The Evolution and Sustainable Management of Turfgrass: Historical Insights and Future Challenges

Turfgrass has evolved from a fundamental element of natural landscapes to a key component of ornamental, recreational, and ecological systems. This review examines its historical trajectory, from ancient civilizations and medieval monastic gardens to modern urban green spaces, highlighting cultural, technological, and environmental influences. The study integrates historical analysis with agronomic and ecological research to assess turfgrass’s role in soil conservation, carbon sequestration, water management, and bio-diversity enhancement. The methodological approach combines a historical-literary re-view with an analysis of scientific advancements in turfgrass management, focusing on low-input species, precision irrigation, and climate-adaptive strategies. Findings in-dicate that while turfgrass contributes to urban resilience and ecosystem services, con-ventional high-maintenance practices pose sustainability challenges. The review un-derscores the need for multifunctional turfgrass systems that balance aesthetics with ecological benefits. A shift toward eco-friendly management practices will be essential for the long-term sustainability of turfgrass in modern landscapes.