A comparative analysis of objectively assessed physical activity levels in kindergarten and home among children aged 5 to 6

A comparative analysis of objectively assessed physical activity levels in kindergarten and home among children aged 5 to 6 | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Article A comparative analysis of objectively assessed physical activity levels in kindergarten and home among children aged 5 to 6 Jarosław Herbert¹, Piotr Matłosz¹, Wojciech Ratkowski², Justyna Wyszyńska³ This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-6247156/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Children's physical activity (PA) is strongly and positively associated with a wide range of psychological, cognitive and cardiometabolic outcomes. The aim of the study was to compare the individual levels of PA in children in both kindergarten and at home. A total of 522 boys and girls aged 5 to 6 years participated in the study. A three-axis ActiGraph GT3X-BT accelerometer was used to measure PA. Selected socioeconomic indicators (SSI) were self-reported by parents/guardians using a questionnaire. At home, boys showed significantly higher values of PA parameters compared to girls (MVPA in boys 31 ± 16.6 min/day vs. 27.5 ± 15.2 min/day in girls). Similarly, in kindergarten, boys also showed significantly higher values of PA parameters (MVPA in boys 23.1 ± 13,0 min/day vs. in girls 19.1 ± 10.6 min/day in girls). In terms of step count, children took 4,456 steps in kindergarten and 4,819 steps at home. There was no significant relationship between socioeconomic factors (mother's education, financial conditions, number of people living in the household) and MVPA levels measured via accelerometry. Boys consistently exhibited higher PA levels than girls in both settings. Additionally, children were more active at home than in kindergarten, highlighting the role of home environments in fostering PA. Health sciences/Health care/Public health/Population screening Health sciences/Health care/Paediatrics kindergarten children physical activity accelerometery Introduction There is convincing evidence that adequate levels of physical activity (PA) in school-age and preschool children improve cognitive abilities, learning outcomes and psychosocial functioning [ 1 ]. In addition, regular PA promotes healthy development of children by preventing obesity [ 2 ], improving cardiovascular function [ 3 ] and building motor coordination [ 4 ]. Children under the age of six who engage in regular PA demonstrate more favorable body composition and stronger bones [ 5 ], along with enhanced cognitive development and better psychosocial health [ 6 ]. Children should be physically active throughout the day, and adult caregivers should encourage active play through a range of activities [ 7 ]. Various organizations recommend at least 180 minutes of PA per day at any intensity (light PA (LPA) or moderate-to-vigorous PA (MVPA)), particularly in the first cycle of preschool education [ 7 , 8 ]. During the second cycle of preschool education, it is recommended that children engage in at least 60 minutes of (MVPA) daily [ 8 , 9 ]. An additional recommendation for PA is achieving a daily step count, with guidelines suggesting between 10,000 and 14,000 steps for this age group [ 10 ]. However, prior studies have indicated that certain preschool populations fail to meet established health recommendations for PA levels [ 11 , 12 ]. An increase in sedentary behaviour was also observed [ 13 , 14 ]. The level of PA of kindergarteners is systematically decreasing in Poland [ 15 ] and across many countries worldwide [ 16 ]. For example, data on British and South Asian kindergarteners show that they achieved at least 60 min. MVPA only in 34.8% of measured days [ 17 ]. De Craemer's [ 18 ] study revealed that just 10.1% of Belgian kindergarteners met the PA guidelines, while Cliff's [ 19 ] research found that 14.9% of Australian children in the same age group achieved these recommendations. In contrast, a greater percentage of children in the USA met the PA recommendations, reaching 41.6% [ 20 ]. Norway demonstrates one of the highest rates of PA among kindergarteners, with nearly 60% of children adhering to the recommended guidelines [ 21 ]. Research highlights key factors influencing PA levels, particularly the home environment [ 22 – 24 ] and the preschool setting [ 25 – 27 ]. Polish children spend an average of 35 hours per week in kindergarten settings, which is 5 hours more than the average of 30 hours per week observed in kindergarten settings in the United States and Canada [ 28 , 29 ]. In Europe, Belgian children are the only ones who utilize kindergarten services for an extended duration, averaging around 36 hours per week [ 30 ]. A sedentary lifestyle has increasingly become a predominant aspect of daily life [ 31 ] and recent research indicates that movement-related behaviors, including PA and sedentary behavior, are interconnected [ 32 , 33 ] and significantly influence children's health outcomes [ 34 , 35 ]. Over the past two decades, research in Poland has predominantly relied on subjective assessments of PA, employing diagnostic survey methods [ 36 ]. Furthermore, there is a significant gap in Polish research concerning the measurement of PA levels in children during childcare at educational institutions and in family settings. As a result, this study serves as the first objective assessment of PA levels among children in both kindergarten and home environments in Poland. Families with high SSI are more likely to enjoy convenient PA locations, good sports equipment and better transportation accessibility to sports activities [ 37 ], while on the other hand, families with lower SSI are unable to fully satisfy their children's material base for physical activity and lack of available sports facilities, and perceive PA as less important than those with higher SSI [ 38 ]. Selected socioeconomic indicators and its derivatives (e.g., income, education, occupation) have been found to be an important determinant of health and well-being, as it influences people's attitudes, experiences and exposure to several health risk factors over the course of their lives [ 39 ]. The aim of the study was to compare individual levels of PA in children during their time in kindergarten versus at home. Furthermore, the study aimed to assess the relationship between particular socio-demographic factors and the PA levels of kindergarteners. Results Table 1 presents the general characteristics of the study population, which comprised 522 participants aged 5 to 6 years (mean age: 5.5 years; 51.3% female). Analysis revealed significant differences in height, body weight, BMI, place of residence, and maternal education between the sexes. Specifically, girls were 1.1 cm shorter than boys, while boys weighed 0.68 kg less than their female counterparts. Table 1 General characteristics of the study population. Total sample Girls Boys p Sex* 522 271 251 0.457 Age (years) * 5.5 (0.6) 5.5 (0.6) 5.4 (0.6) 0.519 Height (cm) * 116.8 (6.2) 116.3 (6.1) 117.4 (6.2) 0.014 Body weight (kg) * 21.4 (3.8) 21.1 (3.5) 21.8 (4.0) 0.023 BMI (kg/m 2 ) * 15.6 (1.7) 15.5 (1.6) 15.7 (1.7) 0.384 Place of residence† City 500 (95.8) 255 (93.8) 245 (98.0) 0.015 Village 22 (4.2) 16 (6.3) 6 (2.0) Education - mother† Primary education 2 (4.0) 1 (0.4) 1 (0.4) 0.043 Vocational education 16 (3.1) 3 (1.1) 13 (5.2) Secondary education 100 (19.1) 57 (20.8) 43 (17.2) Higher education 404 (77.5) 212 (77.7) 192 (77.2) Education - father† Primary education 5 (1.0) 3 (1.1) 2 (0.8) 0.928 Vocational education 49 (9.5) 27 (10.0) 22 (8.9) Secondary education 164 (31.8) 83 (30.9) 81 (32.8) Higher education 304 (57.8) 159 (58) 145 (57.5) Number of people living in the household* 1 5 (1.0) 4 (1.5) 1 (0.4) 0.633 2 18 (3.4) 11 (4) 7 (2.8) 3 132 (25.9) 68 (24.9) 68 (26.9) 4 261 (49.6) 129 (48.0) 128 (51.4) 5 77 (14.6) 42 (15.4) 35 (13.8) more than 5 29 (5.5) 17 (6.2) 12 (4.7) Financial condition in the family† Enough 485 (92.9) 254 (93.4) 231 (92.4) 0.194 Restrictions are necessary 34 (6.5) 18 (6.6) 16 (6.4) Insufficient 3 (0.6) 0 3 (1.2) * mean (SD); † n (%); significant associations are highlighted in bold. Table 2 presents a comparison of PA levels in kindergarten versus at home, analyzed separately for girls and boys, as well as for the overall sample. Results indicated that sedentary PA was significantly longer at home than in kindergarten (by 6.0 minutes for girls and 16.5 minutes for boys). Conversely, LPA was significantly greater in kindergarten, with girls averaging 9.7 more minutes and boys 19.7 more minutes than at home. However, MPA, VPA, and daily step counts were all significantly higher at home compared to kindergarten. Specifically, MPA at home exceeded that in kindergarten by an average of 5.6 minutes, VPA by 2.5 minutes, and the daily step count was greater by an average of 363.6 steps. Table 2 Levels of physical activity in kindergarten and at home. Variable Total sample Girls Boys Kindergarten Home p Kindergarten Home p Kindergarten Home p Sedentary (min.) 168.0 (45.0) 179.1 (51.1) < 0.001 175.2 (44.2) 181.2 (51.5) 0.017 160.4 (44.6) 176.9 (50.6) < 0.001 Light PA (min.) 233.0 (38.7) 218.4 (43.2) < 0.001 227.7 (38.3) 218.0 (43.5) < 0.001 238.6 (38.3) 218.9 (43.0) < 0.001 Moderate PA (min.) 16.7 (9.8) 22.3 (12.5) < 0.001 14.7 (8.4) 20.5 (10.9) < 0.001 18.8 (10.7) 24.2 (13.8) < 0.001 Vigorous PA (min.) 4.3 (3.4) 6.8 (6.3) < 0.001 4.4 (3.4) 7.0 (6.9) < 0.001 4.3 (3.5) 6.6 (5.7) < 0.001 MVPA (min.) 21.0 (12.0) 29.1 (16.0) < 0.001 19.1 (10.6) 27.5 (15.2) < 0.001 23.1 (13.0) 31.0 (16.6) < 0.001 Steps/day 4456.3 (1353.1) 4819.9 (1741.1) < 0.001 4322.2 (1269.8) 4721.4 (1531.8) < 0.001 4597.8 (1423.7) 4923.8 (1934.0) < 0.001 Data presented as mean (SD); MVPA – moderate to-vigorous physical activity, PA – physical activity, significant associations are highlighted in bold. Table 3 presents the percentage of PA indicators for children in kindergarten and at home. A significant difference was found in the distribution of various types of activities, with children engaging in a higher percentage of sedentary behaviors at home, while also participating in greater amounts of MPA (by 1.27%), VPA (by 0.7%), and MVPA (by 1.03%). Conversely, in the kindergarten setting, children participated in LPA for a greater duration (by 1.77%). Table 3 Percentage of physical activity indicators in kindergarten and at home Variable Kindergarten (%) Home (%) p Sedentary (min.) 20.5 (7.6) 21.7 (8.5) < 0.001 Light PA (min.) 35.9 (8.8) 34.1 (8.6) < 0.001 Moderate PA (min.) 2.2 (1.4) 2.9 (1.7) < 0.001 Vigorous PA (min.) 0.5 (0.5) 0.7 (0.7) < 0.001 MVPA (min.) 2.6 (1.7) 3.6 (2.2) < 0.001 Data presented as mean (SD); MVPA – moderate-to-vigorous physical activity, PA – physical activity, significant associations are highlighted in bold. Table 4 presents the associations between maternal education and indicators of PA in children. The data indicated that MPA and MVPA in kindergarten were significantly lower among children whose mothers possessed higher education (by 2.2 minutes and 2.8 minutes, respectively), compared to those whose mothers had lower levels of education. Table 4 Associations between mother's education and physical activity indicators. Variable Mother's education Primary/ vocational/ secondary education Higher education p Sedentary (min.) in kindergarten 165.1 (43.6) 172.0 (47.4) 0.153 Sedentary (min.) at home 174.9 (48.6) 177.9 (50.8) 0.572 Light PA (min.) in kindergarten 234.1 (37.1) 228.8 (41.7) 0.214 Light PA (min.) at home 219.7 (43.1) 218.7 (44.0) 0.817 Moderate PA (min.) in kindergarten 18.7 (10.0) 16.5 (10.1) 0.031 Moderate PA(min.) at home 22.9 (12.3) 21.7 (11.8) 0.329 Vigorous PA (min.) in kindergarten 4.4 (3.3) 4.1 (3.0) 0.322 Vigorous PA(min.) at home 6.6 (5.8) 6.3 (5.5) 0.637 MVPA (min.) in kindergarten 22.4 (12.2) 19.6 (12.1) 0.028 MVPA(min.) at home 27.9 (15.7) 26.6 (14.7) 0.402 Steps/day in kindergarten 4478.3 (1347.1) 4323.2 (1300.3) 0.251 Steps/day at home 4708.0 (1667.6) 4359.8 (1520.7) 0.481 Data presented as mean (SD); MVPA – moderate-to-vigorous physical activity, PA – physical activity, significant associations are highlighted in bold. Table 5 presents the relationships between fathers' education levels and PA indicators in children. Children whose fathers possessed higher education levels exhibited significantly greater sedentary time in kindergarten, with an increase of 13.8 minutes compared to those whose fathers had lower education levels. Additionally, children of fathers with higher education levels engaged in significantly less LPA, MPA, VPA, and MVPA during kindergarten (by 11.2 minutes, 2.0 minutes, 0.7 minutes, and 2.7 minutes, respectively). Table 5 Associations between father's education and physical activity indicators. Variable Father's education Primary/vocational/ secondary education Higher education p Sedentary (min.) in kindergarten 162.7 (42.6) 176.5 (48.7) < 0.001 Sedentary (min.) at home 175.1 (47.9) 178.8 (52.0) 0.391 Light PA (min.) in kindergarten 236.3 (35.4) 225.1 (43.8) < 0.001 Light PA (min.) at home 221.2 (41.6) 217.1 (45.3) 0.284 Moderate PA (min.) in kindergarten 18.1 (10.8) 16.1 (9.5) 0.027 Moderate PA(min.) at home 21.6 (11.9) 22.2(11.9) 0.626 Vigorous PA (min.) in kindergarten 4.6 (3.4) 3.9 (2.7) 0.014 Vigorous PA(min.) at home 6.6 (6.7) 6.2 (4.6) 0.463 MVPA (min.) in kindergarten 21.7 (13.0) 19.0 (11.3) 0.012 MVPA(min.) at home 26.5 (15.2) 27.2 (14.7) 0.631 Steps/day in kindergarten 4481.3 (1360.6) 4256.5 (1270.8) 0.059 Steps/day at home 4627.2 (1623.1) 4613.4 (1500.9) 0.917 Data presented as mean (SD); MVPA – moderate-to-vigorous physical activity, PA – physical activity, significant associations are highlighted in bold. Table 6 presents the associations between familial financial conditions and PA indicators in children. Children from families with sufficient financial level exhibited shorter sedentary time at home by 0.3 minutes and an greater in MPA duration in kindergarten by 0.7 minutes when compared to their counterparts from financially insufficient families. Table 6 Associations between financial conditions in the family and physical activity indicators. Variable Financial conditions in the family Sufficient Less than sufficient p Sedentary (min.) in kindergarten 171.6 (46.8) 176.5 (44.5) 0.055 Sedentary (min.) at home 178.5 (50.8) 178.8 (40.6) 0.034 Light PA (min.) in kindergarten 229.1 (41.0) 225.1 (36.8) 0.108 Light PA (min.) at home 218.1 (44.2) 217.1 (36.8) 0.122 Moderate PA (min.) in kindergarten 16.8 (9.9) 16.1 (12.6) 0.032 Moderate PA (min.) at home 21.8 (12.0) 22.2 (11.8) 0.477 Vigorous PA (min.) in kindergarten 4.2 (3.1) 3.9 (2.6) 0.489 Vigorous PA (min.) at home 6.4 (5.6) 6.2 (4.8) 0.810 MVPA (min.) in kindergarten 19.9 (12.0) 19.0 (14.0) 0.053 MVPA(min.) at home 26.8 (14.8) 27.2 (15.8) 0.452 Steps/day in kindergarten 4341.2 (1323.6) 4256.5 (1210.0) 0.326 Steps/day at home 4597.4 (1561.8) 4613.4 (1429.7) 0.366 Data presented as mean (SD); MVPA – moderate-to-vigorous physical activity, PA – physical activity, significant associations are highlighted in bold. Discussion To our knowledge this is the first study among polish preschool children comparing individual levels of objectively assessed PA during their time in kindergarten versus time spent at home. Our study showed that Polish preschool children were involved in MVPA during 2.5% of time spent in kindergarten and 3.6% of time spent after that - at home. A meta-analysis combining accelerometer-measured MVPA estimates from 29 studies involving over 6,000 preschool-age children found that kindergarteners spend only about 5.5% of their time on MVPA per day [ 40 ]. Similarly, in subsequent studies, Van Cauwenberghe et al. [ 41 ] on a sample of 1004 Australian kindergarteners showed that the MVPA rate (hour-by-hour percentage analysis) averaged 4% in kindergarten and 5% at home. Brown et al. [ 42 ] reported that children spent 3% on MVPA in kindergarten. Slightly better outcomes were observed by Pate et al. [ 43 ], they used Actigraph for two weeks and showed that kindergarteners spent 13% on MVPA. In one recent study by Kang et al. [ 44 ], this was an average of 11.7% per day. At home, boys exhibited significantly higher PA parameters, with mean MVPA values of 31 minutes, compared to 27.5 minutes for girls. Similarly, in kindergarten, boys again demonstrated significantly higher PA parameters, with MVPA averaging 23.1, while girls averaged 19.1 minutes. These findings align with existing literature indicating that preschool boys tend to be more active than their female counterparts [ 45 , 46 ]. In our study, the average MVPA during kindergarten attendance was 21 minutes, which is notably higher than the 11.45 minutes reported by Vanderloo et al. [ 47 ] for children in the United States. Despite access to playgrounds, peer interactions, and structured activities, children in our study exhibited higher PA levels at home than in kindergarten.. This observation aligns with the conclusions of Foweather et al. [ 48 ] and O'Neill et al. [ 49 ], who noted that children in kindergarten are generally less active within that environment compared to outside. Conversely, other studies highlight the potential of preschool facilities to enhance physical activity levels [ 50 , 51 ]. The positive impact of regular physical activity on children's health is well-documented. Nevertheless, the specific daily step count—ranging from 10,000 to 14,000 steps—necessary for kindergarteners to meet the recommended overall level of physical activity remains inadequately defined in the literature. In our study, the average number of steps taken by children while in kindergarten and at home was 4,456 and 4,819 steps, respectively. In contrast, in the analysis conducted by Díaz-Quesada et al. [ 52 ], these figures were significantly lower, reporting 3,075 steps in kindergarten versus only 1,119 steps at home. The mean step count in our study is lower than the averages reported by Tanaka and Tanaka (13,037 steps per day) [ 53 ] and Cardon and De Bourdeaudhuij (9,980 steps per day) [ 10 ]. However, it exceeds the step counts documented by Gabel et al. (8,968 steps per day) [ 54 ] and Pagels et al. (7,313 steps per day) [ 55 ], highlighting a range of PA levels across different populations. The variability among studies in this area may arise from the different instruments and methodologies used, as well as cultural and environmental factors that influence the daily lives of kindergarteners in various countries. These differences can significantly affect how physical activity is measured, resulting in contrasting findings. Therefore, we additionally paid attention to the role of parents, for example if it balances possible SSI differences in children's health behaviors (increasing PA). Our findings align with previous studies indicating no significant relationship between kindergarteners’ activity levels and parental education [ 56 , 57 ]. As in the studies of Baquet et al. [ 58 ], Drenowatz et al. [ 59 ] and Ke et al. [ 60 ], there was no significant relationship between SSI (mother's education, financial conditions, number of people living in a household) and accelerometrically determined achievements of MVPA indicators. Other studies have shown that higher maternal education and higher household income are associated with higher levels of vigorous physical activity but with lower levels of moderate physical activity in children [ 61 ]. On the other hand, children from families with lower SSI had lower rates of participation in organized sports [ 62 ]. The presence of siblings, family structure, parents' PA habits, and attitudes toward PA may be important factors in raising PA levels [ 63 , 64 ]. Strengths and limitations One of the strengths of this study is that it provides objective data on children's PA. Notable strengths of this study include the analysis of PA per hour during the child's time in kindergarten and at home. This research may be helpful in identifying families/children who are at greater risk of promoting an inactive lifestyle among young children. In kindergarten, children may have limited mobility due to all the internal norms, practices and rules that reinforce a sedentary lifestyle (e.g. early teacher-led classes, limited indoor space, or lack of space for PA in the winter) and additionally it is important to remember that parents play an important role in promoting a healthy and active lifestyle for their children. In addition, our study provided new insights, particularly regarding the association between selected socio-demographic factors and kindergarteners, based on a relatively large sample encompassing numerous kindergartens. This study was conducted in Rzeszów and its surrounding areas. Since it was not a longitudinal study, establishing long-term trends remains a challenge. . Due to the cross-sectional nature of the study, caution is advised when attempting to generalize the findings or infer causal relationships. Conclusions . This study highlights significant differences in preschool children's physical activity (PA) levels between home and kindergarten environments. While children engaged in more light physical activity (LPA) in kindergarten, they demonstrated higher levels of moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) and daily step counts at home. Boys consistently exhibited higher PA levels than girls across both settings. Moreover, the findings indicate that higher maternal education is associated with lower levels of MPA and MVPA among children in kindergarten settings, whereas higher paternal education is linked to increased sedentary behavior and reduced overall physical activity. These results suggest that parental education may play a significant role in shaping children's activity patterns during kindergarten. Furthermore, children from families with sufficient financial resources demonstrate lower sedentary time at home and higher moderate PA in kindergarten compared to those from financially insufficient families. Future research should explore longitudinal trends in preschool PA, investigate the role of structured versus unstructured activities, and assess how environmental and policy-level interventions could optimize PA levels within kindergarten settings. Materials and methods The study was approved by the Bioethics Committee of the University of Rzeszów (no. 2017/01/05) and conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki. Prior to the commencement of the study, written consent was obtained from the parents of the participating children. Procedures The study procedures were conducted in accordance with previously established methodological protocols [ 65 ]. A minimum sample size of 364 participants was calculated to achieve a 95% confidence level with a 5% margin of error. The selection of kindergartens was conducted using the STATISTICA program with sampling without replacement. Consent was secured from the principals of 41 kindergarten. The kindergarten staff distributed consent forms, surveys, and detailed guidelines to the parents of all children enrolled in the selected kindergartens. Parents completed the questionnaire collaboratively. In instances where multiple children from the same family participated, each child was assigned a unique identification code, and parents were directed to complete a separate questionnaire for each child. Signed consents and completed questionnaires were collected by the kindergarten staff. Anthropometric measurements were conducted in a designated room within the kindergarten premises. All measurements were taken between 8:00 and 10:00 am. Participants The inclusion criteria for the study were (1) children aged 5 to 6 years, (2) whose parents or guardians provided written informed consent and child assent prior to data collection and (3) who were enrolled in kindergartens located in Rzeszów. During the data collection phase, 43 participants were excluded from the study for various reasons: severe anxiety related to testing (n = 5), failure to return or complete the questionnaire (n = 20) and lack of current accelerometer data (n = 18). Thus, 522 children were included in the final analysis. Anthropometric measurements Body height was measured to the nearest 0.1 cm using a portable stadiometer (Tanita HR-200, Tokyo, Japan). The measurement was taken in a vertical position, barefoot. Body weight was assessed to the nearest 0.1 kg using a body composition analyzer (BC-420 MA, Tanita, Tokyo, Japan). The procedures were carried out in accordance with previous methodological arrangements [ 66 ]. Physical activity An ActiGraph GT3X-BT triaxial accelerometer (ActiGraph, Pensacola, FL, USA) was used to measure PA. The accelerometer was worn on the participant's right hip. Participants were instructed to wear the accelerometer for five consecutive days (Monday through Friday), excluding weekends, 24 hours a day. The average duration of wear time in the kindergarten setting was from 8:00 a.m. to 2:00 p.m., while at home it spanned from 2:00 p.m. to 8:00 p.m. Data were collected in 5-second periods. No-wear time was defined as 60 minutes of consecutive zeros, including 2 minutes of non-zero pauses [ 67 ]. A wearing time of ≥ 500 min./day was used as the criterion for a valid day, [ 41 ]. ActiGraph data were analyzed using Actilife 6.13. (ActiGraph LLC, Pensacola, Florida, USA). Cut-off points according to Evenson et al. [ 68 ] were chosen to determine time spent at MVPA levels (> 2296 counts per minute - CPM). The cut-off points were as follows: sedentary lifestyle: 0-100 CPM, light: 101–2295 CPM, moderate: 2296–4011 CPM, vigorous: 4012-∞ CPM. The number of steps was also analyzed. Daily step count was calculated as the average daily step count over all valid days. All steps below 1,000 and above 30,000 steps per day were removed and treated as missing data according to the rules of Rowe et al. [ 69 ]. Selected socioeconomic indicators Parents of children participating in the study were given a questionnaire to complete in order to provide relevant information, including education level and family structure. Selected socioeconomic indicators indicators and socio-demographic characteristics (children's gender and date of birth, place of residence, number of people in the household, parents' education) were self-reported by parents/guardians using a questionnaire. Household income factors were defined as sufficient and less than sufficient based on parents' responses to the questionnaire. Statistical analysis Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS 20 software (IBM, North Harbour, UK). Data are presented as mean ± standard deviation (SD) and percentage (%) for continuous and categorical variables, respectively. Covariates included gender, various measures of PA (e.g., MVPA), and step count. Normality of distribution and non-parametric Wilcoxon test were used. The Wilcoxon signed-rank test was used to compare two measurement variables. The level of statistical significance was set at p < 0.05. Declarations A limitation of this work is the cross-sectional nature of the methodology. Author contributions JH, PM, JW, and WR designed the study. JH, PM, JW, analysed and interpreted the data JH, PM, wrote the manuscript. JH, PM, JW, and WR supervised the study and provided critical comments. JH, PM, JW. received funding and collected the data. All authors have reviewed and approved the manuscript. Declarations Competing interests The authors declare no competing interests. Additional information Correspondence and requests for materials should be addressed to JH Reprints and permissions information is available at www.nature.com/reprints. Publisher’s note Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. Data availability The datasets generated and/or analysed during the current study are available in the [University of Rzeszow] repository, [https://repozytorium.ur.edu.pl/items/eae2e765-f4b4-448a-b2e5-f2467b901c7a] References Hillman, C. H., Castelli, D. M. & Buck, S. M. 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A. & Cross-Sectional Study of the Environment, Physical Activity, and Screen Time among Young Children and Their Parents. BMC Public. Health . 14 , 61. 10.1186/1471-2458-14-61 (2014). De Craemer, M. et al. Correlates of Energy Balance-Related Behaviours in Preschool Children: A Systematic Review. Obes. Rev. 13 , 13–28. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-789X.2011.00941.x (2012). Herbert, J. et al. Objectively Assessed Physical Activity of Preschool-Aged Children from Urban Areas. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public. Heal 17. (2020). Herbert, J. et al. Weekday and Weekend Physical Activity of Preschool Children in Relation to Selected Socioeconomic Indicators. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public. Health 2022 , 19 , 10.3390/ijerph19094999 Vale, S., Silva, P., Santos, R., Soares-Miranda, L. & Mota, J. Compliance with Physical Activity Guidelines in Preschool Children. J. Sports Sci. 28 , 603–608. 10.1080/02640411003702694 (2010). Evenson, K. R., Catellier, D. J., Gill, K., Ondrak, K. S. & McMurray, R. G. Calibration of Two Objective Measures of Physical Activity for Children. J. Sports Sci. 26 , 1557–1565. 10.1080/02640410802334196 (2008). Rowe, D. A., Mahar, M. T., Raedeke, T. D. & Lore, J. Measuring Physical Activity in Children with Pedometers: Reliability, Reactivity, and Replacement of Missing Data. Pediatr. Exerc. Sci. 16 , 343–354. 10.1123/pes.16.4.343 (2004). A limitation. of this work is the cross-sectional nature of the methodology. Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-6247156","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":444275335,"identity":"056caa1b-df38-4be4-83e9-11ceb5b5c743","order_by":0,"name":"Jarosław Herbert¹","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAAz0lEQVRIiWNgGAWjYBACxhkMDMwgBj+YywbE7ERqkZBsgGlhJmSNBFSLwQFitTDPbj72uaDiXp3xjdwHDB/KDjOYE9LCOOdY8uwZZ4olzG6kGzDOOHeYwbKZoF9yjJl52xKAWtIYgIzDDAaHCWrJ/8zM+y9BwngGUMtf4rTkMDPzNiRIGEgAtTASpyXNmHnGsQTJGWeeMRzsOZfOQ9AvhjOSHzMX1CTw87enMT74UWYtZ87eQEALsvwBIOYxIGAJgzyGCEEto2AUjIJRMOIAAKf9O0x+kfOvAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC","orcid":"","institution":"University of Rzeszów","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Jarosław","middleName":"","lastName":"Herbert¹","suffix":""},{"id":444275336,"identity":"d40e2f9b-b995-478b-a3ae-472d4ce3f1d4","order_by":1,"name":"Piotr Matłosz¹","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"University of Rzeszów","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Piotr","middleName":"","lastName":"Matłosz¹","suffix":""},{"id":444275337,"identity":"c41758ee-0ff6-4510-828d-25374b668d1a","order_by":2,"name":"Wojciech Ratkowski²","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Gdansk University of Physical Education and Sport","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Wojciech","middleName":"","lastName":"Ratkowski²","suffix":""},{"id":444275338,"identity":"73b5e5d5-3bb9-4447-94b5-1ae8a8418009","order_by":3,"name":"Justyna Wyszyńska³","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"University of Rzeszów","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Justyna","middleName":"","lastName":"Wyszyńska³","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2025-03-17 18:53:11","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6247156/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-6247156/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":87985421,"identity":"f04e059e-492d-44d7-92e6-d677d2280edd","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-07-31 07:09:26","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":1055954,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6247156/v1/e99bcd19-5261-41fd-8ea6-e78d7b58f4e8.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"A comparative analysis of objectively assessed physical activity levels in kindergarten and home among children aged 5 to 6","fulltext":[{"header":"Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eThere is convincing evidence that adequate levels of physical activity (PA) in school-age and preschool children improve cognitive abilities, learning outcomes and psychosocial functioning [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e]. In addition, regular PA promotes healthy development of children by preventing obesity [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e], improving cardiovascular function [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e] and building motor coordination [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e]. Children under the age of six who engage in regular PA demonstrate more favorable body composition and stronger bones [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e], along with enhanced cognitive development and better psychosocial health [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eChildren should be physically active throughout the day, and adult caregivers should encourage active play through a range of activities [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e]. Various organizations recommend at least 180 minutes of PA per day at any intensity (light PA (LPA) or moderate-to-vigorous PA (MVPA)), particularly in the first cycle of preschool education [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e]. During the second cycle of preschool education, it is recommended that children engage in at least 60 minutes of (MVPA) daily [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e]. An additional recommendation for PA is achieving a daily step count, with guidelines suggesting between 10,000 and 14,000 steps for this age group [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e]. However, prior studies have indicated that certain preschool populations fail to meet established health recommendations for PA levels [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e]. An increase in sedentary behaviour was also observed [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe level of PA of kindergarteners is systematically decreasing in Poland [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e] and across many countries worldwide [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e16\u003c/span\u003e]. For example, data on British and South Asian kindergarteners show that they achieved at least 60 min. MVPA only in 34.8% of measured days [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e17\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDe Craemer's [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e18\u003c/span\u003e] study revealed that just 10.1% of Belgian kindergarteners met the PA guidelines, while Cliff's [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e19\u003c/span\u003e] research found that 14.9% of Australian children in the same age group achieved these recommendations. In contrast, a greater percentage of children in the USA met the PA recommendations, reaching 41.6% [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e20\u003c/span\u003e]. Norway demonstrates one of the highest rates of PA among kindergarteners, with nearly 60% of children adhering to the recommended guidelines [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e21\u003c/span\u003e]. Research highlights key factors influencing PA levels, particularly the home environment [\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR23\" citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e22\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e24\u003c/span\u003e] and the preschool setting [\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR26\" citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e25\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e27\u003c/span\u003e]. Polish children spend an average of 35 hours per week in kindergarten settings, which is 5 hours more than the average of 30 hours per week observed in kindergarten settings in the United States and Canada [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR28\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e28\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e29\u003c/span\u003e]. In Europe, Belgian children are the only ones who utilize kindergarten services for an extended duration, averaging around 36 hours per week [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR30\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e30\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eA sedentary lifestyle has increasingly become a predominant aspect of daily life [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR31\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e31\u003c/span\u003e] and recent research indicates that movement-related behaviors, including PA and sedentary behavior, are interconnected [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR32\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e32\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR33\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e33\u003c/span\u003e] and significantly influence children's health outcomes [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR34\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e34\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR35\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e35\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOver the past two decades, research in Poland has predominantly relied on subjective assessments of PA, employing diagnostic survey methods [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR36\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e36\u003c/span\u003e]. Furthermore, there is a significant gap in Polish research concerning the measurement of PA levels in children during childcare at educational institutions and in family settings. As a result, this study serves as the first objective assessment of PA levels among children in both kindergarten and home environments in Poland.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFamilies with high SSI are more likely to enjoy convenient PA locations, good sports equipment and better transportation accessibility to sports activities [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR37\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e37\u003c/span\u003e], while on the other hand, families with lower SSI are unable to fully satisfy their children's material base for physical activity and lack of available sports facilities, and perceive PA as less important than those with higher SSI [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR38\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e38\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSelected socioeconomic indicators and its derivatives (e.g., income, education, occupation) have been found to be an important determinant of health and well-being, as it influences people's attitudes, experiences and exposure to several health risk factors over the course of their lives [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR39\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e39\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe aim of the study was to compare individual levels of PA in children during their time in kindergarten versus at home. Furthermore, the study aimed to assess the relationship between particular socio-demographic factors and the PA levels of kindergarteners.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Results","content":"\u003cp\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e presents the general characteristics of the study population, which comprised 522 participants aged 5 to 6 years (mean age: 5.5 years; 51.3% female). Analysis revealed significant differences in height, body weight, BMI, place of residence, and maternal education between the sexes. Specifically, girls were 1.1 cm shorter than boys, while boys weighed 0.68 kg less than their female counterparts.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGeneral characteristics of the study population.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"5\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTotal sample\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGirls\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBoys\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ep\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSex*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e522\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e271\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e251\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.457\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAge (years) *\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.5 (0.6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.5 (0.6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.4 (0.6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.519\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHeight (cm) *\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e116.8 (6.2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e116.3 (6.1)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e117.4 (6.2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.014\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBody weight (kg) *\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.4 (3.8)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.1 (3.5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.8 (4.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.023\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBMI (kg/m\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e) *\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.6 (1.7)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.5 (1.6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.7 (1.7)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.384\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"5\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePlace of residence\u0026dagger;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCity\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e500 (95.8)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e255 (93.8)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e245 (98.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.015\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVillage\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22 (4.2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16 (6.3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6 (2.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"5\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEducation - mother\u0026dagger;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePrimary education\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2 (4.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1 (0.4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1 (0.4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\" morerows=\"3\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.043\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVocational education\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16 (3.1)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3 (1.1)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13 (5.2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSecondary education\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100 (19.1)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e57 (20.8)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e43 (17.2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHigher education\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e404 (77.5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e212 (77.7)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e192 (77.2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"5\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEducation - father\u0026dagger;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePrimary education\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5 (1.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3 (1.1)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2 (0.8)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\" morerows=\"3\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.928\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVocational education\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e49 (9.5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e27 (10.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22 (8.9)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSecondary education\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e164 (31.8)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e83 (30.9)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e81 (32.8)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHigher education\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e304 (57.8)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e159 (58)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e145 (57.5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"5\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNumber of people living in the household*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5 (1.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4 (1.5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1 (0.4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\" morerows=\"5\" rowspan=\"6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.633\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18 (3.4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11 (4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7 (2.8)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e132 (25.9)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e68 (24.9)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e68 (26.9)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e261 (49.6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e129 (48.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e128 (51.4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e77 (14.6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e42 (15.4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e35 (13.8)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003emore than 5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e29 (5.5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17 (6.2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12 (4.7)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"5\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFinancial condition in the family\u0026dagger;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEnough\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e485 (92.9)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e254 (93.4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e231 (92.4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.194\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRestrictions are necessary\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e34 (6.5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18 (6.6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16 (6.4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eInsufficient\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3 (0.6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3 (1.2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e* mean (SD); \u0026dagger; n (%); significant associations are highlighted in bold.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e presents a comparison of PA levels in kindergarten versus at home, analyzed separately for girls and boys, as well as for the overall sample. Results indicated that sedentary PA was significantly longer at home than in kindergarten (by 6.0 minutes for girls and 16.5 minutes for boys). Conversely, LPA was significantly greater in kindergarten, with girls averaging 9.7 more minutes and boys 19.7 more minutes than at home. However, MPA, VPA, and daily step counts were all significantly higher at home compared to kindergarten. Specifically, MPA at home exceeded that in kindergarten by an average of 5.6 minutes, VPA by 2.5 minutes, and the daily step count was greater by an average of 363.6 steps.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab2\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 2\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLevels of physical activity in kindergarten and at home.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"10\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c9\" colnum=\"9\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c10\" colnum=\"10\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVariable\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTotal sample\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGirls\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBoys\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKindergarten\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHome\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ep\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKindergarten\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHome\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ep\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKindergarten\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHome\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ep\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSedentary (min.)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e168.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(45.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e179.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(51.1)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e175.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(44.2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e181.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(51.5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.017\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e160.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(44.6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e176.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(50.6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eLight PA (min.)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e233.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(38.7)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e218.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(43.2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e227.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(38.3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e218.0 (43.5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e238.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(38.3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e218.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(43.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eModerate PA (min.)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(9.8)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(12.5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(8.4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(10.9)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(10.7)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(13.8)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eVigorous PA (min.)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(3.4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(6.3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(3.4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(6.9)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(3.5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(5.7)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eMVPA (min.)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(12.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e29.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(16.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(10.6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e27.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(15.2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(13.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e31.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(16.6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSteps/day\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4456.3 (1353.1)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4819.9 (1741.1)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4322.2 (1269.8)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4721.4 (1531.8)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4597.8 (1423.7)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4923.8 (1934.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eData presented as mean (SD); MVPA \u0026ndash; moderate to-vigorous physical activity, PA \u0026ndash; physical activity, significant associations are highlighted in bold.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e presents the percentage of PA indicators for children in kindergarten and at home. A significant difference was found in the distribution of various types of activities, with children engaging in a higher percentage of sedentary behaviors at home, while also participating in greater amounts of MPA (by 1.27%), VPA (by 0.7%), and MVPA (by 1.03%). Conversely, in the kindergarten setting, children participated in LPA for a greater duration (by 1.77%).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab3\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 3\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePercentage of physical activity indicators in kindergarten and at home\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"6\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVariable\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKindergarten (%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHome (%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ep\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSedentary (min.)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.5 (7.6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.7 (8.5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eLight PA (min.)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e35.9 (8.8)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e34.1 (8.6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eModerate PA (min.)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2 (1.4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.9 (1.7)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eVigorous PA (min.)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.5 (0.5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.7 (0.7)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eMVPA (min.)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.6 (1.7)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.6 (2.2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eData presented as mean (SD); MVPA \u0026ndash; moderate-to-vigorous physical activity, PA \u0026ndash; physical activity, significant associations are highlighted in bold.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e presents the associations between maternal education and indicators of PA in children. The data indicated that MPA and MVPA in kindergarten were significantly lower among children whose mothers possessed higher education (by 2.2 minutes and 2.8 minutes, respectively), compared to those whose mothers had lower levels of education.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab4\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 4\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAssociations between mother's education and physical activity indicators.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"4\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVariable\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMother's education\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePrimary/ vocational/ secondary education\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHigher education\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ep\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSedentary (min.) in kindergarten\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e165.1 (43.6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e172.0 (47.4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.153\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSedentary (min.) at home\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e174.9 (48.6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e177.9 (50.8)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.572\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLight PA (min.) in kindergarten\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e234.1 (37.1)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e228.8 (41.7)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.214\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLight PA (min.) at home\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e219.7 (43.1)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e218.7 (44.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.817\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eModerate PA (min.) in kindergarten\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.7 (10.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.5 (10.1)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.031\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eModerate PA(min.) at home\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.9 (12.3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.7 (11.8)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.329\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVigorous PA (min.) in kindergarten\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.4 (3.3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.1 (3.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.322\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVigorous PA(min.) at home\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.6 (5.8)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.3 (5.5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.637\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMVPA (min.) in kindergarten\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.4 (12.2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.6 (12.1)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.028\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMVPA(min.) at home\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e27.9 (15.7)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e26.6 (14.7)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.402\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSteps/day in kindergarten\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4478.3 (1347.1)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4323.2 (1300.3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.251\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSteps/day at home\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4708.0 (1667.6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4359.8 (1520.7)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.481\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eData presented as mean (SD); MVPA \u0026ndash; moderate-to-vigorous physical activity, PA \u0026ndash; physical activity, significant associations are highlighted in bold.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e presents the relationships between fathers' education levels and PA indicators in children. Children whose fathers possessed higher education levels exhibited significantly greater sedentary time in kindergarten, with an increase of 13.8 minutes compared to those whose fathers had lower education levels. Additionally, children of fathers with higher education levels engaged in significantly less LPA, MPA, VPA, and MVPA during kindergarten (by 11.2 minutes, 2.0 minutes, 0.7 minutes, and 2.7 minutes, respectively).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab5\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 5\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAssociations between father's education and physical activity indicators.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"4\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVariable\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFather's education\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePrimary/vocational/ secondary education\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHigher education\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ep\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSedentary (min.) in kindergarten\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e162.7 (42.6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e176.5 (48.7)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSedentary (min.) at home\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e175.1 (47.9)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e178.8 (52.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.391\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLight PA (min.) in kindergarten\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e236.3 (35.4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e225.1 (43.8)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLight PA (min.) at home\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e221.2 (41.6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e217.1 (45.3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.284\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eModerate PA (min.) in kindergarten\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.1 (10.8)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.1 (9.5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.027\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eModerate PA(min.) at home\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.6 (11.9)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.2(11.9)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.626\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVigorous PA (min.) in kindergarten\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.6 (3.4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.9 (2.7)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.014\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVigorous PA(min.) at home\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.6 (6.7)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.2 (4.6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.463\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMVPA (min.) in kindergarten\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.7 (13.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.0 (11.3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.012\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMVPA(min.) at home\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e26.5 (15.2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e27.2 (14.7)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.631\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSteps/day in kindergarten\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4481.3 (1360.6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4256.5 (1270.8)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.059\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSteps/day at home\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4627.2 (1623.1)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4613.4 (1500.9)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.917\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eData presented as mean (SD); MVPA \u0026ndash; moderate-to-vigorous physical activity, PA \u0026ndash; physical activity, significant associations are highlighted in bold.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab6\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e presents the associations between familial financial conditions and PA indicators in children. Children from families with sufficient financial level exhibited shorter sedentary time at home by 0.3 minutes and an greater in MPA duration in kindergarten by 0.7 minutes when compared to their counterparts from financially insufficient families.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab6\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 6\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAssociations between financial conditions in the family and physical activity indicators.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"5\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVariable\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFinancial conditions in the family\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSufficient\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLess than sufficient\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ep\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSedentary (min.) in kindergarten\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e171.6 (46.8)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e176.5 (44.5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.055\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSedentary (min.) at home\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e178.5 (50.8)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e178.8 (40.6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.034\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLight PA (min.) in kindergarten\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e229.1 (41.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e225.1 (36.8)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.108\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLight PA (min.) at home\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e218.1 (44.2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e217.1 (36.8)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.122\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eModerate PA (min.) in kindergarten\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.8 (9.9)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.1 (12.6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.032\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eModerate PA (min.) at home\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.8 (12.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.2 (11.8)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.477\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVigorous PA (min.) in kindergarten\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.2 (3.1)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.9 (2.6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.489\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVigorous PA (min.) at home\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.4 (5.6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.2 (4.8)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.810\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMVPA (min.) in kindergarten\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.9 (12.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.0 (14.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.053\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMVPA(min.) at home\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e26.8 (14.8)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e27.2 (15.8)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.452\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSteps/day in kindergarten\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4341.2 (1323.6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4256.5 (1210.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.326\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSteps/day at home\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4597.4 (1561.8)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4613.4 (1429.7)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.366\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eData presented as mean (SD); MVPA \u0026ndash; moderate-to-vigorous physical activity, PA \u0026ndash; physical activity, significant associations are highlighted in bold.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003eTo our knowledge this is the first study among polish preschool children comparing individual levels of objectively assessed PA during their time in kindergarten versus time spent at home. Our study showed that Polish preschool children were involved in MVPA during 2.5% of time spent in kindergarten and 3.6% of time spent after that - at home.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eA meta-analysis combining accelerometer-measured MVPA estimates from 29 studies involving over 6,000 preschool-age children found that kindergarteners spend only about 5.5% of their time on MVPA per day [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR40\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e40\u003c/span\u003e]. Similarly, in subsequent studies, Van Cauwenberghe et al. [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR41\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e41\u003c/span\u003e] on a sample of 1004 Australian kindergarteners showed that the MVPA rate (hour-by-hour percentage analysis) averaged 4% in kindergarten and 5% at home. Brown et al. [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR42\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e42\u003c/span\u003e] reported that children spent 3% on MVPA in kindergarten. Slightly better outcomes were observed by Pate et al. [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR43\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e43\u003c/span\u003e], they used Actigraph for two weeks and showed that kindergarteners spent 13% on MVPA. In one recent study by Kang et al. [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR44\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e44\u003c/span\u003e], this was an average of 11.7% per day.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAt home, boys exhibited significantly higher PA parameters, with mean MVPA values of 31 minutes, compared to 27.5 minutes for girls. Similarly, in kindergarten, boys again demonstrated significantly higher PA parameters, with MVPA averaging 23.1, while girls averaged 19.1 minutes. These findings align with existing literature indicating that preschool boys tend to be more active than their female counterparts [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR45\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e45\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR46\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e46\u003c/span\u003e]. In our study, the average MVPA during kindergarten attendance was 21 minutes, which is notably higher than the 11.45 minutes reported by Vanderloo et al. [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR47\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e47\u003c/span\u003e] for children in the United States.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDespite access to playgrounds, peer interactions, and structured activities, children in our study exhibited higher PA levels at home than in kindergarten.. This observation aligns with the conclusions of Foweather et al. [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR48\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e48\u003c/span\u003e] and O'Neill et al. [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR49\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e49\u003c/span\u003e], who noted that children in kindergarten are generally less active within that environment compared to outside. Conversely, other studies highlight the potential of preschool facilities to enhance physical activity levels [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR50\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e50\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR51\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e51\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe positive impact of regular physical activity on children's health is well-documented. Nevertheless, the specific daily step count\u0026mdash;ranging from 10,000 to 14,000 steps\u0026mdash;necessary for kindergarteners to meet the recommended overall level of physical activity remains inadequately defined in the literature. In our study, the average number of steps taken by children while in kindergarten and at home was 4,456 and 4,819 steps, respectively. In contrast, in the analysis conducted by D\u0026iacute;az-Quesada et al. [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR52\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e52\u003c/span\u003e], these figures were significantly lower, reporting 3,075 steps in kindergarten versus only 1,119 steps at home.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe mean step count in our study is lower than the averages reported by Tanaka and Tanaka (13,037 steps per day) [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR53\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e53\u003c/span\u003e] and Cardon and De Bourdeaudhuij (9,980 steps per day) [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e]. However, it exceeds the step counts documented by Gabel et al. (8,968 steps per day) [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR54\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e54\u003c/span\u003e] and Pagels et al. (7,313 steps per day) [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR55\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e55\u003c/span\u003e], highlighting a range of PA levels across different populations. The variability among studies in this area may arise from the different instruments and methodologies used, as well as cultural and environmental factors that influence the daily lives of kindergarteners in various countries. These differences can significantly affect how physical activity is measured, resulting in contrasting findings.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTherefore, we additionally paid attention to the role of parents, for example if it balances possible SSI differences in children's health behaviors (increasing PA).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOur findings align with previous studies indicating no significant relationship between kindergarteners\u0026rsquo; activity levels and parental education [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR56\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e56\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR57\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e57\u003c/span\u003e]. As in the studies of Baquet et al. [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR58\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e58\u003c/span\u003e], Drenowatz et al. [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR59\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e59\u003c/span\u003e] and Ke et al. [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR60\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e60\u003c/span\u003e], there was no significant relationship between SSI (mother's education, financial conditions, number of people living in a household) and accelerometrically determined achievements of MVPA indicators.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOther studies have shown that higher maternal education and higher household income are associated with higher levels of vigorous physical activity but with lower levels of moderate physical activity in children [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR61\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e61\u003c/span\u003e]. On the other hand, children from families with lower SSI had lower rates of participation in organized sports [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR62\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e62\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe presence of siblings, family structure, parents' PA habits, and attitudes toward PA may be important factors in raising PA levels [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR63\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e63\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR64\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e64\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eStrengths and limitations\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOne of the strengths of this study is that it provides objective data on children's PA. Notable strengths of this study include the analysis of PA per hour during the child's time in kindergarten and at home. This research may be helpful in identifying families/children who are at greater risk of promoting an inactive lifestyle among young children. In kindergarten, children may have limited mobility due to all the internal norms, practices and rules that reinforce a sedentary lifestyle (e.g. early teacher-led classes, limited indoor space, or lack of space for PA in the winter) and additionally it is important to remember that parents play an important role in promoting a healthy and active lifestyle for their children.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e In addition, our study provided new insights, particularly regarding the association between selected socio-demographic factors and kindergarteners, based on a relatively large sample encompassing numerous kindergartens.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis study was conducted in Rzesz\u0026oacute;w and its surrounding areas. Since it was not a longitudinal study, establishing long-term trends remains a challenge. .\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDue to the cross-sectional nature of the study, caution is advised when attempting to generalize the findings or infer causal relationships.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Conclusions","content":"\u003cp\u003e. This study highlights significant differences in preschool children's physical activity (PA) levels between home and kindergarten environments. While children engaged in more light physical activity (LPA) in kindergarten, they demonstrated higher levels of moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) and daily step counts at home. Boys consistently exhibited higher PA levels than girls across both settings. Moreover, the findings indicate that higher maternal education is associated with lower levels of MPA and MVPA among children in kindergarten settings, whereas higher paternal education is linked to increased sedentary behavior and reduced overall physical activity. These results suggest that parental education may play a significant role in shaping children's activity patterns during kindergarten. Furthermore, children from families with sufficient financial resources demonstrate lower sedentary time at home and higher moderate PA in kindergarten compared to those from financially insufficient families. Future research should explore longitudinal trends in preschool PA, investigate the role of structured versus unstructured activities, and assess how environmental and policy-level interventions could optimize PA levels within kindergarten settings.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Materials and methods","content":"\u003cp\u003e The study was approved by the Bioethics Committee of the University of Rzesz\u0026oacute;w (no. 2017/01/05) and conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki. Prior to the commencement of the study, written consent was obtained from the parents of the participating children.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eProcedures\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe study procedures were conducted in accordance with previously established methodological protocols [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR65\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e65\u003c/span\u003e]. A minimum sample size of 364 participants was calculated to achieve a 95% confidence level with a 5% margin of error. The selection of kindergartens was conducted using the STATISTICA program with sampling without replacement. Consent was secured from the principals of 41 kindergarten. The kindergarten staff distributed consent forms, surveys, and detailed guidelines to the parents of all children enrolled in the selected kindergartens. Parents completed the questionnaire collaboratively. In instances where multiple children from the same family participated, each child was assigned a unique identification code, and parents were directed to complete a separate questionnaire for each child.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSigned consents and completed questionnaires were collected by the kindergarten staff. Anthropometric measurements were conducted in a designated room within the kindergarten premises. All measurements were taken between 8:00 and 10:00 am.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eParticipants\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e The inclusion criteria for the study were (1) children aged 5 to 6 years, (2) whose parents or guardians provided written informed consent and child assent prior to data collection and (3) who were enrolled in kindergartens located in Rzesz\u0026oacute;w. During the data collection phase, 43 participants were excluded from the study for various reasons: severe anxiety related to testing (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;5), failure to return or complete the questionnaire (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;20) and lack of current accelerometer data (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;18). Thus, 522 children were included in the final analysis.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAnthropometric measurements\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBody height was measured to the nearest 0.1 cm using a portable stadiometer (Tanita HR-200, Tokyo, Japan). The measurement was taken in a vertical position, barefoot. Body weight was assessed to the nearest 0.1 kg using a body composition analyzer (BC-420 MA, Tanita, Tokyo, Japan). The procedures were carried out in accordance with previous methodological arrangements [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR66\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e66\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePhysical activity\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAn ActiGraph GT3X-BT triaxial accelerometer (ActiGraph, Pensacola, FL, USA) was used to measure PA. The accelerometer was worn on the participant's right hip. Participants were instructed to wear the accelerometer for five consecutive days (Monday through Friday), excluding weekends, 24 hours a day. The average duration of wear time in the kindergarten setting was from 8:00 a.m. to 2:00 p.m., while at home it spanned from 2:00 p.m. to 8:00 p.m. Data were collected in 5-second periods. No-wear time was defined as 60 minutes of consecutive zeros, including 2 minutes of non-zero pauses [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR67\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e67\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eA wearing time of \u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;500 min./day was used as the criterion for a valid day, [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR41\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e41\u003c/span\u003e]. ActiGraph data were analyzed using Actilife 6.13. (ActiGraph LLC, Pensacola, Florida, USA). Cut-off points according to Evenson et al. [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR68\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e68\u003c/span\u003e] were chosen to determine time spent at MVPA levels (\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;2296 counts per minute - CPM). The cut-off points were as follows: sedentary lifestyle: 0-100 CPM, light: 101\u0026ndash;2295 CPM, moderate: 2296\u0026ndash;4011 CPM, vigorous: 4012-\u0026infin; CPM.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe number of steps was also analyzed. Daily step count was calculated as the average daily step count over all valid days. All steps below 1,000 and above 30,000 steps per day were removed and treated as missing data according to the rules of Rowe et al. [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR69\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e69\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSelected socioeconomic indicators\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eParents of children participating in the study were given a questionnaire to complete in order to provide relevant information, including education level and family structure. Selected socioeconomic indicators indicators and socio-demographic characteristics (children's gender and date of birth, place of residence, number of people in the household, parents' education) were self-reported by parents/guardians using a questionnaire. Household income factors were defined as sufficient and less than sufficient based on parents' responses to the questionnaire.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec6\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eStatistical analysis\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eStatistical analysis was performed using SPSS 20 software (IBM, North Harbour, UK). Data are presented as mean\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;standard deviation (SD) and percentage (%) for continuous and categorical variables, respectively. Covariates included gender, various measures of PA (e.g., MVPA), and step count. Normality of distribution and non-parametric Wilcoxon test were used. The Wilcoxon signed-rank test was used to compare two measurement variables. The level of statistical significance was set at p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003eA limitation of this work is the cross-sectional nature of the methodology.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAuthor contributions JH, PM, JW, and WR designed the study. JH, PM, JW, analysed and interpreted the data JH, PM, wrote the manuscript. JH, PM, JW, and WR supervised the study and provided critical comments. JH, PM, JW. received funding and collected the data. All authors have reviewed and approved the manuscript.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDeclarations\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCompeting interests\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors declare no competing interests.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAdditional information\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCorrespondence and requests for materials should be addressed to JH\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eReprints and permissions information is available at www.nature.com/reprints.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePublisher’s note Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eData availability\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe datasets generated and/or analysed during the current study are available in the [University of Rzeszow] repository, [https://repozytorium.ur.edu.pl/items/eae2e765-f4b4-448a-b2e5-f2467b901c7a]\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eHillman, C. 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Sci.\u003c/em\u003e \u003cb\u003e16\u003c/b\u003e, 343\u0026ndash;354. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003e10.1123/pes.16.4.343\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1123/pes.16.4.343\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e (2004).\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eA limitation. of this work is the cross-sectional nature of the methodology.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"kindergarten, children, physical activity, accelerometery","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6247156/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-6247156/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eChildren's physical activity (PA) is strongly and positively associated with a wide range of psychological, cognitive and cardiometabolic outcomes. The aim of the study was to compare the individual levels of PA in children in both kindergarten and at home. A total of 522 boys and girls aged 5 to 6 years participated in the study. A three-axis ActiGraph GT3X-BT accelerometer was used to measure PA. Selected socioeconomic indicators (SSI) were self-reported by parents/guardians using a questionnaire.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAt home, boys showed significantly higher values of PA parameters compared to girls (MVPA in boys 31 ± 16.6 min/day vs. 27.5 ± 15.2 min/day in girls). Similarly, in kindergarten, boys also showed significantly higher values of PA parameters (MVPA in boys 23.1 ± 13,0 min/day vs. in girls 19.1 ± 10.6 min/day in girls). In terms of step count, children took 4,456 steps in kindergarten and 4,819 steps at home.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThere was no significant relationship between socioeconomic factors (mother's education, financial conditions, number of people living in the household) and MVPA levels measured via accelerometry. Boys consistently exhibited higher PA levels than girls in both settings. Additionally, children were more active at home than in kindergarten, highlighting the role of home environments in fostering PA.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"A comparative analysis of objectively assessed physical activity levels in kindergarten and home among children aged 5 to 6","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-04-18 10:32:52","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6247156/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"09aa7e26-c0a1-4f14-8c22-bcc793b659a5","owner":[],"postedDate":"April 18th, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[{"id":47299652,"name":"Health sciences/Health care/Public health/Population screening"},{"id":47299653,"name":"Health sciences/Health care/Paediatrics"}],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2025-07-31T07:08:33+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2025-04-18 10:32:52","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-6247156","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-6247156","identity":"rs-6247156","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}