A muscle-related contractile tissue specified by myocardin-related transcription factor activity in Porifera

Muscle-based movement is a hallmark of animal biology, but the evolutionary origins of myocytes – the cells that comprise muscle tissues – are unknown. Sponges (Porifera) provide an opportunity to reconstruct the earliest periods of myocyte evolution. Although sponges are believed to lack muscle, they are capable of coordinated whole-body contractions that purge debris from internal water canals. This behavior has been observed for decades, but their contractile tissues remain uncharacterized; it is an open question whether they have affinity to muscle or non-muscle contractile tissues in other animals. Here, we characterize the endothelial-like lining of water canals (the endopinacoderm) as a primary contractile tissue in the sponge Ephydatia muelleri . We find tissue-wide organization of contractile actin-bundles that contain striated-muscle myosin II and transgelin, and that contractions are regulated by the release of internal Ca 2+ stores upstream of the myosin-light-chain-kinase (MLCK) pathway. Further, we show that the endopinacoderm is developmentally specified by myocardin-related transcription factor (MRTF) as part of an environmentally-inducible transcriptional complex that otherwise is known to function in muscle development, plasticity, and regeneration in other animals. We conclude that both muscle tissues and the endopinacoderm evolved from a common, multifunctional contractile tissue in the animal stem-lineage. Furthermore, as an actin-regulated force-sensor, MRTF-activity offers a mechanism for how water canals dynamically remodel in response to flow and can re-form normally from stem-cells in the absence of the intrinsic positional cues characteristic of embryogenesis in other animals.