Clinical-epidemiological profile of congenital and acquired heart diseases admitted to a Private Hospital

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Method: Retrospective longitudinal observational interference study, with quantitative design, carried out in a private hospital. A total of 502 patients were selected according to the following inclusion criteria: patients who had congenital heart disease, acquired heart disease and arrhythmia, all managed by the pediatric cardiomyopathy group. Descriptive analysis of absolute and relative frequencies were represented through tables and graphs. Results: Of the 502 patients included in the study, 86.5% had congenital heart disease, 7.7% acquired heart disease and 5.8% arrhythmias. 50.2% were female, 49.6% male and 0.2% were not defined so far. Prematurity occurred in 19.3% of cases, presence of syndromes in 31.2 % and associated comorbidities in 34.7%. In total, 530 procedures were performed, of which 77% were surgeries, 18.5% hemodynamic procedures and 4.5% hybrid procedures. A risk score called RACHS-1 (adjusted risk for surgery and congenital heart disease) was used to categorize the surgeries. There was a predominance of category 3 (38.4%), followed by category 2 (28.6%), category 1 (18.2%), category 4 (9.6%) and category 6 (5.2%). Conclusions: The complexity of the profile of the found heart diseases reiterates that measures are needed for an integrated approach of different specialties and professionals for the treatment of these patients. Congenital Heart Diseases Epidemiology Incidence Prevalence. Introduction Congenital heart diseases (CHDs) are defined as abnormalities in the cardiocirculatory structure or function that are present since birth and can have a significant functional impact on the life of the individual [ 1 ]. They represent the majority of all malformations in live-born babies and are the most common cause (30–40%) of mortality among birth defects [ 2 ]. The prevalence of CHDs in the world population is uncertain due to the lack of records in many countries, but it ranged from 5 to 8 per 1,000 live births before the introduction of Doppler echocardiography and 8 to 12 after the widespread use of this diagnostic method [ 3 , 1 ]. In Brazil, the presentation of CHDs is similar to those observed in other nations, generating an alert that the health system should be prepared to diagnose and treat these patients as early as possible to reduce costs, prevent possible sequelae, and mitigate the emotional distress of the patients and their families [ 4 ]. In addition, due to substantial advances in the management of CHD, including improvements in surgical techniques, intensive support, pharmacotherapy, and early detection, treatment and results have improved drastically in recent decades [ 3 , 5 ]. Thus, many of these new-borns will survive and thus increase the population of adults with CHD, which reinforces the importance of understanding the epidemiology of these diseases in order to support valuable changes in health policies and clinical practices [ 6 ]. Recognizing the profile of this population is essential because CHDs are among the main causes of neonatal morbidity and mortality, and their prevalence in the population is growing; however, cases are underreported and few studies on them have been published in Brazil, which reinforces the importance of producing epidemiological studies [6 − 2,4]. The compilation of relevant information on the characteristics of children with CHD can reveal indicators related to the prevalence of cases, good care practices, and specific outcomes, contributing to the improvement of health services [ 4 , 5 ]. In this context, the objective of this study was to understand the case series of congenital heart disease patients monitored in a private hospital of São Paulo and to report the clinical profile of these patients. These records will serve as a basis for future studies and will allow for national and international collaborations. Methods This was a retrospective, longitudinal, observational interference study with a quantitative design that was conducted at private hospital and philanthropic in the city of São Paulo that has neonatal intensive care unit, paediatric intensive care unit, and paediatric ward beds. It has a monthly average of 4.6 admissions/month for treatment related to paediatric heart diseases (congenital, acquired, and arrhythmias). The patients were selected through the electronic medical records database, the TASY System, through the analysis of medical records of hospitalizations from January 2016 to March 2020. The cardiac paediatric group of the of this private hospital selected 502 patients according to the following inclusion criteria: patients with congenital heart disease, acquired heart disease, or arrhythmias. Data were collected through the use of an instrument that covered clinical, sociodemographic, preoperative, and postoperative variables. It was formulated in RED CAP software, a clinical research management platform that is designed to create databases and that meets all regulatory requirements related to information security. The patients were coded according to the international classification of diseases (ICD-10) and the International Pediatric and Congenital Cardiac Code (IPCCC). The main diagnosis was defined as the most complex congenital cardiac injury. After collection, we organized the data in Excel spreadsheets, in which we ran descriptive analyses of the absolute and relative frequencies, represented by tables and graphs. This study was approved by the ethics committee, which waived the need for informed consent. Results In total, 502 patients were treated by the cardiac paediatric group from January 2016 to March 2020. Of these, 86.5% had congenital heart defects, 7.7% had acquired heart defects, and 5.8% had arrhythmias. A total of 50.2% were female, 49.6% were male, and 0.2% had an unrecorded sex. Most of the patients admitted to hospital were admitted for elective surgery, followed by transfer from an external hospital and being born in our obstetric centre. Approximately 34.7% had related comorbidities. Seizures, protein-calorie malnutrition, and encephalopathies were the main symptoms found. Syndromes were diagnosed in 126 patients, while 31 were under diagnostic investigation. Down syndrome was the most common, representing 58% of the syndromes (Table 1 ). Table 1 Presence of syndromes Syndromes N % Down syndrome 91 58.0 Genetic syndromes to be clarified (dysmorphisms and malformations) 31 19.7 Goldenhar syndrome 3 1.9 Scimitar syndrome 1 0.6 Pentalogy of Cantrell 2 1.3 Edwards syndrome 6 3.8 Dandy–Walker syndrome 3 1.9 VACTERL syndrome 2 1.3 Cornelia Lange syndrome 1 0.6 Treacher–Collins syndrome 1 0.6 Chromosomal alterations 3 1.9 Bland–White–Garland syndrome 1 0.64 Branchio-Oto-renal syndrome 1 0.64 Aarskog syndrome 1 0.64 George syndrome 7 4.46 Turner syndrome 1 0.64 Disabsorptive syndrome 1 0.64 Kartagener syndrome 1 0.64 Regarding prematurity, 97 patients were born at less than 37 weeks, representing 19.3% of the study patients. Table 2 shows the distribution between extremely preterm, very preterm, moderate preterm, and late preterm infants [ 7 ]. Table 2 Prematurity in weeks Classification N % Extreme preterm (< 28 weeks) 13 13.4 Very preterm (28 to < 32 weeks) 13 13.4 Moderate preterm (32 to < 33 weeks) 13 13.4 Late preterm (34 to < 37 weeks) 54 55.6 Prematurity without known weeks 4 4.2 The distribution of the types of congenital heart disease, acquired heart disease, and arrhythmias are described in Table 3 . The most frequent cyanogenic heart diseases found were tetralogy of Fallot (10.56%), transposition of the great arteries (6.38), hypoplasia syndrome of the left heart (5.98%), truncus arteriosus (2.59%), right ventricular outflow tract double (2.99%), and pulmonary atresia with interventricular communication (4.18%). The most frequent acyanogenic heart diseases were total atrioventricular septal defect (10.56%), interventricular communication (9.96%), aortic coarctation (9.56%), interatrial communication (8.36%), and persistence of the ductus arteriosus (6.57%). Table 3 Distribution of heart diseases Aorta N Coarctation of the aorta 48 Coarctation of the aorta - heterotaxis 1 Isthmic hypoplasia 2 Interruption of the aortic arch 9 Double aortic arch 1 Aorta tortuosa 1 Hypoplasia of the aortic arch 2 shone syndrome 1 Kommerell diverticulum 1 Atrium and Large veins N Partial anomalous drainage of pulmonary veins 1 Total anomalous pulmonary vein drainage 4 Cor triatriatum 1 Atrioventricular Connection N Transposition of the great arteries 32 Corrected transposition of the great arteries 1 Dysplasia of the tricuspid valve 1 Atresia of the tricuspid valve 10 Mitral valve stenosis 2 Dysplasia of the mitral valve 1 Ebstein’s disease 2 Ventricular artery connection N Truncus arteriosus 13 Double outflow tract of the right ventricle N Double outflow tract of the right ventricle 15 Double outflow tract of the right ventricle - heterotaxis 4 Left heart hypoplasia syndrome N Left heart hypoplasia syndrome 32 Tetralogy of Fallot and variants N Pulmonary atresia with interventricular communication 21 Tetralogy of Fallot 53 Atrioventricular septum N Total atrioventricular septal defect 53 Total atrioventricular septal defect - heterotaxis 4 Partial atrioventricular septal defect 7 Single ventricle N Single ventricle 9 single ventricle - heterotaxis 2 Left ventricular outflow tract N Subvalvular aortic stenosis 2 Aortic stenosis 3 Right ventricular outflow tract N Pulmonary stenosis 10 Pulmonary valve stenosis - heterotaxis 1 Pulmonary valve stenosis 1 Pulmonary atresia + intact interventricular septum 17 Septal defect N Interventricular communication 50 Interventricular communication - heterotaxis 1 Interatrial communication 40 Persistence of the ductus arteriosus N Persistence of the ductus arteriosus 33 Coronary arteries N Anomalous origin of the left coronary artery 3 Arrhythmias N Total atrioventricular block 3 Acquired N Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy 1 Pericardial effusion 1 Pericarditis 1 Intracardiac thrombus 1 The distribution of the type of cardiac physiology showed that 81.1% of patients had biventricular physiology and 18.9% had univentricular physiology. Among the patients treated by the cardiac paediatric team, 445 (88.65%) underwent some type of invasive intervention, such as surgery, haemodynamic procedure, or hybrid procedure. The need for combined interventions was observed in several cases. In total, 530 procedures were performed, of which 77% were surgeries, 18.5% were haemodynamic procedures, and 4.5% were hybrid procedures. Categorizing the surgical procedures by the adjusted risk for surgery in congenital heart disease (RACHS) score [ 8 ], we found a predominance of category 3 (38.4%), followed by category 2 (28.6%), category 1 (18.2%), category 4 (9.6%), and category 6 (5.2%). Most of the patients subjected to invasive procedures were neonates (31%) or infants (45.8%). Table 4 shows the age distribution at the intervention date. Table 4 Age of the patient at the invasive intervention Age group N % Neonate (0 to 28 days) 138 31.0 Infant (29 days to 12 months) 204 45.8 Preschool (1 to 6 years) 77 17.3 Elementary school (7 years to 10 years) 11 2.5 Preadolescent (10 to 13 years) 4 0.9 Adolescent (13 to 18 years) 3 0.7 Adult 8 1.8 Discussion The global prevalence of CHDs shows an increase of 10% every 5 years, which is due to the expansion of the use of echocardiography and the improvement of technologies, according to a meta-analysis on the epidemiological situation of congenital heart diseases [ 9 ]. In the study hospital, 502 patients were referred by the cardiopaediatrics group, most often coming to us for elective surgery, but many also were transferred from other hospitals or were born in the obstetric centre of our hospital. In Brazil, a study on the local epidemiological situation estimated 25,757 new cases of CHD/year, without considering the large amount of underreporting, serving as a warning about the growing number of new cases and the need to direct investments to the care of this local population [ 10 ]. We saw no predominance of one sex over another, in line with several other studies [ 11 , 12 ]; however, there are studies that report significant sex-related differences in specific heart diseases [ 13 ]. Some 19.3% of our sample were born prematurely. This high number is in line with the finding that 16% of children born with cardiovascular malformations are premature, according to a large English study [ 14 ]. In addition, an important issue in this population is the high mortality rate [ 14 ]. Premature infants who have CHD have a worse performance than those born at term because they are more vulnerable, and this condition remains a clinical and surgical challenge [ 15 ]. The most frequent CHDs found in the present study were acyanogenic, which is in agreement with the epidemiological data from national publications [ 4 – 10 , 16 ]. In international data, there is also a predominance of acyanogenic heart diseases [ 9 , 17 ]. The prevalence of mild injuries is due to the greater use of echocardiography worldwide, which has increased the diagnosis rate. In addition, abortion in complex heart diseases is an option in many countries, which also influences the reduction of the incidence of these specific CHDs [ 9 , 17 ]. Total atrioventricular septal defect (10.56%), interventricular communication (9.96%), and aortic coarctation (9.56%) are the most prevalent acyanogenic CHDs. Of the congenital cyanogenic heart diseases, the most commonly found were tetralogy of Fallot (10.56%), transposition of the great arteries (6.38), and left heart hypoplasia syndrome (5.98%). Other studies have found that tetralogy of Fallot was the most frequent cyanogenic CHD [ 9 , 11 ]. Total atrioventricular septal defect was the most common acyanogenic CHD, but it is not the most prevalent in the world literature, which can be explained by the significant number of patients with Down syndrome (n = 91) in our study population [ 16 ]. In CHDs, the anatomy determines the cardiac physiology, and patients with univentricular physiology have a more complex clinical management and undergo numerous invasive interventions throughout life [ 18 ]. In this study, the classification of patients according to physiology showed a prevalence of 81.1% with biventricular physiology, whereas univentricular patients represented 18.9% of the sample. This significant proportion presents a challenge for the entire multidisciplinary intensive care team. The physiology of a single ventricle may result from a series of anatomical lesions that are associated with a variety of physiological manifestations, requiring great expertise from the professionals involved in conducting treatment and surgical correction [ 18 ]. Syndromes were diagnosed in 31.2% of our sample, which is in agreement with the range found in the literature of 25 to 30% 19,20 . Chromosomal diseases stood out, especially Down syndrome, representing 58% of the syndromes found. The high prevalence of chromosomal diseases corroborates the recommendation of the need to perform chromosomal studies in new-borns with multiple anomalies [ 4 ]. A total of 34.7% of our sample had associated comorbidities. The abnormal circulatory physiology in children with CHD influences the development and functioning of other systems, with a significant impact on the clinical management and outcome of cases [ 21 ]. Seizures, protein-calorie malnutrition, and encephalopathies were the main comorbidities found in this study. Syndromes, extracardiac anomalies, prematurity, low birth weight, and other associated comorbidities aggravate the challenges associated with the treatment of CHD and are significant risk factors that affect the survival of these patients [ 21 , 22 ]. The vast majority of patients included in the study (88.65%) underwent invasive intervention. In total, 530 procedures were performed, of which 77% were surgeries, 18.5% were haemodynamic procedures, and 4.5% were hybrid procedures. A risk score called RACHS-1 was used to categorize the surgeries. Despite some shortcomings, such as the low individual predictive power and the inability to classify all cardiac procedures, RACHS-1 is a well-used and widespread tool that categorizes CHD according to the expected mortality in six categories. Each of them is used as a predictor of postoperative mortality [ 23 , 24 ]. In the present study, there was a predominance of category 3 (38.4%), followed by category 2 (28.6%), category 1 (18.2%), category 4 (9.6%), and category 6 (5, 2%). According to a Brazilian study of mortality in CHD using RACHS-1 in a single centre, the mortality rate of category 3, the main one in this study, was 8.5%, though it ranged from 10.4–60% in international reports [ 23 ]. On top of the high risk scores for the surgeries themselves, surgical complexity and treatment outcome are also strongly influenced by comorbidities and associated syndromes, both present in one-third of our sample [ 24 ]. This information reflects the need for highly specialized care, presenting a challenge for clinical and surgical teams. This study’s main limitation was its retrospective nature. Because of this and the changes in the hospital evolution system, the data were limited. Conclusion This study comprehensively illustrates the epidemiological characteristics of a private hospital that also does philanthropic care. The complexity of the profile of the CHDs revealed that the integrated approach calling on professionals of various specialties for the treatment of these patients is essential for a successful outcome. Efforts must be made so that the team responsible for the care of complex CHD patients is highly specialized, as they have numerous associated comorbidities and syndromes and need specific, high-level care. Organizing an intensive care unit focussed on paediatric cardiac care in hospitals that have a demand for it is a strategy to achieve high specialization of care and continuous improvements focussed on this population. The issues raised are important because they serve as the basis of national comparative studies, which are scarce in the literature, and because they explain the clinical profile of CHD treated in the private sector, which is erroneously thought to absorb less complex cases. Thus, the importance of each service knowing the particularities of the CHD population served is of paramount importance to perform investment management for quality care. Declarations The authors have no relevant financial or non-financial interests to disclose. Funding source: No funding. Corresponding author: Vanessa Ferreira Amorim de Melo, Rua Paim 262, apt 1504, Bela Vista 01306010 São Paulo - SP, (011) 952007950, [email protected] . ORCID: 0000-0001-5637-662X. Acknowledgements Not applicable. Ethics approval This study was carried out in accordance with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki. Approval was granted by the Ethics Committee of the Municipal Secretary of Health of São Paulo. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-2375035","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":160044341,"identity":"21073765-bcbf-4b8b-980f-b6d477cd731b","order_by":0,"name":"Gustavo Foronda","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein","correspondingAuthor":false,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Gustavo","middleName":"","lastName":"Foronda","suffix":""},{"id":160044343,"identity":"bbff9a38-a943-409a-9c93-398c34ab7747","order_by":1,"name":"Vanessa Ferreira Amorim de Melo","email":"data:image/png;base64,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","orcid":"","institution":"University of São Paulo","correspondingAuthor":true,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Vanessa","middleName":"Ferreira Amorim","lastName":"de Melo","suffix":""},{"id":160044344,"identity":"602fdd0b-60d3-43a0-8cf0-47fbf629d80b","order_by":2,"name":"Samia Medeiros Barbar","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"University of São Paulo","correspondingAuthor":false,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Samia","middleName":"Medeiros","lastName":"Barbar","suffix":""},{"id":160044345,"identity":"90f6563b-1ee3-42ab-a459-3d41b05a51c6","order_by":3,"name":"Renata Fogarolli","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"University of São Paulo","correspondingAuthor":false,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Renata","middleName":"","lastName":"Fogarolli","suffix":""},{"id":160044348,"identity":"996dc6cd-668e-4165-ba48-c635d77c510a","order_by":4,"name":"Carlos Eduardo Tossuniam","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein","correspondingAuthor":false,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Carlos","middleName":"Eduardo","lastName":"Tossuniam","suffix":""},{"id":160044349,"identity":"a8b3a963-145b-45b3-bcd6-3a1ea80da0f9","order_by":5,"name":"Santiago Raúl Arrieta","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein","correspondingAuthor":false,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Santiago","middleName":"Raúl","lastName":"Arrieta","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2022-12-13 17:29:17","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-2375035/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-2375035/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":30405087,"identity":"23517f14-54ed-4bbd-9a25-dd86684907aa","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2022-12-16 04:03:52","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":303544,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-2375035/v1/077e054b-9676-4081-aadc-595b10068111.pdf"},{"id":30405086,"identity":"ac723c18-7113-4a0a-834c-c403b352cb2d","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2022-12-16 04:03:50","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":303544,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-2375035/v1/8e195efc-2075-4c48-be63-e0c1fea2e2bf.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Clinical-epidemiological profile of congenital and acquired heart diseases admitted to a Private Hospital","fulltext":[{"header":"Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eCongenital heart diseases (CHDs) are defined as abnormalities in the cardiocirculatory structure or function that are present since birth and can have a significant functional impact on the life of the individual [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e]. They represent the majority of all malformations in live-born babies and are the most common cause (30\u0026ndash;40%) of mortality among birth defects [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe prevalence of CHDs in the world population is uncertain due to the lack of records in many countries, but it ranged from 5 to 8 per 1,000 live births before the introduction of Doppler echocardiography and 8 to 12 after the widespread use of this diagnostic method [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn Brazil, the presentation of CHDs is similar to those observed in other nations, generating an alert that the health system should be prepared to diagnose and treat these patients as early as possible to reduce costs, prevent possible sequelae, and mitigate the emotional distress of the patients and their families [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e]. In addition, due to substantial advances in the management of CHD, including improvements in surgical techniques, intensive support, pharmacotherapy, and early detection, treatment and results have improved drastically in recent decades [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e]. Thus, many of these new-borns will survive and thus increase the population of adults with CHD, which reinforces the importance of understanding the epidemiology of these diseases in order to support valuable changes in health policies and clinical practices [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRecognizing the profile of this population is essential because CHDs are among the main causes of neonatal morbidity and mortality, and their prevalence in the population is growing; however, cases are underreported and few studies on them have been published in Brazil, which reinforces the importance of producing epidemiological studies [6\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;2,4]. The compilation of relevant information on the characteristics of children with CHD can reveal indicators related to the prevalence of cases, good care practices, and specific outcomes, contributing to the improvement of health services [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn this context, the objective of this study was to understand the case series of congenital heart disease patients monitored in a private hospital of S\u0026atilde;o Paulo and to report the clinical profile of these patients. These records will serve as a basis for future studies and will allow for national and international collaborations.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Methods","content":"\u003cp\u003e This was a retrospective, longitudinal, observational interference study with a quantitative design that was conducted at private hospital and philanthropic in the city of S\u0026atilde;o Paulo that has neonatal intensive care unit, paediatric intensive care unit, and paediatric ward beds. It has a monthly average of 4.6 admissions/month for treatment related to paediatric heart diseases (congenital, acquired, and arrhythmias). The patients were selected through the electronic medical records database, the TASY System, through the analysis of medical records of hospitalizations from January 2016 to March 2020.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe cardiac paediatric group of the of this private hospital selected 502 patients according to the following inclusion criteria: patients with congenital heart disease, acquired heart disease, or arrhythmias. Data were collected through the use of an instrument that covered clinical, sociodemographic, preoperative, and postoperative variables. It was formulated in RED CAP software, a clinical research management platform that is designed to create databases and that meets all regulatory requirements related to information security.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe patients were coded according to the international classification of diseases (ICD-10) and the International Pediatric and Congenital Cardiac Code (IPCCC). The main diagnosis was defined as the most complex congenital cardiac injury.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAfter collection, we organized the data in Excel spreadsheets, in which we ran descriptive analyses of the absolute and relative frequencies, represented by tables and graphs.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e This study was approved by the ethics committee, which waived the need for informed consent.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Results","content":"\u003cp\u003eIn total, 502 patients were treated by the cardiac paediatric group from January 2016 to March 2020. Of these, 86.5% had congenital heart defects, 7.7% had acquired heart defects, and 5.8% had arrhythmias. A total of 50.2% were female, 49.6% were male, and 0.2% had an unrecorded sex.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMost of the patients admitted to hospital were admitted for elective surgery, followed by transfer from an external hospital and being born in our obstetric centre.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eApproximately 34.7% had related comorbidities. Seizures, protein-calorie malnutrition, and encephalopathies were the main symptoms found. Syndromes were diagnosed in 126 patients, while 31 were under diagnostic investigation. Down syndrome was the most common, representing 58% of the syndromes (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePresence of syndromes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"3\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSyndromes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eN\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDown syndrome\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e91\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e58.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGenetic syndromes to be clarified (dysmorphisms and malformations)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e31\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGoldenhar syndrome\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eScimitar syndrome\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePentalogy of Cantrell\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEdwards syndrome\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDandy\u0026ndash;Walker syndrome\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVACTERL syndrome\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCornelia Lange syndrome\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTreacher\u0026ndash;Collins syndrome\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eChromosomal alterations\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBland\u0026ndash;White\u0026ndash;Garland syndrome\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.64\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBranchio-Oto-renal syndrome\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.64\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAarskog syndrome\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.64\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGeorge syndrome\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.46\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTurner syndrome\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.64\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDisabsorptive syndrome\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.64\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKartagener syndrome\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.64\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRegarding prematurity, 97 patients were born at less than 37 weeks, representing 19.3% of the study patients. Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e shows the distribution between extremely preterm, very preterm, moderate preterm, and late preterm infants [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab2\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 2\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePrematurity in weeks\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"3\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eClassification\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eN\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eExtreme preterm (\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;28 weeks)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVery preterm (28 to \u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;32 weeks)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eModerate preterm (32 to \u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;33 weeks)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLate preterm (34 to \u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;37 weeks)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e54\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e55.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePrematurity without known weeks\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe distribution of the types of congenital heart disease, acquired heart disease, and arrhythmias are described in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e. The most frequent cyanogenic heart diseases found were tetralogy of Fallot (10.56%), transposition of the great arteries (6.38), hypoplasia syndrome of the left heart (5.98%), truncus arteriosus (2.59%), right ventricular outflow tract double (2.99%), and pulmonary atresia with interventricular communication (4.18%). The most frequent acyanogenic heart diseases were total atrioventricular septal defect (10.56%), interventricular communication (9.96%), aortic coarctation (9.56%), interatrial communication (8.36%), and persistence of the ductus arteriosus (6.57%).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab3\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 3\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDistribution of heart diseases\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"2\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAorta\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eN\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCoarctation of the aorta\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e48\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCoarctation of the aorta - heterotaxis\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIsthmic hypoplasia\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eInterruption of the aortic arch\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDouble aortic arch\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAorta tortuosa\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHypoplasia of the aortic arch\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eshone syndrome\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKommerell diverticulum\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eAtrium and Large veins\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eN\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePartial anomalous drainage of pulmonary veins\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTotal anomalous pulmonary vein drainage\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCor triatriatum\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eAtrioventricular Connection\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eN\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTransposition of the great arteries\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e32\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCorrected transposition of the great arteries\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDysplasia of the tricuspid valve\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAtresia of the tricuspid valve\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMitral valve stenosis\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDysplasia of the mitral valve\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEbstein\u0026rsquo;s disease\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eVentricular artery connection\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eN\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTruncus arteriosus\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eDouble outflow tract of the right ventricle\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eN\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDouble outflow tract of the right ventricle\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDouble outflow tract of the right ventricle - heterotaxis\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eLeft heart hypoplasia syndrome\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eN\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLeft heart hypoplasia syndrome\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e32\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eTetralogy of Fallot and variants\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eN\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePulmonary atresia with interventricular communication\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e21\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTetralogy of Fallot\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e53\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eAtrioventricular septum\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eN\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTotal atrioventricular septal defect\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e53\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTotal atrioventricular septal defect - heterotaxis\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePartial atrioventricular septal defect\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSingle ventricle\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eN\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSingle ventricle\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003esingle ventricle - heterotaxis\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eLeft ventricular outflow tract\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eN\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSubvalvular aortic stenosis\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAortic stenosis\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eRight ventricular outflow tract\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eN\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePulmonary stenosis\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePulmonary valve stenosis - heterotaxis\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePulmonary valve stenosis\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePulmonary atresia\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;intact interventricular septum\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSeptal defect\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eN\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eInterventricular communication\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eInterventricular communication - heterotaxis\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eInteratrial communication\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e40\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePersistence of the ductus arteriosus\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eN\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePersistence of the ductus arteriosus\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e33\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eCoronary arteries\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eN\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAnomalous origin of the left coronary artery\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eArrhythmias\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eN\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTotal atrioventricular block\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eAcquired\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eN\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHypertrophic cardiomyopathy\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePericardial effusion\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePericarditis\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIntracardiac thrombus\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe distribution of the type of cardiac physiology showed that 81.1% of patients had biventricular physiology and 18.9% had univentricular physiology.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAmong the patients treated by the cardiac paediatric team, 445 (88.65%) underwent some type of invasive intervention, such as surgery, haemodynamic procedure, or hybrid procedure. The need for combined interventions was observed in several cases. In total, 530 procedures were performed, of which 77% were surgeries, 18.5% were haemodynamic procedures, and 4.5% were hybrid procedures.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCategorizing the surgical procedures by the adjusted risk for surgery in congenital heart disease (RACHS) score [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e], we found a predominance of category 3 (38.4%), followed by category 2 (28.6%), category 1 (18.2%), category 4 (9.6%), and category 6 (5.2%).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMost of the patients subjected to invasive procedures were neonates (31%) or infants (45.8%). Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e shows the age distribution at the intervention date.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab4\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 4\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAge of the patient at the invasive intervention\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"3\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAge group\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eN\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNeonate (0 to 28 days)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e138\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e31.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eInfant (29 days to 12 months)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e204\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e45.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePreschool (1 to 6 years)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e77\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eElementary school (7 years to 10 years)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePreadolescent (10 to 13 years)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAdolescent (13 to 18 years)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAdult\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe global prevalence of CHDs shows an increase of 10% every 5 years, which is due to the expansion of the use of echocardiography and the improvement of technologies, according to a meta-analysis on the epidemiological situation of congenital heart diseases [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn the study hospital, 502 patients were referred by the cardiopaediatrics group, most often coming to us for elective surgery, but many also were transferred from other hospitals or were born in the obstetric centre of our hospital. In Brazil, a study on the local epidemiological situation estimated 25,757 new cases of CHD/year, without considering the large amount of underreporting, serving as a warning about the growing number of new cases and the need to direct investments to the care of this local population [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWe saw no predominance of one sex over another, in line with several other studies [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e]; however, there are studies that report significant sex-related differences in specific heart diseases [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSome 19.3% of our sample were born prematurely. This high number is in line with the finding that 16% of children born with cardiovascular malformations are premature, according to a large English study [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e]. In addition, an important issue in this population is the high mortality rate [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e]. Premature infants who have CHD have a worse performance than those born at term because they are more vulnerable, and this condition remains a clinical and surgical challenge [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe most frequent CHDs found in the present study were acyanogenic, which is in agreement with the epidemiological data from national publications [\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR5 CR6 CR7 CR8 CR9\" citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e16\u003c/span\u003e]. In international data, there is also a predominance of acyanogenic heart diseases [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e17\u003c/span\u003e]. The prevalence of mild injuries is due to the greater use of echocardiography worldwide, which has increased the diagnosis rate. In addition, abortion in complex heart diseases is an option in many countries, which also influences the reduction of the incidence of these specific CHDs [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e17\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTotal atrioventricular septal defect (10.56%), interventricular communication (9.96%), and aortic coarctation (9.56%) are the most prevalent acyanogenic CHDs. Of the congenital cyanogenic heart diseases, the most commonly found were tetralogy of Fallot (10.56%), transposition of the great arteries (6.38), and left heart hypoplasia syndrome (5.98%). Other studies have found that tetralogy of Fallot was the most frequent cyanogenic CHD [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e]. Total atrioventricular septal defect was the most common acyanogenic CHD, but it is not the most prevalent in the world literature, which can be explained by the significant number of patients with Down syndrome (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;91) in our study population [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e16\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn CHDs, the anatomy determines the cardiac physiology, and patients with univentricular physiology have a more complex clinical management and undergo numerous invasive interventions throughout life [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e18\u003c/span\u003e]. In this study, the classification of patients according to physiology showed a prevalence of 81.1% with biventricular physiology, whereas univentricular patients represented 18.9% of the sample. This significant proportion presents a challenge for the entire multidisciplinary intensive care team. The physiology of a single ventricle may result from a series of anatomical lesions that are associated with a variety of physiological manifestations, requiring great expertise from the professionals involved in conducting treatment and surgical correction [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e18\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSyndromes were diagnosed in 31.2% of our sample, which is in agreement with the range found in the literature of 25 to 30% \u003csup\u003e19,20\u003c/sup\u003e. Chromosomal diseases stood out, especially Down syndrome, representing 58% of the syndromes found. The high prevalence of chromosomal diseases corroborates the recommendation of the need to perform chromosomal studies in new-borns with multiple anomalies [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eA total of 34.7% of our sample had associated comorbidities. The abnormal circulatory physiology in children with CHD influences the development and functioning of other systems, with a significant impact on the clinical management and outcome of cases [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e21\u003c/span\u003e]. Seizures, protein-calorie malnutrition, and encephalopathies were the main comorbidities found in this study.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSyndromes, extracardiac anomalies, prematurity, low birth weight, and other associated comorbidities aggravate the challenges associated with the treatment of CHD and are significant risk factors that affect the survival of these patients [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e21\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e22\u003c/span\u003e]. The vast majority of patients included in the study (88.65%) underwent invasive intervention. In total, 530 procedures were performed, of which 77% were surgeries, 18.5% were haemodynamic procedures, and 4.5% were hybrid procedures. A risk score called RACHS-1 was used to categorize the surgeries. Despite some shortcomings, such as the low individual predictive power and the inability to classify all cardiac procedures, RACHS-1 is a well-used and widespread tool that categorizes CHD according to the expected mortality in six categories. Each of them is used as a predictor of postoperative mortality [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e23\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e24\u003c/span\u003e]. In the present study, there was a predominance of category 3 (38.4%), followed by category 2 (28.6%), category 1 (18.2%), category 4 (9.6%), and category 6 (5, 2%). According to a Brazilian study of mortality in CHD using RACHS-1 in a single centre, the mortality rate of category 3, the main one in this study, was 8.5%, though it ranged from 10.4\u0026ndash;60% in international reports [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e23\u003c/span\u003e]. On top of the high risk scores for the surgeries themselves, surgical complexity and treatment outcome are also strongly influenced by comorbidities and associated syndromes, both present in one-third of our sample [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e24\u003c/span\u003e]. This information reflects the need for highly specialized care, presenting a challenge for clinical and surgical teams.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis study\u0026rsquo;s main limitation was its retrospective nature. Because of this and the changes in the hospital evolution system, the data were limited.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Conclusion","content":"\u003cp\u003e This study comprehensively illustrates the epidemiological characteristics of a private hospital that also does philanthropic care. The complexity of the profile of the CHDs revealed that the integrated approach calling on professionals of various specialties for the treatment of these patients is essential for a successful outcome.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEfforts must be made so that the team responsible for the care of complex CHD patients is highly specialized, as they have numerous associated comorbidities and syndromes and need specific, high-level care. Organizing an intensive care unit focussed on paediatric cardiac care in hospitals that have a demand for it is a strategy to achieve high specialization of care and continuous improvements focussed on this population.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe issues raised are important because they serve as the basis of national comparative studies, which are scarce in the literature, and because they explain the clinical profile of CHD treated in the private sector, which is erroneously thought to absorb less complex cases. Thus, the importance of each service knowing the particularities of the CHD population served is of paramount importance to perform investment management for quality care.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe authors have no relevant financial or non-financial interests to disclose.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFunding source:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eNo funding.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCorresponding author:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eVanessa Ferreira Amorim de Melo, Rua Paim 262, apt 1504, Bela Vista 01306010 S\u0026atilde;o Paulo - SP, (011) 952007950,\u003ca\[email protected]\u003c/a\u003e. ORCID: 0000-0001-5637-662X.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAcknowledgements\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNot applicable.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEthics approval\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis study was carried out in accordance with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki. Approval was granted by the Ethics Committee of the Municipal Secretary of Health of S\u0026atilde;o Paulo. Ethics approval number: 25442019.3.0000.0086.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eRose RC, Rose RF, Zen PR, Paskulin GA. Congenital heart diseases and extracardiac malformations. Rev. Paul. 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Analysis of surgical mortality due to congenital heart disease using the RACHS-1 risk score in a single Brazilian center. Braz J Cardiovasc Surg 31(3): 219\u0026ndash;225. doi:\u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003e10.5935/1678-9741.20160022\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.5935/1678-9741.20160022\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eNina RV, Gama ME, Santos AM, Nina VJ, Figueiredo JA Neto, Mendes VG, et al. The RACHS-1 (in congenital heart surgery risk adjustment) is a useful tool in our scenario?. Braz J Cardiovasc Surg 22(4): 425\u0026ndash;431. doi:\u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003e10.1590/s0102-76382007000400008\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1590/s0102-76382007000400008\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Congenital Heart Diseases, Epidemiology, Incidence, Prevalence.","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-2375035/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-2375035/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eObjectives:\u003c/strong\u003e To characterize the clinical-epidemiological profile of children with heart diseases (congenital, acquired and arrhythmias), conducted by the pediatric cardio group of a private general hospital, from January 2016 to March 2020.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMethod:\u003c/strong\u003e Retrospective longitudinal observational interference study, with quantitative design, carried out in a private hospital. A total of 502 patients were selected according to the following inclusion criteria: patients who had congenital heart disease, acquired heart disease and arrhythmia, all managed by the pediatric cardiomyopathy group. Descriptive analysis of absolute and relative frequencies were represented through tables and graphs.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eResults: \u003c/strong\u003eOf the 502 patients included in the study, 86.5% had congenital heart disease, 7.7% acquired heart disease and 5.8% arrhythmias. 50.2% were female, 49.6% male and 0.2% were not defined so far. Prematurity occurred in 19.3% of cases, presence of syndromes in 31.2 % and associated comorbidities in 34.7%. In total, 530 procedures were performed, of which 77% were surgeries, 18.5% hemodynamic procedures and 4.5% hybrid procedures. A risk score called RACHS-1 (adjusted risk for surgery and congenital heart disease) was used to categorize the surgeries. There was a predominance of category 3 (38.4%), followed by category 2 (28.6%), category 1 (18.2%), category 4 (9.6%) and category 6 (5.2%).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConclusions: \u003c/strong\u003eThe complexity of the profile of the found heart diseases reiterates that measures are needed for an integrated approach of different specialties and professionals for the treatment of these patients.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Clinical-epidemiological profile of congenital and acquired heart diseases admitted to a Private Hospital","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2022-12-16 04:03:38","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-2375035/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"5eb19c75-cd28-40e1-bdd0-03248f7383c6","owner":[],"postedDate":"December 16th, 2022","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2022-12-16T04:03:40+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2022-12-16 04:03:38","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-2375035","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-2375035","identity":"rs-2375035","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"-HB7Z8yhvgn0wM9Nzuekk","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}