Integrative multiomics analysis of metabolic dysregulation induced by occupational benzene exposure in mice

Background Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) is a significant public health burden. Emerging evidence links volatile organic compounds (VOCs), such as benzene to endocrine disruption and metabolic dysfunction. However, the effects of chronic environmentally relevant VOC exposures on metabolic health are still emerging. Objective Building on our previous findings that benzene exposure at smoking levels (50 ppm) induces metabolic impairments in male mice, we investigated the effects of occupationally relevant, below OSHA approved, benzene exposure on metabolic health. Methods Adult male C57BL/6 mice were exposed to 0.9ppm benzene 8 hours a day for 9 weeks. We assessed measures of metabolic homeostasis and conducted RNA and proteome sequencing on insulin-sensitive organs (liver, skeletal muscle, adipose tissue). Results This low-dose exposure caused significant metabolic disruptions, including hyperglycemia, hyperinsulinemia, and insulin resistance. Transcriptomic analysis of liver, skeletal muscle, and adipose tissue identified key changes in metabolic and immune pathways especially in liver. Proteomic analysis of the liver revealed mitochondrial dysfunction as a shared feature, with disruptions in oxidative phosphorylation, mitophagy, and immune activation. Comparative analysis with high-dose (50 ppm) exposure showed both conserved and dose-specific transcriptomic changes in liver, particularly in metabolic and immune responses. Conclusions Our study is the first to comprehensively assess the impacts of occupational benzene exposure on metabolic health, highlighting mitochondrial dysfunction as a central mechanism and the dose-dependent molecular pathways in insulin-sensitive organs driving benzene-induced metabolic imbalance. Our data indicate that current OSHA occupational exposure limits for benzene are insufficient, as they could result in adverse metabolic health in exposed workers, particularly men, following chronic exposure.