An Experimental Set-up for Measurement of Mechanical and Biochemical Properties of Municipal Solid Waste Undergoing Anaerobic Biodegradation

An Experimental Set-up for Measurement of Mechanical and Biochemical Properties of Municipal Solid Waste Undergoing Anaerobic Biodegradation | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article An Experimental Set-up for Measurement of Mechanical and Biochemical Properties of Municipal Solid Waste Undergoing Anaerobic Biodegradation Swati Patil, Mahesh Endait This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-1901361/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract A bioreactor landfill is a recent invention in the field of waste management. A large-scale bioreactor simulator is developed in this study. The simulator configuration, testing procedure, sampling, and measurements are presented. The study describes the effect of degradation on long settlements. The effect of leachate recirculation was assessed from the biochemical properties of leachate and biogas. Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) sample was collected from the working phase of the solid waste management site in Vilholi Nasik (Maharashtra, India). Leachate collected from the same site was used for the recirculation. The degradation process in the simulator was monitored for 106 days. The total settlement was 1.2% recorded. pH, Alkalinity, and chemical oxygen demand of leachate were monitored throughout the experimental investigation and found responsible parameters for the degradation process. Biogas production potential rate of 3ℓ/day with a phase lag of 12 days was obtained from Modified Gompertz Model. The composition of biogas analyzed the presence of 74% CO 2 and 24%CH 4 . Practitioners can use the simulator and experimental investigation data presented in this study for designing bioreactor landfills. Municipal Solid Waste Bioreactor Landfill Simulator Leachate Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 Figure 5 Figure 6 Figure 7 Figure 8 1. Introduction In India, the volume of waste generation has been increasing over the last few years. The per capita MSW generation rate reported for small towns is 200–300 gm/capita, 300–400 gm/capita for medium cities, and between 400–600 gm/capita for large cities. (Report of a Task Force on Waste to Energy). Approximately 1,40,588 metric tonnes/day of MSW is currently handled in the urban areas in the country. The annual MSW generation is expected to rise non-linearly in the future. The 2014 “Task Force on Waste to Energy” report under the Planning Commission estimates that MSW generation will increase by 39% by 2031 and 77% by 2050. The Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) has reported various issues in India's current waste management system. Amongst that,” Unscientific disposal of MSW at dumpsites” is an alarming issue that needs to be addressed. Considering the scarcity of land in and around urban areas, uncontrolled waste dumping has created many issues, including groundwater contamination and air pollution. The CPCB report also states that only 68% of the MSW is collected, of which only 28% is treated. The remaining waste is disposed of at dump sites/landfill sites untreated. There are 59 constructed landfill sites, and 376 are under the planning stage in India. Landfilling is the final process of municipal solid waste management. CPCB (2008) has released guidelines and a checklist for evaluating MSW landfills. Basic requirements for these landfills are hydro-geological isolation, formal engineering design, permanent control, and planned waste disposal and covering. The active period of a landfill is 10 to 25 years and the closure & post-closure period is 30 years. The design life of a landfill is typically 50 to 75 years; beyond this life, the containment barriers may not perform satisfactorily. These landfills are designed to protect the environment from contaminants present in the solid waste stream. Sometimes degradation can also continue after the post-closure period (Kjeldsen et al.2002; Zekkos et al.2010). A bioreactor landfill is a recent invention in waste management where leachate is recirculated with or without air (aerobic/anaerobic condition) through the waste mass to accelerate biodegradation. Added leachate and/ or air enhance the microbial process and methane generation. Using this technology, the decomposition and stabilization of MSW can be achieved in a few years. Recirculating leachate reduces disposal cost; moreover, mobility and the addition of air reduces the toxicity of leachate. Developing countries like India and China have begun investigating bioreactor landfills (Lakshmikanthan and Babu 2017 ). The working of bioreactor landfills has been frequently studied in laboratory simulators. Table 1 summarizes laboratory simulators' dimensions and findings of MSW's geotechnical and biochemical properties reported in the literature. Dimensions of simulators affect the overall biodegradation process. As depicted in Table 1 capacity of the simulator varies from 40 liters to 830 liters. Fewer volume simulators require the shredding of MSW samples, which enhances the degradation rate but affects MSW's mechanical and physical properties (Landva and Clark 1990 ; Zekkoss et al.2008). A minimum of 0.3 diameter simulators is recommended to accommodate representative MSW samples to avoid bias in results (Zekkoss et al., 2008; Fei et al., 2014 ). Characterization of MSW during degradation has been evaluated by assessing geotechnical properties such as shear strength, permeability, and hydraulic conductivity (Reddy et al., 2011 ). However, Fei et al. ( 2014 ) have reported fewer studies on the strain. Biochemical properties study included the gas characterization and leachate properties. The degree of decomposition can be evaluated based on the amount of CH 4 and CO 2 released. Leachate properties include pH, Alkalinity, and Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD). In this study, a large anaerobic bioreactor simulator with a diameter of 0.43 m and a height of 0.6 m was used to simulate the biodegradation process of MSW. In addition, an unshredded sample was used to assess MSW's mechanical and biochemical properties during biodegradation. The objective of this study is to monitor the mechanical and biochemical properties qualitatively and quantitatively. 2. Bioreactor Simulator Configuration The bioreactor simulator was fabricated using 10 mm poly (methyl - methacrylate). Figure 1 shows the details of the Large Scale Bioreactor Simulator, which comprised a tube for accommodating waste sample, dial and pressure gauge, temperature sensor, loading piston, and perforated pressure plate. A waste sample had a diameter of 0.43 m and a height of 0.6 m. Two aluminum plates at the top and bottom were clamped using stainless steel rods on both ends of the tube. Rubber gaskets seal the contact surfaces between the tube and plates. A drainage valve was installed on the bottom plate and was connected to the leachate collection tank via flexible tubing. The top plate had four ports for leachate recirculation, gas sampling, mounting pressure gauge, and temperature sensor. All the ports were sealed with nitrile rubber O-rings. An aluminum piston rod of 12 mm diameter was screwed to a perforated pressure plate and placed on a 20 mm layer of gravel above the waste specimen. The piston rod went through the opening in the top cap and put pressure in a vertical direction on the waste specimen through the pressure plate with minimum frictional resistance. The opening between the piston rod and top plate was sealed using a Neoprene membrane sleeve. A leachate recirculation port was used to circulate leachate collected from the drainage valve and serve the water supply to saturate the waste sample. The distribution of leachate/water was achieved by a perforated pressure plate resting over 20 mm gravel and a non-oven geotextile placed over the waste specimen. Another 20-mm layer of gravel and a non-woven geotextile was placed at the bottom of the waste specimen to prevent the wash-out of large waste particles through the drainage valve. A gas sampling port collected the biogas generated through the waste sample. Generated biogas was collected in a sampling bag connected to the port through flexible tubing. A gas pressure gauge mounted on the top plate was used to monitor the pressure generated in the simulator. A temperature sensor was placed in the waste specimen at the center to monitor the temperature. Opening the top plate, a temperature sensor cable was connected to the acquisition system. A dial gauge was positioned above the simulator, resting on the top plate and connected to the central loading piston. A continuous settlement of waste specimens was recorded through a dial gauge. 3. Sample Preparation MSW sample was collected from the working phase of the solid waste management site in Vilholi Nasik (Maharashtra, India). 200kg of sample was collected and characterized into biodegradable, moderately biodegradable, hardly biodegradable, and inert waste. Endait and Patil's (2020) work explains the detailed procedure followed for characterization. The composition of MSW used in the study is tabulated in Table 2 . MSW sample was not shredded or milled; fine particles passing through a 40 mm sieve were used to prepare the sample to avoid boundary effect. To enhance the degradation process, leachate collected from landfills and sludge obtained from the biogas plant (Ashoka Biogreen Pvt. Ltd., Nashik) was added to the sample. MSW sample, leachate, and sludge were mixed thoroughly until a homogenous mixture was obtained and kept for 24 hrs in a closed container for uniform moisture distribution. The resulting moisture content in the sample was 85% on a wet weight basis. The sample was then placed in a specially designed simulator with minimal compaction at a density of 6.62 Kn/m 3 . A 20mm layer of gravel (25 mm size) overlaying with filter paper was used to avoid possible clogging at the bottom drainage port. At the top of the specimen, the pressure plate was kept above the gravel layer. The temperature sensor was positioned at the center of the sample to monitor temperature during degradation. An external vertical load of 2kg was applied through the piston rod. The total weight of the piston rod, pressure plate, gravel, and external load was less than 4Kg. Equivalent to applied vertical stress of less than 1 kPa. 4. Experimental Investigation The bioreactor simulator and its connections were sealed using sealant to prevent leaks after placing the waste sample. A 25 liter of deionized water was added to the simulator on day 5. Total settlement, temperature, and volume of gas were recorded before recirculating the leachate. The drainage valve at the bottom was closed, and leachate was added to the sample through the leachate recirculation port until it reached the bottom of the pressure plate. The sample was then allowed to saturate for 24 hrs. Additional leachate was added if required after saturation to maintain the level up to the bottom of the pressure plate. Settlement temperatures were recorded at saturation, and then leachate was drained. Collected leachate was mixed thoroughly before recirculation and was recirculated three times a week. The Biochemical properties of leachate were determined for pH, Alkalinity, and total COD as per standards suggested by (APHA 2005 ). During the degradation of MSW, the volume and composition of generated gas were monitored. First, the volume of gas was measured using the water displacement method. To measure the volume of gas, a bucket, flexible tube & measuring cylinder were used. One end of the flexible tube was attached to the gas sampling port, and another end was inserted into the measuring cylinder with a 1000 ml capacity. The cylinder was submerged in a water bucket, leaving no air behind. The cylinder was then inverted, keeping one end of the tube inserted. The gas sampling port was opened slowly to allow the gas to enter in measuring cylinder. When the gas reached to 1000ml mark on the measuring cylinder, the knob was closed. As the gas entered the measuring cylinder, the water gets displaced; the corresponding volume of gas was measured and recorded. This procedure was continued till the gas venting was completed. The gas characterization was done using methane Gas analyzer model 2205P SP every seven days. 5. Result And Discussion Strain Figure 2 shows the logarithmic plot of strain vs. time. After the initial moisture addition on day five, the strain was linearly increased with logarithmic time. However, the increase in strain was observed more after 40 days, and by day 100, 1.2% strain was recorded. The sudden change in the strain gradient vs. log time graph after day 40 was due to the completion of 50% degradation, which increased due to leachate recirculation. Temperature Temperature monitoring was done throughout the experimentation. The initial temperature recorded was 24 0 C. Figure 3 shows the variation in the temperature range throughout the monitoring period. The temperature range of 30+/-4 0 C was reported as favorable for microbial activity (Lakshmikanthan and Babu, 2017 ). pH of Leachate At every leachate recirculation, pH values were recorded. The initial pH of leachate was found at 5.0. The maximum pH value was recorded on day 72 at 6.16. Figure 4 depicts the variation of pH fluctuating between 5.0 to 6.16, which was sufficient for maintaining anaerobic digestion. Whereas pH values less than 6 inhibited the bacterial activity, which was slower by day 70. The initial increase in pH was attributed to the frequent leachate recirculation. These results are in accordance with the data reported by (Mali et al.2012; Fei et al.2014). Alkalinity of Leachate Figure 5 presents a variation in the Alkalinity of leachate with time. At the initial stage, the Alkalinity of leachate was found 11000 mg/lit. A maximum value of 14200mg/lit was recorded on Day 11. However, the Alkalinity of leachate rapidly decreased after 15 days and reached a 450mg/lit value. The ideal value of 2000mg/lit required for methanogenesis was recorded up to day 33 (Rovers and Grahame 1973; Landva and Clark 1990 ). Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) COD measurement shows the presence of organic matter in MSW. Initially, the COD value was 16112 mg/lit and decreased to 4200mg/liter on day 19. Figure.6 shows the variation of COD with time. Higher values of COD in the initial stage show the deficiency of oxygen to carry the anaerobic digestion. A decrease in COD Values shows the loss of organic matter in the absence of oxygen. Lakshmikanthan and Babu ( 2017 ) reported 3000 mg/lit COD concentration at the end of one year. Fei et al.(2014) reported a stable concentration of less than 1000 mg/l after 150 days. This study observed a residual concentration of 3400 mg/lit at the end of 100 days. Biogas Composition and Production Modelling Figure 7 depicts the simulator's biogas times-series of CO2& CH4 concentration. In the initial stage, no gas was generated. After the first leachate recirculation, 89% CO 2 concentration was recorded, while CH 4 concentration was 10%. CO 2 concentration was decreased by 17% at the end of 70 days. During the same period, CH 4 concentration was increased by 63%. However, the percentage of CH 4 generation at the study's end was less than the literature (Fei et al., 2014 ; Lakshmikanthan and Babu, 2017 ). This may be attributed to variation in the composition of MSW. The modified Gompertz model was fitted to the cumulative biogas production data with an acceptance of coefficient of determination of 0.98 (Fig. 8 ). The model was represented by: Where M is cumulative gas production in (ℓ), t is the period in days, and R m is gas production rate (ℓ/day), P is gas production potential (ℓ), e is a mathematical constant, and λ is the duration of lag phase (days). The lag phase was obtained as 12 days from the model, closer to the actual experimental observations. The gas production potential and production rate calculated from the model are182ℓ and 3ℓ/day, respectively. The lesser production rate is attributed to the composition of waste. Conclusions A large-scale bioreactor simulator was developed to study the mechanical and biochemical properties of MSW undergoing biodegradation. Experimentation was conducted over a period of 100 days. The simulator monitored the settlement, temperature, leachate properties, and biogas composition. Based on the results following conclusions can be drawn: An anaerobic bioreactor technology gives significant improvements in treating MSW. The settlement of MSW in the simulator was 1.2%. A sudden change in settlement rate was observed, which was evident for the biodegradation due to leachate recirculation. Biochemical properties: pH, Alkalinity, and COD of leachate are the most important parameters to assess the anaerobic biodegrading process The composition of generated biogas suggested that the volume of CH 4 generation depends on the composition of MSW. The MSW studied biogas production potential rate of 3ℓ/day with a phase lag of 12 days was obtained from Modified Gompertz Model. It is expected that the presented data will pave the way toward a more rational description of its state Declarations Funding - The authors declare that no funds, grants, or other support were received during the preparation of this manuscript. Data Availability : The datasets generated during and/or analyzed during the current study are not publicly available due to ongoing experimentation but are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request. Novelty: Developed experimental setup for biochemical and geotechnical properties of Municipal solid waste Conflict of Interest: The authors declare no conflict of interest pertaining to the manuscript submitt References Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB), Ministry of Environment, Forest and climate change, Government of India, (2008) Guidelines and Check-list for evaluation of MSW Landfills proposals with Information on existing landfills Kjeldsen P, Barlaz MA, Rooker AP, Baun A, Ledin A, Christensen TH (2002) Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology Present and Long-Term Composition of MSW Landfill Leachate: A Review Present and Long-Term Composition of MSW Landfill Leachate: A Review. 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Relationship of Compressibility Parameters to Municipal Solid Waste Decomposition.Journal of geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, 129, 1151–1158. Tables Tables 1-2 are available in the Supplementary Files section. Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Supplementary Files Tables.docx Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-1901361","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":124463638,"identity":"a1a09bb3-79d0-4633-aded-36f996299c54","order_by":0,"name":"Swati Patil","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Sandip University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Swati","middleName":"","lastName":"Patil","suffix":""},{"id":124463639,"identity":"53c9b977-a99c-46b6-8255-33f33d780ded","order_by":1,"name":"Mahesh 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18:31:43","extension":"png","order_by":4,"title":"Figure 4","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":82330,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003epH variation of leachate in the simulator during biodegradation\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"Fig4.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-1901361/v1/578273e0fac8c315f0165393.png"},{"id":24621159,"identity":"5c961ae3-0ed2-4736-98b0-313470c32d7d","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2022-08-01 18:31:43","extension":"png","order_by":5,"title":"Figure 5","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":87267,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eAlkalinity variation of leachate in the simulator during biodegradation\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"Fig5.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-1901361/v1/a3eb14aef9d629f9639a5598.png"},{"id":24621161,"identity":"7a0a0fd5-5518-47b5-8c3b-95110c3113b6","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2022-08-01 18:31:44","extension":"png","order_by":6,"title":"Figure 6","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":94716,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eCOD variation of leachate in the simulator during biodegradation\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"Fig6.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-1901361/v1/1acc799e0805dc2c1a416fb6.png"},{"id":24621158,"identity":"7d86fba8-a7fe-4c6b-b9f1-525517e47f84","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2022-08-01 18:31:43","extension":"png","order_by":7,"title":"Figure 7","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":47175,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eCH\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e and CO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e concentrations in biogas\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"Fig7.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-1901361/v1/55561321dca22a5ac89f717f.png"},{"id":24621752,"identity":"6b6d0729-126c-4a5d-a7f2-095ee25a6ede","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2022-08-01 18:36:43","extension":"png","order_by":8,"title":"Figure 8","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":111747,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eModified Gompertz Model fit for cumulative biogas production data.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"Fig8.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-1901361/v1/a3151f6b1ad61fe4017624bc.png"},{"id":24836855,"identity":"13882fe9-3e18-46bc-80c1-ab215ff171ad","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2022-08-05 15:14:26","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":2468300,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-1901361/v1/353c3b11-0f40-465f-8751-b7aa400eeca5.pdf"},{"id":24622015,"identity":"f233e1ca-628a-46ee-8cdc-b0715264afad","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2022-08-01 18:41:43","extension":"docx","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"supplement","size":24759,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Tables.docx","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-1901361/v1/738bbad738d892c85b621bb5.docx"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"An Experimental Set-up for Measurement of Mechanical and Biochemical Properties of Municipal Solid Waste Undergoing Anaerobic Biodegradation","fulltext":[{"header":"1. Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eIn India, the volume of waste generation has been increasing over the last few years. The per capita MSW generation rate reported for small towns is 200\u0026ndash;300 gm/capita, 300\u0026ndash;400 gm/capita for medium cities, and between 400\u0026ndash;600 gm/capita for large cities. (Report of a Task Force on Waste to Energy). Approximately 1,40,588 metric tonnes/day of MSW is currently handled in the urban areas in the country. The annual MSW generation is expected to rise non-linearly in the future. The 2014 \u0026ldquo;Task Force on Waste to Energy\u0026rdquo; report under the Planning Commission estimates that MSW generation will increase by 39% by 2031 and 77% by 2050.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) has reported various issues in India's current waste management system. Amongst that,\u0026rdquo; Unscientific disposal of MSW at dumpsites\u0026rdquo; is an alarming issue that needs to be addressed. Considering the scarcity of land in and around urban areas, uncontrolled waste dumping has created many issues, including groundwater contamination and air pollution. The CPCB report also states that only 68% of the MSW is collected, of which only 28% is treated. The remaining waste is disposed of at dump sites/landfill sites untreated. There are 59 constructed landfill sites, and 376 are under the planning stage in India. Landfilling is the final process of municipal solid waste management. CPCB (2008) has released guidelines and a checklist for evaluating MSW landfills. Basic requirements for these landfills are hydro-geological isolation, formal engineering design, permanent control, and planned waste disposal and covering.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe active period of a landfill is 10 to 25 years and the closure \u0026amp; post-closure period is 30 years. The design life of a landfill is typically 50 to 75 years; beyond this life, the containment barriers may not perform satisfactorily. These landfills are designed to protect the environment from contaminants present in the solid waste stream. Sometimes degradation can also continue after the post-closure period (Kjeldsen et al.2002; Zekkos et al.2010).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eA bioreactor landfill is a recent invention in waste management where leachate is recirculated with or without air (aerobic/anaerobic condition) through the waste mass to accelerate biodegradation. Added leachate and/ or air enhance the microbial process and methane generation. Using this technology, the decomposition and stabilization of MSW can be achieved in a few years. Recirculating leachate reduces disposal cost; moreover, mobility and the addition of air reduces the toxicity of leachate. Developing countries like India and China have begun investigating bioreactor landfills (Lakshmikanthan and Babu \u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e). The working of bioreactor landfills has been frequently studied in laboratory simulators.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e summarizes laboratory simulators' dimensions and findings of MSW's geotechnical and biochemical properties reported in the literature. Dimensions of simulators affect the overall biodegradation process. As depicted in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e capacity of the simulator varies from 40 liters to 830 liters. Fewer volume simulators require the shredding of MSW samples, which enhances the degradation rate but affects MSW's mechanical and physical properties (Landva and Clark \u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1990\u003c/span\u003e; Zekkoss et al.2008). A minimum of 0.3 diameter simulators is recommended to accommodate representative MSW samples to avoid bias in results (Zekkoss et al., 2008; Fei et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCharacterization of MSW during degradation has been evaluated by assessing geotechnical properties such as shear strength, permeability, and hydraulic conductivity (Reddy et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2011\u003c/span\u003e). However, Fei et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e) have reported fewer studies on the strain. Biochemical properties study included the gas characterization and leachate properties. The degree of decomposition can be evaluated based on the amount of CH\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e and CO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e released. Leachate properties include pH, Alkalinity, and Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn this study, a large anaerobic bioreactor simulator with a diameter of 0.43 m and a height of 0.6 m was used to simulate the biodegradation process of MSW. In addition, an unshredded sample was used to assess MSW's mechanical and biochemical properties during biodegradation. The objective of this study is to monitor the mechanical and biochemical properties qualitatively and quantitatively.\u003c/p\u003e "},{"header":"2. Bioreactor Simulator Configuration","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe bioreactor simulator was fabricated using 10 mm poly (methyl - methacrylate). Figure\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e shows the details of the Large Scale Bioreactor Simulator, which comprised a tube for accommodating waste sample, dial and pressure gauge, temperature sensor, loading piston, and perforated pressure plate. A waste sample had a diameter of 0.43 m and a height of 0.6 m. Two aluminum plates at the top and bottom were clamped using stainless steel rods on both ends of the tube. Rubber gaskets seal the contact surfaces between the tube and plates.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eA drainage valve was installed on the bottom plate and was connected to the leachate collection tank via flexible tubing. The top plate had four ports for leachate recirculation, gas sampling, mounting pressure gauge, and temperature sensor. All the ports were sealed with nitrile rubber O-rings. An aluminum piston rod of 12 mm diameter was screwed to a perforated pressure plate and placed on a 20 mm layer of gravel above the waste specimen. The piston rod went through the opening in the top cap and put pressure in a vertical direction on the waste specimen through the pressure plate with minimum frictional resistance. The opening between the piston rod and top plate was sealed using a Neoprene membrane sleeve.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eA leachate recirculation port was used to circulate leachate collected from the drainage valve and serve the water supply to saturate the waste sample. The distribution of leachate/water was achieved by a perforated pressure plate resting over 20 mm gravel and a non-oven geotextile placed over the waste specimen. Another 20-mm layer of gravel and a non-woven geotextile was placed at the bottom of the waste specimen to prevent the wash-out of large waste particles through the drainage valve. A gas sampling port collected the biogas generated through the waste sample. Generated biogas was collected in a sampling bag connected to the port through flexible tubing. A gas pressure gauge mounted on the top plate was used to monitor the pressure generated in the simulator. A temperature sensor was placed in the waste specimen at the center to monitor the temperature. Opening the top plate, a temperature sensor cable was connected to the acquisition system.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eA dial gauge was positioned above the simulator, resting on the top plate and connected to the central loading piston. A continuous settlement of waste specimens was recorded through a dial gauge.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"3. Sample Preparation","content":"\u003cp\u003eMSW sample was collected from the working phase of the solid waste management site in Vilholi Nasik (Maharashtra, India). 200kg of sample was collected and characterized into biodegradable, moderately biodegradable, hardly biodegradable, and inert waste. Endait and Patil's (2020) work explains the detailed procedure followed for characterization. The composition of MSW used in the study is tabulated in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e. MSW sample was not shredded or milled; fine particles passing through a 40 mm sieve were used to prepare the sample to avoid boundary effect. To enhance the degradation process, leachate collected from landfills and sludge obtained from the biogas plant (Ashoka Biogreen Pvt. Ltd., Nashik) was added to the sample. MSW sample, leachate, and sludge were mixed thoroughly until a homogenous mixture was obtained and kept for 24 hrs in a closed container for uniform moisture distribution. The resulting moisture content in the sample was 85% on a wet weight basis.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe sample was then placed in a specially designed simulator with minimal compaction at a density of 6.62 Kn/m\u003csup\u003e3\u003c/sup\u003e. A 20mm layer of gravel (25 mm size) overlaying with filter paper was used to avoid possible clogging at the bottom drainage port. At the top of the specimen, the pressure plate was kept above the gravel layer. The temperature sensor was positioned at the center of the sample to monitor temperature during degradation. An external vertical load of 2kg was applied through the piston rod. The total weight of the piston rod, pressure plate, gravel, and external load was less than 4Kg. Equivalent to applied vertical stress of less than 1 kPa.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"4. Experimental Investigation","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe bioreactor simulator and its connections were sealed using sealant to prevent leaks after placing the waste sample. A 25 liter of deionized water was added to the simulator on day 5. Total settlement, temperature, and volume of gas were recorded before recirculating the leachate. The drainage valve at the bottom was closed, and leachate was added to the sample through the leachate recirculation port until it reached the bottom of the pressure plate. The sample was then allowed to saturate for 24 hrs. Additional leachate was added if required after saturation to maintain the level up to the bottom of the pressure plate. Settlement temperatures were recorded at saturation, and then leachate was drained. Collected leachate was mixed thoroughly before recirculation and was recirculated three times a week.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Biochemical properties of leachate were determined for pH, Alkalinity, and total COD as per standards suggested by (APHA \u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2005\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDuring the degradation of MSW, the volume and composition of generated gas were monitored. First, the volume of gas was measured using the water displacement method. To measure the volume of gas, a bucket, flexible tube \u0026amp; measuring cylinder were used. One end of the flexible tube was attached to the gas sampling port, and another end was inserted into the measuring cylinder with a 1000 ml capacity. The cylinder was submerged in a water bucket, leaving no air behind. The cylinder was then inverted, keeping one end of the tube inserted. The gas sampling port was opened slowly to allow the gas to enter in measuring cylinder. When the gas reached to 1000ml mark on the measuring cylinder, the knob was closed. As the gas entered the measuring cylinder, the water gets displaced; the corresponding volume of gas was measured and recorded. This procedure was continued till the gas venting was completed. The gas characterization was done using methane Gas analyzer model 2205P SP every seven days.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"5. Result And Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eStrain\u003c/b\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFigure \u003cspan refid=\"Fig2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e shows the logarithmic plot of strain vs. time. After the initial moisture addition on day five, the strain was linearly increased with logarithmic time. However, the increase in strain was observed more after 40 days, and by day 100, 1.2% strain was recorded. The sudden change in the strain gradient vs. log time graph after day 40 was due to the completion of 50% degradation, which increased due to leachate recirculation.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eTemperature\u003c/b\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTemperature monitoring was done throughout the experimentation. The initial temperature recorded was 24\u003csup\u003e0\u003c/sup\u003eC. Figure\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e shows the variation in the temperature range throughout the monitoring period. The temperature range of 30+/-4\u003csup\u003e0\u003c/sup\u003eC was reported as favorable for microbial activity (Lakshmikanthan and Babu, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003epH of Leachate\u003c/b\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAt every leachate recirculation, pH values were recorded. The initial pH of leachate was found at 5.0. The maximum pH value was recorded on day 72 at 6.16. Figure\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e depicts the variation of pH fluctuating between 5.0 to 6.16, which was sufficient for maintaining anaerobic digestion. Whereas pH values less than 6 inhibited the bacterial activity, which was slower by day 70. The initial increase in pH was attributed to the frequent leachate recirculation. These results are in accordance with the data reported by (Mali et al.2012; Fei et al.2014).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eAlkalinity of Leachate\u003c/b\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFigure \u003cspan refid=\"Fig5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e presents a variation in the Alkalinity of leachate with time. At the initial stage, the Alkalinity of leachate was found 11000 mg/lit. A maximum value of 14200mg/lit was recorded on Day 11. However, the Alkalinity of leachate rapidly decreased after 15 days and reached a 450mg/lit value. The ideal value of 2000mg/lit required for methanogenesis was recorded up to day 33 (Rovers and Grahame 1973; Landva and Clark \u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1990\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eChemical Oxygen Demand (COD)\u003c/b\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCOD measurement shows the presence of organic matter in MSW. Initially, the COD value was 16112 mg/lit and decreased to 4200mg/liter on day 19. Figure.6 shows the variation of COD with time. Higher values of COD in the initial stage show the deficiency of oxygen to carry the anaerobic digestion. A decrease in COD Values shows the loss of organic matter in the absence of oxygen. Lakshmikanthan and Babu (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e) reported 3000 mg/lit COD concentration at the end of one year. Fei et al.(2014) reported a stable concentration of less than 1000 mg/l after 150 days. This study observed a residual concentration of 3400 mg/lit at the end of 100 days.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eBiogas Composition and Production Modelling\u003c/b\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFigure \u003cspan refid=\"Fig7\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e depicts the simulator's biogas times-series of CO2\u0026amp; CH4 concentration. In the initial stage, no gas was generated. After the first leachate recirculation, 89% CO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e concentration was recorded, while CH\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e concentration was 10%. CO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e concentration was decreased by 17% at the end of 70 days. During the same period, CH\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e concentration was increased by 63%. However, the percentage of CH\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e generation at the study's end was less than the literature (Fei et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e; Lakshmikanthan and Babu, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e). This may be attributed to variation in the composition of MSW.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe modified Gompertz model was fitted to the cumulative biogas production data with an acceptance of coefficient of determination of 0.98 (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig8\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e). The model was represented by:\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"data:image/png;base64,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\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWhere M is cumulative gas production in (ℓ), t is the period in days, and R\u003csub\u003em\u003c/sub\u003e is gas production rate (ℓ/day), P is gas production potential (ℓ), e is a mathematical constant, and λ is the duration of lag phase (days).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe lag phase was obtained as 12 days from the model, closer to the actual experimental observations. The gas production potential and production rate calculated from the model are182ℓ and 3ℓ/day, respectively. The lesser production rate is attributed to the composition of waste.\u003c/p\u003e "},{"header":"Conclusions","content":" \u003cp\u003eA large-scale bioreactor simulator was developed to study the mechanical and biochemical properties of MSW undergoing biodegradation. Experimentation was conducted over a period of 100 days. The simulator monitored the settlement, temperature, leachate properties, and biogas composition. Based on the results following conclusions can be drawn:\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003col\u003e \u003cspan\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eAn anaerobic bioreactor technology gives significant improvements in treating MSW.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe settlement of MSW in the simulator was 1.2%. A sudden change in settlement rate was observed, which was evident for the biodegradation due to leachate recirculation.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eBiochemical properties: pH, Alkalinity, and COD of leachate are the most important parameters to assess the anaerobic biodegrading process\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe composition of generated biogas suggested that the volume of CH\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e generation depends on the composition of MSW.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe MSW studied biogas production potential rate of 3ℓ/day with a phase lag of 12 days was obtained from Modified Gompertz Model. It is expected that the presented data will pave the way toward a more rational description of its state\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003c/span\u003e \u003c/ol\u003e \u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFunding\u003c/strong\u003e- The authors declare that no funds, grants, or other support were received during the preparation of this manuscript.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eData Availability\u003c/strong\u003e: The datasets generated during and/or analyzed during the current study are not publicly available due to ongoing experimentation but are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eNovelty:\u003c/strong\u003e Developed experimental setup for biochemical and geotechnical properties of Municipal solid waste\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConflict of Interest: \u003c/strong\u003eThe authors declare no conflict of interest pertaining to the manuscript submitt\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eCentral Pollution Control Board (CPCB), Ministry of Environment, Forest and climate change, Government of India, (2008) Guidelines and Check-list for evaluation of MSW Landfills proposals with Information on existing landfills\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eKjeldsen P, Barlaz MA, Rooker AP, Baun A, Ledin A, Christensen TH (2002) Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology Present and Long-Term Composition of MSW Landfill Leachate: A Review Present and Long-Term Composition of MSW Landfill Leachate: A Review. 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DOI: \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003e10.1016/j.biortech.2010.02.049\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1016/j.biortech.2010.02.049\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eValencia R, Zon W Van Der, Woelders H, Lubberding HJ, Gijzen HJ (2009) Achieving Final Storage Quality of municipal solid Waste in pilot-scale bioreactor landfills. Waste Management 29:78\u0026ndash;85. DOI: \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003e10.1016/j.wasman.2008.02.008\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1016/j.wasman.2008.02.008\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eIvanovaL. K., Richards D. J., and Smallman D. J. (2008) The long-term settlement of landfill waste, waste, and Resource Management 2008 161:3 121\u0026ndash;133\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eOlivier F.and Gourc (2007)Hydro-mechanical behavior of Municipal Solid Waste subject to leachate recirculation in a large-scale compression reactor cell Waste Management, Volume\u0026nbsp;27 Issue 1 2007 Pages 44\u0026ndash;58\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eFrancois V., SkhiriG., N, LagierT., MatejkaG (2006) Indicating the parameters of the state of degradation of municipal solid waste Journal of Hazardous Materials, Volume\u0026nbsp;137 Issue 2Pages 1008\u0026ndash;1015\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eTaylor, P., Borglin, S. E., Hazen, T. C., Oldenburg, C. M., Zawislanski, P. T., Borglin, S. E., Hazen, T. C and Oldenburg, C. M. (2004). Comparison of Aerobic and Anaerobic Biotreatment of Municipal Solid Waste Comparison of Aerobic and Anaerobic Biotreatment of Municipal Solid Waste. Air \u0026amp; Waste Management Association, 54, 815\u0026ndash;822.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eHossain, M. S., Gabr, M. A., Asce, F., Barlaz, M. A., and Asce, M. (2004). Relationship of Compressibility Parameters to Municipal Solid Waste Decomposition.Journal of geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, 129, 1151\u0026ndash;1158.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003c/ol\u003e"},{"header":"Tables","content":"\u003cp\u003eTables 1-2 are available in the Supplementary Files section.\u003c/p\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Municipal Solid Waste, Bioreactor Landfill Simulator, Leachate ","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-1901361/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-1901361/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eA bioreactor landfill is a recent invention in the field of waste management. A large-scale bioreactor simulator is developed in this study. The simulator configuration, testing procedure, sampling, and measurements are presented. The study describes the effect of degradation on long settlements. The effect of leachate recirculation was assessed from the biochemical properties of leachate and biogas. Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) sample was collected from the working phase of the solid waste management site in Vilholi Nasik (Maharashtra, India). Leachate collected from the same site was used for the recirculation. The degradation process in the simulator was monitored for 106 days. The total settlement was 1.2% recorded. pH, Alkalinity, and chemical oxygen demand of leachate were monitored throughout the experimental investigation and found responsible parameters for the degradation process. Biogas production potential rate of 3ℓ/day with a phase lag of 12 days was obtained from Modified Gompertz Model. The composition of biogas analyzed the presence of 74% CO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e and 24%CH\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e. Practitioners can use the simulator and experimental investigation data presented in this study for designing bioreactor landfills.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"An Experimental Set-up for Measurement of Mechanical and Biochemical Properties of Municipal Solid Waste Undergoing Anaerobic Biodegradation","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2022-08-01 18:31:42","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-1901361/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"713ab726-36c1-437d-bb5c-9967229bbc8d","owner":[],"postedDate":"August 1st, 2022","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2022-08-05T15:14:22+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2022-08-01 18:31:42","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-1901361","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-1901361","identity":"rs-1901361","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"_2-kVJe1T_tPrBINL-cwx","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}