Escherichia coli Isolation, Prevalence, and Multi Drug Resistance from a Poultry Farm in Sendafa Town, Central Ethiopia

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The growth of antimicrobial resistance in E. coli is one of major concern worldwide. Objective: This study aimed to assess the prevalence, and Multi drug resistance profile and determine the potential risk factor of E. coli isolates from chickens and chickens environment in Sendafa town, central Ethiopia Methods: A cross-sectional study was carried out from January to August 2023 in Sendafa town. Purposive sampling techniques were used based on the presence of clinical symptoms suggestive of E. coli in chicken farms. Different types of samples were collected including 207 cloacae swabs, 8 feed, and 8 water from different farms. E. coli isolation and identification were done using bacterial culture, and biochemical, and confirmed using the Matrix Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization-Time of Flight Mass Spectrometry (MALDI TOF MS). Antimicrobial susceptibility testing (AST) was done using the Kirby Bauer disc diffusion method. Data were entered in Microsoft Excel and analyzed with descriptive statistics using SPSS version 20. Result: Out of a total of 223 samples of cloacae swab, feed, and water 71 (31.83 %) were found to be E. coli suspected by biochemical and finally confirmed with Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization-Time of Flight Mass Spectrometry (MALDI TOF MS). All confirmed isolates were subjected to 12 antimicrobial agents to check their susceptibility. From 71 tested E. coli isolates we found resistant patterns of E. coli to 62(87.3%) Amoxicillin, 44(62%) Tetracycline, and 39(54.9%) Streptomycin respectively. Multi-drug resistance was observed in this study for two or more than resistant detected. Some isolate was sensitive to 60(84.5%) Trimethoprim Sulphamethoxazole, 57(80.3%) Norfloxacin, 56(78.9 %) Ceftriaxone, and 53(74.6%) Meropenem respectively. Intermediate antibiotics were observed on 32(45.1 %) Sulfonamides, and 23(32.4%) Gentamicin for E. coli isolate. Risk factors were analyzed with descriptive statistics. In the study, the difference in E. coli prevalence by age and among sample types was not statistically significant (P>0.05). Between kebeles and farms, there was a statistically significant difference in E. coli prevalence (P <0.05). Conclusion: In this study, a high incidence of E. coli and antibiotic resistance to commonly used antibiotics including Amoxicillin, Tetracycline, and Streptomycin in poultry were found. This implies that there is the existence of practices that accelerate antimicrobial resistance in the sampled chickens. Therefore, appropriate use of antimicrobial agents, good biosecurity measures, and hygiene practices in chicken farms are important. Antimicrobial resistance Occurrence Escherichia coli Ethiopia Poultry Sendafa Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Introduction E. coli are facultative, anaerobic Gram-negative rods bacteria and one of the typical microbial species found in the gastrointestinal tracts of animals, humans, and poultry[ 1 ]. About 10 to 15% of intestinal coliforms are opportunistic and pathogenic, which cause a variety of lesions in immunocompromised hosts as well as in poultry [ 2 ]. Even though the majority of E. coli isolates are nonpathogenic, and also, cause infections like swollen head syndrome, yolk sac infection and colibacillosis are among the illnesses that are frequently severe and occasionally fatal [ 3 ]. One of the main causes of morbidity and mortality in poultry, colibacillosis also leads in a 20% reduction in egg production and hatching rates [ 4 ]. Antimicrobial are frequently used to control infectious diseases or as growth stimulants in the poultry. Antimicrobial can lead to the emergence and dissemination of resistant E. coli which can then be passed into people via direct or indirect contact with infected animals[ 5 ]. These resistant microbes may function as a potential source in the transportation of antimicrobial resistance to human pathogens[ 6 ]. The overuse of antibiotics in veterinary care has increased the number of bacterial strains that are resistant to treatment. Antibiotics are commonly used to treat bacterial illnesses in both humans and animals. Antibiotics are antimicrobial substances with the ability to either kill or inhibit the growth of germs. There are between 100 and 200 thousand tons of antibiotics produced annually on a global scale [ 7 ]. Animal and human isolates around the world frequently contain Multi drug-resistant (MDR) E. coli strains, and the intestine is probably an important repository of resistance genes[ 8 ]. In rare cases, drug-resistant E. coli of animal origin may also briefly colonize the human intestine. The management of intra and extra-intestinal infections caused by E. coli , which are a major cause of illness, death, and increased healthcare costs is complicated by acquired multidrug resistance to antimicrobial agents [ 9 ]. Therefore, the goal of this study was to isolate E. coli from poultry and poultry farm environment in Sendafa town in order to determine their prevalence, antimicrobials resistance profile and potential risk factors of E. coli isolates. Materials and Methods Study area A study was carried out in Sendafa town (Fig. 1 ), central Ethiopia, from January to August 2023 to isolate E. coli from poultry and environment sampling and evaluate their antimicrobial resistance. Sendafa is found in Shagger City, Oromia Regional Government 39 kilometers north of Addis Ababa Ethiopia's capital. It is bordered to the north by Aleltu, to the south and east by Berek, and the west by the town administrations of Laga Dadi and Laga Tafo. The town is located at an elevation of 2514 meters above sea level, between 9 06'14" and 9 10'30" North latitudes and 38 57'60" and 39 04'53" East longitudes. The region experiences 1200 mm of annual rainfall in two distinct seasons (June to August and January to April), and the average temperature is between 15 and 24 0 C [ 10 ]. The primary farming method in the region was mixed farming. The most prevalent form of animal husbandry in the region was traditional and industrial poultry farming. Study design and Population A cross-sectional study was carried out in Sendafa town, Shagger city, central Ethiopia, from January to August 2023 to evaluate the prevalence, of the pattern of antimicrobial resistance and identify potential risk factors for E. coli isolates from chicken and the poultry environment. The study was conducted on 223 total samples 207 Cloacae swabs of chicken, 8 feed, and 8 water samples. Eleven poultry farms in four kebeles located in Sendafa town were included in the study. Purposive sampling techniques were used based on the presence of clinical diarrheal symptoms suggestive of E. coli in chicken farms. The name of the farm, the date of sampling, the type of sample, the age, sex, and an identification number for each sample were all taken down on the sample collection format along with clinical information about chickens. Samples collection and Transportation Cloacae swab: All Cloacae swab samples were collected using sterile swabs which were moistened with sterile buffered peptone water (Oxoid, UK), and the chicken's cloacae swab placed in sterile vial tubes containing 9 mL buffered peptone water which is used to avoid drying out of the swabs for further analysis. Poultry feed samples of 10gm were directly collected from feeding troughs of different farms. A total of 8 feed samples were aseptically collected and immediately transferred into a sterile Plastic bag. Water samples were taken from the drinking water of chickens, and 10 ml were transferred to sterile test tubes with screw caps. After collection, all of the samples were transported to the Animal Health Institute (AHI), Sebeta, for bacteriological analysis while being kept in ice boxes. Isolation and Biochemical methods Isolation of E. coli samples was enriched in Brain heart infusion broth (BHIB) (CRITERION, USA), and incubated for 24 hours at 37°C. Following that a loop full of sample broth cultures was streaked onto Eosin Methylin Blue (EMB) agar (HiMEDIA, India), and the colony of E. coli was examined for a grayish metallic sheen. To conduct biochemical testing, typical colonies were then transferred to Brain heart infusion agar (BHIA). Suspected E. coli pure colonies were used for biochemical that used to test indole, methyl red, Voges Proskauer and citrate. Then Matrix-assisted laser desorption-ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS), was used for further confirmation. After confirmation, the isolates were subjected to antimicrobial susceptibility testing. These isolates were then preserved and kept at 20°C for storage[ 11 ]. MALDI TOF MS METHOD Young, pure single colonies were sub cultured on BHI agar (CRITERION, USA) and incubated at 37°C for 24 hours. For direct sample preparation method a single bacterial colony placed directly on MSP 96 target plate, at the end of the samples add controls of 1µl Bacterial Test Standard (BTS) (Bruker Daltonik) then dried at room temperature. Following drying add 1µl of HCCA matrix solution (cyano-4-hydroxycinnamic acid, Bruker Daltonik GmbH) on the dried samples and BTS. Then read target plate by MALDI TOF MS (Bruker Daltonik, Germany) and a standard calibration spectra were calibrated before reading samples. The E. coli organism was then interpreted with a score value and National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) [ 12 ]. Antimicrobial sensitivity testing E. coli isolates were tested for antimicrobial susceptibility by [ 13 ] using the Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method, and the bacterial isolates were tested for antibiotic susceptibility. A densitometer was used to measure the turbidity, which was then adjusted to 0.5 standards McFarland. Three to five isolated colonies were then transferred to 5 ml of 0.85% sterile saline water. Following the measurement of turbidity, bacteria were evenly swabbed onto the surface of a Mueller-Hinton agar plate (CRITERION, USA) by rotating the sterile cotton swab by 60°. The plates were subsequently left for three to five minutes and then 12 antimicrobial discs (Oxoid, England) including Streptomycin (S;10 µg), Ampicillin (AMP;10 µg), and Gentamicin (CN;10µg) Tetracycline (TE; 30 µg), Norfloxacin (NOR; 10 µg), Amoxicillin clavulanate(AMC; 30 µg), Ceftriaxone (CRO; 300 µg), Meropenem (MEM; 10µg), Sulfonamides (S3; 300), Ciprofloxacin (CIP 5; µg), Sulphamethoxazole Trimethoprim (SXT; 1.25/23.75 µg) and Amoxicillin(AML;10 µg) were applied on to the media using a disc dispenser and incubated at 37 0 C for 16–18 hours.Using a digital caliper, the zone of inhibition was measured and interpreted as susceptible, intermediate, and resistant using the Clinical and Laboratory Standard Institute (CLSI) [ 14 ]. Data analysis Statistical analysis of the prevalence, Antibiotic resistance rates of E. coli were coded and then entered into an Excel of Microsoft 2016. Descriptive statistics were used to analyze data using Chi- square test, frequency and percentages. Results In this study, a total of 223 samples were collected 71 E. coli isolated by bacteriological methods (Fig. 2 ) from poultry and poultry environments. All identified isolates were further confirmed by MALDI TOF and finally subjected to AST. The bacteriological methods, MALDI TOF MS, and AST for identification of E. coli isolates were summarized in (Table 1 ). In this study, 71 (31.83%) positive E. coli isolates out of the total samples analyzed with MALDI TOF MS identification (Table 2 ). Risk factors were analyzed with descriptive statistics from all four risk factors. The difference in the occurrence of E. coli among age and different sample types was not statistically significant (P > 0.05) in the study. A statistically significant difference in the E. coli prevalence (P < 0.05) was observed among kebeles and farms respectively. The occurrence of all three sample sources was found to be 29.14% in the cloacae swab and 1.34% in each feed and water sample (Table 3 ). The antimicrobial resistant pattern of E. coli isolates from poultry and environmental samples has been in (Table 4 ). The resistance pattern of E. coli for 12 antibiotics test was 62(87.3%) Amoxicillin, 44(62%) Tetracycline, and 39(54.9%) Streptomycin with their percent respectively. Multi-drug resistance E.coli isolate is shown in (Table 5 ) (Fig. 3 ). Some isolate was sensitive to 60(84.5%) Sulphamethoxazole-Trimethoprim, 57(80.3%) Norfloxacin, 56(78.9%) Ceftriaxone, and 53(74.6%) Meropenem respectively. Intermediate antibiotics were observed 32(45.1%) Sulfonamides, and 23(32.4%) Gentamcin for E. coli isolate. Table 1 E.coli detection using different tests and methods Detection method Test Reaction No of positive isolate Culture EMB Metallic sheen 71 Gram stain Gram Negative 71 Shape Small rod Color Pink Biochemical Indole + 71 Methyl red + 71 Voges Proskauer - 71 Citrate 71 MALDI TOF Automated + 71 AST Disk diffusion 71 Table 2 Some E. coli isolate confirmed by MALDI TOF MS Lab code Matched Pattern Score Value NCBI Identifier 15429 Escherichia coli DH5alpha BRL 2.29 562 15410 Escherichia coli DH5alpha BRL 2.24 562 15354 Escherichia coli DH5alpha BRL 2.12 562 15371 Escherichia coli DH5alpha BRL 2.31 562 15403 Escherichia coli DH5alpha BRL 2.14 562 15430 Escherichia coli DH5alpha BRL 2.15 562 15419 Escherichia coli DSM 682 DSM 2.33 562 15431 Escherichia coli DSM 682 DSM 2.46 562 Table 3 Risk factors that illustrate E.coli distribution within poultry and its environment Variable Classification No. of samples No of Positive Percentage of Positive Chi-square P-value Age Young Adult 34 173 8 57 3.86% 27.53% 0.77381 0.379 Kebele Girar Legeberi Walagaho Dabe 32 76 25 90 9 19 18 25 4.03% 8.52% 8.07% 11.21% 21.106 0.0001001 Sample type Cloacae Feed Water 207 8 8 65 3 3 29.14% 1.34% 1.34% 0.25457 0.8805 Farms 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 32 27 2 26 22 11 13 23 29 20 18 9 8 1 4 8 8 9 7 4 5 8 4.03% 3.58% 0.44% 1.79% 3.58% 3.58% 4.03% 3.13% 1.79% 2.24% 3.58% 26.991 0.002613 Table 4 Antibiotic susceptibility pattern of 71 E. coli isolates from samples of poultry sources Antimicrobial disk Conc. Result and interpretation (%) S I R Ciprofloxacin CIP-5µg 41(57.7%) 12(16.9%) 18(25.4%) Ceftriaxone CRO-30µg 56(78.9%) 12 (16.9%) 3 (4.2%) Tetracycline TE-30µg 27(38.0%) 0(0.0%) 44(62.0%) Amoxicillin+ Cluvanate acid AMC-30µg 22(31.0%) 18(25.4%) 31(43.7%) Trimethoprim + Sulphamethoxazole SXT-25µg 60(84.5%) 1(1.4%) 10(14.1%) Gentamcin CN-10µg 40(56.3%) 23(32.4%) 8(11.3%) Ampicillin AMP-10µg 28(39.4%) 13(18.3%) 26(36.6%) Norfloxacin NOR-10 µg 57(80.3%) 3(4.2%) 11(15.5%) Streptomycin S-10 µg 12(16.9%) 20(28.2%) 39(54.9%) Sulfonamides S3-300 12(16.9%) 32(45.1%) 27(38%) Meropenem MEM-10µg 53(74.6%) 15(21.1%) 3(4.2%) Amoxicillin AML/AX-2 µg 1(1.1%) 8(11.3%) 62(87.3%) S: Susceptible, I: Intermediate, R: Resistant Table 5 Summary of antimicrobials Multi drug resistance E.coli isolate S/No No.of Antibiotics disk No.of Resistant isolates % of Resistant isolates 1 8 2 2.81% 2 7 5 7.04% 3 6 8 11.26% 4 5 16 22.53% 5 4 9 12.67% 6 3 16 22.53% 7 2 9 12.67% 8 1 6 8.45% Total 71 100% Discussion Escherichia coli is the predominant bacteria associated with bacterial infection in birds. These organisms are known to result in severe poultry health problems, leading to mortality, reduced production, and increased expense in preventing and treating the disease. The prevalence of E. coli 29.14% in cloacae samples in the present study was lower than the previous report in distribution of E. coli in different samples from poultry and poultry environments in Bangladesh [ 3 ].The current bacteriological identification method was in agreement with the [ 15 ], who conducted tests of Indole, Methyl red, Voges Proskauer reaction and Simmons citrate for biochemical identification. There are similarities between the methods used by [ 16 ] in this study who isolates E. coli biochemically and further confirmed using matrix-assisted laser desorption-ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF/MS) from broiler and layer chickens in Mwanza and Arusha regions in Tanzania. In most countries, chicken is raised with a wide variety of antimicrobials to promote growth and production, and cure infectious disease[ 17 ]. Because of the prevalent use of antibiotics, antimicrobial resistance in chickens is a problem in developing nations. In accordance with our study, several E. coli isolates were resistant to the antibiotics 39(54.9%) streptomycin, 44(62%) tetracycline, and 62(87.3%) amoxicillin. The current study found that resistance rates were lower than those reported in Malaysia[ 18 ].Improper antimicrobial treatment promotes the emergence and spread of antimicrobial-resistant bacteria among animals. The emergence of multi-drug resistance (MDR) to antimicrobial agents may lead to increased morbidity, mortality, and treatment costs. Multi-drug resistance was observed in this study for more than three or more resistant were detected. In the current investigation higher MDR among E. coli isolates may be a result of chickens receiving excessive doses of antibiotics as prophylactic antibiotic treatments or feed additives. Among the findings that were most similar to the current findings were those of [ 19 ], who found that Escherichia coli isolates from Bangladesh had a very high rate of tetracycline resistance, and those of [ 18 ], who found that E. coli isolates from poultry farms in North Vietnam had a similar level of resistance. Streptomycin, ampicillin, and tetracycline resistance of a similar nature were noted in Ethiopia[ 15 ]. Another important finding was some E.coli isolate was sensitive to 60(84.5%) Trimethoprim Sulphamethoxazole, 57(80.3%) Norfloxacin, 56(78.9%) Ceftriaxone, and 53(74.6%) Meropenem, 41(57.7%) ciprofloxacin respectively. In contrast to our findings higher resistance was also recorded for trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (89.2%), and ciprofloxacin (68.6%). The high resistance could be because of the lower prices for these antimicrobial agents and also the availability of the antimicrobial agents in Nigeria which make the poultry farmers to easily afford [ 16 ]. Conclusion This study found that E. coli isolated from chickens in Sendafa town were resistant to three or more three antimicrobial agents observed. This a high prevalence of E. coli and antimicrobials resistance to commonly used antibiotics including Amoxicillin, Tetracycline, and Streptomycin in poultry were found. The highest numbers of E. coli resistant to the most of antimicrobials tested as well as the strains with multi drug resistant pattern. These results revealed that chicken production possessing drug resistant to E. coli could be a potential hazard to consumers. Due to the indiscriminate exploitation of antimicrobial agents, such a high occurrence of multi drug resistance may occur. Based on the above finding the following recommendation were forwarded, therefore In chicken farms, it's critical to follow hygienic procedures, apply antimicrobial agents properly, and take sensible biosecurity precautions. Sustained antimicrobial surveillance frequently and continuous monitoring of chicken production at poultry farms and markets. Excess or abuse use of antibiotics should be reduced. Further study should be conducted to investigate multi drug resistant in E. coli isolates from poultry farms and their environment. Declarations Acknowledgments Authors in this article would like to express specially thank to Dr. Ebisa Mezgebu for their sample collections, laboratory analysis and editing muscript. Special gratitude also goes to Animal Health Institute (AHI) and staff members General Bacteriology Laboratory. The authors also gratitude to Sendafa town staff of animal health department and chickens farms owners for allowing and providing assistance. Author Contributions EMH conceived the study design and sample collection. AAU also performed laboratory analysis, generated data, and prepared the original draft. EMH substantively edited the manuscript. Funding This study partial funded by Animal Health Institute Data availability All data generated or analyzed during this study are available based on request. Ethics approval and consent to participate The study was reviewed and approved by the animal research ethics and review committee of Animal Health Institute. In the study town, permission was obtained from all the relevant authorities prior to data collection. The purpose of study was explained to the owners of the farms. Poultry owner’s allowing for sampling and providing assistance during the study period. All the methods were carried out in accordance with relevant guidelines and regulations. 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Prevalence of Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR) Salmonella spp. and Escherichia coli Isolated from Broilers in the East Coast of Peninsular Malaysia, 2021. Ajijur M et al. Susceptibility and Multidrug Resistance Patterns of Escherichia coli Isolated from Cloacal Swabs of Live Broiler Chickens in Bangladesh, pp. 1–9, 2019. Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-3334808","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":232013392,"identity":"f0275caa-efdb-4687-ac34-4238fc290029","order_by":0,"name":"Abdi Ahmed Umer","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA8klEQVRIie2PvwrCMBCHEwJxCWZtUesrnHTXV7EInToILoqCQsHVWXwJRchcCejiAwh18A8420FREDF1cmrrJphvuAvHfVx+CGk0v4iBIFDNogQ5O/Vg+YwK2DyHjhArNIuiKjjjET4Z8SBV4RN/Jln7gaeSuJ2LVy1SRPaHTdKR7bIp2RoISOqGJdFQH6O27SWd2XiwGA+BgmRuaAqiFEYLSUr5rTyBgeTXlin66QooJYgGYJg+cnEkZLpSUVmC89IGTlCjgMWKUZKSxQr9+bnes/pDHjjRXXRrPOfvj4nxPyHsXbOux+DbN9sajUbzN7wAZddI+SsTq5IAAAAASUVORK5CYII=","orcid":"","institution":"Animal Health Institute (AHI), Microbiology Research Laboratory, P.O. Box 04,","correspondingAuthor":true,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Abdi","middleName":"Ahmed","lastName":"Umer","suffix":""},{"id":232013397,"identity":"c058fce0-0305-474a-b4cc-0cf1a5c42e60","order_by":1,"name":"Ebisa Mezgebu Hambisa","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Animal Health Institute (AHI), Microbiology Research Laboratory, P.O. Box 04,","correspondingAuthor":false,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Ebisa","middleName":"Mezgebu","lastName":"Hambisa","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2023-09-07 14:14:27","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-3334808/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-3334808/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":43081445,"identity":"b6540182-ed1f-445a-a744-b7ef8322ca1a","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2023-09-13 15:44:40","extension":"jpeg","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":113578,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eMap of study area\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eSource: \u003c/em\u003eEthiopia district and region shape file data ESRI Shape file\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage1.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3334808/v1/23487afa1b8522c9e7d21737.jpeg"},{"id":43082052,"identity":"81c9db0c-8d4d-4995-af69-f0df63c79144","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2023-09-13 15:52:40","extension":"jpeg","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":338215,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eE. coli colony on EMB agar showing a grayish metallic sheen\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage2.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3334808/v1/ca5e256300a3e42f7ecf0d1a.jpeg"},{"id":43081446,"identity":"50704069-857d-47f7-b288-4d0fe5a2eb6f","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2023-09-13 15:44:40","extension":"png","order_by":3,"title":"Figure 3","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":484358,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eMulti drug resistant of \u003cem\u003eE.coli\u003c/em\u003e isolate on Muller Hilton agar\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage3.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3334808/v1/5c5ac6deb3b7140c3c61cbbb.png"},{"id":47177652,"identity":"478f0cd5-ef9c-45ff-b9b8-6065faeb9722","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2023-11-28 05:52:37","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":906178,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3334808/v1/4a623996-9d86-4f84-80d2-eb33dcb9a4ff.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Escherichia coli Isolation, Prevalence, and Multi Drug Resistance from a Poultry Farm in Sendafa Town, Central Ethiopia","fulltext":[{"header":"Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003e \u003cem\u003eE. coli\u003c/em\u003e are facultative, anaerobic Gram-negative rods bacteria and one of the typical microbial species found in the gastrointestinal tracts of animals, humans, and poultry[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e]. About 10 to 15% of intestinal coliforms are opportunistic and pathogenic, which cause a variety of lesions in immunocompromised hosts as well as in poultry [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e]. Even though the majority of \u003cem\u003eE. coli\u003c/em\u003e isolates are nonpathogenic, and also, cause infections like swollen head syndrome, yolk sac infection and colibacillosis are among the illnesses that are frequently severe and occasionally fatal [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e]. One of the main causes of morbidity and mortality in poultry, colibacillosis also leads in a 20% reduction in egg production and hatching rates [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAntimicrobial are frequently used to control infectious diseases or as growth stimulants in the poultry. Antimicrobial can lead to the emergence and dissemination of resistant \u003cem\u003eE. coli\u003c/em\u003e which can then be passed into people via direct or indirect contact with infected animals[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e]. These resistant microbes may function as a potential source in the transportation of antimicrobial resistance to human pathogens[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e]. The overuse of antibiotics in veterinary care has increased the number of bacterial strains that are resistant to treatment. Antibiotics are commonly used to treat bacterial illnesses in both humans and animals. Antibiotics are antimicrobial substances with the ability to either kill or inhibit the growth of germs. There are between 100 and 200 thousand tons of antibiotics produced annually on a global scale [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e]. Animal and human isolates around the world frequently contain Multi drug-resistant (MDR) \u003cem\u003eE. coli\u003c/em\u003e strains, and the intestine is probably an important repository of resistance genes[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e]. In rare cases, drug-resistant \u003cem\u003eE. coli\u003c/em\u003e of animal origin may also briefly colonize the human intestine. The management of intra and extra-intestinal infections caused by \u003cem\u003eE. coli\u003c/em\u003e, which are a major cause of illness, death, and increased healthcare costs is complicated by acquired multidrug resistance to antimicrobial agents [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTherefore, the goal of this study was to isolate \u003cem\u003eE. coli\u003c/em\u003e from poultry and poultry farm environment in Sendafa town in order to determine their prevalence, antimicrobials resistance profile and potential risk factors of \u003cem\u003eE. coli\u003c/em\u003e isolates.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Materials and Methods","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec3\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eStudy area\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eA study was carried out in Sendafa town (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e), central Ethiopia, from January to August 2023 to isolate \u003cem\u003eE. coli\u003c/em\u003e from poultry and environment sampling and evaluate their antimicrobial resistance. Sendafa is found in Shagger City, Oromia Regional Government 39 kilometers north of Addis Ababa Ethiopia's capital. It is bordered to the north by Aleltu, to the south and east by Berek, and the west by the town administrations of Laga Dadi and Laga Tafo. The town is located at an elevation of 2514 meters above sea level, between 9 06'14\" and 9 10'30\" North latitudes and 38 57'60\" and 39 04'53\" East longitudes. The region experiences 1200 mm of annual rainfall in two distinct seasons (June to August and January to April), and the average temperature is between 15 and 24 \u003csup\u003e0\u003c/sup\u003eC [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e]. The primary farming method in the region was mixed farming. The most prevalent form of animal husbandry in the region was traditional and industrial poultry farming.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec4\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eStudy design and Population\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eA cross-sectional study was carried out in Sendafa town, Shagger city, central Ethiopia, from January to August 2023 to evaluate the prevalence, of the pattern of antimicrobial resistance and identify potential risk factors for \u003cem\u003eE. coli\u003c/em\u003e isolates from chicken and the poultry environment. The study was conducted on 223 total samples 207 Cloacae swabs of chicken, 8 feed, and 8 water samples. Eleven poultry farms in four kebeles located in Sendafa town were included in the study. Purposive sampling techniques were used based on the presence of clinical diarrheal symptoms suggestive of \u003cem\u003eE. coli\u003c/em\u003e in chicken farms. The name of the farm, the date of sampling, the type of sample, the age, sex, and an identification number for each sample were all taken down on the sample collection format along with clinical information about chickens.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec5\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eSamples collection and Transportation\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eCloacae swab: All Cloacae swab samples were collected using sterile swabs which were moistened with sterile buffered peptone water (Oxoid, UK), and the chicken's cloacae swab placed in sterile vial tubes containing 9 mL buffered peptone water which is used to avoid drying out of the swabs for further analysis. Poultry feed samples of 10gm were directly collected from feeding troughs of different farms. A total of 8 feed samples were aseptically collected and immediately transferred into a sterile Plastic bag. Water samples were taken from the drinking water of chickens, and 10 ml were transferred to sterile test tubes with screw caps. After collection, all of the samples were transported to the Animal Health Institute (AHI), Sebeta, for bacteriological analysis while being kept in ice boxes.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec6\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eIsolation and Biochemical methods\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eIsolation of \u003cem\u003eE. coli\u003c/em\u003e samples was enriched in Brain heart infusion broth (BHIB) (CRITERION, USA), and incubated for 24 hours at 37\u0026deg;C. Following that a loop full of sample broth cultures was streaked onto Eosin Methylin Blue (EMB) agar (HiMEDIA, India), and the colony of \u003cem\u003eE. coli\u003c/em\u003e was examined for a grayish metallic sheen. To conduct biochemical testing, typical colonies were then transferred to Brain heart infusion agar (BHIA).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSuspected \u003cem\u003eE. coli\u003c/em\u003e pure colonies were used for biochemical that used to test indole, methyl red, Voges Proskauer and citrate. Then Matrix-assisted laser desorption-ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS), was used for further confirmation. After confirmation, the isolates were subjected to antimicrobial susceptibility testing. These isolates were then preserved and kept at 20\u0026deg;C for storage[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec7\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eMALDI TOF MS METHOD\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eYoung, pure single colonies were sub cultured on BHI agar (CRITERION, USA) and incubated at 37\u0026deg;C for 24 hours. For direct sample preparation method a single bacterial colony placed directly on MSP 96 target plate, at the end of the samples add controls of 1\u0026micro;l Bacterial Test Standard (BTS) (Bruker Daltonik) then dried at room temperature. Following drying add 1\u0026micro;l of HCCA matrix solution (cyano-4-hydroxycinnamic acid, Bruker Daltonik GmbH) on the dried samples and BTS. Then read target plate by MALDI TOF MS (Bruker Daltonik, Germany) and a standard calibration spectra were calibrated before reading samples. The \u003cem\u003eE. coli\u003c/em\u003e organism was then interpreted with a score value and National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec8\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eAntimicrobial sensitivity testing\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cem\u003eE. coli\u003c/em\u003e isolates were tested for antimicrobial susceptibility by [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e] using the Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method, and the bacterial isolates were tested for antibiotic susceptibility. A densitometer was used to measure the turbidity, which was then adjusted to 0.5 standards McFarland. Three to five isolated colonies were then transferred to 5 ml of 0.85% sterile saline water. Following the measurement of turbidity, bacteria were evenly swabbed onto the surface of a Mueller-Hinton agar plate (CRITERION, USA) by rotating the sterile cotton swab by 60\u0026deg;. The plates were subsequently left for three to five minutes and then 12 antimicrobial discs (Oxoid, England) including Streptomycin (S;10 \u0026micro;g), Ampicillin (AMP;10 \u0026micro;g), and Gentamicin (CN;10\u0026micro;g) Tetracycline (TE; 30 \u0026micro;g), Norfloxacin (NOR; 10 \u0026micro;g), Amoxicillin clavulanate(AMC; 30 \u0026micro;g), Ceftriaxone (CRO; 300 \u0026micro;g), Meropenem (MEM; 10\u0026micro;g), Sulfonamides (S3; 300), Ciprofloxacin (CIP 5; \u0026micro;g), Sulphamethoxazole Trimethoprim (SXT; 1.25/23.75 \u0026micro;g) and Amoxicillin(AML;10 \u0026micro;g) were applied on to the media using a disc dispenser and incubated at 37\u003csup\u003e0\u003c/sup\u003eC for 16\u0026ndash;18 hours.Using a digital caliper, the zone of inhibition was measured and interpreted as susceptible, intermediate, and resistant using the Clinical and Laboratory Standard Institute (CLSI) [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec9\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eData analysis\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eStatistical analysis of the prevalence, Antibiotic resistance rates of \u003cem\u003eE. coli\u003c/em\u003e were coded and then entered into an Excel of Microsoft 2016. Descriptive statistics were used to analyze data using Chi- square test, frequency and percentages.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Results","content":"\u003cp\u003eIn this study, a total of 223 samples were collected 71 \u003cem\u003eE. coli\u003c/em\u003e isolated by bacteriological methods (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e) from poultry and poultry environments. All identified isolates were further confirmed by MALDI TOF and finally subjected to AST. The bacteriological methods, MALDI TOF MS, and AST for identification of \u003cem\u003eE. coli\u003c/em\u003e isolates were summarized in (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e). In this study, 71 (31.83%) positive \u003cem\u003eE. coli\u003c/em\u003e isolates out of the total samples analyzed with MALDI TOF MS identification (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e). Risk factors were analyzed with descriptive statistics from all four risk factors. The difference in the occurrence of \u003cem\u003eE. coli\u003c/em\u003e among age and different sample types was not statistically significant (P\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;0.05) in the study. A statistically significant difference in the \u003cem\u003eE. coli\u003c/em\u003e prevalence (P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05) was observed among kebeles and farms respectively. The occurrence of all three sample sources was found to be 29.14% in the cloacae swab and 1.34% in each feed and water sample (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe antimicrobial resistant pattern of \u003cem\u003eE. coli\u003c/em\u003e isolates from poultry and environmental samples has been in (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e). The resistance pattern of \u003cem\u003eE. coli\u003c/em\u003e for 12 antibiotics test was 62(87.3%) Amoxicillin, 44(62%) Tetracycline, and 39(54.9%) Streptomycin with their percent respectively. Multi-drug resistance \u003cem\u003eE.coli\u003c/em\u003e isolate is shown in (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e) (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e). Some isolate was sensitive to 60(84.5%) Sulphamethoxazole-Trimethoprim, 57(80.3%) Norfloxacin, 56(78.9%) Ceftriaxone, and 53(74.6%) Meropenem respectively. Intermediate antibiotics were observed 32(45.1%) Sulfonamides, and 23(32.4%) Gentamcin for \u003cem\u003eE. coli\u003c/em\u003e isolate.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eE.coli\u003c/em\u003e detection using different tests and methods\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"4\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDetection method\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTest\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eReaction\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo of positive isolate\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCulture\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEMB\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMetallic sheen\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e71\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGram stain\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGram Negative\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e71\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eShape\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSmall rod\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eColor\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePink\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"3\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBiochemical\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIndole\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e71\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMethyl red\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e71\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVoges Proskauer\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e71\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCitrate\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e71\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMALDI TOF\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAutomated\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e71\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAST\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDisk diffusion\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e71\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab2\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 2\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSome \u003cem\u003eE. coli\u003c/em\u003e isolate \u003cem\u003econfirmed\u003c/em\u003e by MALDI TOF MS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"5\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLab code\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMatched Pattern\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eScore Value\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNCBI Identifier\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15429\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEscherichia coli DH5alpha BRL\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.29\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e562\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15410\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEscherichia coli DH5alpha BRL\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.24\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e562\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15354\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEscherichia coli DH5alpha BRL\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e562\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15371\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEscherichia coli DH5alpha BRL\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.31\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e562\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15403\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEscherichia coli DH5alpha BRL\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.14\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e562\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15430\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEscherichia coli DH5alpha BRL\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e562\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15419\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEscherichia coli DSM 682 DSM\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.33\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e562\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15431\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEscherichia coli DSM 682 DSM\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.46\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e562\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab3\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 3\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRisk factors that illustrate \u003cem\u003eE.coli\u003c/em\u003e distribution within poultry and its environment\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"7\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVariable\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eClassification\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo. of\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003esamples\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eof Positive\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePercentage of Positive\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eChi-square\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eP-value\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAge\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYoung\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAdult\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e34\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e173\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e57\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.86%\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e27.53%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.77381\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.379\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKebele\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGirar\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eLegeberi\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWalagaho\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDabe\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e32\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e76\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e25\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e90\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e25\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.03%\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.52%\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.07%\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.21%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.106\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0001001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSample\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003etype\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCloacae\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFeed\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWater\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e207\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e65\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e29.14%\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.34%\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.34%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.25457\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.8805\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFarms\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e32\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e27\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e26\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e22\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e23\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e29\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.03%\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.58%\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.44%\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.79%\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.58%\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.58%\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.03%\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.13%\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.79%\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.24%\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.58%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e26.991\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.002613\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab4\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 4\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAntibiotic susceptibility pattern of 71 \u003cem\u003eE. coli\u003c/em\u003e isolates from samples of poultry sources\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"5\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAntimicrobial disk\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eConc.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eResult and interpretation (%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eI\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eR\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCiprofloxacin\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCIP-5\u0026micro;g\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e41(57.7%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12(16.9%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18(25.4%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCeftriaxone\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCRO-30\u0026micro;g\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e56(78.9%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12 (16.9%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3 (4.2%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTetracycline\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTE-30\u0026micro;g\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e27(38.0%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0(0.0%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e44(62.0%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAmoxicillin+ Cluvanate acid\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAMC-30\u0026micro;g\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22(31.0%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18(25.4%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e31(43.7%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTrimethoprim\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;Sulphamethoxazole\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSXT-25\u0026micro;g\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e60(84.5%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1(1.4%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10(14.1%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGentamcin\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCN-10\u0026micro;g\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e40(56.3%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e23(32.4%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8(11.3%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAmpicillin\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAMP-10\u0026micro;g\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e28(39.4%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13(18.3%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e26(36.6%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNorfloxacin\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNOR-10 \u0026micro;g\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e57(80.3%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3(4.2%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11(15.5%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eStreptomycin\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eS-10 \u0026micro;g\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12(16.9%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20(28.2%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e39(54.9%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSulfonamides\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eS3-300\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12(16.9%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e32(45.1%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e27(38%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMeropenem\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMEM-10\u0026micro;g\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e53(74.6%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15(21.1%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3(4.2%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAmoxicillin\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAML/AX-2 \u0026micro;g\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1(1.1%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8(11.3%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e62(87.3%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eS: Susceptible, I: Intermediate, R: Resistant\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab5\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 5\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSummary of antimicrobials Multi drug resistance \u003cem\u003eE.coli\u003c/em\u003e isolate\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"4\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eS/No\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo.of Antibiotics disk\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo.of Resistant isolates\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e% of Resistant isolates\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.81%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.04%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.26%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.53%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.67%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.53%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.67%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.45%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTotal\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e71\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003e \u003cem\u003eEscherichia coli\u003c/em\u003e is the predominant bacteria associated with bacterial infection in birds. These organisms are known to result in severe poultry health problems, leading to mortality, reduced production, and increased expense in preventing and treating the disease. The prevalence of \u003cem\u003eE. coli\u003c/em\u003e 29.14% in cloacae samples in the present study was lower than the previous report in distribution of \u003cem\u003eE. coli\u003c/em\u003e in different samples from poultry and poultry environments in Bangladesh [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e].The current bacteriological identification method was in agreement with the [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e], who conducted tests of Indole, Methyl red, Voges Proskauer reaction and Simmons citrate for biochemical identification. There are similarities between the methods used by [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e16\u003c/span\u003e] in this study who isolates \u003cem\u003eE. coli\u003c/em\u003e biochemically and further confirmed using matrix-assisted laser desorption-ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF/MS) from broiler and layer chickens in Mwanza and Arusha regions in Tanzania.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn most countries, chicken is raised with a wide variety of antimicrobials to promote growth and production, and cure infectious disease[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e17\u003c/span\u003e]. Because of the prevalent use of antibiotics, antimicrobial resistance in chickens is a problem in developing nations. In accordance with our study, several \u003cem\u003eE. coli\u003c/em\u003e isolates were resistant to the antibiotics 39(54.9%) streptomycin, 44(62%) tetracycline, and 62(87.3%) amoxicillin. The current study found that resistance rates were lower than those reported in Malaysia[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e18\u003c/span\u003e].Improper antimicrobial treatment promotes the emergence and spread of antimicrobial-resistant bacteria among animals. The emergence of multi-drug resistance (MDR) to antimicrobial agents may lead to increased morbidity, mortality, and treatment costs. Multi-drug resistance was observed in this study for more than three or more resistant were detected.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn the current investigation higher MDR among \u003cem\u003eE. coli\u003c/em\u003e isolates may be a result of chickens receiving excessive doses of antibiotics as prophylactic antibiotic treatments or feed additives. Among the findings that were most similar to the current findings were those of [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e19\u003c/span\u003e], who found that \u003cem\u003eEscherichia coli\u003c/em\u003e isolates from Bangladesh had a very high rate of tetracycline resistance, and those of [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e18\u003c/span\u003e], who found that \u003cem\u003eE. coli\u003c/em\u003e isolates from poultry farms in North Vietnam had a similar level of resistance. Streptomycin, ampicillin, and tetracycline resistance of a similar nature were noted in Ethiopia[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAnother important finding was some \u003cem\u003eE.coli\u003c/em\u003e isolate was sensitive to 60(84.5%) Trimethoprim Sulphamethoxazole, 57(80.3%) Norfloxacin, 56(78.9%) Ceftriaxone, and 53(74.6%) Meropenem, 41(57.7%) ciprofloxacin respectively. In contrast to our findings higher resistance was also recorded for trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (89.2%), and ciprofloxacin (68.6%). The high resistance could be because of the lower prices for these antimicrobial agents and also the availability of the antimicrobial agents in Nigeria which make the poultry farmers to easily afford [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e16\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Conclusion","content":"\u003cp\u003eThis study found that \u003cem\u003eE. coli\u003c/em\u003e isolated from chickens in Sendafa town were resistant to three or more three antimicrobial agents observed. This a high prevalence of E. coli and antimicrobials resistance to commonly used antibiotics including Amoxicillin, Tetracycline, and Streptomycin in poultry were found. The highest numbers of E. coli resistant to the most of antimicrobials tested as well as the strains with multi drug resistant pattern. These results revealed that chicken production possessing drug resistant to \u003cem\u003eE. coli\u003c/em\u003e could be a potential hazard to consumers. Due to the indiscriminate exploitation of antimicrobial agents, such a high occurrence of multi drug resistance may occur.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBased on the above finding the following recommendation were forwarded, therefore\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cul\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn chicken farms, it's critical to follow hygienic procedures, apply antimicrobial agents properly, and take sensible biosecurity precautions.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eSustained antimicrobial surveillance frequently and continuous monitoring of chicken production at poultry farms and markets.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eExcess or abuse use of antibiotics should be reduced.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eFurther study should be conducted to investigate multi drug resistant in \u003cem\u003eE. coli\u003c/em\u003e isolates from poultry farms and their environment.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003c/ul\u003e \u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAcknowledgments\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAuthors in this article would like to express specially thank to Dr. Ebisa Mezgebu for their sample collections, laboratory analysis and editing muscript. Special gratitude also goes to Animal Health Institute (AHI) and staff members General Bacteriology Laboratory. The authors also gratitude to Sendafa town staff of animal health department and chickens farms owners for allowing and providing assistance.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthor Contributions\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eEMH conceived the study design and sample collection. AAU also performed laboratory analysis, generated data, and prepared the original draft. EMH substantively edited the manuscript.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFunding\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis study partial funded by Animal Health Institute\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eData availability\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAll data generated or analyzed during this study are available based on request.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEthics approval and consent to participate\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe study was reviewed and approved by the animal research ethics and review committee of Animal Health Institute. In the study town, permission was obtained from all the relevant authorities prior to data collection. The purpose of study was explained to the owners of the farms. Poultry owner\u0026rsquo;s allowing for sampling and providing assistance during the study period. All the methods were carried out in accordance with relevant guidelines and regulations.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConsent for publication\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNot applicable\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConflicts\u0026nbsp;of\u0026nbsp;Interest\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAuthor declared that there is no conflict of interest in publishing manuscript\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eRibeiro J et al. \u0026ldquo;Antibiotic Resistance among Gastrointestinal Bacteria in Broilers: A Review Focused on Enterococcus spp. and Escherichia coli,\u0026rdquo; \u003cem\u003eAnimals\u003c/em\u003e, vol.\u0026nbsp;13, no. 8, pp.\u0026nbsp;1\u0026ndash;29, 2023, \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003e10.3390/ani13081362\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.3390/ani13081362\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eRamos S, et al. 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August, pp.\u0026nbsp;1\u0026ndash;17, 2017, \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003e10.3389/fvets.2017.00126\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.3389/fvets.2017.00126\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eIbrahim S et al. Prevalence of Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR) Salmonella spp. and Escherichia coli Isolated from Broilers in the East Coast of Peninsular Malaysia, 2021.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eAjijur M et al. Susceptibility and Multidrug Resistance Patterns of Escherichia coli Isolated from Cloacal Swabs of Live Broiler Chickens in Bangladesh, pp. 1\u0026ndash;9, 2019.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Antimicrobial resistance, Occurrence, Escherichia coli, Ethiopia, Poultry, Sendafa","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-3334808/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-3334808/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBackground: \u003c/strong\u003e\u003cem\u003eEscherichia coli\u003c/em\u003eis bacteria that exist as commensal in the intestine of animals and humans, but pathogenic strains cause disease in chickens. The growth of antimicrobial resistance in \u003cem\u003eE. coli\u003c/em\u003e is one of major concern worldwide.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eObjective: \u003c/strong\u003eThis study aimed to assess the prevalence, and Multi drug resistance profile and determine the potential risk factor of \u003cem\u003eE. coli\u003c/em\u003e isolates from chickens and chickens environment in Sendafa town, central Ethiopia\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMethods: \u003c/strong\u003eA cross-sectional study was carried out from January to August 2023 in Sendafa town. Purposive sampling techniques were used based on the presence of clinical symptoms suggestive of \u003cem\u003eE. coli\u003c/em\u003e in chicken farms. Different types of samples were collected including 207 cloacae swabs, 8 feed, and 8 water from different farms. \u003cem\u003eE. coli\u003c/em\u003e isolation and identification were done using bacterial culture, and biochemical, and confirmed using the Matrix Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization-Time of Flight Mass Spectrometry (MALDI TOF MS). Antimicrobial susceptibility testing (AST) was done using the Kirby Bauer disc diffusion method. Data were entered in Microsoft Excel and analyzed with descriptive statistics using SPSS version 20.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eResult: \u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eOut of a total of 223 samples of cloacae swab, feed, and water 71 (31.83 %) were found to be \u003cem\u003eE. coli\u003c/em\u003e suspected by biochemical and finally confirmed with Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization-Time of Flight Mass Spectrometry (MALDI TOF MS). All confirmed isolates were subjected to 12 antimicrobial agents to check their susceptibility. From 71 tested \u003cem\u003eE. coli\u003c/em\u003eisolates we found resistant patterns of \u003cem\u003eE. coli\u003c/em\u003e to 62(87.3%) Amoxicillin, 44(62%) Tetracycline, and 39(54.9%) Streptomycin respectively. Multi-drug resistance was observed in this study for two or more than resistant detected. Some isolate was sensitive to 60(84.5%) Trimethoprim Sulphamethoxazole, 57(80.3%) Norfloxacin, 56(78.9 %) Ceftriaxone, and 53(74.6%) Meropenem respectively. Intermediate antibiotics were observed on 32(45.1 %) Sulfonamides, and 23(32.4%) Gentamicin for \u003cem\u003eE. coli\u003c/em\u003e isolate.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eRisk factors were analyzed with descriptive statistics. In the study, the difference in\u003cem\u003e E. coli \u003c/em\u003eprevalence by age and among sample types was not statistically significant (P\u0026gt;0.05). Between kebeles and farms, there was a statistically significant difference in \u003cem\u003eE. coli\u003c/em\u003e prevalence (P \u0026lt;0.05).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConclusion:\u003c/strong\u003e In this study, a high incidence of \u003cem\u003eE. coli\u003c/em\u003e and antibiotic resistance to commonly used antibiotics including Amoxicillin, Tetracycline, and Streptomycin in poultry were found. This implies that there is the existence of practices that accelerate antimicrobial resistance in the sampled chickens. Therefore, appropriate use of antimicrobial agents, good biosecurity measures, and hygiene practices in chicken farms are important.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Escherichia coli Isolation, Prevalence, and Multi Drug Resistance from a Poultry Farm in Sendafa Town, Central Ethiopia","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2023-09-13 15:44:36","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-3334808/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"fab804d4-de1e-4d0e-af95-82069f9e2d26","owner":[],"postedDate":"September 13th, 2023","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2023-11-28T05:44:31+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2023-09-13 15:44:36","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-3334808","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-3334808","identity":"rs-3334808","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"cBFmMYwuxLRRLfASyISRj","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}