The effect of partial region regeneration on regeneration and particulate emission characteristics of diesel particulate filters

The effect of partial region regeneration on regeneration and particulate emission characteristics of diesel particulate filters | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Article The effect of partial region regeneration on regeneration and particulate emission characteristics of diesel particulate filters Zilong Chen, Jia Fang, Zinong Zuo, Wei Tian, Yan Yan This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-4532404/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract This paper discusses the influence of partial region regeneration on both regeneration and emission performance by regeneration test bench. DPF substrate is divided into following four regions on the radial direction by the distribution of thermocouples. For the single region regeneration, region 2 has the highest maximum temperature, maximum temperature gradient, average diameter. The regeneration efficiency decreases when the loading area is far away from the center. The maximum total mass concentration is 0.36mg/m 3 at region 4 due to the mass of carbon black loading. For double regions regeneration, the center and adjacent regions have positive effect on maximum temperature, maximum temperature gradient, regeneration efficiency and regeneration performance ration. The maximum total mass concentration and maximum average diameter are 0.2mg/m 3 and 34nm at regions 14. For multiple regions regeneration, the lowest maximum temperature and the maximum temperature gradient are 565℃ and 8.3℃/m at regions 134, respectively. Regions 123 have maximum regeneration efficiency, performance ratio, total mass concentration and average diameter. The maximum and minimum average diameters are 101.8nm and 30.2nm at regions 123 and regions 134, respectively. diesel particulate filter partial region regeneration regeneration characteristics particulate emission Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 Figure 5 Figure 6 1. Introduction The diesel engines have many advantages for medium-to-heavy ground vehicles such as high thermal efficiency [ 1 – 5 ] . However, the particulate matter (PM) emission from diesel engine has been a huge problem to the environment [ 6 – 10 ] . The PM includes carbon, ash, organic compounds, and sulfate materials [ 11 , 12 ] . The diesel particulate filter (DPF) is used as the mainstream aftertreatment methods for diesel vehicles [ 13 – 15 ] . The accumulation of PM leads to the increases of pressure drop, and decreases the performance of the engine. The active [ 16 – 18 ] and passive regeneration [ 6 , 19 – 21 ] are two commonly strategies for DPF regeneration. The regeneration and emission performance of DPF has been studied by many research groups. Fang et al. report that it is benefit to emit large diameter particles when the regeneration temperature is higher than 525℃ [ 11 ] . Meanwhile, increasing the flow rate has negative effect for the maximum temperature, maximum temperature gradient, and regeneration performance ratio. Zhang et al. find out that more than 97.9% of the PN and 95.4% of the PM are reduced by the CDPF, and the reduction efficiency is enhanced by the catalyst loading [ 22 ] . Meng et al. conclude that the morphology of soot particles transforms form an initial state of aggregation to a chain-like structure as the engine exhaust passes through the aftertreatment system [ 23 ] . Meng et al. study the particle emission characteristics during passive regeneration and conclude that the particles discharged form the engine exhibited a bimodal characteristic of the particle concentration versus particle size profile as 300℃ and 350℃. A single peak characteristic as the temperature as the temperature increases to 400℃ and 450℃ [ 24 ] . Duan et al. compare the peak regeneration temperature of ash-loaded DPFs moving forward to the fresh DPF and conclude that the peak regeneration temperature of Mg-based DPF reaches 694℃ and moving forward to the axial position of 71.5nm [ 25 ] . Wang et al. study the effect of hydrothermal aging to regeneration in CeO 2 -based CDPF. They conclude that soot oxidation rate of fresh catalyst first increases rapidly at 516K and then starts to slow down gradually at 633K, but for hydrothermal aging catalysts are 601K and 789K, respectively [ 26 ] . Lao et al. built a population balance model to describe an experimentally study DPF undergoing active regeneration. The introduction of the extended unit collector description enabled the model to describe both the timing of particle breakthrough and the final steady filtration efficiency of the hot regenerated DPF [ 27 ] . The results of partial regions’ effect on regeneration and emission performance can be used to optimization of the diesel exhaust after-treatment requires the detailed information. In this study, the regeneration test bench is applied to investigate the effect of (1) the single region, (2) double regions, and (3) multiple regions on both regeneration and emission characteristics. Description of Experiments 1.1 Experiment Material The DPF is purchased locally, which material is cordierite. Carbon black is supplied by Evonik Industries AG, which has been used as a surrogate for diesel soot [ 11 , 19 ] . Table 1 lists the physical properties of DPF substrate and Table 2 has the physical properties of carbon black. Table 1 Physical properties of full size DPF substrate Diameter(mm) Length(mm) Channel Density(cpsi) Channel size(mm) Filter wall thickness(mm) Pore Diameter(µm) Porosity(%) 144 152 100 2 0.35 7.6 27.9 Table 2 Physical properties of carbon black Diameter(nm) BET(m 2 .g − 1 ) Volatile(%) Oil Absorption(g.(100g) −1 ) Ash content(%) 25 92 5 460 0.02 1.2 Experiment method Figure 1 is the schematic of DPF regeneration testing bench, including air compressor, air dryer, mass flowmeter, electrical heater (LE 10000 DF HT, LEISTER), pressure transducer, and DPF. The air compressor is used to supply the air and air dryer is used to remove the water in the air. The pressure transducer is used to measure the pressure difference. Figure 2 is the schematic of thermocouples inside DPF. The electrical heater is used to heat the air to the desired temperature. The total mass concentration of the emitted particles and the average diameters are measured directly by Nanomet3. In all the experiments, the regeneration temperature, the flow rate and the regeneration time is 550℃, 5g/L, and 1000s, respectively. Based on the distribution of thermocouples, DPF substrate is divided into following four regions on the radial direction. The locations of regions 1, 2, 3, and 4 are φ 0-35mm, φ 35-72mm, φ 72-95mm, φ 95-120mm, respectively. When region 1 is loaded, regions 2, 3, 4 are sealed by tapes and the mass of carbon black loading is directly proportional by the area of the region. The different regions of DPF substrate are shown in Fig. 3 . For the single region tests, the regeneration and emission characteristics for regions 1, 2, 3, and 4 are tested, respectively. For the double regions tests, the regeneration and emission characteristics for regions 12, 13, 14, 23, 24 and 34 are tested, respectively. For the multiple regions tests, the regeneration and emission characteristics for regions 123, 124, 134, and 234 are tested, respectively. 1.3 Data analysis T max signifies the maximum temperature and ( dT/dx ) max denotes maximum temperature gradient inside DPF. The regeneration efficiency η is calculated by following equation, 1 where M 0 is the mass of DPF before loading, M 1 is the mass of DPF before regeneration and M 2 is the mass of DPF after regeneration. The regeneration performance ratio ε is calculated by where Q in is the total energy from the electrical heater and c p is the specific heat capacity. The q m is the mass flow rate of air, and t is the regeneration time. T 1 is the regeneration temperature of DPF and T 0 is the initial temperature of the incoming flow. 2. Results and discussion 2.1 Effect of single region on regeneration process Figure 4 (a) shows the maximum temperature and maximum temperature gradient performances of DPF with single region regeneration. Compared to regions 1, 3, and 4, region 2 has the highest maximum temperature about 593.3℃, which is below the safe maximum temperature of DPF substruate about 900℃. One reason for this phenomenon is that region 2 is close to the center of DPF substrate, which region has less cooling effect compared to the perimeter region. Meanwhile, the area of region 2 is 3 times about region 1, which indicates that more carbon black is burned in region 2 than region 1. The trend for the change of the maximum temperature gradient is very similar to the change of the maximum temperature. Compared to other single region regeneration, the highest maximum temperature gradient is 14.1℃/m at region 2. Figure 4 (b) shows the regeneration efficiency and performance ratio of DPF with single region regeneration. The highest and lowest regeneration efficiencies are about 87.5% and 60.0% at region 1 and region 4, respectively. The regeneration efficiency decreases when the loaded region far away from the center of DPF. The region close to the center has less cooling effect compared to the to the perimeter area, which indicates that the heat is easier to accumulate in the center region. The regeneration performance ratios at region 1, 2, and 3, are similar about 6.3*10 − 8 1/J, which are higher than that of region 4. The total mass concentration and average diameter results with single region regeneration are shown in Fig. 4 (c). The maximum and minimum total mass concentrations are 0.36mg/m 3 and 0.02mg/m 3 at region 4 and region 3, respectively. The total mass concentrations at regions 2 and 4 are higher than those of regions 1 and 3, because region 2 has highest maximum temperature and region 4 has maximum carbon black loading. Higher maximum temperature and more carbon black loading are able to create more particulate matter emissions. The average diameters are fluctuated around 13.7nm at regions 1, 3, 4, and the average diameter is 28.7nm at region 2. Region 2 has the highest maximum temperature gradient which indicates that the carbon black particles are burned rapidly and the particle layer destroyed so that the larger particles are able to escape through the particle layer in this region. 2.2 Effect of double regions on regeneration process Figure 5 (a) shows the comparison of maximum temperature and maximum temperature gradient for double regions regeneration. The maximum temperatures are around 663.5℃ at regions 23, which are below the safe maximum temperature of DPF substruate [8]. Compared with perimeter regions, center regions has less cooling effect, such as region 12, which is beneficial to obtain high maximum temperature. The maximum temperature for two adjacent regions is higher than those of two separated regions because of cooling effect as well. Compared to other double regions regeneration, the maximum temperature gradient is 14.8℃/m at regions 23. Figure 5 (b) shows the regeneration efficiency and performance ratio of DPF with double regions regeneration. The highest regeneration efficiencies are fluctuated around about 78.3% at regions 12, 13 and 23, meanwhile the lowest regeneration efficiency is 54.7% at regions 34. The center and adjacent regions are benefit to accumulate heat and increase regeneration efficiency compared to the perimeter and separated regions. The trend for the change of the regeneration performance ratio is very similar to the change of the regeneration efficiency. The lowest performance ratio is 4.2*10 − 8 1/J at regions 34. Figure 5 (c) shows the total mass concentration and average diameter results with double regions regeneration. The maximum and minimum total mass concentrations are 0.25mg/m 3 and 0.03mg/m 3 at regions 14 and region 12, respectively. The maximum average diameter is 34.7nm at regions 14. 2.3 Effect of multiple regions on regeneration process Figure 6 (a) shows the comparison of maximum temperature and temperature gradient under multiple regions regeneration. The highest maximum temperatures are fluctuated around 601.3℃ at regions 123, 124, and 234. The lowest maximum temperature is 565℃ at regions 134. Meanwhile, the maximum temperature gradient for region 134 is 8.3℃/m, which is the lowest one compared to other multiple regions. This result is consistent with the single region regeneration result, which indicates region 2 is important to achieve higher maximum temperature and maximum temperature gradient. Figure 6 (b) shows the comparison of regeneration efficiency and regeneration performance ratio for multiple regions regeneration. The highest regeneration efficiency is 73.2% at regions 123 and the lowest regeneration efficiencies are is fluctuated around 57.6% at regions 124, 134 and 234. This result is consistent with double regions result, which indicates that the center and adjacent regions are beneficial to accumulate heat and increase regeneration efficiency. The trend for the change of the regeneration performance ratio is similar to the change of the regeneration efficiency. The highest performance ratio is 5.9*10 − 8 1/J at regions 123. The total mass concentration and average emitted particle diameter results with multiple regions regeneration are show in Fig. 6 (c). The maximum total mass concentrations are around 0.68mg/m 3 at regions 123 and 234. Regions 123 has maximum regeneration efficiency and regions 234 has maximum carbon black loading, which lead to create more particulate matter emissions. The maximum and minimum average diameters are 101.8nm and 30.2nm at regions 123 and 134, respectively. Regions 123 has the highest maximum temperature gradient which indicates that the carbon black particles are burned rapidly and the particle layer destroyed so that the larger particles are able to escape through the particle layer in these regions. 3. Conclusions A few results can be concluded by above experiments: (1) For single region regeneration, the highest maximum temperature, maximum temperature gradient and average diameter are appeared at region 2. The regeneration efficiency decreased when the deposited region far away from the center of DPF. The maximum total mass concentrations are appeared at regions 2 and 4. (2) For double regions regeneration, the center and adjacent regions has positive effect on maximum temperature, maximum temperature gradient, regeneration efficiency and regeneration performance ration. The maximum total mass concentration and maximum average diameter are 0.2mg/m 3 and 34nm at regions 14. (3) For multiple regions regeneration, the lowest maximum temperature and maximum temperature gradient are 565℃ and 8.3℃/m at regions 134. The maximum regeneration efficiency regeneration performance ratio, total mass concentration and average diameter are appeared at regions 123. The practical impact of this work is to extend the knowledge on the partial regeneration effect on both regeneration and emission characteristics, which is beneficial on regeneration strategy. In future, more efforts will be devoted on the CDPF regeneration with different catalytic conditions and different gas atmosphere. Declarations Author’ Contribution Zilong Chen: Conceptualization, Writing-original draft. Jia Fang: Methodology, Writing-original draft. Zinong Zuo: Formal analysis. Yan Yan: Resources. Wei Tian: Methodology. Author Disclosure statement No competing financial interests exist. Data availability The datasets used and/or analyzed during the current study available from the corresponding author on reasonable request. Funding statement This work has been supported by (1) Science & Technology Department of Sichuan Province (2023YFG0202). (2) Foundation of Key Laboratory of Power Machinery and Engineering, Ministry of Education, P.R. China (202202). (3) Chunhui Plan of the Ministry of Education (HZKY20220569, HZKY20220586); (4) Science and Technology Foundation of National Key Laboratory on Aero-Engine Aero-thermodynamics (No. 2022-JCJQ-LB-062-0102). References Shi Y, Yang Y, He Y, Cai Y, Xie J, Chen X, et al. Effect of reaction temperature on the degradation and oxidation behavior of particulate matter by nonthermal plasma. Fuel 2024;359:130312. https://10.1016/j.fuel.2023.130312. Huang J, Wang S, Wang X, Gao J, Wang Y, Tian G. Study on the differences between non-catalytic and catalytic oxidation of soot based on catalyst CeO2. 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Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe diesel engines have many advantages for medium-to-heavy ground vehicles such as high thermal efficiency\u003csup\u003e[\u003cspan\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/sup\u003e. However, the particulate matter (PM) emission from diesel engine has been a huge problem to the environment\u003csup\u003e[\u003cspan\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/sup\u003e. The PM includes carbon, ash, organic compounds, and sulfate materials\u003csup\u003e[\u003cspan\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/sup\u003e. The diesel particulate filter (DPF) is used as the mainstream aftertreatment methods for diesel vehicles\u003csup\u003e[\u003cspan\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/sup\u003e. The accumulation of PM leads to the increases of pressure drop, and decreases the performance of the engine. The active\u003csup\u003e[\u003cspan\u003e16\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan\u003e18\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/sup\u003e and passive regeneration\u003csup\u003e[\u003cspan\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan\u003e19\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan\u003e21\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/sup\u003e are two commonly strategies for DPF regeneration.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe regeneration and emission performance of DPF has been studied by many research groups. Fang et al. report that it is benefit to emit large diameter particles when the regeneration temperature is higher than 525℃\u003csup\u003e[\u003cspan\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/sup\u003e. Meanwhile, increasing the flow rate has negative effect for the maximum temperature, maximum temperature gradient, and regeneration performance ratio. Zhang et al. find out that more than 97.9% of the PN and 95.4% of the PM are reduced by the CDPF, and the reduction efficiency is enhanced by the catalyst loading\u003csup\u003e[\u003cspan\u003e22\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/sup\u003e. Meng et al. conclude that the morphology of soot particles transforms form an initial state of aggregation to a chain-like structure as the engine exhaust passes through the aftertreatment system\u003csup\u003e[\u003cspan\u003e23\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/sup\u003e. Meng et al. study the particle emission characteristics during passive regeneration and conclude that the particles discharged form the engine exhibited a bimodal characteristic of the particle concentration versus particle size profile as 300℃ and 350℃. A single peak characteristic as the temperature as the temperature increases to 400℃ and 450℃\u003csup\u003e[\u003cspan\u003e24\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/sup\u003e. Duan et al. compare the peak regeneration temperature of ash-loaded DPFs moving forward to the fresh DPF and conclude that the peak regeneration temperature of Mg-based DPF reaches 694℃ and moving forward to the axial position of 71.5nm\u003csup\u003e[\u003cspan\u003e25\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/sup\u003e. Wang et al. study the effect of hydrothermal aging to regeneration in CeO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e-based CDPF. They conclude that soot oxidation rate of fresh catalyst first increases rapidly at 516K and then starts to slow down gradually at 633K, but for hydrothermal aging catalysts are 601K and 789K, respectively\u003csup\u003e[\u003cspan\u003e26\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/sup\u003e. Lao et al. built a population balance model to describe an experimentally study DPF undergoing active regeneration. The introduction of the extended unit collector description enabled the model to describe both the timing of particle breakthrough and the final steady filtration efficiency of the hot regenerated DPF\u003csup\u003e[\u003cspan\u003e27\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/sup\u003e. The results of partial regions\u0026rsquo; effect on regeneration and emission performance can be used to optimization of the diesel exhaust after-treatment requires the detailed information.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn this study, the regeneration test bench is applied to investigate the effect of (1) the single region, (2) double regions, and (3) multiple regions on both regeneration and emission characteristics.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDescription of Experiments\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec2\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003e1.1 Experiment Material\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe DPF is purchased locally, which material is cordierite. Carbon black is supplied by Evonik Industries AG, which has been used as a surrogate for diesel soot\u003csup\u003e[\u003cspan\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan\u003e19\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/sup\u003e. Table \u003cspan\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e lists the physical properties of DPF substrate and Table \u003cspan\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e has the physical properties of carbon black.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cdiv\u003e\n \u003ctable id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e\n \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePhysical properties of full size DPF substrate\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/caption\u003e\n \u003ccolgroup cols=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\n \u003cthead\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDiameter(mm)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLength(mm)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eChannel\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDensity(cpsi)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eChannel size(mm)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFilter wall thickness(mm)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePore Diameter(\u0026micro;m)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePorosity(%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/thead\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e144\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e152\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e100\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.35\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e27.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv\u003e\n \u003ctable id=\"Tab2\" border=\"1\"\u003e\n \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv\u003eTable 2\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePhysical properties of carbon black\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/caption\u003e\n \u003ccolgroup cols=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\n \u003cthead\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDiameter(nm)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBET(m\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e.g\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eVolatile(%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOil Absorption(g.(100g)\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;1\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAsh content(%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/thead\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e92\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e460\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.02\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec3\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003e1.2 Experiment method\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFigure \u003cspan\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e is the schematic of DPF regeneration testing bench, including air compressor, air dryer, mass flowmeter, electrical heater (LE 10000 DF HT, LEISTER), pressure transducer, and DPF. The air compressor is used to supply the air and air dryer is used to remove the water in the air. The pressure transducer is used to measure the pressure difference. Figure \u003cspan\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e is the schematic of thermocouples inside DPF. The electrical heater is used to heat the air to the desired temperature. The total mass concentration of the emitted particles and the average diameters are measured directly by Nanomet3. In all the experiments, the regeneration temperature, the flow rate and the regeneration time is 550℃, 5g/L, and 1000s, respectively.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBased on the distribution of thermocouples, DPF substrate is divided into following four regions on the radial direction. The locations of regions 1, 2, 3, and 4 are \u003cem\u003e\u0026phi;\u003c/em\u003e 0-35mm, \u003cem\u003e\u0026phi;\u003c/em\u003e 35-72mm,\u003cem\u003e\u0026phi;\u003c/em\u003e 72-95mm,\u003cem\u003e\u0026phi;\u003c/em\u003e 95-120mm, respectively. When region 1 is loaded, regions 2, 3, 4 are sealed by tapes and the mass of carbon black loading is directly proportional by the area of the region. The different regions of DPF substrate are shown in Fig. \u003cspan\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e. For the single region tests, the regeneration and emission characteristics for regions 1, 2, 3, and 4 are tested, respectively. For the double regions tests, the regeneration and emission characteristics for regions 12, 13, 14, 23, 24 and 34 are tested, respectively. For the multiple regions tests, the regeneration and emission characteristics for regions 123, 124, 134, and 234 are tested, respectively.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec4\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003e1.3 Data analysis\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eT\u003c/em\u003e \u003csub\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003cem\u003emax\u003c/em\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/sub\u003e signifies the maximum temperature and (\u003cem\u003edT/dx\u003c/em\u003e)\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003emax\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e denotes maximum temperature gradient inside DPF.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe regeneration efficiency \u003cem\u003e\u0026eta;\u003c/em\u003e is calculated by following equation,\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cdiv id=\"Equ1\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https://myfiles.space/user_files/122228_c8a1650c59388082/122228_custom_files/img1719320708.png\"\u003e1\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ewhere \u003cem\u003eM\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003e0\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e is the mass of DPF before loading, \u003cem\u003eM\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003e1\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e is the mass of DPF before regeneration and \u003cem\u003eM\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003e2\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e is the mass of DPF after regeneration.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe regeneration performance ratio \u003cem\u003e\u0026epsilon;\u003c/em\u003e is calculated by\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cdiv id=\"Equ2\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https://myfiles.space/user_files/122228_c8a1650c59388082/122228_custom_files/img1719320707.png\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv id=\"Equ3\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ewhere \u003cem\u003eQ\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003ein\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e is the total energy from the electrical heater and \u003cem\u003ec\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e is the specific heat capacity. The \u003cem\u003eq\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003em\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e is the mass flow rate of air, and \u003cem\u003et\u003c/em\u003e is the regeneration time. \u003cem\u003eT\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003e1\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e is the regeneration temperature of DPF and \u003cem\u003eT\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003e0\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e is the initial temperature of the incoming flow.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"2. Results and discussion","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec6\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.1 Effect of single region on regeneration process\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eFigure\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e(a) shows the maximum temperature and maximum temperature gradient performances of DPF with single region regeneration. Compared to regions 1, 3, and 4, region 2 has the highest maximum temperature about 593.3℃, which is below the safe maximum temperature of DPF substruate about 900℃. One reason for this phenomenon is that region 2 is close to the center of DPF substrate, which region has less cooling effect compared to the perimeter region. Meanwhile, the area of region 2 is 3 times about region 1, which indicates that more carbon black is burned in region 2 than region 1. The trend for the change of the maximum temperature gradient is very similar to the change of the maximum temperature. Compared to other single region regeneration, the highest maximum temperature gradient is 14.1℃/m at region 2.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFigure\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e(b) shows the regeneration efficiency and performance ratio of DPF with single region regeneration. The highest and lowest regeneration efficiencies are about 87.5% and 60.0% at region 1 and region 4, respectively. The regeneration efficiency decreases when the loaded region far away from the center of DPF. The region close to the center has less cooling effect compared to the to the perimeter area, which indicates that the heat is easier to accumulate in the center region. The regeneration performance ratios at region 1, 2, and 3, are similar about 6.3*10\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;8\u003c/sup\u003e1/J, which are higher than that of region 4.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe total mass concentration and average diameter results with single region regeneration are shown in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e(c). The maximum and minimum total mass concentrations are 0.36mg/m\u003csup\u003e3\u003c/sup\u003e and 0.02mg/m\u003csup\u003e3\u003c/sup\u003e at region 4 and region 3, respectively. The total mass concentrations at regions 2 and 4 are higher than those of regions 1 and 3, because region 2 has highest maximum temperature and region 4 has maximum carbon black loading. Higher maximum temperature and more carbon black loading are able to create more particulate matter emissions. The average diameters are fluctuated around 13.7nm at regions 1, 3, 4, and the average diameter is 28.7nm at region 2. Region 2 has the highest maximum temperature gradient which indicates that the carbon black particles are burned rapidly and the particle layer destroyed so that the larger particles are able to escape through the particle layer in this region.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec7\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.2 Effect of double regions on regeneration process\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eFigure\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e(a) shows the comparison of maximum temperature and maximum temperature gradient for double regions regeneration. The maximum temperatures are around 663.5℃ at regions 23, which are below the safe maximum temperature of DPF substruate [8]. Compared with perimeter regions, center regions has less cooling effect, such as region 12, which is beneficial to obtain high maximum temperature. The maximum temperature for two adjacent regions is higher than those of two separated regions because of cooling effect as well. Compared to other double regions regeneration, the maximum temperature gradient is 14.8℃/m at regions 23.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFigure\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e(b) shows the regeneration efficiency and performance ratio of DPF with double regions regeneration. The highest regeneration efficiencies are fluctuated around about 78.3% at regions 12, 13 and 23, meanwhile the lowest regeneration efficiency is 54.7% at regions 34. The center and adjacent regions are benefit to accumulate heat and increase regeneration efficiency compared to the perimeter and separated regions. The trend for the change of the regeneration performance ratio is very similar to the change of the regeneration efficiency. The lowest performance ratio is 4.2*10\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;8\u003c/sup\u003e1/J at regions 34.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFigure\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e(c) shows the total mass concentration and average diameter results with double regions regeneration. The maximum and minimum total mass concentrations are 0.25mg/m\u003csup\u003e3\u003c/sup\u003e and 0.03mg/m\u003csup\u003e3\u003c/sup\u003e at regions 14 and region 12, respectively. The maximum average diameter is 34.7nm at regions 14.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec8\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.3 Effect of multiple regions on regeneration process\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eFigure\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig6\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e(a) shows the comparison of maximum temperature and temperature gradient under multiple regions regeneration. The highest maximum temperatures are fluctuated around 601.3℃ at regions 123, 124, and 234. The lowest maximum temperature is 565℃ at regions 134. Meanwhile, the maximum temperature gradient for region 134 is 8.3℃/m, which is the lowest one compared to other multiple regions. This result is consistent with the single region regeneration result, which indicates region 2 is important to achieve higher maximum temperature and maximum temperature gradient.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFigure\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig6\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e(b) shows the comparison of regeneration efficiency and regeneration performance ratio for multiple regions regeneration. The highest regeneration efficiency is 73.2% at regions 123 and the lowest regeneration efficiencies are is fluctuated around 57.6% at regions 124, 134 and 234. This result is consistent with double regions result, which indicates that the center and adjacent regions are beneficial to accumulate heat and increase regeneration efficiency. The trend for the change of the regeneration performance ratio is similar to the change of the regeneration efficiency. The highest performance ratio is 5.9*10\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;8\u003c/sup\u003e1/J at regions 123.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe total mass concentration and average emitted particle diameter results with multiple regions regeneration are show in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig6\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e(c). The maximum total mass concentrations are around 0.68mg/m\u003csup\u003e3\u003c/sup\u003e at regions 123 and 234. Regions 123 has maximum regeneration efficiency and regions 234 has maximum carbon black loading, which lead to create more particulate matter emissions. The maximum and minimum average diameters are 101.8nm and 30.2nm at regions 123 and 134, respectively. Regions 123 has the highest maximum temperature gradient which indicates that the carbon black particles are burned rapidly and the particle layer destroyed so that the larger particles are able to escape through the particle layer in these regions.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"3. Conclusions","content":"\u003cp\u003eA few results can be concluded by above experiments:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e(1) For single region regeneration, the highest maximum temperature, maximum temperature gradient and average diameter are appeared at region 2. The regeneration efficiency decreased when the deposited region far away from the center of DPF. The maximum total mass concentrations are appeared at regions 2 and 4.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e(2) For double regions regeneration, the center and adjacent regions has positive effect on maximum temperature, maximum temperature gradient, regeneration efficiency and regeneration performance ration. The maximum total mass concentration and maximum average diameter are 0.2mg/m\u003csup\u003e3\u003c/sup\u003e and 34nm at regions 14.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e(3) For multiple regions regeneration, the lowest maximum temperature and maximum temperature gradient are 565℃ and 8.3℃/m at regions 134. The maximum regeneration efficiency regeneration performance ratio, total mass concentration and average diameter are appeared at regions 123.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe practical impact of this work is to extend the knowledge on the partial regeneration effect on both regeneration and emission characteristics, which is beneficial on regeneration strategy. In future, more efforts will be devoted on the CDPF regeneration with different catalytic conditions and different gas atmosphere.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthor\u0026rsquo; Contribution\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eZilong Chen: Conceptualization, Writing-original draft. Jia Fang: Methodology, Writing-original draft. Zinong Zuo: Formal analysis. Yan Yan: Resources. Wei Tian: Methodology.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthor Disclosure statement\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNo competing financial interests exist. \u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eData availability\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe datasets used and/or analyzed during the current study available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFunding statement\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis work has been supported by (1) Science \u0026amp; Technology Department of Sichuan Province (2023YFG0202). (2) Foundation of Key Laboratory of Power Machinery and Engineering, Ministry of Education, P.R. China (202202). (3) Chunhui Plan of the Ministry of Education (HZKY20220569, HZKY20220586); (4) Science and Technology Foundation of National Key Laboratory on Aero-Engine Aero-thermodynamics (No. 2022-JCJQ-LB-062-0102).\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eShi Y, Yang Y, He Y, Cai Y, Xie J, Chen X, et al. Effect of reaction temperature on the degradation and oxidation behavior of particulate matter by nonthermal plasma. Fuel 2024;359:130312. https://10.1016/j.fuel.2023.130312.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eHuang J, Wang S, Wang X, Gao J, Wang Y, Tian G. Study on the differences between non-catalytic and catalytic oxidation of soot based on catalyst CeO2. J Energy Inst 2024;113:101506. https://10.1016/j.joei.2023.101506.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eChen X, Shi Y, Cai Y, Xie J, Yang Y, Hou D, et al. Effect of non-thermal plasma injection flow rate on diesel particulate filter regeneration at room temperature. 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P Combust Inst 2019;37(4):4831-8. https://10.1016/j.proci.2018.07.079.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"diesel particulate filter, partial region regeneration, regeneration characteristics, particulate emission","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4532404/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4532404/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eThis paper discusses the influence of partial region regeneration on both regeneration and emission performance by regeneration test bench. DPF substrate is divided into following four regions on the radial direction by the distribution of thermocouples. For the single region regeneration, region 2 has the highest maximum temperature, maximum temperature gradient, average diameter. The regeneration efficiency decreases when the loading area is far away from the center. The maximum total mass concentration is 0.36mg/m\u003csup\u003e3\u003c/sup\u003e at region 4 due to the mass of carbon black loading. For double regions regeneration, the center and adjacent regions have positive effect on maximum temperature, maximum temperature gradient, regeneration efficiency and regeneration performance ration. The maximum total mass concentration and maximum average diameter are 0.2mg/m\u003csup\u003e3\u003c/sup\u003e and 34nm at regions 14. For multiple regions regeneration, the lowest maximum temperature and the maximum temperature gradient are 565℃ and 8.3℃/m at regions 134, respectively. Regions 123 have maximum regeneration efficiency, performance ratio, total mass concentration and average diameter. The maximum and minimum average diameters are 101.8nm and 30.2nm at regions 123 and regions 134, respectively.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"The effect of partial region regeneration on regeneration and particulate emission characteristics of diesel particulate filters","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2024-06-25 13:06:15","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4532404/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"0a9c3da4-f2fa-4d9c-a9ed-3ea3625fb209","owner":[],"postedDate":"June 25th, 2024","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2025-03-05T13:08:48+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2024-06-25 13:06:15","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-4532404","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-4532404","identity":"rs-4532404","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"qtupq5eGEP_6zYnWcrvyt","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}