An Optimized Pathway for Nitrate Removal from Aqueous Solution by Environmentally Friendly Calabash Gourd Shell Adsorbent Based on Experimental Design Methodology

The aim of this research is to optimize the process parameters for nitrate adsorption from aqueous solutions using ammonium modified calabash gourd shell (CGS). Two types of experimental design (DoE) methodology were implemented in the optimization. A full factorial design assessed the influence of the main factors on the process response. The study was extended to a central composite design (CCD) within the response surface methodology (RSM) to capture the factors nonlinear effects and optimize the adsorption parameters. The quadratic polynomial model using CCD proved to be useful for under-standing the adsorption system’s behavior, locating the optimal process factors and pre-dicting the adsorption efficiency (R2>0.95). The significance of the model terms (A, B, C, D, B2 and C2) is confirmed by F=74.95 and p< 0.0001. According to the CCD, the optimal ad-sorption conditions were estimated in the range: initial nitrate concentration 10-20 mg/L, pH 6-7, temperature 20-25 0C and contact time 25-30 min (desirability 0.996). The repeated test found the nitrate adsorption efficiency (84.9%) in the predicted range (80.1-89.6%), which confirms the adequacy and significance of the model. This model could find poten-tial application in real processes for the treatment of nitrate-contaminated water using the environmentally friendly CGS cationic adsorbent.