Knowledge and associated factors on exclusive breastfeeding among HIV positive mothers who have children age 0-24 months in Central Zone, Tigray, North Ethiopia, 2019

Knowledge and associated factors on exclusive breastfeeding among HIV positive mothers who have children age 0-24 months in Central Zone, Tigray, North Ethiopia, 2019 | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Knowledge and associated factors on exclusive breastfeeding among HIV positive mothers who have children age 0-24 months in Central Zone, Tigray, North Ethiopia, 2019 Hamelmal Mekonen Embaye, Teferi Gebru This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-15540/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Background: Although breastfeeding is widely practiced in many African countries, studies have shown that lack of knowledge, pressure, and cultural beliefs play a significant role in the success of exclusive breastfeeding for six months. Therefore, this study was aimed to assess knowledge and determinant factors affecting exclusives breastfeeding among mothers living with HIV/AIDS have children age 0-24 months in central zone Tigray. Methods: A Facility-based Cross-Sectional study was carried out on April 23 to May 10, 2017. A systemic random sampling method was used to select study participants. Information was collected using a structured, pre-tested questionnaire. The data were entered into Epi info 7 and imported to SPSS version 22. Summary statistics and logistic regression analysis were performed using SPSS version 22. Those variables having a P-value of less than 0.2 in the bivariable analysis were fitted in multivariable analysis.AOR with 95% CI and P-value<0.05 were used during multivariable analysis to identify the factors associated with the knowledge of exclusive breastfeeding. Result: In this study, the overall knowledge of exclusive breastfeeding was 88.4%. Monthly income (AOR: 5.57, 95% CI: (1.176-26.38)) and age at first birth (AOR: 0.339, 95% CI, (0.133-0.863) were significantly associated with knowledge of HIV positive mothers towards exclusive breastfeeding. Conclusion: HIV positive mothers attending health care facilities in the central zone, Tigray region knowledge of the mothers was good but still now needs the effort to achieve the goal of exclusives breastfeeding. HIV positive mothers with risk factor income and Age need strict follow up to increase knowledge on exclusives breastfeeding. Keywords: Knowledge, Exclusive breastfeeding, HIV positive Mothers. Sexual & Reproductive Medicine Knowledge Exclusive breastfeeding HIV positive Mothers Background In the world, more than 820,000 children under the age of five and 87% under the age of 6 months could save lives by exclusive breastfeeding practice. In addition to this EBF increase healthy brain development, promotes healthy growth, prevent against life –treating problems and increase performance in intelligence test among children and adolescents (1, 2). Exclusive breastfeeding by HIV –positive women is a major means of HIV transmission, but mothers, not exclusive breastfeeding carries significant health risk to infant because breastfeeding is vital to the health of children, reducing the impact of many infectious diseases and preventing some chronic disease and support breastfeeding practice as the best infant feeding choice for all women in general(2). Globally, more than 10 million children under the age of five die each year and about 40% of under two years of deaths are associated with inappropriate breastfeeding practices, 34% of these deaths occur in South Asia and 41% in sub-Saharan Africa (3).In addition to this, breastfeeding brings about 300,000 HIV infection per year while at the same time, United Nation Children Emergency Fund(UNICEF) in the world estimated that not breastfeeding is responsible for 1.5 million children death per year and largest burden of this infection and death occur in sub-Saharan Africa (4). About two-thirds of deaths occurring worldwide during the first year of life children are often regarding appropriate feeding practice, especially due to poor exclusive breastfeeding practices (5). In the developing world including Ethiopia, every day 3000–4000 infants die from diarrhea and respiratory infection associated with inadequate breastfeeding practice in combination with a high level of disease(6). In general in developing, country lack of exclusive breastfeeding attributes 45% of neonatal infectious death,30% diarrheal death and 18 of acute respiratory death. Exclusive breastfeeding can significantly reduce the burden of under-five death in Africa especially SSA(7, 8). In Ethiopia, about 321,000 under-five children die each year by malnutrition from the total of death about 57% of death primarily through the exacerbation of other major causes, such as diarrhea and pneumonia death from which can be significantly prevented by exclusive breastfeeding (9). About 40% globally,47% in Africa and 58% in Ethiopia according to Ethiopian demographic and health survey (EDHS) 2016 report infant under age 0-6-month-old is practiced exclusively breastfed (10, 11). A study conducted in southwestern Nigeria and Tanzania results show that about 79% of HIV positive mothers knowledgeable about EBF (13, 14). Across sectional study conducted in west Oromia, ambo hospital, bahiradr town, region, Mekelle and in central zone Tigray shows that HIV positive mothers who had good knowledge were 35.6%, 86.4% and 9.1%, 96.1% and 88.1% towards EBF.(15–17,7). Factors associated with knowledge of EBF among HIV positive mothers in west Oromia were, educational level, occupation, mode of delivery had statistically significant with knowledge of HIV positive mothers on EBF (p < 0.05). HIV positive mothers whose educational level were about 11.5 times more likely had knowledge about EBF than the other educational level, mothers whose occupation merchant was less likely had knowledge about EBF than mothers with another type of occupation (15). Therefore, this study was aimed at assessing knowledge and determinant factors affecting exclusives breastfeeding among mothers living with HIV/AIDS have children age 0–24 months in central zone Tigray. Methods Study setting A facility-based cross-sectional study was conducted from March to April 2019, at Central zone Tigray regional state of Ethiopia. The central zone is located 1024km north of the Ethiopian capital city of Addis Ababa, 241 Km east of the Tigray capital city Mekelle. The central zone is divided into 12 weredas and the total population was 1,245,223 from those 631,972 were females and 613, 251 were males. The total people living with HIV were 4841, The reproductive-age women who are HIV positive were 2028 and HIV positive mothers who have an infant less than or equal to 24 months were 485. There were 72 health centers (20 of them have ART service), 6 primary hospitals, 3general hospitals, and 1 referral hospital. Participants All HIV positive mothers having infants less than or equal 24 month years visit in the selected public health facility central zone were taken as the study population. All HIV positive mothers who gave birth within 24 months before the study period are included, while mothers who unable to communicate, who were not mentally competent or who had any psychiatric disorders and critically ill during data collection were excluded. Sample Size Determination By taking into consideration 88.1% of knowledge exclusive breastfeeding among HIV positive mothers (12). 95% confidence level, 5% tolerable margin of error, possible non-response rate of 5%, a total sample of 239 was taken. To check for the adequacy of the sample size, Epi info was used by considering factors associated with knowledge exclusive breastfeeding. By comparing sample size based on a single population proportion formula and Epi-info, the sample size determined by the single population proportion was greater than that of the Epi-info. Therefore the largest sample size of 239 was taken. Sampling Procedure All public health facilities in the central zone Tigray region was considered then the sample size was allocated to each health facility proportionally based on their expected number of HIV positive mothers having infants less than or equal 24 months visited all public health facilities during the preceding month before data collection. The study participant was selected by a systematic random sampling method every 2 nd HIV positive mothers having infants ageless or equal to 24month. Study Variables Dependent Variables Knowledge Exclusive Brest feeding Independent Variables Socio-demographic and Reproductive characteristics, Institutional and source of information related factor Operational Definition Good knowledge – mothers answer (Score>60% ) on the overall knowledge question( 18 ). Participants' knowledge was assessed by 13 questions in which each question had a group of 1-3 options. Those participants who answered more than8 questions correctly categorized as "Good knowledge" and those who scored less were categorized as “Poor knowledge” ( 18 ). Data collection tools and techniques Data was collected by using an interviewer-administered and structured questionnaire adapted from different similar research (15, 18 ,19) with modification according to the context of the study area. To establish face validity and translation quality the questionnaire was tested on 12 women in exclusive breastfeeding outside the study area by data collectors and supervisors during training. A few questions, language clarity and information were revised and the questionnaire was finalized for the study. The questionnaire includes socio-demographic, Reproductive history, Institutional, and source of information related factors. Data quality assurance and control Five health professional data collectors and two supervisors were recruited from the Health Center and they were given training for one day. The supervisors followed the process of data collection daily, checked the data completeness consistency and communicate with principal investigators daily. Data Processing and Analysis Data were coded, cleaned, recorded and entered Epi info 7and finally export to SPSS version 22.00 for analysis. Simple descriptive summary statistics were done. Tables, statements, charts, and graphs were used to present the result of the analyzed data. Associations between independent and dependent variables were analyzed first using bivariate logistic regression analysis. Variables that had p<0.2 on bivariate analysis were entered multivariable logistic regression analysis. After checking using chi-square test variables with small cell size were merged into related categories. Appropriate model diagnostics and goodness of fit tests were done. Multicollinearity was checked to test correlation among predictor variables and Hosmer and Lemeshow test P-value (>0.2) were conducted to see model fitness. The statistical association between the different independent variables about dependent was measured using OR, AOR, 95% CI and P-values <0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results Socio-demographic characteristics of mothers A total of 239 HIV positive mothers participated in a response rate of 100%. Out of the total participated mothers, 175(73.5%) were with an age range of 25–35 years. The majority of the participants 177(73.8%) were married (Table 1 ). Table 1 Socio-demographic characteristics of HIV positive mothers on EBF in a public health facility central zone, Tigray, Ethiopia, 2019. Variables Response Frequency percent Maternal age From 15–24 year From 25–35 year Above 35 year Total 6 175 58 239 2.5 73.5 24.2 100 Ethnicity Tigray Amhara Oromo 230 8 1 96.2 3.3 0.4 Religion Orthodox Protestant Muslim 217 2 20 90.8 0.8 8.4 Residence urban rural 205 34 85.5 14.2 Education states of mothers Illiterate Literate Total 95 144 239 39.7 60.3 100 mothers occupation Nonemployee Employed Total 119 120 239 49.8 50.2 100 marital status Married never married Divorced Widowed 177 21 34 8 73.8 8.8 14.2 3.3 husband’s educational level Illiterate Literate Total 72 116 188 30.1 48.5 78.7 husband’s occupation Nonemployee Employed Total 80 108 188 33.5 45.2 78.7 average monthly income of your family Lessthan1000birr From 1000–1500 Above1500 39 54 146 16.3 22.6 61.1 Health institutions related factors and source of information Three fourth of the respondents (75.8%) reported that they had to get information about EBF from health professionals. Among them, 97.9% of these respondents had availability of health care facilities in your area. (Table 2 ). Table 2 Health Institutions related factors and source of information on EBF among HIV positive mothers in public health facility central zone, Tigray, Ethiopia 2019. Variables Response Frequency percent heard of any those EBF Yes No 194 45 81.2 18.2 Sources of information about EBF? Health professionals Media Reading books Family/ Friend Magazines 182 28 2 3 1 75.8 11.7 0.8 1.3 0.4 type of media use Television Radio Newspaper Magazine 156 50 2 10 65 20.8 0.8 4.2 Availability of health care facility in your area Yes No 234 5 97.9 2.1 Type of health facilities in your area Health post health center hospital private clinic 19 105 116 7.9 43.8 48.3 The distance of health facilities from your home on foot. Less than 30 minute 30 minute to one hour One hour to two hour More than two hour 129 93 14 4 53.8 38.8 5.8 1.7 Cost of care influence your services yes no 31 208 13 87 Healthcare staffs have a good approach for you where you have utilized healthcare services Yes No 226 13 94.6 5.4 Reproductive characteristics of mothers The majority of the respondent's 74.4% mother's age at marriage was 18–24 years. Among them, 54.2% of mothers their child age from 6 months up to 12 months. From total respondents, about 95.8% attended ANC follow and about 76.6% were from 3–4 ANC follow up (Table 3 ). Table 3 Reproductive characteristics of HIV positive mothers on EBF in public health facility central zone, Tigray, Ethiopia 2019. Variables Response Frequency percent age at marriage From18-24 years Greater than 24 year 221 18 92.5 7.5 age at first birth From18-24 years Greater than 24 year 191 48 79.9 20.1 Age of the child in the month Less than 6 month 6–12 month Greater than 12 month 38 130 72 15.8 54.2 30 Sex of the child male female 127 113 52.9 47.1 Gravidity Primi gravida multigravida grand multigravida 141 77 21 59 32.2 8.8 Parity Primi Para multi Para grand multi Para 188 42 9 78.7 17.6 3.8 ANC service pregnancy Yes No 229 10 95.8 4.2 Numbers of ANC follow up 1–2 3–4 Above 4 32 184 23 13.4 76.6 10 given HE on BF during the ANC Yes No 214 25 89.2 10.2 Place of birth to this child HC Hospital Home 58 179 3 24.2 74.6 1.3 PNC service Yes No 192 47 80.4 19.6 Numbers of PNC One visit 2–3 visit > 3 visit 204 28 7 85.4 11.4 2.9 HE on BF during PNC HC Hospital Home 53 142 1 22.1 59.2 0.4 Knowledge of EBF among HIV positive mothers In our study majority respondents, 93.7% heard about exclusive breastfeeding, among this 92.4% knew the importance of exclusive breastfeeding for child health. About knowledge on EBF HIV positive mother, 88.2% of the respondents know HIV seropositive mother can breastfeed, 90.8% know foods or fluids recommended to under 6-month child is only breast milk and about 35.6% know times baby breastfeeding per day were from 8–10 times (Table 4 ). Table 4 Knowledge of HIV positive mothers on EBF in public health facility central zone, Tigray, Ethiopia 2019 Variables Response Frequency percent Ever heard the term EBF Yes no 224 15 93.7 6.3 infant feeding per day As needed From 8–10 Above10 Less than 8 103 85 11 40 42.9 35.6 4.8 16.9 The right time to give breast milk to the child after birth After giving some better Within one hour After one hour After 24 hours 8 205 23 3 3.3 85.6 9.8 1.3 breastfeeding important for child health Yes No 221 18 92.4 7.6 Importance of breastfeeding Prevent diarrhea Minimize cost Sterile Growth and development Increases bonding 96 18 14 89 4 40 7.5 5.8 37.1 1.7 Duration of newborns be fed breast milk only Less than 6 month 6–12 month Above 12 month 169 49 18 70.4 20.4 7.5 Age of complementary feeding be initiated At 6month Less than 6 month 6–12 month Above 12 month 137 34 95 7 57.3 14.2 39.6 2.9 Duration of breastfeeding be continued Less than 6 month 6–12 month Above 12 month 15 45 179 6.3 18.5 75.2 Foods or fluids recommended to under 6-month child Only breast milk Breast milk and /or water or sugar formula Others 217 11 10 1 90.5 4.7 4.3 0.5 pre-lacteal feeding needed for an infant before starting breast milk Yes No I do not know 14 189 36 5.8 78.8 15.4 Is BM alone is enough for an infant < 6 month of life Yes No I do not know 216 11 12 90.1 4.6 5.3 EBF for the first 6 months used to prevent diarrhea and Respiratory disease for the infant Yes No I do not know 199 7 33 82.9 2.9 14.2 HIV seropositive mother breastfeed Yes No 211 28 88.2 11.8 HIV positive mother knowledge of EBF Good Knowledge Poor Knowledge 211 28 88.4 11.6 Factors associated with knowledge of EBF among HIV + mothers In bivariate analysis, Residence, Maternal educational level, maternal occupation, types of health care facility available, age at first birth, monthly income and number of the postnatal visit had a significant association with exclusive breastfeeding knowledge among HIV positive mothers. In multivariate analysis, monthly income and age at first birth were had significantly associated with knowledge of HIV positive mothers on EBF. Respondents' monthly income from 1000–1500 birr were 5.5 times more likely to have good knowledge than participants' monthly income from greater than 1500birr (AOR: 5.57, 95% CI: 1.176–26.38). HIV positive mothers whose age at first birth 24 and above were 0.339 times less likely knew HIV positive mothers whose age at first birth were 18–24 years (AOR:.339,95%CI, .133-.863). (Table 5 ) Table 5 Factors associated knowledge of HIV positive mothers on EBF in a public health facility in the central zone, Tigray, Ethiopia 2019. Variables Knowledge COR (95%CI) AOR(95%CI) Good Poor Residence Rural Urban 27(12.9) 183(87.1 7(25) 21(75) 1 2.259(.877 -5.819) 1 2.96(.948 − 9.29) Maternal educational level illiterate literate 80(38.1) 130(61.9) 15(51.7) 14(48.7 1 1.74 (0.736–3.586) 1 1.37(.564 − 3.34) Monthly income > 1500birr 1000-1500birr <1000bir 126(60 51(24.3) 33(15.7) 19(67.9) 3(10.7) 6(21.4) 1 2.56(.72- 9.041) 0.829(.307- 2.242 1 5.57(1.176–26.38)* 1.48(.439 − 4.48) Age at first birth 18–24 24 and above 172(81.9) 38(18.1) 18(64.3) 10(35.7) 1 .398(.170-.930) 1 .339(.133-.863)* Numbers of postnatal visit 1 visit 2–3 visit Above 3 visit 180(85.2) 26(12.4) 5(2.4) 25(89.3) 1(3.6) 2(7.1) 1 3.63(.472 − 27.9) .349(.064-1.89) 1 5.2(.559 − 49.4) .312(.046-2.11) Types of health care facility available Health post Health center Hospital 14(6.7) 93(44.3) 104(49) 5(17.9) 10(35.7) 13(46.4) 1 3.32 (.98-11.15) 2.8(0.87–9.14) 1 2.77(.712 − 10.7) 1.84(.485 − 6.9) Discussions This study has documented the status of knowledge and its associated factor of EBF among HIV positive mothers attending PMTCT and ART service in selected health intuitions of the central zone, Tigray, Ethiopia. From this study, two hundred eleven (88.4%) of HIV positive mothers had good knowledge of EBF practice. This finding is higher than another study conducted in southwestern Nigeria and Tanzania in which 79% the study participant knew EBF(13,14) and from the study conducted in west Oromia and ambo hospital knowledge level of HIV positive mothers on exclusive breastfeeding shows that about 35.6% and 86.4% of the respondents(15,20). This might be due to differences in the socio-demographic characteristics of the respondent. According to this finding 170(70.8%) of respondents know the duration of newborn fed breast milk only and 128(53.3%) HIV positive mothers know starting age for complementary feeding is at six months. This study finding shows that almost similar to a study conducted in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia and Gondar Town (21,22). In this study monthly income and age at first, the birth was the major determinant factor affecting knowledge of the mothers towards EBF. This may indicate that those mothers who had a monthly income from 1000–15000 birr were 55% more likely to have good knowledge than participants' monthly income from greater than 1500birr towards EBF. This might be due to mothers who had middle income better information on the risk and benefit of exclusive breastfeeding. HIV positive mothers whose age at first birth 24 years and above were 33% times less likely knew HIV positive mothers whose age at first birth were 18–24 years. This might be due to mothers whose age at birth from18-24 were most of them had at school age secondary and higher education there is a share of information. Conclusion HIV positive mothers attending health care facilities in a central zone, Tigray region knowledge of the mothers was good but still now needs the effort to achieve the goal on EBF. HIV positive mothers with risk factor income and Age need strict follow up to increase knowledge on EBF. Declarations Ethics approval and consent to participant Ethical clearance was obtained from the Institutional Review Committee (IRC), College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Aksum. Permission letter was received from those administrative bodies of the Central Tigray Health Department and each health facility's verbal and written consent was obtained from all participants after they informed on the purpose of the study. Consent for publication Not applicable Availability of data and materials All relevant data are within the manuscript and its Supporting Information files. Computing interest The authors declare that they have no competing interests. Funding "The authors received no specific funding for this work”. Authors’ contributions HM and TG designed the study, performed the statistical analysis, drafted the paper, data analysis and read and approved the final paper. Acknowledgments We are highly indebted to all participants of the study, supervisors of data collection and data collectors for their worthy efforts and participation in this study. Authors’ details Hamelmal Mekonen (MPH-RH): Department of Reproductive Health, College of Health Sciences, Adigrat University, Adigrat, Ethiopia. Email : [email protected] Teferi Gebru Gebremeskel (MPH-RH): Department of Reproductive Health, College of Health Sciences, Aksum University, Aksum, Ethiopia. Email: [email protected] References Nutrition I. The Achievable Imperative for Global Progress New York. NY United Nations Children’s Fund: New York, NY, USA. 2013. Bland RM, Little KE, Coovadia HM, Coutsoudis A, Rollins NC, Newell M-L. Intervention to promote exclusive breastfeeding for the first 6 months of life in a high HIV prevalence area. Aids. 2008;22(7):883-91. Begum K, Dewey KG. Impact of early initiation of exclusive breastfeeding on newborn deaths. 2010. Fletcher FE, Ndebele P, Kelley MC. Infant feeding and HIV in Sub-Saharan Africa: what lies beneath the dilemma? Theoretical medicine and bioethics. 2008;29(5):307. Organization WH. WHO. Exclusive breastfeeding for six months best for babies everywhere. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2011 [cited 2016 Jul 19]. Abera K. Infant and young child feeding practices among mothers living in Harar, Ethiopia. Harar Bulletin of Health Sciences. 2012;4:66-78. Girma Y, Biruh G. Infant feeding practice and associated factors among HIV positive mothers enrolled in governmental health facilities in Mekelle town, Tigray region, North Ethiopia. Journal of HIV/AIDS and infectious disease. 2014;2(401). Lee A, Davies P, Mackerra D, Stanton R. EAT FOR HEALTH Infant Feeding Guidelines Information for health workers. Australia National Health and Medical Research Council. 2012. Atindanbila S, Mwini-Nyaledzigbor P, Abasimi E, Benneh CO, Avane MA. Attitudes and practices associated with exclusive breastfeeding (EBF) of nursing mothers in Bolgatanga Municipality. 2014. Organization WH. facts on breastfeeding. WHO. Updated August 2017. EDHS ED. Health Survey. Key indicators report. 2016. Hiwot, A.G., Silassie, K.H., Mirutse, G.M. and Alem Desta, H.A., 2014. Infant feeding practice of HIV positive mothers and its determinants in public health institutions in the central zone, Tigray Region, Northern Ethiopia. International Journal of Pharma Sciences and Research (IJPSR) . Aishat U, David D, Olufunmilayo F. Exclusive breastfeeding and HIV/AIDS: a crossectional survey of mothers attending prevention of mother-to-child transmission of HIV clinics in southwestern Nigeria. Pan African medical journal. 2015;22(1). Saka FJ. Factors influencing exclusive breastfeeding among HIV positive mothers at Ilala Municipality Dar es Salaam: the Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences; 2012. Bekere A, Garoma W, Beyene F. Exclusive Breastfeeding Knowledge of HIV Positive mothers and Associated Factors in Selected Health Institution of West Oromia, Ethiopia. Universal Journal of Food and Nutrition Science. 2014;2(3):37-44. Tesfaye G, Tufa B, Likisa J, Alebachew M, Temesgen G. Knowledge, Attitude and Practice towards PMTCT of HIV among Women Attending Ambo Hospital ANC Clinic, West Ethiopia. J AIDS Clin Res 6: 407. doi: 10.4172/2155-6113.100040 7 Page 2 of 6 Volume 6• Issue 1• 1000407 J AIDS Clin Res ISSN: 2155-6113 JAR an open-access journal delivery practices, appropriate infant feeding, Counseling, and support Sendo E, Mequanint F, Sebsibie G. Infant Feeding Practice and Associated Factors among HIV Positive Mothers Attending ART Clinic in Governmental Health Institutions of Bahir Dar Town, Amhara Regional State, Ethiopia, 2017. J AIDS Clin Res. 2018;9(755):2 Modjo KE, Amanta NW. Attitude and Practice Towards Exclusive Breast Feeding and Its Associated Factors Among HIV Positive Mothers in Southern Ethiopia. American Journal of Health Research. 2015;3(2):105. Mkenda D. Knowledge, attitude and practice of safe infant feeding options among HIV infected mothers attending prevention of mother to child transmission of HIV clinic at Mbeya referral Hospital: the Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences.; 2013. Gurmu T, Bachu T, Jimma L, Minyahil A, Gobezie T, Hunduma D. Knowledge, attitude and practice towards PMTCT of HIV among women attending Ambo Hospital ANC Clinic, West Ethiopia. Journal of AIDS and Clinical Research. 2015;6(1). Maru Y, Haidar J. Infant feeding practice of HIV positive mothers and its determinants in selected health institutions of Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Ethiopian Journal of Health Development. 2009;23(2). Ekubagewargies DT, Mekonnen HS, Siyoum TM. Assessment of Knowledge, Attitude, and Practice of HIV Positive Mothers on Antiretroviral Treatment towards Infant Feeding in Gondar Town Health Institutions, North West Ethiopia, 2017. International Journal of Pediatrics.2019. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-15540","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":377381,"identity":"a8427769-fd17-4bce-a6b5-ca709aeae4da","order_by":1,"name":"Hamelmal Mekonen Embaye","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Adigrat University","correspondingAuthor":false,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Hamelmal","middleName":"Mekonen","lastName":"Embaye","suffix":""},{"id":377382,"identity":"e560d399-2895-4dae-a03a-bffd096c9598","order_by":2,"name":"Teferi Gebru","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA/UlEQVRIiWNgGAWjYFACxgcMDAZgxHDgQwWQZGZuwKuBh4HZAKaF8eCMMyAtjMRoYQBrYT7M2wa2F78We/ZmxscVBbVy5tJnDA7wzquN5m8HavlRsQ23LTyHmQ3PGBw3tuzLMTggue147ozDjA2MPWdu49YikX9MssHgWOKGMzwGBwy3HcttAGphZmzDo0X+MftPoJZ6sJbEOcdy5xPUIsHMxthgUJNgANJysKEmdwNBLWeSmYEOO2C4s4et4GDDsQO5G4FaDuLzC3v7YcaPDX/q5M15mDd//lNTlzvv/OGDD35U4NYCBYdRGQcIqQeCOgzGKBgFo2AUjAI4AAA9q13Ao1yEVwAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8276-5685","institution":"Aksum University","correspondingAuthor":true,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Teferi","middleName":"","lastName":"Gebru","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2020-02-27 14:49:25","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-15540/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-15540/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":13491644,"identity":"2d44e23c-c976-4303-8d19-1c5e5e1a0664","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2021-09-16 22:28:26","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":290437,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-15540/v1/ac85c768-a3b9-488f-9738-a7c4f17efb82.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"","formattedTitle":"\u003cp\u003e Knowledge and associated factors on exclusive breastfeeding among HIV positive mothers who have children age 0-24 months in Central Zone, Tigray, North Ethiopia, 2019\u003c/p\u003e","fulltext":[{"header":"Background","content":" \u003cp\u003eIn the world, more than 820,000 children under the age of five and 87% under the age of 6 months could save lives by exclusive breastfeeding practice. In addition to this EBF increase healthy brain development, promotes healthy growth, prevent against life \u0026ndash;treating problems and increase performance in intelligence test among children and adolescents (1, 2). Exclusive breastfeeding by HIV \u0026ndash;positive women is a major means of HIV transmission, but mothers, not exclusive breastfeeding carries significant health risk to infant because breastfeeding is vital to the health of children, reducing the impact of many infectious diseases and preventing some chronic disease and support breastfeeding practice as the best infant feeding choice for all women in general(2).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGlobally, more than 10\u0026nbsp;million children under the age of five die each year and about 40% of under two years of deaths are associated with inappropriate breastfeeding practices, 34% of these deaths occur in South Asia and 41% in sub-Saharan Africa (3).In addition to this, breastfeeding brings about 300,000 HIV infection per year while at the same time, United Nation Children Emergency Fund(UNICEF) in the world estimated that not breastfeeding is responsible for 1.5\u0026nbsp;million children death per year and largest burden of this infection and death occur in sub-Saharan Africa (4). About two-thirds of deaths occurring worldwide during the first year of life children are often regarding appropriate feeding practice, especially due to poor exclusive breastfeeding practices (5). In the developing world including Ethiopia, every day 3000\u0026ndash;4000 infants die from diarrhea and respiratory infection associated with inadequate breastfeeding practice in combination with a high level of disease(6).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn general in developing, country lack of exclusive breastfeeding attributes 45% of neonatal infectious death,30% diarrheal death and 18 of acute respiratory death. Exclusive breastfeeding can significantly reduce the burden of under-five death in Africa especially SSA(7, 8). In Ethiopia, about 321,000 under-five children die each year by malnutrition from the total of death about 57% of death primarily through the exacerbation of other major causes, such as diarrhea and pneumonia death from which can be significantly prevented by exclusive breastfeeding (9).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAbout 40% globally,47% in Africa and 58% in Ethiopia according to Ethiopian demographic and health survey (EDHS) 2016 report infant under age 0-6-month-old is practiced exclusively breastfed (10, 11).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eA study conducted in southwestern Nigeria and Tanzania results show that about 79% of HIV positive mothers knowledgeable about EBF (13, 14). Across sectional study conducted in west Oromia, ambo hospital, bahiradr town, region, Mekelle and in central zone Tigray shows that HIV positive mothers who had good knowledge were 35.6%, 86.4% and 9.1%, 96.1% and 88.1% towards EBF.(15\u0026ndash;17,7).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFactors associated with knowledge of EBF among HIV positive mothers in west Oromia were, educational level, occupation, mode of delivery had statistically significant with knowledge of HIV positive mothers on EBF (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05). HIV positive mothers whose educational level were about 11.5 times more likely had knowledge about EBF than the other educational level, mothers whose occupation merchant was less likely had knowledge about EBF than mothers with another type of occupation (15). Therefore, this study was aimed at assessing knowledge and determinant factors affecting exclusives breastfeeding among mothers living with HIV/AIDS have children age 0\u0026ndash;24 months in central zone Tigray.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec2\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e "},{"header":"Methods","content":"\u003cp\u003eStudy setting\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eA facility-based cross-sectional study was conducted from March to April 2019, at Central zone Tigray regional state of Ethiopia. The central zone is located 1024km north of the Ethiopian capital city of Addis Ababa, 241 Km east of the Tigray capital city Mekelle. \u0026nbsp;The central zone is divided into 12 weredas and the total population was 1,245,223 from those 631,972 were females and 613, 251 were males. The total people living with HIV were 4841, The reproductive-age women who are HIV positive were 2028 and HIV positive mothers who have an infant less than or equal to 24 months were 485. There were 72 health centers (20 of them have ART service), 6 primary hospitals, 3general hospitals, and 1 referral hospital.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eParticipants\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAll HIV positive mothers having infants less than or equal 24 month years visit in the selected public health facility central zone were taken as the study population. All HIV positive mothers who gave birth within 24 months before the study period are included, while mothers who unable to communicate, who were not mentally competent or who had any psychiatric disorders and critically ill during data collection were excluded.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSample Size Determination\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eBy taking into consideration 88.1% of knowledge exclusive breastfeeding among HIV positive mothers (12). 95% confidence level, 5% tolerable margin of error, possible non-response rate of 5%, a total sample of 239 was taken. To check for the adequacy of the sample size, Epi info was used by considering factors associated with knowledge exclusive breastfeeding. By comparing sample size based on a single population proportion formula and Epi-info, the sample size determined by the single population proportion was greater than that of the Epi-info. Therefore the largest sample size of 239 was taken.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSampling Procedure\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAll public health facilities in the central zone Tigray region was considered then the sample size was allocated to each health facility proportionally based on their expected number of HIV positive mothers having infants less than or equal 24 months visited all public health facilities during the preceding month before data collection. The study participant was selected by a systematic random sampling method every 2\u003csup\u003end\u003c/sup\u003e HIV positive mothers having infants ageless or equal to 24month.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eStudy Variables\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDependent Variables\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eKnowledge Exclusive Brest feeding\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIndependent Variables\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSocio-demographic and Reproductive characteristics, Institutional and source of information related factor\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eOperational Definition\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eGood knowledge \u0026ndash; mothers answer (Score\u0026gt;60% ) on the overall knowledge question(\u003ca href=\"#_ENREF_18\"\u003e18\u003c/a\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eParticipants' knowledge was assessed by 13 questions in which each question had a group of 1-3 options. Those participants who answered more than8 questions correctly categorized as \"Good knowledge\" and those who scored less were categorized as \u0026ldquo;Poor knowledge\u0026rdquo; (\u003ca href=\"#_ENREF_18\"\u003e18\u003c/a\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eData collection tools and techniques\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eData was collected by using an interviewer-administered and structured questionnaire adapted from different similar research (15,\u003ca href=\"#_ENREF_18\"\u003e18\u003c/a\u003e,19) with modification according to the context of the study area. To establish face validity and translation quality the questionnaire was tested on 12 women in exclusive breastfeeding outside the study area by data collectors and supervisors during training. A few questions, language clarity and information were revised and the questionnaire was finalized for the study. The questionnaire includes socio-demographic, Reproductive history, Institutional, and source of information related factors.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eData quality assurance and control\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFive health professional data collectors and two supervisors were recruited from the Health Center and they were given training for one day. The supervisors followed the process of data collection daily, checked the data completeness consistency and communicate with principal investigators daily.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eData Processing and Analysis\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eData were coded, cleaned, recorded and entered Epi info 7and finally export to SPSS version 22.00 for analysis. Simple descriptive summary statistics were done. Tables, statements, charts, and graphs were used to present the result of the analyzed data. Associations between independent and dependent variables were analyzed first using bivariate logistic regression analysis. Variables that had p\u0026lt;0.2 on bivariate analysis were entered multivariable logistic regression analysis. After checking using chi-square test variables with small cell size were merged into related categories. Appropriate model diagnostics and goodness of fit tests were done. Multicollinearity was checked to test correlation among predictor variables and Hosmer and Lemeshow test P-value (\u0026gt;0.2) were conducted to see model fitness. The statistical association between the different independent variables about dependent was measured using OR, AOR, 95% CI and P-values \u0026lt;0.05 was considered statistically significant.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Results","content":" \u003cp\u003e \u003cspan type=\"Bold\" class=\"Bold\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003eSocio-demographic characteristics of mothers\u003c/span\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eA total of 239 HIV positive mothers participated in a response rate of 100%. Out of the total participated mothers, 175(73.5%) were with an age range of 25\u0026ndash;35\u0026nbsp;years. The majority of the participants 177(73.8%) were married (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eSocio-demographic characteristics of HIV positive mothers on EBF in a public health facility central zone, Tigray, Ethiopia, 2019.\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"5\"\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eVariables\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eResponse\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eFrequency\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003epercent\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eMaternal age\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eFrom 15\u0026ndash;24\u0026nbsp;year\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eFrom 25\u0026ndash;35\u0026nbsp;year\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eAbove 35\u0026nbsp;year\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eTotal\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e6\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e175\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e58\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e239\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e2.5\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e73.5\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e24.2\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e100\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eEthnicity\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eTigray\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eAmhara\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eOromo\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e230\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e8\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e96.2\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e3.3\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.4\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eReligion\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eOrthodox\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eProtestant\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eMuslim\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e217\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e2\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e20\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e90.8\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.8\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e8.4\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eResidence\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eurban\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003erural\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e205\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e34\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e85.5\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e14.2\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eEducation states of mothers\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eIlliterate\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eLiterate\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eTotal\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e95\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e144\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e239\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e39.7\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e60.3\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e100\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003emothers occupation\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eNonemployee\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eEmployed\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eTotal\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e119\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e120\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e239\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e49.8\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e50.2\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e100\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003emarital status\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eMarried\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003enever married\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eDivorced\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eWidowed\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e177\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e21\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e34\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e8\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e73.8\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e8.8\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e14.2\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e3.3\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003ehusband\u0026rsquo;s educational level\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eIlliterate\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eLiterate\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eTotal\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e72\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e116\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e188\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e30.1\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e48.5\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e78.7\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003ehusband\u0026rsquo;s occupation\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eNonemployee\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eEmployed\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eTotal\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e80\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e108\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e188\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e33.5\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e45.2\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e78.7\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eaverage monthly income of your family\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eLessthan1000birr\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eFrom 1000\u0026ndash;1500\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eAbove1500\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e39\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e54\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e146\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e16.3\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e22.6\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e61.1\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cspan type=\"Bold\" class=\"Bold\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003eHealth institutions related factors and source of information\u003c/span\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThree fourth of the respondents (75.8%) reported that they had to get information about EBF from health professionals. Among them, 97.9% of these respondents had availability of health care facilities in your area. (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab2\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 2\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eHealth Institutions related factors and source of information on EBF among HIV positive mothers in public health facility central zone, Tigray, Ethiopia 2019.\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"4\"\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eVariables\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eResponse\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eFrequency\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003epercent\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eheard of any those EBF\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eYes\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eNo\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e194\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e45\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e81.2\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e18.2\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eSources of information about EBF?\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eHealth professionals\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eMedia\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eReading books\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eFamily/ Friend\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eMagazines\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e182\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e28\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e2\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e3\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e75.8\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e11.7\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.8\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1.3\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.4\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003etype of media use\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eTelevision\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eRadio\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eNewspaper\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eMagazine\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e156\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e50\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e2\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e10\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e65\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e20.8\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.8\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e4.2\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eAvailability of health care facility in your area\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eYes\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eNo\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e234\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e5\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e97.9\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e2.1\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eType of health facilities in your area\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eHealth post\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003ehealth center\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003ehospital\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eprivate clinic\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e19\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e105\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e116\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e7.9\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e43.8\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e48.3\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eThe distance of health facilities from your home on foot.\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eLess than 30 minute\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e30 minute to one hour\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eOne hour to two hour\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eMore than two hour\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e129\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e93\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e14\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e4\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e53.8\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e38.8\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e5.8\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1.7\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eCost of care influence your services\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eyes\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eno\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e31\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e208\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e13\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e87\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eHealthcare staffs have a good approach for you where you have utilized healthcare services\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eYes\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eNo\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e226\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e13\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e94.6\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e5.4\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tfoot\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eReproductive characteristics of mothers\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe majority of the respondent's 74.4% mother's age at marriage was 18\u0026ndash;24\u0026nbsp;years. Among them, 54.2% of mothers their child age from 6\u0026nbsp;months up to 12\u0026nbsp;months. From total respondents, about 95.8% attended ANC follow and about 76.6% were from 3\u0026ndash;4 ANC follow up (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\n\n \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab3\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 3\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eReproductive characteristics of HIV positive mothers on EBF in public health facility central zone, Tigray, Ethiopia 2019.\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"4\"\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eVariables\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eResponse\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eFrequency\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003epercent\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eage at marriage\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eFrom18-24\u0026nbsp;years\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eGreater than 24 year\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e221\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e18\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e92.5\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e7.5\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eage at first birth\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eFrom18-24\u0026nbsp;years\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eGreater than 24 year\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e191\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e48\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e79.9\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e20.1\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eAge of the child in the month\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eLess than 6 month\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e6\u0026ndash;12 month\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eGreater than 12 month\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e38\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e130\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e72\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e15.8\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e54.2\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e30\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eSex of the child\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003emale\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003efemale\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e127\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e113\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e52.9\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e47.1\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eGravidity\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003ePrimi gravida\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003emultigravida\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003egrand multigravida\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e141\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e77\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e21\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e59\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e32.2\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e8.8\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eParity\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003ePrimi Para\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003emulti Para\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003egrand multi Para\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e188\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e42\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e9\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e78.7\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e17.6\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e3.8\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eANC service pregnancy\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eYes\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eNo\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e229\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e10\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e95.8\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e4.2\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eNumbers of ANC follow up\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1\u0026ndash;2\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e3\u0026ndash;4\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eAbove 4\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e32\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e184\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e23\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e13.4\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e76.6\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e10\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003egiven HE on BF during the ANC\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eYes\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eNo\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e214\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e25\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e89.2\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e10.2\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003ePlace of birth to this child\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eHC\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eHospital\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eHome\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e58\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e179\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e3\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e24.2\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e74.6\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1.3\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003ePNC service\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eYes\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eNo\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e192\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e47\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e80.4\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e19.6\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eNumbers of PNC\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eOne visit\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e2\u0026ndash;3 visit\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;3 visit\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e204\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e28\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e7\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e85.4\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e11.4\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e2.9\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eHE on BF during PNC\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eHC\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eHospital\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eHome\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e53\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e142\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e22.1\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e59.2\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.4\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/tfoot\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003eKnowledge of EBF among HIV positive mothers\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn our study majority respondents, 93.7% heard about exclusive breastfeeding, among this 92.4% knew the importance of exclusive breastfeeding for child health. About knowledge on EBF HIV positive mother, 88.2% of the respondents know HIV seropositive mother can breastfeed, 90.8% know foods or fluids recommended to under 6-month child is only breast milk and about 35.6% know times baby breastfeeding per day were from 8\u0026ndash;10 times (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e).\n\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab4\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 4\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eKnowledge of HIV positive mothers on EBF in public health facility central zone, Tigray, Ethiopia 2019\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"4\"\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eVariables\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eResponse\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eFrequency\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003epercent\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eEver heard the term EBF\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eYes\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eno\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e224\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e15\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e93.7\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e6.3\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003einfant feeding per day\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eAs needed\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eFrom 8\u0026ndash;10\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eAbove10\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eLess than 8\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e103\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e85\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e11\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e40\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e42.9\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e35.6\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e4.8\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e16.9\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eThe right time to give breast milk to the child after birth\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eAfter giving some better\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eWithin one hour\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eAfter one hour\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eAfter 24 hours\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e8\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e205\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e23\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e3\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e3.3\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e85.6\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e9.8\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1.3\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003ebreastfeeding important for child health\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eYes\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eNo\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e221\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e18\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e92.4\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e7.6\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eImportance of breastfeeding\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003ePrevent diarrhea\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eMinimize cost\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eSterile\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eGrowth and development\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eIncreases bonding\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e96\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e18\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e14\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e89\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e4\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e40\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e7.5\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e5.8\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e37.1\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1.7\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eDuration of newborns be fed breast milk only\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eLess than 6 month\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e6\u0026ndash;12 month\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eAbove 12 month\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e169\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e49\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e18\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e70.4\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e20.4\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e7.5\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eAge of complementary feeding be initiated\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eAt 6month\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eLess than 6 month\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e6\u0026ndash;12 month\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eAbove 12 month\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e137\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e34\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e95\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e7\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e57.3\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e14.2\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e39.6\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e2.9\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eDuration of breastfeeding be continued\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eLess than 6 month\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e6\u0026ndash;12 month\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eAbove 12 month\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e15\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e45\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e179\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e6.3\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e18.5\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e75.2\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eFoods or fluids recommended to under 6-month child\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eOnly breast milk\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eBreast milk and /or water or sugar\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eformula\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eOthers\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e217\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e11\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e10\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e90.5\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e4.7\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e4.3\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.5\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003epre-lacteal feeding needed for an infant before starting breast milk\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eYes\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eNo\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eI do not know\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e14\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e189\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e36\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e5.8\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e78.8\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e15.4\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eIs BM alone is enough for an infant\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;6 month of life\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eYes\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eNo\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eI do not know\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e216\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e11\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e12\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e90.1\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e4.6\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e5.3\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eEBF for the first 6 months used to prevent diarrhea and Respiratory disease for the infant\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eYes\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eNo\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eI do not know\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e199\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e7\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e33\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e82.9\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e2.9\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e14.2\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eHIV seropositive mother breastfeed\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eYes\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eNo\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e211\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e28\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e88.2\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e11.8\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eHIV positive mother knowledge of EBF\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eGood Knowledge\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003ePoor Knowledge\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e211\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e28\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e88.4\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e11.6\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tfoot\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003eFactors associated with knowledge of EBF among HIV\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;mothers\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn bivariate analysis, Residence, Maternal educational level, maternal occupation, types of health care facility available, age at first birth, monthly income and number of the postnatal visit had a significant association with exclusive breastfeeding knowledge among HIV positive mothers. In multivariate analysis, monthly income and age at first birth were had significantly associated with knowledge of HIV positive mothers on EBF. Respondents' monthly income from 1000\u0026ndash;1500 birr were 5.5 times more likely to have good knowledge than participants' monthly income from greater than 1500birr (AOR: 5.57, 95% CI: 1.176\u0026ndash;26.38). HIV positive mothers whose age at first birth 24 and above were 0.339 times less likely knew HIV positive mothers whose age at first birth were 18\u0026ndash;24\u0026nbsp;years (AOR:.339,95%CI, .133-.863). (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\n\n \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab5\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 5\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eFactors associated knowledge of HIV positive mothers on EBF in a public health facility in the central zone, Tigray, Ethiopia 2019.\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"6\"\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eVariables\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eKnowledge\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eCOR (95%CI)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eAOR(95%CI)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eGood\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003ePoor\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eResidence\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eRural\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eUrban\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e27(12.9)\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e183(87.1\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e7(25)\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e21(75)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e2.259(.877 -5.819)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e2.96(.948\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;9.29)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eMaternal educational level\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eilliterate\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eliterate\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e80(38.1)\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e130(61.9)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e15(51.7)\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e14(48.7\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1.74 (0.736\u0026ndash;3.586)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1.37(.564\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;3.34)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eMonthly income\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;1500birr\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1000-1500birr\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e\u0026lt;1000bir\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e126(60\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e51(24.3)\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e33(15.7)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e19(67.9)\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e3(10.7)\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e6(21.4)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e2.56(.72- 9.041)\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e0.829(.307- 2.242\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e5.57(1.176\u0026ndash;26.38)*\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1.48(.439\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;4.48)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eAge at first birth\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e18\u0026ndash;24\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e24 and above\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e172(81.9)\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e38(18.1)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e18(64.3)\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e10(35.7)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e.398(.170-.930)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e.339(.133-.863)*\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eNumbers of postnatal visit\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1 visit\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e2\u0026ndash;3 visit\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eAbove 3 visit\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e180(85.2)\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e26(12.4)\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e5(2.4)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e25(89.3)\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1(3.6)\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e2(7.1)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e3.63(.472\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;27.9)\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e.349(.064-1.89)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e5.2(.559\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;49.4)\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e.312(.046-2.11)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eTypes of health care facility available\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eHealth post\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eHealth center\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eHospital\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e14(6.7)\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e93(44.3)\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e104(49)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e5(17.9)\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e10(35.7)\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e13(46.4)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e3.32 (.98-11.15)\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e2.8(0.87\u0026ndash;9.14)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e2.77(.712\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;10.7)\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e1.84(.485\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;6.9)\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e "},{"header":"Discussions","content":" \u003cp\u003eThis study has documented the status of knowledge and its associated factor of EBF among HIV positive mothers attending PMTCT and ART service in selected health intuitions of the central zone, Tigray, Ethiopia.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFrom this study, two hundred eleven (88.4%) of HIV positive mothers had good knowledge of EBF practice. This finding is higher than another study conducted in southwestern Nigeria and Tanzania in which 79% the study participant knew EBF(13,14) and from the study conducted in west Oromia and ambo hospital knowledge level of HIV positive mothers on exclusive breastfeeding shows that about 35.6% and 86.4% of the respondents(15,20). This might be due to differences in the socio-demographic characteristics of the respondent. According to this finding 170(70.8%) of respondents know the duration of newborn fed breast milk only and 128(53.3%) HIV positive mothers know starting age for complementary feeding is at six months. This study finding shows that almost similar to a study conducted in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia and Gondar Town (21,22). In this study monthly income and age at first, the birth was the major determinant factor affecting knowledge of the mothers towards EBF. This may indicate that those mothers who had a monthly income from 1000\u0026ndash;15000 birr were 55% more likely to have good knowledge than participants' monthly income from greater than 1500birr towards EBF. This might be due to mothers who had middle income better information on the risk and benefit of exclusive breastfeeding. HIV positive mothers whose age at first birth 24\u0026nbsp;years and above were 33% times less likely knew HIV positive mothers whose age at first birth were 18\u0026ndash;24\u0026nbsp;years. This might be due to mothers whose age at birth from18-24 were most of them had at school age secondary and higher education there is a share of information.\u003c/p\u003e "},{"header":"Conclusion","content":" \u003cp\u003eHIV positive mothers attending health care facilities in a central zone, Tigray region knowledge of the mothers was good but still now needs the effort to achieve the goal on EBF. HIV positive mothers with risk factor income and Age need strict follow up to increase knowledge on EBF.\u003c/p\u003e "},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEthics approval and consent to participant\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eEthical clearance was obtained from the Institutional Review Committee (IRC), College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Aksum. Permission letter was received from those administrative bodies of the Central Tigray Health Department and each health facility's verbal and written consent was obtained from all participants after they informed on the purpose of the study.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConsent for publication\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNot applicable\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAvailability of data and materials\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAll relevant data are within the manuscript and its Supporting Information files.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eComputing interest\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors declare that they have no competing interests.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFunding\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\"The authors received no specific funding for this work\u0026rdquo;.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthors\u0026rsquo; contributions\u0026nbsp; \u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eHM and TG designed the study, performed the statistical analysis, drafted the paper, data analysis and read and approved the final paper.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAcknowledgments\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWe are highly indebted to all participants of the study, supervisors of data collection and data collectors for their worthy efforts and participation in this study.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthors\u0026rsquo; details\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eHamelmal \u0026nbsp;Mekonen (MPH-RH): \u003c/strong\u003eDepartment of Reproductive Health, College of Health Sciences, Adigrat University, Adigrat, Ethiopia. Email\u003cu\u003e:\u003c/u\u003e \u003cu\[email protected]\u003c/u\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTeferi Gebru Gebremeskel (MPH-RH): \u003c/strong\u003eDepartment of Reproductive Health, College of Health Sciences, Aksum University, Aksum, Ethiopia. Email: \u003ca href=\"mailto:[email protected]\"\[email protected]\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eNutrition I. The Achievable Imperative for Global Progress New York. NY United Nations Children\u0026rsquo;s Fund: New York, NY, USA. 2013.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eBland RM, Little KE, Coovadia HM, Coutsoudis A, Rollins NC, Newell M-L. Intervention to promote exclusive breastfeeding for the first 6 months of life in a high HIV prevalence area. Aids. 2008;22(7):883-91.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eBegum K, Dewey KG. Impact of early initiation of exclusive breastfeeding on newborn deaths. 2010.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eFletcher FE, Ndebele P, Kelley MC. Infant feeding and HIV in Sub-Saharan Africa: what lies beneath the dilemma? Theoretical medicine and bioethics. 2008;29(5):307.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eOrganization WH. WHO. Exclusive breastfeeding for six months best for babies everywhere. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2011 [cited 2016 Jul 19].\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAbera K. Infant and young child feeding practices among mothers living in Harar, Ethiopia. Harar Bulletin of Health Sciences. 2012;4:66-78.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eGirma Y, Biruh G. Infant feeding practice and associated factors among HIV positive mothers enrolled in governmental health facilities in Mekelle town, Tigray region, North Ethiopia. Journal of HIV/AIDS and infectious disease. 2014;2(401).\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eLee A, Davies P, Mackerra D, Stanton R. EAT FOR HEALTH Infant Feeding Guidelines Information for health workers. Australia National Health and Medical Research Council. 2012.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAtindanbila S, Mwini-Nyaledzigbor P, Abasimi E, Benneh CO, Avane MA. Attitudes and practices associated with exclusive breastfeeding (EBF) of nursing mothers in Bolgatanga Municipality. 2014.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eOrganization WH. facts on breastfeeding. WHO. Updated August 2017.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eEDHS ED. Health Survey. Key indicators report. 2016.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eHiwot, A.G., Silassie, K.H., Mirutse, G.M. and Alem Desta, H.A., 2014. Infant feeding practice of HIV positive mothers and its determinants in public health institutions in the central zone, Tigray Region, Northern Ethiopia.\u0026nbsp;\u003cem\u003eInternational Journal of Pharma Sciences and Research (IJPSR)\u003c/em\u003e.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAishat U, David D, Olufunmilayo F. Exclusive breastfeeding and HIV/AIDS: a crossectional survey of mothers attending prevention of mother-to-child transmission of HIV clinics in southwestern Nigeria. Pan African medical journal. 2015;22(1).\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSaka FJ. Factors influencing exclusive breastfeeding among HIV positive mothers at Ilala Municipality Dar es Salaam: the Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences; 2012.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eBekere A, Garoma W, Beyene F. Exclusive Breastfeeding Knowledge of HIV Positive mothers and Associated Factors in Selected Health Institution of West Oromia, Ethiopia. Universal Journal of Food and Nutrition Science. 2014;2(3):37-44.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eTesfaye G, Tufa B, Likisa J, Alebachew M, Temesgen G. Knowledge, Attitude and Practice towards PMTCT of HIV among Women Attending Ambo Hospital ANC Clinic, West Ethiopia. J AIDS Clin Res 6: 407. doi: 10.4172/2155-6113.100040 7 Page 2 of 6 Volume 6\u0026bull; Issue 1\u0026bull; 1000407 J AIDS Clin Res ISSN: 2155-6113 JAR an open-access journal delivery practices, appropriate infant feeding, Counseling, and support\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSendo E, Mequanint F, Sebsibie G. Infant Feeding Practice and Associated Factors among HIV Positive Mothers Attending ART Clinic in Governmental Health Institutions of Bahir Dar Town, Amhara Regional State, Ethiopia, 2017. J AIDS Clin Res. 2018;9(755):2\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eModjo KE, Amanta NW. Attitude and Practice Towards Exclusive Breast Feeding and Its Associated Factors Among HIV Positive Mothers in Southern Ethiopia. American Journal of Health Research. 2015;3(2):105.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMkenda D. Knowledge, attitude and practice of safe infant feeding options among HIV infected mothers attending prevention of mother to child transmission of HIV clinic at Mbeya referral Hospital: the Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences.; 2013.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eGurmu T, Bachu T, Jimma L, Minyahil A, Gobezie T, Hunduma D. Knowledge, attitude and practice towards PMTCT of HIV among women attending Ambo Hospital ANC Clinic, West Ethiopia. Journal of AIDS and Clinical Research. 2015;6(1).\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMaru Y, Haidar J. Infant feeding practice of HIV positive mothers and its determinants in selected health institutions of Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Ethiopian Journal of Health Development. 2009;23(2).\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eEkubagewargies DT, Mekonnen HS, Siyoum TM. Assessment of Knowledge, Attitude, and Practice of HIV Positive Mothers on Antiretroviral Treatment towards Infant Feeding in Gondar Town Health Institutions, North West Ethiopia, 2017. International Journal of Pediatrics.2019.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Knowledge, Exclusive breastfeeding, HIV positive Mothers","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-15540/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-15540/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eBackground: Although breastfeeding is widely practiced in many African countries, studies have shown that lack of knowledge, pressure, and cultural beliefs play a significant role in the success of exclusive breastfeeding for six months. Therefore, this study was aimed to assess knowledge and determinant factors affecting exclusives breastfeeding among mothers living with HIV/AIDS have children age 0-24 months in central zone Tigray.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e Methods: A Facility-based Cross-Sectional study was carried out on April 23 to May 10, 2017. A systemic random sampling method was used to select study participants. Information was collected using a structured, pre-tested questionnaire. The data were entered into Epi info 7 and imported to SPSS version 22. Summary statistics and logistic regression analysis were performed using SPSS version 22. Those variables having a P-value of less than 0.2 in the bivariable analysis were fitted in multivariable analysis.AOR with 95% CI and P-value\u0026lt;0.05 were used during multivariable analysis to identify the factors associated with the knowledge of exclusive breastfeeding. \u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eResult: In this study, the overall knowledge of exclusive breastfeeding was 88.4%. Monthly income (AOR: 5.57, 95% CI: (1.176-26.38)) and age at first birth (AOR: 0.339, 95% CI, (0.133-0.863) were significantly associated with knowledge of HIV positive mothers towards exclusive breastfeeding. \u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eConclusion: HIV positive mothers attending health care facilities in the central zone, Tigray region knowledge of the mothers was good but still now needs the effort to achieve the goal of exclusives breastfeeding. HIV positive mothers with risk factor income and Age need strict follow up to increase knowledge on exclusives breastfeeding.\u0026nbsp;Keywords: Knowledge, Exclusive breastfeeding, HIV positive Mothers.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Knowledge and associated factors on exclusive breastfeeding among HIV positive mothers who have children age 0-24 months in Central Zone, Tigray, North Ethiopia, 2019","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2020-03-02 16:36:39","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-15540/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":1}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"3a4ab53b-c1a4-40c4-acec-8df002995889","owner":[],"postedDate":"March 2nd, 2020","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[{"id":64284,"name":"Sexual \u0026 Reproductive Medicine"}],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2020-03-02 16:36:39","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-15540","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-15540","identity":"rs-15540","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"WrCJVZZCHTDjtuVLN7oU0","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}