes without any warning and escaped without having their assets that help them to save their lives (Dugo & Eisen, 2018; Mekonnen, 2020; Tola, 2019). Because the IDPs are displaced and detached from their assets, livelihoods and networks, they may not easily earn a living (Internal Displacement Monitoring Center, 2021). As a result, most of the IDPs remain in insecure and uncertain conditions, fully needed the support of the government, international humanitarian assistance, and the host community which themselves are often times vulnerable (United Nations Organization for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs, 2018). At the time of resettlement, the government has promised them to fulfill their basic needs, but they would not get everything that had been promised. Although the government is providing them with humanitarian aid such as food, water, shelter, health, education, and other necessary social services, these aids are not sufficient and are not obtained on a time and regular basis. IDPs are unnecessarily reliant on unsustainable assistance and are vulnerable to social, economic, and health-related problems (Kusa, 2019; Negussie, 2020). Therefore, to improve the livelihood of IDPs in sustainable way, this research activity was developed and conducted with the following objectives. 1.2. Objectives To engage internally displaced people into agricultural technology production’s demonstration as their livelihood strategy options To diversify the source of income for IDPs through alternative enterprises, inclusive and rehabilitation approaches 2. RESEARCH METHODS AND MATERIALS This research activity was conducted in Babile district, Ifadin and Erar Ibada kebeles. Site selection: The sites were selected based on the potential of land in the areas with agricultural productions opportunities, government/local criteria that land would be available for these Internally Displaced People yet to resettle them with other land, the land that not yet occupied by permanent residents, easily cultivated and would be ready for immediate production, easily accessible to monitoring and evaluation, protected from degraded such as soil erosion, flooding, and protectable from wild predators like Rhinoceros. Participant Selection and Cropping Models of engagement : The participants were selected purposively based on the interest they have in agricultural production, experience they have in the sector, the probability that household stay until harvesting the crop he/she going cultivate, labor of the household whether they are widows, elder, and orphan. After these all criteria fulfilled and involved them in study, the model cropping were provided for them that are double cropping-producing two or more crops within single season on the same plot of land harvest one after the other, intercropping-producing many crops within single season at the same time and single cropping-producing only one crop on the same land for many seasons. Accordingly, 35 participants for double cropping, 25 for single and 10 for intercropping and were involved in the study and 5 households left the study for their own reasons. Implementation procedures of the research activities: After the site s and farmers are selected based on the criteria set by District Agriculture Office and researchers, the following research activities were performed one after the others. Training: Training was given for Internally Displaced People, Development Agents, Districts’ experts, primary cooperatives, Bisidimo Hospital Agriculture Officer, member from Unions and experts working in NGOs in the area. On training, different research topics such as agronomic practices of the crops, post-harvest technologies such as mechanization, storage techniques on PICS, marketing and home consumption. Input provision: Most of the time people trust what they see than hear, for that reason after training is given for the participants, the improved sorghum variety Melkam and improved Haricot-bean variety KTAB1, inorganic fertilizers NPS and UREA and measurement rope were provided for them before harvest and Mechanization technology sorghum thresher and storage technology PICS were given them for post-harvest loss minimization. Land preparation and on-farm agronomic practices: Land was prepared early before rain starts in well in advance by tractor and the spacing between rows and plants, border fencing to protect rhinoceros, the ladder for bird attack protection and categorized the plot for easily digging out and weeding, and harvesting easily. After the land is prepared in well advance, the improved sorghum variety Melkam and improved Haricot bean variety KTAB1 were sown on the land by spacing 75*20 for sorghum and 40*10cm for Haricot-bean. The different inorganic fertilizers were applied for these crops that for sorghum 100NPS kg/hectare and 50kg/hectare of UREA nd only 25kg/hectare of UREA were applied for Haricot-bean variety KTAB1. Data collection and analysis: Method of data collections were date sheet and checklist for quantitative and group discussion for qualitative data and analyzed by descriptive statistics such as mean, average and visualized by graph and tables. 3. RESULT AND DISCUSSIONS 3.1. Engage Internally Displaced People into Agricultural Production For the engagement of Internally Displaced People in agriculture production, the training was given as depicted in Table 1 below; the lands was provided temporarily with necessary agricultural inputs for pre-harvest and reach in short periods of time such as early matured, disease resistant, and palatable for home consumption and highly demanded on market sorghum and Haricot-bean varieties and post-harvests technologies those easily usable like sorghum thresher and storage materials PICS. Then, the land was provided as the capacity that households could cultivate, accordingly, 0.5 hectare to 1.5 hectare of land, as a result, good yield performance at farm, reasonable price at market and enjoyable consumption of the crops were recorded. Table 1 Training Participants Sex Training titles Female Male IDPs 20 55 Agronomic practices Postharvest handling Food utilization/home consumption Marketing Scaling up lessons and networking DA - 5 Experts - 6 Primary cooperatives 9 12 Unions - 6 Kebeles Representatives 2 2 Internally Displaced People appreciated the technology and applied each model that selected at initial stage on the farm and earned much yield from those improved crops varieties. From the findings double cropping practices yielded a lot because they produced two times in single season from the plot of land. First, they sown Haricot-bean variety KTAB1 and harvested within 58 days from Apri 1 to May 28, then cleared the land and sown the Sorghum variety Melkam on 30 June and harvested first week of September. In between, they sold the harvested Haricot-bean production and used for home consumption, in turn purchased other grain crops such as maize, wheat flour, rice and spaghettis with its spices. This helped them in surviving time of hardly to get food crops and improved their food security at household level. The following three graphs depict the yield performance and marketed amount of each crop in different models of cropping this result agrees with Asefa, 2019 and Internal Displacement Monitoring Center, 2021 . 3.2. Diversify the Source of Income for Internally Displaced Peoples Most of the times Internally Displaced People are supposed to be supported by humanitarian agencies directly provide relief grain for food consumption in specified camps, however, sometimes they hardly to get food early, as a result fail into food insecure and malnutrition. In parallel to humanitarians’ aid, for Internally Displaced People, searching alternative enterprises that support them in earning extra income from different sources is possible option. Thus, this research activity was intended to help, those internally displaced People settled in Babile district, through climate smart agricultural technologies such as cropping models, market and networking and creating linkages with different stakeholders. Accordingly, a number of agricultural technologies were provided to them and they earned a lot income from those technologies where this results agrees with findings of Kusa, 2019; Negussie, 2020. Among the crops they produced Melkam variety performed well in yield and they sold the surplus products to market in good price with low cost of transactions because there was linkages and networking created for IDPs with primary cooperative and unions those are nearby means they come to home for market. In those three models of cropping, double cropping helped in earning extra income from sorghum and Haricot-bean in different time period both in off and active seasons. Table 2 Home Expenditures Models of Cropping Varieties Amount produced (quintal) Marketed (quintal) Home consumed (quintal) Double Melkam 1051.3 950 101.3 KTAB1 440.7 400 40.7 Intercropping Melkam 296 250 46 KTAB1 125.6 100 25.6 Single Melkam 757.5 450 300.5 Next to double cropping, intercropping also helped them to earn good income from crops produced at time of hardly to earn grain food, purchasing school materials, clothes, and other home expenditures for children in off-season. However, the single cropping producers suggested that they would to round the first two cropping models in future because they could not earn more as the first two cropping producers. The amount of production marketed and used for home consumption from these crops is depicted on the above graphs 1, 2, 3 and 4. 3.3. Ways of Communicating the Results The implementation and performances of these climates smart agricultural technology, knowledge and skill promotions were done through different Medias such as TV Program, FM Radio, field days, workshops, published printing materials and exchanged visits. Accordingly, many farmers, pastorals, and other development practitioners shared a lot lessons and experiences from many prepared events and pledge to involve these lessons to their program. 3.4. Feedback of Internally Displaced Peoples They suggested supporting by such productive technology is very important and should be continued for other IDPs who have not get opportunity of enrollment in such productive research work. 3.5. Challenges Faced Among selected 75 households, five households left out the study after enrolled in the first phase of implementing, practical field farming by their own issue and one household left out the study after the crops were sown on the field. There are also, the sense of dependence of the IDPs on others effort of humanitarian aid and direct interventions of government and Non-Government Organizations in the support on their all problems. 3.6. Opportunities There are a lot of improved agricultural technologies those provide high yield, cost –effective and demand-driven on market and in terms of environmental context. Among those agricultural technologies, improved crop varieties, animal feeds, mechanization and improved post-harvest storages like PICS are to mention few. In addition to physical inputs, there are highly qualified professionals and committed leadership in community services with the good way designed agricultural policy and strategies at country level. 4. CONCLUSION AND POLICY IMPLICATIONS 4.1. Conclusion The internally displaced people are mostly susceptible different hardships such food insecure, malnutrition, mental dissatisfaction, instable income and many others. To alleviate these hardships the first activity government, non-government and other development bodies works are humanitarian aid which may not be sustainable and early provision. In case this humanitarian is not enough to ensure the stable livelihood of IDPs, alternative income source of searching enterprises like agriculture is found as options. Accordingly, from this findings, climate smart agriculture technologies provided different models cropping were applied, among that double and intercropping models found to beneficial and helped IDPs in ensuring food security and alternative income sources in hard times. Moreover, different media coverage technologies were used in disseminating these lessons and experiences. 4.2. Policy Implications Engaging IDPs in country agriculture policy rather mostly focus on direct aid is advisable. Improved agricultural technologies were found to be feasible sector for IDPs, thus further promotion of these lessons is good by government and humanitarian aid agencies is important Scaling up these lessons and experiences to other places that similarly IDPs are camped through locally available agricultural technologies government and other stakeholders is good. Declarations The participant consented to participate in the study. Author Contribution All authors contributed to the study conception and design. Material preparation, data collection, and analysis were performed by Ibsa Aliyi Usmane, Asfaw Ejo Fayisa, Efrah Abib Gedi, and Lelisa Shamsedin Mohammed. The first draft of the manuscript was written by Ibsa Aliyi Usmane, and all authors commented on previous versions of the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript References Assefa, M. (2019). Inter-ethnic violent conflict in the case of Oromia and Somali regional states. Institute for Peace and Security Studies, Addis Ababa University. Benyam Masresha.2020. Thriving to Survive: Resettlement of Internally Displaced Persons in Sululta Town of Oromia Regional State, Ethiopia: MSc Thesis, Addis Ababa University Dereje, R., & Lietaert, I. 2022. In search of the invisible people: Revisiting the concept of internally displaced persons in light of an Ethiopian case study. Refugee Survey Quarterly, 41(2), 320–341. https://doi.org/10. 1093/rsq/hdab022 Dugo, H., & Eisen, J. 2018. The great displacements of 2017: Acts of genocide in Ethiopia. Africology: The Journal of Pan African Studies, 12(6), 48–74. https:// www.researchgate.net/publication/328969180 Easton-Calabria, E., Delina, A., & Gezahegn, G. 2020. IDPs in secondary cities: good practices and ongoing challenges from Ethiopia (Research in Brief 16). Refugee Studies Centre, University of Oxford. https:// reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/rscbrief-idps secondary-cities_web.pdf https://www.academia.edu/39052411 Internal Displacement Monitoring Center. 2019. Global report on internal displacement. https://www.inter nal-displacement.org/global-report/grid2019/ Internal Displacement Monitoring Center. 2021. Global report on internal displacement. https//www.internaldisplacement.org/global-report/grid2021/ International Organization for Migration. (2019a). Rapid response assessment Benishangul Gumuz/ East and West Wellega: Round 1 (8–16 February 2019). https:// dtm.iom.int/reports/ethiopia-%E2%80%94-benishangul-gumuz-east-and-west-wellega rapidresponse-assessment-1-8-%E2%80%94-16 Tesfaw, T. (2022). Internal displacement in Ethiopia: A scoping review of its causes, trends and consequences. Journal of Internal Displacement, 12(1), 2–31. https:// www.journalofinternaldisplacement.org/index.php/JID/ article/download/114/77 Tola, T. (2019). State obligation for the protections of the rights of IDPs: In case of Oromo people displaced from Ethiopian Somali Region [Unpublished master’s thesis]. Addis Ababa University United Nations Organization for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs. (2018). Ethiopia: Conflict displacement situation report no 2. https://www. humanitarianresponse.info/ru/operations/ethiopia/ document/ethiopia-conflict-displacement situationreport-no-2 Wanninayake, S. (2019). A brief conceptual analysis on conflict induced internal displacement, return and resettlement. Sri Lanka Journal of Sociology, 1(1), 121–150. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/ 339799285 Yigzaw, G., & Abitew, E. (2019). Causes and impacts of internal displacement in Ethiopia. African Journal of Social Work, 9(2), 32–41. https://www.ajolo.info/ index.php/ajsw/article/view/192193/181307 Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-7104990","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":485406790,"identity":"0e848ec8-09bf-4fc3-bbb9-0349c50a128f","order_by":0,"name":"Ibsa Aliyi Usmane","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA8klEQVRIiWNgGAWjYBACNgkQWcAgx8bMfPABkMnDR5wWAwZjfna2ZAOQFjaC1kC1JM7s5zEDswlq4ZNuf/jhh8Fhxg2HGcwqv+bYybAxMD98dAOfw2TOGEv2GBxmNjjMkHZbdlsy0GFsxsY5eP2SwyDBY3CYDajl2G3JbcxALTxs0vi1pD/++cfgMFAXY1ux5LZ6YrQkmEkD1UtINjOzMX7cdpgILTJnzKxlDNIN+JnZmKUZtx3nYWMm4Bf52e2Pb76psK5v4z//8ePPbdX2/OzNDx/j0wIFzWCSmQdMElYOAnVgkvEHcapHwSgYBaNghAEAfhZAAmJXVGsAAAAASUVORK5CYII=","orcid":"","institution":"Haramaya University","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Ibsa","middleName":"Aliyi","lastName":"Usmane","suffix":""},{"id":485406791,"identity":"eb97de72-dfec-4dca-b880-0084c45a2ac2","order_by":1,"name":"Kemal K. 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INTRODUCTION","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe number of internally displaced persons (IDPs) is on the rise worldwide. In the year 2018 alone, about 28 million new displacements were recorded arising from conflict and disasters across 148 countries and territories. A number of countries in the Third World were affected by displacement associated with conflict and disaster (Internal Displacement Monitoring Center, 2019). Currently, the number of IDPs is twice more than that of refugees (Wanninayake, 2019). UNHCR\u0026rsquo;s report shows that the number of displaced people at the end of 2020 was more than 82 million (Dereje \u0026amp; Lietaert, 2022). Internal displacement is becoming an increasingly significant phenomenon globally and nationally (Benyam, 2020) that Global Report on Internal Displacement shows that more than two-thirds (69.1%)\u0026nbsp;of the new displacements associated with conflict occurred in Sub-Saharan Africa, which\u0026nbsp;suffered not only new and ongoing violence but also drought and floods (IDMC, 2019).\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eOn the report, Ethiopia, the Democratic Republic of Congo, Nigeria, Somalia,\u0026nbsp;and the Central African Republic were countries worst affected by displacement related to natural disasters, conflict, and communal violence (Yigzaw \u0026amp; Abitew, 2019) an in number 16.5 million people were internally displaced in Sub-Saharan Africa\u0026nbsp;because of conflict as of the end of 2018. Ethiopia ranked first among all countries by recording a high number of IDPs in 2018 (Internal Displacement Monitoring Center, 2018). The number of IDPs in Ethiopia in 2018 was 3,191,000, a considerable portion of which was attributed to ethnic and border-based disputes (International Organization for Migration, 2019a). \u0026nbsp;According to Tesfaw (2022), the main driver of internal displacement in Ethiopia is conflict induced displacement including inter-communal violence, regional political instability, ethnic tensions and localized conflicts. Dereje and Lietaert (2022) also found the major drivers to include environmental disasters, armed conflict, the expansion of development infrastructure, and large scale forced resettlement. Political violence is the prominent driver of internal displacement in the Country.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eEthiopia registered the highest Internally Displaced Persons (IDPs) globally with 3.2 million IDPs as of 30 April 2019 surpassing countries like Syria and the Democratic Republic of Congo. Since most of the displaced leave their residence with their bare hand, leaving their every asset behind, they will face tremendous challenges both to survive and to adapt to a new environment. They are also forced to pursue new ways of livelihood different from what they were pursuing before displacement (Assefa, 2019). The Oromia Regional Administration had placed those 86,400 Oromo IDPs displaced from urban areas of the Somali region and Somaliland to 11 towns in central Oromia that are located around the city of Addis Ababa (OCHA, 2018) and among resettlements areas Babile district was one that some IDPs selected in the planning based on their interest.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003e1.1.\u0026nbsp;Statements of Problems\u0026nbsp;\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTerritorial disputes were common between Ethiopia\u0026rsquo;s Oromia and Somali regions that share a border that extends over 1,400 km. This territorial contest often times leads to disagreements and conflicts over resources such as wells and grazing land. Recently, however, the conflict between the Oromo and the Somali was politically engineered and resulted in the displacement of many Oromo living in the Somali region and on the border of the two regions (Easton-Calabria \u003cem\u003eet al.,\u003c/em\u003e 2020). The displaced persons were forced to flee their homes without any warning and escaped without having their assets that help them to save their lives (Dugo \u0026amp; Eisen, 2018; Mekonnen, 2020; Tola, 2019). Because the IDPs are displaced and detached from their assets, livelihoods and networks, they may not easily earn a living (Internal Displacement Monitoring Center, 2021).\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAs a result, most of the IDPs remain in insecure and uncertain conditions, fully needed the support of the government, international humanitarian assistance, and the host community which themselves are often times vulnerable (United Nations Organization for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs, 2018). At the time of resettlement, the government has promised them to fulfill their basic needs, but they would not get everything that had been promised. Although the government is providing them with humanitarian aid such as food, water, shelter, health, education, and other necessary social services, these aids are not sufficient and are not obtained on a time and regular basis. IDPs are unnecessarily reliant on unsustainable assistance and are vulnerable to social, economic, and health-related problems (Kusa, 2019; Negussie, 2020). Therefore, to improve the livelihood of IDPs in sustainable way, this research activity was developed and conducted with the following objectives.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003e1.2.\u0026nbsp;Objectives\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eTo engage internally displaced people into agricultural technology production\u0026rsquo;s demonstration as their livelihood strategy options\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eTo diversify the source of income for IDPs through alternative enterprises, inclusive and rehabilitation approaches\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e"},{"header":"2. RESEARCH METHODS AND MATERIALS","content":"\u003cp\u003eThis research activity was conducted in Babile district, Ifadin and Erar Ibada kebeles.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSite selection:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eThe sites were selected based on the potential of land in the areas with agricultural productions opportunities, government/local criteria that land would be available for these Internally Displaced People yet to resettle them with other land, the land that not yet occupied by permanent residents, easily cultivated and would be ready for immediate production, easily accessible to monitoring and evaluation, protected from degraded such as soil erosion, flooding, and protectable from wild predators like Rhinoceros.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eParticipant Selection and Cropping Models of engagement\u003c/strong\u003e: The participants were selected purposively based on the interest they have in agricultural production, experience they have in the sector, the probability that household stay until harvesting the crop he/she going cultivate, labor of the household whether they are widows, elder, and orphan. After these all criteria fulfilled and involved them in study, the model cropping were provided for them that are double cropping-producing two or more crops within single season on the same plot of land harvest one after the other, intercropping-producing many crops within single season at the same time and single cropping-producing only one crop on the same land for many seasons. Accordingly, 35 participants for double cropping, 25 for single and 10 for intercropping and were involved in the study and 5 households left the study for their own reasons.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eImplementation procedures of the research activities:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eAfter the site s and farmers are selected based on the criteria set by District Agriculture Office and researchers, the following research activities were performed one after the others.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTraining:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eTraining was given for Internally Displaced People, Development Agents, Districts\u0026rsquo; experts, primary cooperatives, Bisidimo Hospital Agriculture Officer, member from Unions and experts working in NGOs in the area. On training, different research topics such as agronomic practices of the crops, post-harvest technologies such as mechanization, storage techniques on PICS, marketing and home consumption.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eInput provision:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eMost of the time people trust what they see than hear, for that reason after training is given for the participants, the improved sorghum variety Melkam and improved Haricot-bean variety KTAB1, inorganic fertilizers NPS and UREA and measurement rope were provided for them before harvest and Mechanization technology sorghum thresher and storage technology PICS were given them for post-harvest loss minimization.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eLand preparation and on-farm agronomic practices:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eLand was prepared early before rain starts in well in advance by tractor and the spacing between rows and plants, border fencing to protect rhinoceros, the ladder for bird attack protection and categorized the plot for easily digging out and weeding, and harvesting easily. After the land is prepared in well advance, the improved sorghum variety Melkam and improved Haricot bean variety KTAB1 were sown on the land by spacing 75*20 for sorghum and 40*10cm for Haricot-bean. The different inorganic fertilizers were applied for these crops that for sorghum 100NPS kg/hectare and 50kg/hectare of UREA nd only 25kg/hectare of UREA were applied for Haricot-bean variety KTAB1.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eData collection and analysis:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eMethod of data collections were date sheet and checklist for quantitative and group discussion for qualitative data and analyzed by descriptive statistics such as mean, average and visualized by graph and tables.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"3. RESULT AND DISCUSSIONS","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec5\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003e3.1. Engage Internally Displaced People into Agricultural Production\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFor the engagement of Internally Displaced People in agriculture production, the training was given as depicted in Table \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e below; the lands was provided temporarily with necessary agricultural inputs for pre-harvest and reach in short periods of time such as early matured, disease resistant, and palatable for home consumption and highly demanded on market sorghum and Haricot-bean varieties and post-harvests technologies those easily usable like sorghum thresher and storage materials PICS. Then, the land was provided as the capacity that households could cultivate, accordingly, 0.5 hectare to 1.5 hectare of land, as a result, good yield performance at farm, reasonable price at market and enjoyable consumption of the crops were recorded.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\n \u003ctable id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e\n \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTraining\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/caption\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eParticipants\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSex\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTraining titles\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFemale\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMale\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIDPs\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e55\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" rowspan=\"6\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAgronomic practices\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePostharvest handling\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFood utilization/home consumption\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMarketing\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eScaling up lessons and networking\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDA\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eExperts\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePrimary cooperatives\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUnions\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eKebeles Representatives\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eInternally Displaced People appreciated the technology and applied each model that selected at initial stage on the farm and earned much yield from those improved crops varieties. From the findings double cropping practices yielded a lot because they produced two times in single season from the plot of land. First, they sown Haricot-bean variety KTAB1 and harvested within 58 days from Apri 1 to May 28, then cleared the land and sown the Sorghum variety Melkam on 30 June and harvested first week of September. In between, they sold the harvested Haricot-bean production and used for home consumption, in turn purchased other grain crops such as maize, wheat flour, rice and spaghettis with its spices. This helped them in surviving time of hardly to get food crops and improved their food security at household level. The following three graphs depict the yield performance and marketed amount of each crop in different models of cropping this result agrees with Asefa, 2019 and Internal Displacement Monitoring Center, \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec6\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003e3.2. Diversify the Source of Income for Internally Displaced Peoples\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMost of the times Internally Displaced People are supposed to be supported by humanitarian agencies directly provide relief grain for food consumption in specified camps, however, sometimes they hardly to get food early, as a result fail into food insecure and malnutrition. In parallel to humanitarians\u0026rsquo; aid, for Internally Displaced People, searching alternative enterprises that support them in earning extra income from different sources is possible option. Thus, this research activity was intended to help, those internally displaced People settled in Babile district, through climate smart agricultural technologies such as cropping models, market and networking and creating linkages with different stakeholders. Accordingly, a number of agricultural technologies were provided to them and they earned a lot income from those technologies where this results agrees with findings of Kusa, 2019; Negussie, 2020. Among the crops they produced Melkam variety performed well in yield and they sold the surplus products to market in good price with low cost of transactions because there was linkages and networking created for IDPs with primary cooperative and unions those are nearby means they come to home for market. In those three models of cropping, double cropping helped in earning extra income from sorghum and Haricot-bean in different time period both in off and active seasons.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTable 2 Home Expenditures\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003ctable border=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 158px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eModels of Cropping\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 92px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eVarieties\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 135px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAmount produced (quintal)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 96px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMarketed (quintal)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 157px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHome consumed (quintal)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 158px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDouble\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 92px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMelkam\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 135px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1051.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 96px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e950\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 157px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e101.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 92px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eKTAB1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 135px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e440.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 96px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e400\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 157px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e40.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 158px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIntercropping\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 92px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMelkam\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 135px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e296\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 96px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e250\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 157px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e46\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 92px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eKTAB1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 135px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e125.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 96px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e100\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 157px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 158px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSingle\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 92px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMelkam\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 135px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e757.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 96px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e450\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 157px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e300.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNext to double cropping, intercropping also helped them to earn good income from crops produced at time of hardly to earn grain food, purchasing school materials, clothes, and other home expenditures for children in off-season. However, the single cropping producers suggested that they would to round the first two cropping models in future because they could not earn more as the first two cropping producers. The amount of production marketed and used for home consumption from these crops is depicted on the above graphs 1, 2, 3 and 4.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec7\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003e3.3. Ways of Communicating the Results\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe implementation and performances of these climates smart agricultural technology, knowledge and skill promotions were done through different Medias such as TV Program, FM Radio, field days, workshops, published printing materials and exchanged visits. Accordingly, many farmers, pastorals, and other development practitioners shared a lot lessons and experiences from many prepared events and pledge to involve these lessons to their program.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec8\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003e3.4. Feedback of Internally Displaced Peoples\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThey suggested supporting by such productive technology is very important and should be continued for other IDPs who have not get opportunity of enrollment in such productive research work.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec9\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003e3.5. Challenges Faced\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAmong selected 75 households, five households left out the study after enrolled in the first phase of implementing, practical field farming by their own issue and one household left out the study after the crops were sown on the field. There are also, the sense of dependence of the IDPs on others effort of humanitarian aid and direct interventions of government and Non-Government Organizations in the support on their all problems.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec10\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003e3.6. Opportunities\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThere are a lot of improved agricultural technologies those provide high yield, cost \u0026ndash;effective and demand-driven on market and in terms of environmental context. Among those agricultural technologies, improved crop varieties, animal feeds, mechanization and improved post-harvest storages like PICS are to mention few. In addition to physical inputs, there are highly qualified professionals and committed leadership in community services with the good way designed agricultural policy and strategies at country level.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"4. CONCLUSION AND POLICY IMPLICATIONS","content":"\u003ch2\u003e4.1.\u0026nbsp;Conclusion\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe internally displaced people are mostly susceptible different hardships such food insecure, malnutrition, mental dissatisfaction, instable income and many others. To alleviate these hardships the first activity government, non-government and other development bodies works are humanitarian aid which may not be sustainable and early provision. In case this humanitarian is not enough to ensure the stable livelihood of IDPs, alternative income source of searching enterprises like agriculture is found as options. Accordingly, from this findings, climate smart agriculture technologies provided different models cropping were applied, among that double and intercropping models found to beneficial and helped IDPs in ensuring food security and alternative income sources in hard times. Moreover, different media coverage technologies were used in disseminating these lessons and experiences.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003e4.2. Policy Implications\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eEngaging IDPs in country agriculture policy rather mostly focus on direct aid is advisable.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eImproved agricultural technologies were found to be feasible sector for IDPs, thus further promotion of these lessons is good by government and humanitarian aid agencies is important\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eScaling up these lessons and experiences to other places that similarly IDPs are camped through locally available agricultural technologies government and other stakeholders is good.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan\u003eThe participant consented to participate in the study.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eAuthor Contribution\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eAll authors contributed to the study conception and design. Material preparation, data collection, and analysis were performed by Ibsa Aliyi Usmane, Asfaw Ejo Fayisa, Efrah Abib Gedi, and Lelisa Shamsedin Mohammed. The first draft of the manuscript was written by Ibsa Aliyi Usmane, and all authors commented on previous versions of the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAssefa, M. (2019). Inter-ethnic violent conflict in the case of Oromia and Somali regional states. Institute for Peace and Security Studies, Addis Ababa University.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eBenyam Masresha.2020. Thriving to Survive: Resettlement of Internally Displaced Persons in Sululta Town of Oromia Regional State, Ethiopia: MSc Thesis, Addis Ababa University\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eDereje, R., \u0026amp; Lietaert, I. 2022. In search of the invisible people: Revisiting the concept of internally displaced persons in light of an Ethiopian case study. Refugee Survey Quarterly, 41(2), 320\u0026ndash;341. https://doi.org/10. 1093/rsq/hdab022\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eDugo, H., \u0026amp; Eisen, J. 2018. The great displacements of 2017: Acts of genocide in Ethiopia. Africology: The Journal of Pan African Studies, 12(6), 48\u0026ndash;74. https:// www.researchgate.net/publication/328969180\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eEaston-Calabria, E., Delina, A., \u0026amp; Gezahegn, G. 2020. IDPs in secondary cities: good practices and ongoing challenges from Ethiopia (Research in Brief 16). Refugee Studies Centre, University of Oxford. https:// reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/rscbrief-idps secondary-cities_web.pdf\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003ehttps://www.academia.edu/39052411\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eInternal Displacement Monitoring Center. 2019. Global report on internal displacement. https://www.inter nal-displacement.org/global-report/grid2019/\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eInternal Displacement Monitoring Center. 2021. Global report on internal displacement. https//www.internaldisplacement.org/global-report/grid2021/ \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eInternational Organization for Migration. (2019a). Rapid response assessment Benishangul Gumuz/ East and West Wellega: Round 1 (8\u0026ndash;16 February 2019). https:// dtm.iom.int/reports/ethiopia-%E2%80%94-benishangul-gumuz-east-and-west-wellega rapidresponse-assessment-1-8-%E2%80%94-16\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eTesfaw, T. (2022). Internal displacement in Ethiopia: A scoping review of its causes, trends and consequences. Journal of Internal Displacement, 12(1), 2\u0026ndash;31. https:// www.journalofinternaldisplacement.org/index.php/JID/ article/download/114/77\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eTola, T. (2019). State obligation for the protections of the rights of IDPs: In case of Oromo people displaced from Ethiopian Somali Region [Unpublished master\u0026rsquo;s thesis]. Addis Ababa University\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eUnited Nations Organization for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs. (2018). Ethiopia: Conflict displacement situation report no 2. https://www. humanitarianresponse.info/ru/operations/ethiopia/ document/ethiopia-conflict-displacement situationreport-no-2\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eWanninayake, S. (2019). A brief conceptual analysis on conflict induced internal displacement, return and resettlement. Sri Lanka Journal of Sociology, 1(1), 121\u0026ndash;150. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/ 339799285\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eYigzaw, G., \u0026amp; Abitew, E. (2019). Causes and impacts of internal displacement in Ethiopia. African Journal of Social Work, 9(2), 32\u0026ndash;41. https://www.ajolo.info/ index.php/ajsw/article/view/192193/181307\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":true,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"IDPs, Climate Smart Agriculture, Inclusive, Eastern Hararghe","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7104990/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-7104990/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eInternally Displaced People could be exposed for different hardships in time of leaving their residents because inaccessible facilities in the areas they settle and wait and rely on humanitarians’ aids. This make, they fail into food insecure, malnutrition, and instability in their livelihood strategies. Based on these notions, this research activity was conducted by the objectives of engaging internally displaced people into agricultural technology production’s demonstration and diversifies the source of income for IDPs through alternative enterprises. Accordingly, Ifadin and Erer Ibada kebeles in Babile district were selected and 75 households were purposively enrolled and provided lands in temporary from districts’ agriculture office. Then, researchers gave training on climate smart agricultural practices practically on field. The IDPs household participated in different cropping models, as a result; double cropping model benefited them in earning extra income and enough home consumption as compare to intercropping and single cropping. Because in double, Haricot-bean that was produced early and Melkam variety of sorghum yielded more and has high demand on market, as a result, they had got opportunity to use in both off and active seasons in their home. All these performances and implementations got media coverage in lesson and experience sharing. Therefore, it is recommended that the government and other humanitarians’ agencies should scale up these lessons to other areas and mainstream IDPs in research and development programs.\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Community Rehabilitation-Based and Inclusive Approaches in Climate Smart Agricultural Technology Promotion for Internally Displaced People in East Hararghe Zone, Ethiopia","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-07-17 06:49:52","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7104990/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"8a51ac43-b294-484b-9008-693fd9fd3f7d","owner":[],"postedDate":"July 17th, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2025-07-17T06:49:52+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2025-07-17 06:49:52","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-7104990","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-7104990","identity":"rs-7104990","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}