Dissemination of thermodynamic temperature using Fe-C and Pd-C high-temperature fixed point cells

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Initially, the HTFPs were manufactured and evaluated to determine the thermodynamic temperature during the melt of these materials. Subsequently, the cells were employed to compare the local realization of the International Temperature Scale of 1990 (ITS-90) in an ISO 17025 accredited industrial laboratory and two National Metrology Institutes (NMIs) with limited experience in operating HTFPs. The HTFPs were installed in Alumina tube furnaces, which have a maximum operating temperature of approximately 1600 °C. The investigation focused on the Fe-C (1153 °C) and Pd-C (1492 °C) fixed-point materials due to their suitability for realizing the temperature scale through interpolation schemes in this type of furnace. The findings of this comparative study contribute to enhancing the understanding and application of HTFPs for thermodynamic temperature dissemination. radiation thermometry high temperature fixed points calibration traceability temperature measurement metrology accuracy applications Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 Introduction Radiation (non-contact) thermometry is a crucial technique widely employed in various industries and scientific fields to measure temperatures of objects without the need for direct contact. The accurate determination of temperature is vital for ensuring product quality, safety, and process optimization in diverse applications ranging from manufacturing to space exploration. However, the accurate calibration of radiation thermometers poses significant challenges, particularly at high temperatures. In this paper, we present practical examples of the use of high-temperature fixed points (HTFPs) as a reference for calibration in applied radiation thermometry above the freezing temperature of Cu (1084,62 °C). HTFPs in general Since their introduction in 1999 HTFPs have been advanced and taken up by NMIs to become valuable for the realization and dissemination of temperatures above the freezing temperature of Cu [ 1 ]. This was achieved by a coordinated, worldwide research over a period of more than 20 years in part under the auspices of the Comité Consultatif de Thermométrie at the BIPM [ 2 ], and in part by a number of European lead and funded research programs [ 3 , 4, 5, 6 ]. As a result of this research, robust manufacturing procedures have been established [ 7 , 8 ], different fixed point cell designs with applications in radiation thermometry, contact thermometry and radiometry have been developed [ 9 ] and for a number HTFPs the thermodynamic temperature during the melt (defined as the point-of-inflection (POI) during the melting plateau) and their liquidus temperature was determined. Development with respect to thermodynamic temperature determination initially focused on three different metal-carbon alloys Co-C, Pt-C, Re-C [ 10 ]. For these alloys high purity materials were easy to source for cell manufacture and HTFPs out of these materials have proven to be robust. Their point-of-inflection values are reported in [10] and their liquidus values in [ 11 ]. During the last 15 years, additional eutectic and peritectic metal-carbon alloys were proposed. Within the framework of the European Metrology Programme for Innovation and Research (EMPIR) project Realising the Redefined Kelvin “Real-K” [6] four different materials were selected to close the temperature gaps between the so far developed HTFPs. These metals formed alloys that were metal-carbon eutectics, Fe-C (1153 °C), Pd-C (1492 °C), Ru-C (1953 °C) and a metal-carbide-carbon peritectic of WC-C (2748 °C). These four HTFPs were manufactured by different NMIs and compared to each other. The main selection criteria were the melting temperature (with higher melting temperature corresponding to a better cell), the plateau shape, the melting range (a smaller melting range is considered better) and the repeatability [ 12 ]. The best HTFP cells were selected for a campaign within Real-K to determine the thermodynamic temperature of both the POI during the melt and the liquidus temperature. Cells of slightly poorer quality were available within the project for a dissemination trial of thermodynamic temperature, with their thermodynamic temperature easily derived from the a priori known difference in temperature from the best cells. Additionally, project partner CEM manufactured an Fe-C cell with 6mm cavity (compared to 3mm typically) to account for the larger measurement spot size of radiation thermometers often used in industrial applications. The temperature of this cell has been compared to the smaller aperture cells CEM provided in this work. An overview of HTFP cells used here within the frame of this work is presented in Table 1. This table presents outer and cavity dimensions, manufacturer, and the observed differences to the HTFP cells investigated in [12]. Table 1: Overview of Fe-C and Pd-C high-temperature fixed point cells used for the dissemination trials Material Identifier Manu- facturer Cell outer dimensions Cavity inner dimensions Observed difference to best cell Diameter / mm Length / mm Diameter / mm Length / mm Fe-C 1FE-C3 CEM 24 45 6 35 -160 mK when measured in three-zone furnace [ 13 ]; and -200 mK below best HTFP cell in [12] Fe-C 7Fe-C2 LNE-Cnam 24 45 3 35 0 mK Fe-C 7Fe-C1 LNE-Cnam 24 45 3 35 -25 mK Pd-C 1Pd-C3 CEM 24 45 3 35 -145 mK Using HTFPs to disseminate the thermodynamic temperature scale The mise-en-pratique for the definition of the kelvin ( MeP -K) above the freezing temperature of silver (961,78 °C) facilitates the dissemination of thermodynamic temperature in two ways: a) directly through a radiometer traceable to the radiant watt or b) indirectly through HTFPs whose thermodynamic temperatures have been assigned either a priori or through calibration. Up to now, the direct realization of thermodynamic temperature at high temperatures is usually only practicable, due to the complexity and the expense of the equipment required, for National Metrology Institutes (NMIs). This means that calibration laboratories aiming at obtaining temperature traceability, have to rely on a scale calibrated against transfer standards. Up until now the calibration artefact has almost universally been radiation thermometers calibrated against a source of known radiance. However, it is also possible to use HTFPs to provide traceability and potentially more reliably than radiation thermometers. Here, HTFPs with the known relative difference to cells of known thermodynamic temperature have been used both for the dissemination of thermodynamic temperature and for comparison to the local realization of ITS-90. In the following sections, three dissemination trials are described. All three are limited to the temperature range below 1500 °C due to the available furnaces, which are based on ceramic heaters and work tubes. Dissemination trial between CEM and SGS Tecnos (Spain) To open a path for the dissemination of thermodynamic temperatures towards industry, SGS Tecnos S.A. in Spain was identified as an accredited laboratory for radiation thermometry with capabilities of installing, operating and measuring a Fe-C HTFP cell (the Fe-C cell labelled 1Fe-C3). SGS Tecnos S.A. is a temperature laboratory whose accreditation scope includes a procedure for the calibration of infrared radiation thermometers from -30 °C to 1550 °C. SGS Tecnos S.A.U declares an expanded uncertainty at the Fe-C eutectic fixed point (1153 °C) of 4.3 K. In this temperature range above 800 °C the laboratory has a Ø 48 mm black body cavity housed inside a LAND Instruments three-zone furnace as a thermal radiation source and a MIKRON M190 infrared thermometer with a resolution of 0.1 °C as the traceable reference standard. The Spanish National Metrology Institute CEM provides ITS-90 traceability to SGS through calibration of the MIKRON M190 with an expanded uncertainty of 2.5 °C from 1000 °C to 1600 °C. Along with the Fe-C cell, CEM provided a quartz holding tube, a series of graphite and ceramic insulators housed inside the tube and an Ar purge system (Figure 1). The quartz tube holding, the Fe-C HTFP, insulators and Ar purge were fitted inside the black body cavity of the LAND Instruments three- zone furnace. The calibrated MIKRON infrared thermometer was aligned and focused on the aperture of the Fe-C HTFP at a distance of 600 mm (a distance for which the target spot size for this radiation thermometer is minimum and has a diameter of 3.3 mm). Six melting/freezing plateaus were recorded. Steps replicated values used at CEM for comparison purposes: ± 20 °C, ± 20 °C, -20 °C /+10 °C, -15 °C /+15 °C, -10 °C /+15 °C, -25 °C /+25 °C. The average ITS-90 POI value obtained from the six cycles was 1153.5 °C with a standard deviation of 0.2 °C. This standard deviation is included to the uncertainty budget for temperature traceability labelled as “POI determination”. Considering the systematic difference observed by CEM when comparing the large aperture cell to the small aperture Fe-C HTFPs cells in [13] (where a difference of -160 mK ± 250 mK was observed when using the cell 1Fe-C3 in a three-zone furnace) and in [12] (for this cell -200 mK difference at POI during the melt to best HTFP cell) and taking account a total correction of 360 mK is applied when comparing to results of the thermodynamic temperature for the transition temperature in [13] for this cell. Additional corrections, e.g. for emissivity ( estimated to be < 0.03 K at 650 nm) and temperature drop ( < 10 mK for the cell dimension in in [13]) were not considered. The uncertainty budget for realising the HTFP using 1Fe-C3 at SGS Tecnos is shown in Table 2. In summary the observed temperature t 90 = 1153.86 °C ± 0,47 K agrees well with the value derived for this fixed-point cell to the thermodynamic temperatures reported in [12] t = 1153.76 °C. Table 2: Uncertainty budget for the temperature measurement with MIKRON M190 Quantity Type Uncertainty contribution, ºC Sens. Coef. Standard Uncertainty, ºC t 1Fe-C3 (see table 3 in [13]) 1 0.12 1 0.120 Structure effect 1 0.014 1 0.014 POI determination 1 0.2 1 0.20 Device Under Test (DUT) resolution rectangular 0.1 1 0.029 u ( t )= 0.24 ºC U ( t )= 0.47 ºC Dissemination activities at CMI The Czech metrology institute (CMI) realizes the temperature scale by radiation thermometry over a temperature range from -35 °C to 1800 °C. Below the freezing temperature of silver (961.78 °C) traceability to ITS-90 is achieved via standard platinum resistance thermometer (SPRTs)s and thermocouples. CMI has only recently started to realize the temperature scale above 962 °C via Planck’s law in ratio form and using a radiation thermometer LP5 ( λ center = 649,06 nm) (i.e. ITS-90 above the silver point), which has been characterized for relative spectral radiance responsivity. A radiance reference is established through a Cu fixed point realised in a sodium heat pipe furnace (both from Isotech) [ 14 ]. CMI for the purposes of this research is considered as a traceability receiver through receiving a calibrated HTFP of Fe-C from another project partner. Services in the field of radiation thermometry are covered with CMCs in a lower temperature region up to 962 °C, and currently only via accreditation in a high temperature region from 962 °C to 1800 °C with uncertainties 1.0 to 1.8 °C ( k =2) For HTFP measurements a three-zone furnace from the local manufacturer Clasic was used. This furnace has a total ceramic tube length of 80 cm and operates in the temperature range between 1000 °C to 1800 °C. During the melt/freeze cycling of the HTFP this furnace was operated with a heating/cooling ramp of 5 °C/min. When heating the furnace from room temperature to 1100 °C the heating rate was set to 10 °C/min, which is also the maximum heating rate for this furnace. Identical ramp rates were used for cooling, as the furnace operates without active cooling. Note though that the cooling process is slower than the ramp rate because of the high thermal inertia of the furnace. To implement the dissemination trial, the Fe-C HTFP (7Fe-C2, supplied by LNE-Cnam) was installed in the furnace. Initially, it was planned to position the HTFP cell in the middle of the tube furnace, which has the most homogeneous temperature field (Pos. A in Figure 3). However, during the first set of measurements it became apparent, that due to the depth of the cavity it was difficult to align the radiation thermometer visually into the fixed-point cavity onto the Fe-C aperture. As a result, the Fe-C HTFP was moved 7.5 cm towards the front opening of the furnace (Pos. B in Figure 3) and the measurements were repeated at this position in the furnace. It is not thought that this change in position would have an adverse effect on the performance of the HTFP as the furnace has a high temperature uniformity. Measurement of the Fe-C HTFP was realized with different temperature settings, the first two cycles with temperature steps around the melt of ±20 °C, the third with (+10/ -20) °C and the last one with (+15/ -20) °C steps. Due to furnace stabilization after initial warm-up, one additional ±20 °C melt-freeze cycle was added at the beginning of the measurement cycle. A sample measurement cycle is presented in Fig. 4. From all these data, the POI the recorded melting curves was determined together with the melting range for each curve. An ITS-90 temperature value was then calculated relative to the copper freezing point of CMI. Results are given in table 3 below. Table 3: CMI temperature for the Fe-C cell (7Fe-C2) HTFP t 90 Reproducibility Melting range Expanded Uncertainty k =2 7Fe-C2 1153.54 °C 0.04 °C 0.18 °C 0.5 °C In the evaluation of the total expanded uncertainty the following uncertainty contributions were considered: calibration of LP5 in the Cu fixed point, the drift of the LP5 at Cu freezing point, plateau identification (melting range), repeatability of plateau realization, wavelength of linear pyrometer, size of source effect, non-linearity, ambient conditions and others including the furnace effect [15]. The observed ITS-90 temperature of t 90 = 1153.54 °C ± 0,5 K agrees well with the value derived for this fixed-point cell from the thermodynamic temperatures reported in [12] 1153.77 °C ± 0,15 K. No correction was considered, cell 7Fe-C2 was the best Fe-C cells investigated in [12] . Additional corrections, e.g. for emissivity ( estimated to be less than 0.03 K at 650 nm) and temperature drop ( less than 10 mK for the cell dimension in in [12]) were not considered. Dissemination activities at Tubitak TUBITAK-UME is the NMI of Turkey and already has some experience with the use of HTFPs [7]. Here both Fe-C and Pd-C HTFPs were realized inside a three-zone furnace, open-ended alumina tube furnace (SiC heater, temperature range up to 1700 °C, with an inner length of 600 mm and inner tube diameter of 30 mm). This three-zone furnace was developed jointly between UME and a local company to extend UMEs capabilities of high-uniformity furnaces up to 1700 °C. The furnace has seven molybdenum disilicate MoSi 2 heaters, three in the middle zone and two in each end zone. The multi-zone nature of the furnace allowes a temperature homogeneity in the central area better than 1°C to be achieved. The tube’s internal diameter of 37 mm was designed specially to allow the realization of commonly used radiometric HTFPs cells with external diameters not exceeding 25 mm and with a cavity aperture of about 3 mm, as well as relatively large cells, designed for the calibration of thermocouples with an external diameter of 35 mm and thermo-well diameter about 8 mm. For radiometric HTFP cells with an external cell diameter of about 25 mm, a special holder with an internal diameter of 26 mm and an outer diameter of 35 mm was constructed from high-purity and high-density graphite material. Several such holders with various lengths allow realization of most fixed points with different geometries without any challenge. Within the work presented here, the following two cells were investigated: Fe-C (designated 7Fe-C1 and supplied by LNE-Cnam) and Pd-C (designated 1Pd-C3 and supplied by CEM). Different cell holders and insulation material sets were prepared and dedicated to each fixed point. For the measurement, three different temperature profiles were realized in the furnace dT =0 °C (no temperature gradient), dT =-10 °C (bottom of the cell at higher temperatures), dT =10 °C (front of the cell at higher temperatures). Here, only the results for dT=0 °C are presented, the other measurements allowed the furnace effect to be investigated. The results of that study are presented in [16]. The HTFPs were heated and cooled with a ramp of 8 °C per minute. All HTFP plateaus were obtained using an LP5 radiation thermometer with center wavelength at 650 nm. ITS-90 temperatures were determined by comparison to UME´s primary Cu freezing point blackbody. Table 4 lists the complete uncertainty budget for the determination of the ITS-90 temperatures of these two fixed-points. Table 4: Uncertainty budget for the measurement for the ITS-90 temperature measurement of Fe-C and Pd-C fixed-points at TUBITAK-UME Uncertainty Components Standard Uncertainty/ °C 1084.62 °C 1154 °C 1493 °C Components related to fixed-point cell Impurity 0.012 0.020 0.022 Emissivity 0.042 0.046 0.070 POI determination 0.008 0.006 Structure effect 0.014 0.014 0.014 Cu freezing Plateau determination 0.009 0.014 0.022 Repeability 0.010 0.016 0.018 Factors related to spectral responsivity Wavelength 0.000 0.003 0.024 Repeability 0.000 0.002 0.016 Drift 0.000 0.025 0.189 Out Of Band transmission 0.000 0.001 0.007 Factors related to out-of-signal effect Furnace Effect 0.034 0.034 0.034 Stability 0.026 0.026 0.026 Size-of-source 0.024 0.027 0.041 Non-linearity 0.008 0.009 0.014 Drift 0.010 0.011 0.016 Expanded uncertainty (k=2) 0.14 0.16 0.43 For the HTFP of Fe-C the measured ITS-90 temperature was 1153.61 °C ± 0,16 K which agrees well with the value derived for this HTFP from the thermodynamic temperatures reported in [12] t = 1153.77 °C ± 0,15 K. A correction of -25 mK was performed as this was the observed difference of this HTFP relative to the best Fe-C HTFPs in [12] . Additional corrections, e.g. for emissivity ( estimated to be less than 0.03 K at 650 nm) and temperature drop ( less than 10 mK for the cell dimension in in [12]) were not considered. For the HTFP of Pd-C the measured ITS-90 temperatures was 1491,94 °C ± 0,43 K which agrees well with the value derived for this HTFP from the thermodynamic temperatures reported in [12] t = 1491.75 °C ± 0.16 K. A correction of -145 mK was performed as this was the observed difference of this HTFP relative to the best Pd-C cells in [12] . Additional corrections, e.g. for emissivity (estimated to be less than 0.04 K at 650 nm) and temperature drop (estimated to be less than 0.03 K for the cell dimension in in [12]) were not considered. Discussion It has to be emphasized that the fixed-point installations and realisations were performed in relatively economic (low cost) ceramic tube furnaces, which are found in many scientific and industrial laboratories and not in the cost extensive graphite furnaces (with respect to purchase and operation) found in leading NMIs (such furnaces dominated HTFP research during the last 2 decades). The reported measurement uncertainties for realising the transition temperature of the investigated four Fe-C and Pd-C HTFPs are of a similar order to the uncertainties for the realisation of ITS-90 at UME and CMI, and more than a magnitude smaller than the uncertainties typically disseminated at industrial calibration laboratory SGS. From the results presented here, it can be concluded that the dissemination of the redefined kelvin with HTFPs like Fe-C and Pd-C can significantly reduce the current uncertainties associated to radiation temperature measurements in industry and act as a rapid route for developing NMIs to get low-uncertainty high temperature metrology capability. This could well have a significant impact on economy and society. Industrial customers at the end of the traceability chain would gain competitiveness by the improvement of quality assessment, smaller uncertainties, and the optimization of manufacturing processes by reducing costs of fabrication. Industrial processes at high temperatures often have high energy consumption which can be reduced if temperatures are measured more accurately. Lower energy intensity contributes to the fall in energy costs and increasing economic activity. Simultaneously, since power generation remains the largest greenhouse gas emitting sector in Europe, lower energy intensity will reduce environmental impact of industrial activities contributing to the achievement of the European Green Deal. Conclusion Here we have reported on trial dissemination of temperature to three institutes. In each case there was an improvement in the temperature realization and dissemination capability of the receiving institute in terms of uncertainty and increased reliability in the dissemination. This work shows that HTFPs have a key role to play in improving high temperature metrology not just in NMIs but also in accredited laboratories and further down the measurement chain. Declarations Acknowledgement This work presented here was enabled by fundings received from the EU EMPIR Programme co-financed by the Participating States and from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme, specifically from the EMPIR project 18SIB02 “Realising the redefined Kelvin”. References Machin, G., (2013) “Twelve years of high temperature fixed point research: a review”, AIP Conf. Proc. 1552 , 305-316 Machin, G., Anhalt, K., Bloembergen, P., Sadli, M., Yamada, Y., & Woolliams, E. R. (2013, September). Progress report for the CCT-WG5 high temperature fixed point research plan. In AIP Conference Proceedings (Vol. 1552 , No. 1, pp. 317-322). American Institute of Physics . Machin, G., Sadli, M., Gavioso, R., Engert, J., Woolliams, E.R., (2014) “The Euramet Metrology Research Programme project: Implementing the new kelvin (InK)”, Int J Thermophys , 35 p. 405–416 Machin, G., Engert, J., Gianfrani, L., McEvoy, H., Sparasci, F. (2018, August). The european metrology programme for innovation and research project: implementing the new kelvin 2 (InK2). In Journal of Physics: Conference Series ( 1065 , No. 12, p. 122002). IOP Publishing. Machin, G., et al. (2016) "The European project on high temperature measurement solutions in industry (HiTeMS)–a summary of achievements." Measurement 78 pp. 168-179. Machin, G., Sadli, M., Pearce, J., Engert, J., Gavioso, R.M. (2022),” Towards realising the redefined kelvin”, Measurement 201 Sadli, M., Pehlivan, O., Bourson, F., Diril, A., & Ozcan, K. (2009). Collaboration between UME and LNE-INM on Co–C eutectic fixed-point construction and characterization. Int. J. Thermophys. , 30 , 36-46. Yamada, Y., et al. Construction of high-temperature fixed-point cells for thermodynamic temperature assignment. In: AIP Conference Proceedings . American Institute of Physics, 2013. S. 335-339. Anhalt, K., Wang, Y., Yamada, Y., & Hartmann, J. (2008). Large-and Small-Aperture Fixed-Point Cells of Cu, Pt–C, and Re–C. Int J Thermophys, 29 , pp. 969-983. Woolliams, E., Anhalt, K., Ballico, M., Bloembergen, P., Bourson, F., Briaudeau, S., Campos, J., Cox, M. G., del Campo, D., Dury, M.R., Gavrilov, V., Grigoryeva, I., Hernandez, M.L., Jahan, F., Khlevnoy, B., Khromchenko V, Lowe DH, Lu X, Machin G, Mantilla JM, Martin MJ, McEvoy HC, Rougié B, Sadli M, Salim SG, Sasajima N, Taubert DR, Todd AD, Van den Bossche R, van der Ham E, Wang T, Whittam A, Wilthan B, Woods DJ, Woodward JT, Yamada Y, Yamaguchi Y, Yoon HW, Yuan Z. (2016) Thermodynamic temperature assignment to the point of inflection of the melting curve of high-temperature fixed points. Phil. Trans R. Soc. A. 374: 20150044 Lowe, D.H., Todd, A. D. W., Van den Bossche, R., Bloembergen, P., Anhalt, K., Ballico, M., Bourson, F., Briaudeau, S., Campos, J., Cox, M.G., del Campo, D., Dury, M., Gavrilov, V., Grigoryeva, I., Hernanz, M. L., Jahan, F., Khlevnoy, B., Khromchenko, V., Lu, X., Machin, G., Mantilla, J.M., Martin, M. J., McEvoy, H.C., Rougié, B., Sadli, M., Salim, S.G.R., Sasajima, N., Taubert, D., van der Ham, E., Wang, T., Wei, D., Whittam, A., Wilthan, B., Woods, D., Woodward, J.T., Woolliams, E.R., Yamada, Y., Yamaguchi, Y., Yoon, H., Yuan, Z., (2017) “The equilibrium liquidus temperatures of rhenium-carbon, platinum-carbon and cobalt-carbon eutectic alloys” Metrologia , 54 , 390–398 Sadli, M., Bourson, F., Lowe, D., Anhalt, K., Taubert, D., Martin, M.J., Mantilla, J.M., Girard, F., Florio, M., Gözönünde, C., Nasibli, H., Kňazovická, L., Sasajima, N., Lu, X., Kozlova, O., Briaudeau, S., Machin, G., (2023) Thermodynamic temperatures of Fe-C, Pd-C, Ru-C and WC-C for the mise-en-pratique of the kelvin up to 3020 K, Submitted Proceedings of ITS-10 M. J. Martín, J. M. Mantilla, C. Garcia‑Izquierdo, D. del Campo. “Construction, Characterization and Measurement of Fe–C and Pd–C HTFPs at CEM” (2022) Int J Thermophys 43 :57 Martín M.J., Kňazovická L., del Campo D., Strnad R. (2013) Bilateral Comparison between CMI and CEM in radiance temperature scale realization from 232 °C to 1085 °C (2013), Symposium on temperature and thermal measurements in industry and science, Tempmeko 2013 ,14-18. October 2013, Madeira, Portugal, Abstracts book, pp. 442., ISBN: 978-972-8574-15-4 Castro, P., Pozoa, del C., Machin, G., Application of the Computational Fluid Dynamics for the Analysis of the Furnace Effect in the Determination of High Temperature Fixed Points, ITS-10 proceedings submitted (2023) Lowe D., Bourson F., Florio M., Girard F., Machin G., Mantilla J., Martin M.J., Nasibli H., Pehlivan Ö and Sadli M. , High-Temperature Fixed-Point Furnace Uncertainty, ITS-10 proceedings accepted for publication (2023) Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. 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Anhalt","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA5ElEQVRIiWNgGAWjYBACCXYow4CBuYHhAwNDAhjh1cIM18LY2DiDwYBELc08xGiRbGZ+JvmDwS7PnP1g+2PbHX/yGNiTD+DVIs3MZibNw5BcbNmT2Nice8agmIHnGX5r5JgZzKQZGJgTNxwAaWkzSGyQyDEgoIX9G9Bh9Ykbzj9sbLYEa8n/QMBhPGYSPAyHEzfcANrCCLEFrw6g93mKrXkMjgO1PGyc2XvGuJiN5xl+h0kcb99480dFNdBhyQc+/Nwhl8fPnvwAvzVgADOWsYGBgY0I9UgApGUUjIJRMApGAToAACW5RVYzrk4xAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC","orcid":"","institution":"Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Klaus","middleName":"","lastName":"Anhalt","suffix":""},{"id":218530858,"identity":"7dbc950d-19ce-4af0-8c7c-1aef0f3335f4","order_by":1,"name":"Maria- Jose Martin","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Centro Español de 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Institute","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Mucahit","middleName":"","lastName":"Korkmaz","suffix":""},{"id":218530862,"identity":"6b050649-fe4c-4aba-9d95-c6f478d34e46","order_by":5,"name":"Lenka Kňazovická","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Český Metrologický Institut","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Lenka","middleName":"","lastName":"Kňazovická","suffix":""},{"id":218530863,"identity":"a39eb901-8b49-4b46-87b5-c2d62933fe21","order_by":6,"name":"Martina Králová","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Český Metrologický Institut","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Martina","middleName":"","lastName":"Králová","suffix":""},{"id":218530864,"identity":"92675792-e359-4287-86cd-b211f8836f4c","order_by":7,"name":"Mohamed Sadli","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"LNE-Cnam","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Mohamed","middleName":"","lastName":"Sadli","suffix":""},{"id":218530865,"identity":"55d79051-97fc-4c23-a448-26680d9c53a6","order_by":8,"name":"Frédéric Bourson","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"LNE-Cnam","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Frédéric","middleName":"","lastName":"Bourson","suffix":""},{"id":218530866,"identity":"e2d82249-d680-44e7-94c5-998c2cc5a8b7","order_by":9,"name":"Carlos Larriba Sánchez","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"SGS Tecnos S.A.","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Carlos","middleName":"Larriba","lastName":"Sánchez","suffix":""},{"id":218530867,"identity":"44f95297-6268-481a-b05c-3921b3e25a5f","order_by":10,"name":"Graham Machin","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"National Physical Laboratory","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Graham","middleName":"","lastName":"Machin","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2023-07-13 16:29:18","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-3167974/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-3167974/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":40046010,"identity":"70dbe2ea-01cd-4133-a399-7e26b24a8fca","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2023-07-14 15:28:03","extension":"png","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":685220,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eDedicated quartz tube for holding Fe-C cell in Land Instuments three zone furnace\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3167974/v1/12101dafbaebf1ea63692f47.png"},{"id":40046012,"identity":"ade2c6e0-cf23-4e55-9395-3256b5cf77dc","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2023-07-14 15:28:03","extension":"png","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":76348,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eOverview of 6 melt/freeze plateaus measured of a Fe-C HTFP operated at SGS Tecnos S.A.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"2.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3167974/v1/166dd33b4e1a0509590a51b2.png"},{"id":40046505,"identity":"99600607-bd02-40d0-86d8-dfb3d7eaf255","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2023-07-14 15:36:03","extension":"png","order_by":3,"title":"Figure 3","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":36980,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eTemperature profile (dooted) inside Clasic furnace and two different cell positions Fe-C HTFP at CMI\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"3.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3167974/v1/eede74e6d6c78603ce60d191.png"},{"id":40046009,"identity":"8b6f523d-8859-455a-831d-4a748915d6ca","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2023-07-14 15:28:03","extension":"png","order_by":4,"title":"Figure 4","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":110249,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eMelt/Freeze plateaus of the 7Fe-C2 HTFP measured at CMI\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"4.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3167974/v1/f31a386ed5a084359691ed74.png"},{"id":49048167,"identity":"9e16140b-5dbc-4b58-b7aa-0e3f33f6f813","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-01-02 08:22:24","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":1112101,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3167974/v1/3f8c433f-c185-48a3-9efc-58ecf801f970.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Dissemination of thermodynamic temperature using Fe-C and Pd-C high-temperature fixed point cells","fulltext":[{"header":"Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eRadiation (non-contact) thermometry is a crucial technique widely employed in various industries and scientific fields to measure temperatures of objects without the need for direct contact. The accurate determination of temperature is vital for ensuring product quality, safety, and process optimization in diverse applications ranging from manufacturing to space exploration. However, the accurate calibration of radiation thermometers poses significant challenges, particularly at high temperatures.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn this paper, we present practical examples of the use of high-temperature fixed points (HTFPs) as a reference for calibration in applied radiation thermometry above the freezing temperature of Cu (1084,62 \u0026deg;C).\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eHTFPs in general\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSince their introduction in 1999 HTFPs have been advanced and taken up by NMIs to become valuable for the realization and dissemination of temperatures above the freezing temperature of Cu [\u003csup\u003e1\u003c/sup\u003e]. This was achieved by a coordinated, worldwide research over a period of more than 20 years in part under the auspices of the\u0026nbsp;Comit\u0026eacute; Consultatif de Thermom\u0026eacute;trie\u0026nbsp;at the BIPM [\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e], and in part by a number of European lead and funded research programs [\u003csup\u003e3\u003c/sup\u003e, \u003csup\u003e4,\u0026nbsp;5,\u003c/sup\u003e \u003csup\u003e6\u003c/sup\u003e].\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAs a result of this research, robust manufacturing procedures have been established [\u003csup\u003e7\u003c/sup\u003e, \u003csup\u003e8\u003c/sup\u003e], different fixed point cell designs with applications in radiation thermometry, contact thermometry and radiometry have been developed [\u003csup\u003e9\u003c/sup\u003e] and for a number HTFPs the thermodynamic temperature during the melt (defined as the point-of-inflection (POI) during the melting plateau) and their liquidus temperature was determined. Development with respect to thermodynamic temperature determination initially focused on three different metal-carbon alloys Co-C, Pt-C, Re-C [\u003csup\u003e10\u003c/sup\u003e]. For these alloys high purity materials were easy to source for cell manufacture and HTFPs out of these materials have proven to be robust. Their point-of-inflection values are reported in [10] and their liquidus values in [\u003csup\u003e11\u003c/sup\u003e]. During the last 15 years, additional eutectic and peritectic metal-carbon alloys were proposed. Within the framework of the European Metrology Programme for Innovation and Research (EMPIR) project Realising the Redefined Kelvin \u0026ldquo;Real-K\u0026rdquo; [6] four different materials were selected to close the temperature gaps between the so far developed HTFPs. These metals formed alloys that were metal-carbon eutectics, Fe-C (1153 \u0026deg;C), Pd-C (1492 \u0026deg;C), Ru-C (1953 \u0026deg;C) and a metal-carbide-carbon peritectic of WC-C (2748 \u0026deg;C). These four HTFPs were manufactured by different NMIs and compared to each other. The main selection criteria were the melting temperature (with higher melting temperature corresponding to a better cell), the plateau shape, the melting range (a smaller melting range is considered better) and the repeatability [\u003csup\u003e12\u003c/sup\u003e]. The best HTFP cells were selected for a campaign within Real-K to determine the thermodynamic temperature of both the POI during the melt and the liquidus temperature. Cells of slightly poorer quality were available within the project for a dissemination trial of thermodynamic temperature, with their thermodynamic temperature easily derived from the \u003cem\u003ea priori\u003c/em\u003e known difference in temperature from the best cells.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAdditionally, project partner CEM manufactured an Fe-C cell with 6mm cavity (compared to 3mm typically) to account for the larger measurement spot size of radiation thermometers often used in industrial applications. The temperature of this cell has been compared to the smaller aperture cells CEM provided in this work.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAn overview of HTFP cells used here within the frame of this work is presented in Table 1. This table presents outer and cavity dimensions, manufacturer, and the observed differences to the HTFP cells investigated in [12].\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 1:\u003c/strong\u003e Overview of Fe-C and Pd-C high-temperature fixed point cells used for the dissemination trials\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"574\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.343804537521814%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMaterial\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.041884816753926%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eIdentifier\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.343804537521814%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eManu-\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003efacturer\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.81500872600349%\" colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCell outer dimensions\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"22.338568935427574%\" colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCavity inner dimensions\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.11692844677138%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eObserved difference to best cell\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.32404181184669%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.020905923344948%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.32404181184669%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.195121951219512%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDiameter\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e/ mm\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.581881533101045%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eLength / mm\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.543554006968641%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDiameter / mm\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.930313588850174%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eLength / mm\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.0801393728223%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.32404181184669%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFe-C\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.020905923344948%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1FE-C3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.32404181184669%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCEM\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.195121951219512%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e24\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.581881533101045%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e45\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.543554006968641%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.930313588850174%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e35\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.0801393728223%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-160 mK when measured in three-zone furnace [\u003csup\u003e13\u003c/sup\u003e]; and -200 mK below best HTFP cell in [12]\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.32404181184669%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFe-C\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.020905923344948%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7Fe-C2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.32404181184669%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLNE-Cnam\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.195121951219512%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e24\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.581881533101045%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e45\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.543554006968641%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.930313588850174%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e35\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.0801393728223%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0 mK\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.32404181184669%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFe-C\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.020905923344948%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7Fe-C1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.32404181184669%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLNE-Cnam\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.195121951219512%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e24\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.581881533101045%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e45\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.543554006968641%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.930313588850174%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e35\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.0801393728223%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-25 mK\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.32404181184669%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePd-C\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.020905923344948%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1Pd-C3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.32404181184669%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCEM\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.195121951219512%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e24\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.581881533101045%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e45\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.543554006968641%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.930313588850174%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e35\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.0801393728223%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-145 mK\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eUsing HTFPs to disseminate the thermodynamic temperature scale\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe \u003cem\u003emise-en-pratique\u003c/em\u003e for the definition of the kelvin (\u003cem\u003eMeP\u003c/em\u003e-K) above the freezing temperature of silver (961,78 \u0026deg;C) facilitates the dissemination of thermodynamic temperature in two ways:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ea) directly through a radiometer traceable to the radiant watt or\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eb) indirectly through HTFPs whose thermodynamic temperatures have been assigned either \u003cem\u003ea priori\u003c/em\u003e or through calibration.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eUp to now, the direct realization of thermodynamic temperature at high temperatures is usually only practicable, due to the complexity and the expense of the equipment required, for National Metrology Institutes (NMIs). This means that calibration laboratories aiming at obtaining temperature traceability, have to rely on a scale calibrated against transfer standards. Up until now the calibration artefact has almost universally been radiation thermometers calibrated against a source of known radiance. However, it is also possible to use HTFPs to provide traceability and potentially more reliably than radiation thermometers. Here, HTFPs with the known relative difference to cells of known thermodynamic temperature have been used both for the dissemination of thermodynamic temperature and for comparison to the local realization of ITS-90.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn the following sections, three dissemination trials are described. All three are limited to the temperature range below 1500 \u0026deg;C due to the available furnaces, which are based on ceramic heaters and work tubes.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eDissemination trial between CEM and SGS Tecnos (Spain)\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTo open a path for the dissemination of thermodynamic temperatures towards industry, SGS Tecnos S.A. in Spain was identified as an accredited laboratory for radiation thermometry with capabilities of installing, operating and measuring a Fe-C HTFP cell (the Fe-C cell labelled 1Fe-C3).\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSGS Tecnos S.A. is a temperature laboratory whose accreditation scope includes a procedure for the calibration of infrared radiation thermometers from -30 \u0026deg;C to 1550 \u0026deg;C. SGS Tecnos S.A.U declares an expanded uncertainty at the Fe-C eutectic fixed point (1153 \u0026deg;C) of 4.3 K.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn this temperature range above 800 \u0026deg;C the laboratory has a \u0026Oslash; 48 mm black body cavity housed inside a LAND Instruments three-zone furnace as a thermal radiation source and a MIKRON M190 infrared thermometer with a resolution of 0.1 \u0026deg;C as the traceable reference standard. The Spanish National Metrology Institute CEM provides ITS-90 traceability to SGS through calibration of the MIKRON M190 with an expanded uncertainty of 2.5 \u0026deg;C from 1000 \u0026deg;C to 1600 \u0026deg;C.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAlong with the Fe-C cell, CEM provided a quartz holding tube, a series of graphite and ceramic insulators housed inside the tube and an Ar purge system (Figure 1). The quartz tube holding, the Fe-C HTFP, insulators and Ar purge were fitted inside the black body cavity of the LAND Instruments three- zone furnace.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe calibrated MIKRON infrared thermometer was aligned and focused on the aperture of the Fe-C HTFP at a distance of 600 mm (a distance for which the target spot size for this radiation thermometer is minimum and has a diameter of 3.3 mm).\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSix melting/freezing plateaus were recorded. Steps replicated values used at CEM for comparison purposes: \u0026plusmn; 20 \u0026deg;C, \u0026plusmn; 20 \u0026deg;C, -20 \u0026deg;C /+10 \u0026deg;C, -15 \u0026deg;C /+15 \u0026deg;C, -10 \u0026deg;C /+15 \u0026deg;C, -25 \u0026deg;C /+25 \u0026deg;C.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe average ITS-90 POI value obtained from the six cycles was 1153.5 \u0026deg;C with a standard deviation of 0.2 \u0026deg;C. This standard deviation is included to the uncertainty budget for temperature traceability labelled as \u0026ldquo;POI determination\u0026rdquo;.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eConsidering the systematic difference observed by CEM when comparing the large aperture cell to the small aperture Fe-C HTFPs cells in [13] (where a difference of -160 mK \u0026plusmn; 250 mK was observed when using the cell 1Fe-C3 in a three-zone furnace) and in [12] (for this cell -200 mK difference at POI during the melt to best HTFP cell) and taking account a total correction of 360 mK is applied when comparing to results of the thermodynamic temperature for the transition temperature in [13] for this cell. Additional corrections, e.g. for emissivity ( estimated to be \u0026lt; 0.03 K at 650 nm) and temperature drop ( \u0026lt; 10 mK for the cell dimension in in [13]) were not considered. \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe uncertainty budget for realising the HTFP using\u0026nbsp;1Fe-C3 at SGS Tecnos\u0026nbsp;is shown in\u0026nbsp;Table 2.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn summary the observed temperature \u003cem\u003et\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e90\u003c/sub\u003e= 1153.86 \u0026deg;C \u0026plusmn; 0,47 K agrees well with the value derived for this fixed-point cell to the thermodynamic temperatures reported in [12] \u003cem\u003et\u003c/em\u003e=\u0026nbsp;1153.76 \u0026deg;C.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTable 2: Uncertainty budget for the temperature measurement with MIKRON M190\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"595\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"27.058823529411764%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eQuantity\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.285714285714286%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eType\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"22.18487394957983%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eUncertainty contribution, \u0026ordm;C\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.478991596638654%\" colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSens. Coef.\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.991596638655462%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eStandard Uncertainty, \u0026ordm;C\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"27.058823529411764%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003et\u003csub\u003e1Fe-C3\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/em\u003e (see table 3 in [13])\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.285714285714286%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"22.18487394957983%\" colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.12\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.478991596638654%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.991596638655462%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.120\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"27.058823529411764%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eStructure effect\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.285714285714286%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"22.18487394957983%\" colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.014\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.478991596638654%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.991596638655462%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.014\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"27.058823529411764%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePOI determination\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.285714285714286%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"22.18487394957983%\" colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.2\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.478991596638654%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.991596638655462%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"27.058823529411764%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDevice Under Test (DUT) resolution\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.285714285714286%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003erectangular\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"22.18487394957983%\" colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.1\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.478991596638654%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.991596638655462%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.029\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"27.058823529411764%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.285714285714286%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"22.18487394957983%\" colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.478991596638654%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eu\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e(\u003cem\u003et\u003c/em\u003e)=\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.991596638655462%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.24 \u0026ordm;C\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"27.058823529411764%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.285714285714286%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"22.18487394957983%\" colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.478991596638654%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eU\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e(\u003cem\u003et\u003c/em\u003e)=\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.991596638655462%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.47 \u0026ordm;C\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eDissemination activities at CMI\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe Czech metrology institute (CMI) realizes the temperature scale by radiation thermometry over a temperature range from -35 \u0026deg;C to 1800 \u0026deg;C. Below the freezing temperature of silver (961.78 \u0026deg;C) traceability to ITS-90 is achieved via standard platinum resistance thermometer (SPRTs)s and thermocouples. CMI has only recently started to realize the temperature scale above 962 \u0026deg;C via Planck\u0026rsquo;s law in ratio form and using a radiation thermometer LP5 (\u003cem\u003e\u0026lambda;\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003ecenter\u003c/sub\u003e = 649,06 nm) (i.e. ITS-90 above the silver point), which has been characterized for relative spectral radiance responsivity. A radiance reference is established through a Cu fixed point realised in a sodium heat pipe furnace (both from Isotech) [\u003csup\u003e14\u003c/sup\u003e]. CMI for the purposes of this research is considered as a traceability receiver through receiving a calibrated HTFP of Fe-C from another project partner.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eServices in the field of radiation thermometry are covered with CMCs in a lower temperature region up to 962 \u0026deg;C, and currently only via accreditation in a high temperature region from 962 \u0026deg;C to 1800\u0026nbsp;\u0026deg;C with uncertainties 1.0 to 1.8 \u0026deg;C (\u003cem\u003ek\u003c/em\u003e=2)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFor HTFP measurements a three-zone furnace from the local manufacturer Clasic was used. This furnace has a total ceramic tube length of 80 cm and operates in the temperature range between 1000 \u0026deg;C to 1800 \u0026deg;C.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDuring the melt/freeze cycling of the HTFP this furnace was operated with a heating/cooling ramp of 5\u0026nbsp;\u0026deg;C/min. When heating the furnace from room temperature to 1100 \u0026deg;C the heating rate was set to 10\u0026nbsp;\u0026deg;C/min, which is also the maximum heating rate for this furnace. Identical ramp rates were used for cooling, as the furnace operates without active cooling. Note though that the cooling process is slower than the ramp rate because of the high thermal inertia of the furnace.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTo implement the dissemination trial, the Fe-C HTFP (7Fe-C2, supplied by LNE-Cnam) was installed in the furnace.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eInitially, it was planned to position the HTFP cell in the middle of the tube furnace, which has the most homogeneous temperature field (Pos. A in Figure 3). However, during the first set of measurements it became apparent, that due to the depth of the cavity it was difficult to align the radiation thermometer visually into the fixed-point cavity onto the Fe-C aperture. As a result, the Fe-C HTFP was moved 7.5 cm towards the front opening of the furnace (Pos. B in Figure 3) and the measurements were repeated at this position in the furnace. It is not thought that this change in position would have an adverse effect on the performance of the HTFP as the furnace has a high temperature uniformity.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMeasurement of the Fe-C HTFP was realized with different temperature settings, the first two cycles with temperature steps around the melt of \u0026plusmn;20 \u0026deg;C, the third with (+10/ -20) \u0026deg;C and the last one with (+15/ -20) \u0026deg;C steps. Due to furnace stabilization after initial warm-up, one additional \u0026plusmn;20 \u0026deg;C melt-freeze cycle was added at the beginning of the measurement cycle. A sample measurement cycle is presented in Fig. 4.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFrom all these data, the POI the recorded melting curves was determined together with the melting range for each curve. An ITS-90 temperature value was then calculated relative to the copper freezing point of CMI. Results are given in table 3 below.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTable 3: CMI temperature for the Fe-C cell (7Fe-C2)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.57638888888889%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eHTFP\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.57638888888889%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003et\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003csub\u003e90\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.875%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eReproducibility\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"22.916666666666668%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMelting range\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.055555555555557%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eExpanded Uncertainty \u003cem\u003ek\u003c/em\u003e=2\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.57638888888889%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7Fe-C2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.57638888888889%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1153.54 \u0026deg;C\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.875%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.04 \u0026deg;C\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"22.916666666666668%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.18 \u0026deg;C\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.055555555555557%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.5 \u0026deg;C\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn the evaluation of the total expanded uncertainty the following uncertainty contributions were considered: calibration of LP5 in the Cu fixed point, the drift of the LP5 at Cu freezing point, plateau identification (melting range), repeatability of plateau realization, wavelength of linear pyrometer, size of source effect, non-linearity, ambient conditions and others including the furnace effect [15].\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe observed ITS-90 temperature of \u003cem\u003et\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e90\u003c/sub\u003e= 1153.54 \u0026deg;C \u0026plusmn; 0,5 K agrees well with the value derived for this fixed-point cell from the thermodynamic temperatures reported in [12] 1153.77 \u0026nbsp;\u0026deg;C \u0026plusmn; 0,15 K. No correction was considered, cell 7Fe-C2 was the best Fe-C cells investigated in [12] . Additional corrections, e.g. for emissivity ( estimated to be less than 0.03 K at 650 nm) and temperature drop ( less than 10 mK for the cell dimension in in [12]) were not considered. \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eDissemination activities at Tubitak\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTUBITAK-UME is the NMI of Turkey and already has some experience with the use of HTFPs [7]. Here both Fe-C and Pd-C HTFPs were realized inside a three-zone furnace, open-ended alumina tube furnace (SiC heater, temperature range up to 1700 \u0026deg;C, with an inner length of 600 mm and inner tube diameter of 30 mm). \u0026nbsp;This three-zone furnace was developed jointly between UME and a local company to extend UMEs capabilities of high-uniformity furnaces up to 1700 \u0026deg;C. The furnace has seven molybdenum disilicate MoSi\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e heaters, three in the middle zone and two in each end zone. The multi-zone nature of the furnace allowes a \u0026nbsp;temperature homogeneity in the central area better than 1\u0026deg;C to be achieved.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe tube\u0026rsquo;s internal diameter of 37 mm was designed specially to allow the realization of commonly used radiometric HTFPs cells with external diameters not exceeding 25 mm and with a cavity aperture of about 3 mm, as well as relatively large cells, designed for the calibration of thermocouples with an external diameter of 35 mm and thermo-well diameter about 8 mm.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFor radiometric HTFP cells with an external cell diameter of about 25 mm, a special holder with an internal diameter of 26 mm and an outer diameter of 35 mm was constructed from high-purity and high-density graphite material. Several such holders with various lengths allow realization of most fixed points with different geometries without any challenge.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWithin the work presented here, the following two cells were investigated: Fe-C (designated 7Fe-C1 \u0026nbsp;and supplied by LNE-Cnam) and Pd-C (designated 1Pd-C3 and supplied by CEM). Different cell holders and insulation material sets were prepared and dedicated to each fixed point. For the measurement, three different temperature profiles were realized in the furnace \u003cem\u003edT\u003c/em\u003e=0 \u0026deg;C (no temperature gradient), \u003cem\u003edT\u003c/em\u003e=-10 \u0026deg;C (bottom of the cell at higher temperatures),\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;dT\u003c/em\u003e=10 \u0026deg;C (front of the cell at higher temperatures). Here, only the results for dT=0 \u0026deg;C are presented, the other measurements allowed the furnace effect to be investigated. The results of that study are presented in [16]. The HTFPs were heated and cooled with a ramp of 8 \u0026deg;C per minute. All HTFP plateaus were obtained using an LP5 radiation thermometer with center wavelength at 650 nm. ITS-90 temperatures were determined by comparison to UME\u0026acute;s primary Cu freezing point blackbody.\u0026nbsp;Table 4\u0026nbsp;lists the complete uncertainty budget for the determination of the ITS-90 temperatures of these two fixed-points.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;4: Uncertainty budget for the measurement for the ITS-90 temperature measurement of Fe-C and Pd-C fixed-points at TUBITAK-UME\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"620\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"42.25806451612903%\" rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUncertainty\u003cbr\u003e\u0026nbsp;Components\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"57.74193548387097%\" colspan=\"3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eStandard Uncertainty/\u0026nbsp;\u0026deg;C \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.798882681564244%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1084.62 \u0026deg;C\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"31.28491620111732%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1154 \u0026deg;C\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"34.91620111731844%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1493 \u0026deg;C\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"42.25806451612903%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eComponents related to fixed-point cell\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.516129032258064%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.06451612903226%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.161290322580644%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"42.25806451612903%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eImpurity\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.516129032258064%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.012\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.06451612903226%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.020\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.161290322580644%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.022\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"42.25806451612903%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEmissivity\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.516129032258064%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.042\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.06451612903226%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.046\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.161290322580644%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.070\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"42.25806451612903%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePOI determination\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.516129032258064%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.06451612903226%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.008\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.161290322580644%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.006\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"42.25806451612903%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eStructure effect\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.516129032258064%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.014\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.06451612903226%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.014\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.161290322580644%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.014\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"42.25806451612903%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCu freezing Plateau determination\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.516129032258064%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.009\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.06451612903226%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.014\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.161290322580644%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.022\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"42.25806451612903%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRepeability\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.516129032258064%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.010\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.06451612903226%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.016\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.161290322580644%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.018\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"61.774193548387096%\" colspan=\"2\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFactors related to spectral responsivity\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.06451612903226%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.161290322580644%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"42.25806451612903%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWavelength\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.516129032258064%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.06451612903226%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.003\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.161290322580644%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.024\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"42.25806451612903%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRepeability\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.516129032258064%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.06451612903226%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.002\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.161290322580644%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.016\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"42.25806451612903%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDrift\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.516129032258064%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.06451612903226%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.025\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.161290322580644%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.189\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"42.25806451612903%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOut Of Band transmission\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.516129032258064%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.06451612903226%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.161290322580644%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.007\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"61.774193548387096%\" colspan=\"2\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFactors related to out-of-signal effect\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.06451612903226%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.161290322580644%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"42.25806451612903%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFurnace Effect\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.516129032258064%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.034\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.06451612903226%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.034\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.161290322580644%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.034\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"42.25806451612903%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eStability\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.516129032258064%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.026\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.06451612903226%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.026\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.161290322580644%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.026\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"42.25806451612903%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSize-of-source\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.516129032258064%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.024\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.06451612903226%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.027\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.161290322580644%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.041\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"42.25806451612903%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNon-linearity\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.516129032258064%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.008\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.06451612903226%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.009\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.161290322580644%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.014\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"42.25806451612903%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDrift\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.516129032258064%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.010\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.06451612903226%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.011\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.161290322580644%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.016\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"42.25806451612903%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eExpanded uncertainty (k=2)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.516129032258064%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.14\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.06451612903226%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.16\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.161290322580644%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.43\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFor the HTFP of Fe-C the measured ITS-90 temperature was \u0026nbsp;1153.61 \u0026deg;C \u0026plusmn; 0,16 K \u0026nbsp;which agrees well with the value derived for this HTFP from the thermodynamic temperatures reported in [12] \u003cem\u003et\u003c/em\u003e= 1153.77 \u0026deg;C \u0026plusmn; 0,15 K. A correction of -25 mK was performed as this was the observed difference of this HTFP relative to the best Fe-C HTFPs in [12] . Additional corrections, e.g. for emissivity ( estimated to be less than 0.03 K at 650 nm) and temperature drop ( less than 10 mK for the cell dimension in in [12]) were not considered.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFor the HTFP of Pd-C the measured ITS-90 temperatures was 1491,94 \u0026deg;C \u0026plusmn; 0,43 K which agrees well with the value derived for this HTFP from the thermodynamic temperatures reported in [12] \u003cem\u003et\u003c/em\u003e= 1491.75 \u0026deg;C \u0026plusmn; 0.16 K. A correction of -145 mK was performed as this was the observed difference of this HTFP relative to the best Pd-C cells in [12] . Additional corrections, e.g. for emissivity (estimated to be less than 0.04 K at 650 nm) and temperature drop (estimated to be less than 0.03 K for the cell dimension in in [12]) were not considered. \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003eIt has to be emphasized that the fixed-point installations and realisations were performed in relatively economic (low cost) ceramic tube furnaces, which are found in many scientific and industrial laboratories and not in the cost extensive graphite furnaces (with respect to purchase and operation) found in leading NMIs (such furnaces dominated HTFP research during the last 2 decades).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe reported measurement uncertainties for realising the transition temperature of the investigated four Fe-C and Pd-C HTFPs are of a similar order to the uncertainties for the realisation of ITS-90 at UME and CMI, and more than a magnitude smaller than the uncertainties typically disseminated at industrial calibration laboratory SGS.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFrom the results presented here, it can be concluded that the dissemination of the redefined kelvin with HTFPs like Fe-C and Pd-C can significantly reduce the current uncertainties associated to radiation temperature measurements in industry and act as a rapid route for developing NMIs to get low-uncertainty high temperature metrology capability.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis could well have a significant impact on economy and society. Industrial customers at the end of the traceability chain would gain competitiveness by the improvement of quality assessment, smaller uncertainties, and the optimization of manufacturing processes by reducing costs of fabrication. Industrial processes at high temperatures often have high energy consumption which can be reduced if temperatures are measured more accurately. Lower energy intensity contributes to the fall in energy costs and increasing economic activity. Simultaneously, since power generation remains the largest greenhouse gas emitting sector in Europe, lower energy intensity will reduce environmental impact of industrial activities contributing to the achievement of the European Green Deal.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Conclusion","content":"\u003cp\u003eHere we have reported on trial dissemination of temperature to three institutes. In each case there was an improvement in the temperature realization and dissemination capability of the receiving institute in terms of uncertainty and increased reliability in the dissemination. This work shows that HTFPs have a key role to play in improving high temperature metrology not just in NMIs but also in accredited laboratories and further down the measurement chain.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003ch2\u003eAcknowledgement\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis work presented here was enabled by fundings received from the EU EMPIR Programme co-financed by the Participating States and from the European Union\u0026rsquo;s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme, specifically from the EMPIR project 18SIB02 \u0026ldquo;Realising the redefined Kelvin\u0026rdquo;.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eMachin, G., (2013) \u0026ldquo;Twelve years of high temperature fixed point research: a review\u0026rdquo;, \u003cem\u003eAIP Conf. Proc.\u003c/em\u003e \u003cstrong\u003e1552\u003c/strong\u003e, 305-316\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eMachin, G., Anhalt, K., Bloembergen, P., Sadli, M., Yamada, Y., \u0026amp; Woolliams, E. R. (2013, September). Progress report for the CCT-WG5 high temperature fixed point research plan. In AIP Conference Proceedings (Vol. \u003cstrong\u003e1552\u003c/strong\u003e, No. 1, pp. 317-322). \u003cem\u003eAmerican Institute of Physics\u003c/em\u003e.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eMachin, G., Sadli, M., Gavioso, R., Engert, J., Woolliams, E.R., (2014) \u0026ldquo;The Euramet Metrology Research Programme project: Implementing the new kelvin (InK)\u0026rdquo;, \u003cem\u003eInt J Thermophys\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cstrong\u003e35\u003c/strong\u003e p. 405\u0026ndash;416\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eMachin, G., Engert, J., Gianfrani, L., McEvoy, H., Sparasci, F. (2018, August). The european metrology programme for innovation and research project: implementing the new kelvin 2 (InK2). In \u003cem\u003eJournal of Physics: Conference Series\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e(\u003cstrong\u003e1065\u003c/strong\u003e, No. 12, p. 122002). IOP Publishing.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eMachin, G., \u003cem\u003eet al.\u003c/em\u003e (2016) \u0026quot;The European project on high temperature measurement solutions in industry (HiTeMS)\u0026ndash;a summary of achievements.\u0026quot; \u003cem\u003eMeasurement\u003c/em\u003e \u003cstrong\u003e78\u003c/strong\u003e pp. 168-179.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eMachin, G., Sadli, M., Pearce, J., Engert, J., Gavioso, R.M. (2022),\u0026rdquo; Towards realising the redefined kelvin\u0026rdquo;, Measurement \u003cstrong\u003e201\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eSadli, M., Pehlivan, O., Bourson, F., Diril, A., \u0026amp; Ozcan, K. (2009). Collaboration between UME and LNE-INM on Co\u0026ndash;C eutectic fixed-point construction and characterization. \u003cem\u003eInt. J. Thermophys.\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cstrong\u003e30\u003c/strong\u003e, 36-46.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eYamada, Y., \u003cem\u003eet al.\u003c/em\u003e Construction of high-temperature fixed-point cells for thermodynamic temperature assignment. In: \u003cem\u003eAIP Conference Proceedings\u003c/em\u003e. American Institute of Physics, 2013. S. 335-339.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eAnhalt, K., Wang, Y., Yamada, Y., \u0026amp; Hartmann, J. (2008). Large-and Small-Aperture Fixed-Point Cells of Cu, Pt\u0026ndash;C, and Re\u0026ndash;C. Int J Thermophys, \u003cstrong\u003e29\u003c/strong\u003e, pp. 969-983.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eWoolliams, E., Anhalt, K., Ballico, M., Bloembergen, P., Bourson, F., Briaudeau, S., Campos, J., Cox, M. G., del Campo, D., Dury, M.R., Gavrilov, V., Grigoryeva, I., Hernandez, M.L., Jahan, F., Khlevnoy, B., Khromchenko V, Lowe DH, Lu X, Machin G, Mantilla JM, Martin MJ, McEvoy HC, Rougi\u0026eacute; B, Sadli M, Salim SG, Sasajima N, Taubert DR, Todd AD, Van den Bossche R, van der Ham E, Wang T, Whittam A, Wilthan B, Woods DJ, Woodward JT, Yamada Y, Yamaguchi Y, Yoon HW, Yuan Z. (2016) Thermodynamic temperature assignment to the point of inflection of the melting curve of high-temperature fixed points. \u003cem\u003ePhil. Trans R. Soc. A.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e374:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e20150044\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eLowe, D.H., Todd, A. D. W., Van den Bossche, R., Bloembergen, P., Anhalt, K., Ballico, M., Bourson, F., Briaudeau, S., Campos, J., Cox, M.G., del Campo, D., Dury, M., Gavrilov, V., Grigoryeva, I., Hernanz, M. L., Jahan, F., Khlevnoy, B., Khromchenko, V., Lu, X., Machin, G., Mantilla, J.M., Martin, M. J., McEvoy, H.C., Rougi\u0026eacute;, B., Sadli, M., Salim, S.G.R., Sasajima, N., Taubert, D., van der Ham, E., Wang, T., Wei, D., Whittam, A., Wilthan, B., Woods, D., Woodward, J.T., Woolliams, E.R., Yamada, Y., Yamaguchi, Y., Yoon, H., Yuan, Z., (2017) \u0026ldquo;The equilibrium liquidus temperatures of rhenium-carbon, platinum-carbon and cobalt-carbon eutectic alloys\u0026rdquo; \u003cem\u003eMetrologia\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cstrong\u003e54\u003c/strong\u003e, 390\u0026ndash;398\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eSadli, M., Bourson, F., Lowe, D., Anhalt, K., Taubert, D., Martin, M.J., Mantilla, J.M., Girard, F., Florio, M., G\u0026ouml;z\u0026ouml;n\u0026uuml;nde, C., Nasibli, H., Kňazovick\u0026aacute;, L., Sasajima, N., Lu, X., Kozlova, O., Briaudeau, S., Machin, G., (2023) Thermodynamic temperatures of Fe-C, Pd-C, Ru-C and WC-C for the mise-en-pratique of the kelvin up to 3020 K, \u003cem\u003eSubmitted Proceedings of ITS-10\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eM. J. Mart\u0026iacute;n, J. M. Mantilla, C. Garcia‑Izquierdo, D. del Campo. \u0026ldquo;Construction, Characterization and Measurement of Fe\u0026ndash;C and Pd\u0026ndash;C HTFPs at CEM\u0026rdquo; (2022) Int J Thermophys\u003cstrong\u003e43\u003c/strong\u003e:57\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eMart\u0026iacute;n M.J., Kňazovick\u0026aacute; L., del Campo D., Strnad R. (2013) Bilateral Comparison between CMI and CEM in radiance temperature scale realization from 232 \u0026deg;C to 1085 \u0026deg;C (2013), \u003cem\u003eSymposium on temperature and thermal measurements in industry and science, Tempmeko 2013\u003c/em\u003e,14-18. October 2013, Madeira, Portugal, Abstracts book, pp. 442., ISBN: 978-972-8574-15-4\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eCastro, P., Pozoa, del C., Machin, G., Application of the Computational Fluid Dynamics for the Analysis of the Furnace Effect in the Determination of High Temperature Fixed Points, \u003cem\u003eITS-10 proceedings submitted\u003c/em\u003e (2023)\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eLowe D., Bourson F., Florio M., Girard F., Machin G., Mantilla J., Martin M.J., Nasibli H., Pehlivan \u0026Ouml; and Sadli M. , High-Temperature Fixed-Point Furnace Uncertainty, \u003cem\u003eITS-10 proceedings accepted for publication\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e(2023)\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":true,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"radiation thermometry, high temperature fixed points, calibration, traceability, temperature measurement, metrology, accuracy, applications","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-3167974/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-3167974/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"This paper presents the utilization of Fe-C and Pd-C high-temperature fixed points (HTFPs) for the dissemination of thermodynamic temperature and the International Temperature Scale of 1990 (ITS-90). Initially, the HTFPs were manufactured and evaluated to determine the thermodynamic temperature during the melt of these materials. Subsequently, the cells were employed to compare the local realization of the International Temperature Scale of 1990 (ITS-90) in an ISO 17025 accredited industrial laboratory and two National Metrology Institutes (NMIs) with limited experience in operating HTFPs. The HTFPs were installed in Alumina tube furnaces, which have a maximum operating temperature of approximately 1600 °C. The investigation focused on the Fe-C (1153 °C) and Pd-C (1492 °C) fixed-point materials due to their suitability for realizing the temperature scale through interpolation schemes in this type of furnace. The findings of this comparative study contribute to enhancing the understanding and application of HTFPs for thermodynamic temperature dissemination.","manuscriptTitle":"Dissemination of thermodynamic temperature using Fe-C and Pd-C high-temperature fixed point cells","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2023-07-14 15:27:58","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-3167974/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"f5ba88e5-3c4a-4cbd-8429-e6a63c3e43aa","owner":[],"postedDate":"July 14th, 2023","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2024-01-02T08:14:17+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2023-07-14 15:27:58","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-3167974","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-3167974","identity":"rs-3167974","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"_2-kVJe1T_tPrBINL-cwx","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}