Social-ecological factors influencing loneliness and social isolation in older people: A scoping review

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Research about loneliness and SI in older people has typically adopted a narrow focus, evaluating effects of individual and inter-personal factors on these experiences. Less is known about the community and societal influences that may be used to inform public health interventions. We conducted a scoping review applying Joanna Briggs Institute methodology and the social-ecological model framework in order to: i) identify the available evidence for the influence of the community and societal factors on loneliness and SI as experienced by older people; ii) examine how quantitative research about community- and societal-level factors of loneliness and SI in the older population is conducted; and iii) identify current knowledge gaps in relation to the use of the social-ecological model in this area. A total of 52 articles from 30 countries met the inclusion criteria, including 33 observational studies, primarily cross-sectional (88%), and 19 interventions, mostly (89%) pre-post evaluations. The majority of included articles measured loneliness only (n = 34, 65%), while 11 measured both loneliness and SI (21%). To measure these outcomes validated scales were frequently used. Eighteen community/societal factors were investigated in relation to loneliness and/or SI, most commonly, neighbourhood safety, access to public third-places and cultural practices. Three societal-level interventions were found: two campaigns to reduce ageism and one explored the impact of free public transport. Community-based interventions were either educational or enlisted volunteers to foster connections. There is a need for longitudinal studies to better understand the mechanism through which community- and societal- level factors affect loneliness and SI, which in turn guide interventions that utilise the social-ecological framework to these issues. loneliness social isolation social-ecological model ageing community societal scoping review Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Background Loneliness and social isolation (SI) are well-established as factors contributing to the development a range of chronic health conditions including dementia, cardiovascular diseases, and depression [1, 2]. Articles have found that the health implications of loneliness and SI are comparable to well-accepted risk factors like obesity and tobacco usage [3]. The increase in chronic illnesses as a result of loneliness and SI, combined with the more frequent use of health care services by those who are lonely and/or isolated [4], has both health and economic implications for society [5]. Loneliness, also known as subjective isolation, has been conceptualised as the subjective experience of not having the desired number of healthy social connections [1]. Conversely, SI, or objective isolation, has been conceptualised as the objective experience of not having enough healthy social connections [6]. Although research on loneliness and SI has previously been carried out in various ways, NEG Newall and VH Menec [7] argue the two concepts should be studied together and understood as entwined. It is also difficult to separate or draw a boundary between where objective ends and subjective begins. Several systematic reviews have investigated the risk factors of loneliness and SI in the older population, with increasing age one of the most cited risk factors [8]. While loneliness and SI are not exclusive to older people, a large proportion of those at risk of or experiencing loneliness and SI are from the older population [9], particularly those over the age of 70 years old [10]. Other commonly cited risk factors include gender, with women at greater risk of loneliness and men more at risk of SI [8] and older people with a lower level of educational attainment are at greater risk of both [11]. Older people with functional and cognitive impairments are also likely to experience an increased risk of both loneliness and SI [12]. It should be noted that the above mentioned well-explored risk factors are all primarily focused on the individual and not their broader social context. One of the reasons for the individual-focus approach is that loneliness and SI research has typically not been viewed as a public health issue [13]. However, evidence of the health implications of loneliness and SI growing, coupled with the increasing prevalence in Western societies, make it clear that a public health approach that includes preventative measures must be included in the research discourse [4, 14]. There are growing calls from researchers and policy makers to redefine loneliness and SI as a public health issue, and to move towards a more transdisciplinary, systems-based approach [15]. Approaching the issues of loneliness and SI through the social-ecological lens allows for a more comprehensive and systematic analysis of the factors that influence loneliness and SI in older people. In doing so, more effective ways of alleviating loneliness and SI in this population may become available [16]. A person-centred approach to reducing loneliness and SI, such as social prescribing, is the gold standard of loneliness and SI interventions, but, can be resource-intensive [17]. It is possible that altering, through systematic interventions, the community and societal factors, once identified, would be more effective in controlling loneliness and SI at the population level than the previous individualised interventions. Conceptual framework We propose that an appropriate framework to apply to the issues of loneliness and SI in a public health context may be the social-ecological model [18]. This model represents a need to address the complexities of individuals and the world around them, and the use of the social-ecological model signals a departure in public health research from the increasingly outdated biomedical approach, to a more holistic method of addressing public health problems [13]. The social-ecological model has been used effectively to provide solutions to other pressing health issues such as maternal and child health, tobacco control, and physical inactivity [13]. There are many iterations of the social-ecological model, but the one used for this project is the World Health Organization endorsed model, initially proposed by L Dahlberg and EG Krug [18]. This version proposes four nested levels of interaction: the individual, the interpersonal, the community and the societal. Individual and interpersonal factors of loneliness and SI which make up the ‘micro level’, are well researched and have been reviewed systematically previously [8, 11, 12, 19]. Examples of these factors include socio-demographic characteristics, health status and health-related behaviours or their antecedents (e.g., knowledge, attitudes) [19]. The community and societal level interactions are less well-researched, and as such, are the focus of this review. The concept of what constitutes community can differ depending on context. Community may differ within the bounds of whether it is physical or virtual, the level of geography, or the units of analysis [20]. For this review all modes of community were included, if they were defined as such in the source article, with the most common type of community researched being the neighbourhood which is the geographical area in which a person resides [21]. Community factors may impact a person’s health through the local environment such as the types of organisations that exist in the community, public spaces, and the cohesiveness of the neighbourhood [22]. This level may include local businesses, neighbourhood parks, and volunteering opportunities [23]. Societal-level factors, on the other hand, may influence loneliness and SI through social and economic policy or regulations, culture, and other social norms. Examples of societal influences include the media coverage of an issue, health-promoting legislation, shared ideas and religious beliefs [24]. To address loneliness and SI at all levels there is a need to evaluate what literature exists on the community and societal context that may affect loneliness and SI in older people. Therefore, this review has three main aims which are: To systematically identify available evidence for what the influential community and societal factors on loneliness and SI are, as experienced by older people, and what their effects are; to examine how research about community and societal factors is conducted; and to identify knowledge gaps in relation to loneliness and SI through the lens of the social-ecological model. Method The protocol for this scoping review was registered prospectively before commencing the searches on Open Science Framework: https://osf.io/wbp23/?view_only=b515662e37b44abe86bbba139d5e462f Study Design To meet the aims of this review, a scoping review methodology was selected as this is quite a broad topic, and because there was a need to map and clarify the key components of the social-ecological model in relation to loneliness and SI [25]. We followed common methodology as determined by AC Tricco, E Lillie, W Zarin, KK O'Brien, H Colquhoun, D Levac, D Moher, MDJ Peters, T Horsley, L Weeks, et al. [26] for this scoping review. Criteria for reported items as determined by the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses- extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR) were met [27]. Search Strategy We devised our search strategy in line with the population, concept and context (PCC) framework from the Joanna Briggs Institute, in collaboration with a health science research librarian [27]. We searched five databases; CINAHL Plus, Embase, MEDLINE (OVID), PsycInfo, and Web of Science, between the 1st and 30th of August 2022, and the search strategy was adapted to meet the truncation and Boolean operations of each database as appropriate. The search strategy for Medline is available in Table 1 . Search results were uploaded into Endnote [28] and duplicates were removed. Covidence [29] was used for title and abstract screening by one reviewer (DEM). Full texts were screened for relevance by two reviewers (DEM, NH) and any conflicts were resolved by a third reviewer (DM). Table 1 Search strategy used for OVID Medline database Line # Search terms 1 (old* OR senior* OR elder* OR geriatric*).ti,ab. 2 aged/ 3 1 OR 2 4 (lonel* OR social-isolation OR social-support OR social-deprivation).ti,ab. 5 social-isolation/ OR loneliness/ 6 4 OR 5 7 (communi* OR neighbo?r* OR cultur* OR polic* OR built environment* OR soci?-ecolog* OR environment* OR societ* OR ecologic?-model).ti,ab. 8 *social-environment/ OR health-policy/ OR *residence-characteristics/ 9 7 OR 8 10 3 AND 6 AND 9 Notes : Wildcards (*, ?) used for truncation and alternate spellings. Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) terms denoted by ‘/’. Boolean operators used as denoted in search term lines. Eligibility criteria Inclusion and exclusion criteria were determined using the PCC framework. Included articles must be researching an older population, consisting of people aged 50 and older, with a mean age over 60 living in the community, not including older adults living in an institution. Articles must include a measure for subjective and/or objective isolation, and they must investigate community or societal level variables or interventions incorporating community or societal approaches. We excluded articles if only individual and interpersonal variables were addressed. We included published quantitative or mixed methods articles which used an interventional or observational methodology in this scoping review, excluding commentaries and reviews. All included articles were published in English, and no date restrictions were applied. Data Charting Critical analysis was conducted using the appropriate tools from the JBI suite of critical appraisal tools [30]. The critical appraisal and data extraction were completed concurrently using an Excel spreadsheet [31]. Detailed data extraction criteria were developed to maintain consistency when data charting and were tested on a subsample of included articles to determine the applicability of the criteria. Charted data included name of first author, primary affiliation of first author, publication year, conflicts of interest, funding source, aim of study, study design as reported by the authors, method of data collection, recruitment method, population characteristics including the included age range, mean age, female percentage, country where conducted, and the specific location if mentioned. The main outcome of interest, and the measurement tool used were recorded, as well as any co-variates mentioned by the authors. For intervention articles a description of the intervention was summarised, whether there was a control group and whether their treatment differed. For observational articles the exposure variable was recorded according to whether it was a community or societal level variable. The extraction also included any relevant findings and recommendations made by the authors for future research. A record of comments made by the extractor was also kept. Findings Article Characteristics As per the PRISMA diagram (Fig. 1) 39718 records were returned from the database searches [32]. After duplicate removal there were 21755 results to screen for title and abstract. From this, 184 articles were identified for full-text screening and reasons for exclusions were recorded. There were 52 articles identified as meeting all eligibility criteria and were therefore included in the scoping review [33–84]. Of the 52 included studies, 63 per cent (n = 33) were observational and 37 per cent (n = 19) were interventional. Of the articles detailing observational studies, the majority (88%, n = 29) used a cross-sectional design, and only four articles utilised a longitudinal design. Of the interventional articles two were randomised controlled trials and 17 utilised a pre-post evaluation design with no comparison group. Further descriptions of the included articles are shown in Table 2 . Table 2 Summary of charted data. Source Topic focus Sample Subjective Isolation Measure and Tool Objective Isolation Measure and Tool Data Collection Method Community Factors Being Investigated Societal Factors Being Investigated Co-variates adjusted for Recommendations Observational Cross Sectional (Ajrouch, 2008) Acculturation to explain differences in social isolation and loneliness. Country: United States of America Mean age: 69 % Female: 55.5 Sample size: 101 Loneliness, Single Question 'In the last two weeks, how often—if at all—did you feel lonely?' Social Isolation, Hierarchical mapping technique- participants to rate level of relationships Face-to-Face Interview Surveys NS Migration, Cultural Practices Age, Education, Ethnicity, Gender, Marital Status, Physical Limitations Investigate how immigrant status influences social isolation and loneliness over the life course (Bai et al., 2021) Social capital and loneliness and the effect of social capital, demographic factors and health-related factors on loneliness. Country: China Mean age: 71.2 Sample size: 1810 Loneliness, Single Question 'Do you have the feeling of loneliness?' NS Face-to-Face Interview Surveys Social Cohesion NS Age, Chronic Condition, Education, Gender, Marital Status, Living Arrangement, Physical Limitations Longitudinal data or a randomised control trial (Beech & Murray, 2013) Social engagement and its link with community attachment Country: UK Mean age: 71.6 % Female: 76.9 Sample size: 65 Loneliness, DJG-LS-11 NS Self-Complete Survey NS Neighbourhood Belonging Physical Limitations, Religion Need novel approaches to investigating loneliness (Beer et al., 2016) Regional variations and incidence of social isolation. Country: Australia Sample size: 1682 Loneliness, Single Question 'During the past four weeks I felt isolated from other people.' Social Isolation, Friendship Scale Self-Complete Survey Rurality NS Physical Limitations, Religion No future research recommendations (Beere et al., 2019) Socio-spatial trends for loneliness. Country: New Zealand/ Aotearoa Sample size: 52973 Loneliness, Single Question NS Face-to-Face Interview Surveys Rurality NS Physical Limitations, Religion Need data at a more granular level (Burholt et al., 2018) Social networks that are most vulnerable to loneliness. Country: UK % Female: 50 Sample size: 815 Loneliness, DJG-LS-6 NS Face-to-Face Interview Surveys NS Cultural Practices Age, Ethnicity, Gender, Marital Status, Self-Rated Health More evidence about indigenous and migrant populations from collectivist cultures (Cao et al., 2020) Access to outdoor space and buildings and social or community events, and perceived disconnection Country: United States of America Mean age: 65.01 % Female: 63.5 Sample size: 346 Subjective Isolation, Single Question 'I frequently feel disconnected from my community.' NS Self-Complete Survey Public Third-Places NS Age, Gender, Home accessibility, Income, Living Arrangement, Self-Rated Health More research about older peoples existing community knowledge before designing interventions. (Dahlberg et al., 2022) Associations between indicators of social exclusion and loneliness Country: Denmark, Finland, Norway, and Sweden Sample size: 7755 Loneliness, Single Question ‘how much of the time during the past week have you felt lonely’ NS Face-to-Face Interview Surveys Neighbourhood Safety Political Participation Age, Education, Gender, Self-Rated Health, Physical Limitations Longitudinal data and more prospective designs to provide evidence for causal links (De Jong Gierveld et al., 2015) Loneliness of immigrants compared to native-born people in an ecological model. Country: Canada Sample size: 3692 Loneliness, DJG-LS-6 NS Face-to-Face Interview Surveys Social Cohesion Cultural Practices Gender, Marital Status, Self-Rated Health No future research recommendations (De Koning et al., 2017) Predictors of loneliness and social isolation. Country: UK Mean age: 71.5 % Female: 57.9 Sample size: 884 Loneliness, Single Question 'I experience a general sense of loneliness' Social Isolation,3 Item Scale Face-to-Face Interview Surveys Transport Access NS Age, Gender No future research recommendations (Diaz et al., 2019) Factors beyond immigration of loneliness among ethnic minority elders. Country: Canada % Female: 67.3 Sample size: 123 Loneliness, UCLA-LS-21 Social Network, LSNS-R-12 Self-Complete Survey NS Cultural Practices Education, Employment, English Proficiency, Income Investigate the relationship between unfulfilled expectations of social network and feelings of loneliness among ethnic older people (Domenech-Abella et al., 2020) The role of built environment in loneliness and depression. Country: Finland, Poland, Spain % Female: 54.9 Sample size: 5912 Loneliness, UCLA-LS-3 NS Face-to-Face Interview Surveys Walkability, Public Third-Places NS Chronic Condition, Education, Gender, Marital Status Longitudinal data to provide evidence for causality (Gibney et al., 2019) Age-friendliness of local environments and self-reported loneliness. Country: Ireland % Female: 52.7 Sample size: 10540 Loneliness, UCLA-LS-5 NS Face-to-Face Interview Surveys Accessible Services, Walkability, Transport Access Perceptions Of Ageism Age, Education, Gender, Income, Marital Status, Living Arrangement, Self-Rated Health Longitudinal data for the relationship between loneliness and environment (Glass, 2020) The intersection of loneliness and sense of community. Country: United States of America Mean age: 72 % Female: 72 Sample size: 86 Loneliness, UCLA-LS-3 NS Self-Complete Survey Neighbourhood Satisfaction Neighbourhood Belonging Physical Limitations, Religion Need more research on the intersection of cohousing, age, gender, and loneliness (Haslam et al., 2022) Social group memberships and the wellbeing of older immigrants. Country: Australia Mean age: 80.33 % Female: 82.35 Sample size: 102 Loneliness, UCLA-LS-3 NS Self-Complete Survey NS Cultural Practices Age, English Proficiency, Religion Evidence for the efficacy of social groups in reducing immigrant loneliness across different groups and ages (Henning-Smith et al., 2019) Rurality and social isolation. Country: United States of America Mean age: 71 % Female: 50 Sample size: 2439 Loneliness, Loneliness Scale (3 item not validated) NS Face-to-Face Interview Surveys Rurality Migration Age, Education, Ethnicity, Religion Research how to facilitate connections between older adults in urban areas (Hodgkin et al., 2018) Ecological model of wellness. Country: Australia Mean age: 75.92 % Female: 64.9 Sample size: 266 Loneliness, DJG-LS-6 Social Network, Single Question 'number of friends and family members' Telephone Survey Interview Accessible Services, Neighbourhood Satisfaction, Neighbourhood Safety NS Age, Gender, Income, Marital Status, Physical Limitations, Mental Health Need for more research measuring wellness in older people (Klok et al., 2017) Transnational sense of belonging as a dimension of belonging. Country: Netherlands Mean age: 60.9 Sample size: 461 Loneliness, DJG-LS-11 NS Face-to-Face Interview Surveys NS Migration, Cultural Practices Age, Education, Employment, Ethnicity, Gender, Marital Status, Self-Rated Health, Physical Limitations Need for more research understanding how transnational belonging relates to wellness in older migrants (Lam & Wang, 2022) Characteristics of the built environment and loneliness. Country: Australia Mean age: 62.9 % Female: 53 Sample size: 298 Loneliness, Single Question 'I often feel very lonely.' NS Face-to-Face Interview Surveys Neighbourhood Disadvantage, Open Green Spaces, Neighbourhood Density Housing Diversity Education, Ethnicity, Gender, Income, Marital Status, Self-Rated Health, Children Need for more research using the built environment as a level for increasing older people's connections (Lam, 2022) Ethnic–migrant backgrounds and loneliness dependent on neighbourhood. Country: Australia Sample size: 22183 Loneliness, Single Question 'I often feel very lonely.' NS Self-Complete Survey Neighbourhood Density, Neighbourhood Satisfaction, Neighbourhood Safety Migration Age, Education, Gender, Income, Marital Status, Self-Rated Health Research directly capturing social experiences and neighbourhood safety satisfaction for migrants from non-English speaking countries (Lane et al., 2020) Neighbourhood destinations for socializing and social health Country: Singapore Mean age: 67.98 % Female: 53.21 Sample size: 981 NS Social Health, LSNS-6 Face-to-Face Interview Surveys Neighbourhood Density, Walkability, Public Third-Places NS Age, Chronic Condition, Education, Ethnicity, Gender, Marital Status, Living Arrangement Research types of activities that happen in third places as possible explanations for connections (Lee, 2022) Volunteer work and loneliness. Country: United States of America Mean age: 75.94 % Female: 59.4 Sample size: 9944 Loneliness, UCLA-LS-3 NS Self-Complete Survey Public Third-Places NS Age, Education, Employment, Ethnicity, Gender, Marital Status, Living Arrangement, Self-Rated Health, Physical Limitations, Religion Need more research to understand how socio-demographic and culture influence the association between volunteer work and loneliness (Moorer & Suurmeijer, 2001) A neighbourhood effect for social network size and loneliness. Country: Netherlands Mean age: 74.6 Sample size: 723 Loneliness, DJG-LS-11 Social Network, ‘social network delineation questionnaire’ Self-Complete Survey Public Third-Places, Neighbourhood Safety NS Physical Limitations, Religion No future research recommendations (Park et al., 2021) Age friendly environments and loneliness. Country: South Korea Mean age: 69.78 % Female: 48.2 Sample size: 353 Loneliness, UCLA-LS-3 NS Face-to-Face Interview Surveys Open Green Spaces, Walkability, Transport Access, Public Third-Places, Neighbourhood Safety Perceptions Of Ageism Chronic Condition, Education, Gender, Income, Marital Status, Self-Rated Health, Need longitudinal data on the effect of Age Friendly Environments on loneliness and depressive symptoms (Rezaeipandari et al., 2020) Social participation and sense of loneliness. Country: Iran Mean age: 70 % Female: 68 Sample size: 200 Loneliness, Social and Emotional Loneliness Scale NS Face-to-Face Interview Surveys Transport Access, Public Third-Places, Neighbourhood Safety NS Education, Employment, Gender, Income, Marital Status, Living Arrangement Need for more data allowing for causal inferences (Stephens & Phillips, 2022) Perceived neighbourhood environment and emotional and social loneliness and the mediating effects of social networks. Country: New Zealand/ Aotearoa Mean age: 75 % Female: 53.2 Sample size: 917 Loneliness, DJG-LS-6 NS Self-Complete Survey Accessible Services, Social Cohesion, Neighbourhood Safety Neighbourhood Belonging Gender, Marital Status, Physical Limitations Need more social structures to encourage natural social opportunities. (Timmermans et al., 2021) Objectively measured social and physical neighbourhood characteristics and loneliness. Country: Netherlands Mean age: 72.8 % Female: 49 Sample size: 1959 Loneliness, DJG-LS-6 NS Self-Complete Survey Public Third-Places, Neighbourhood Safety Social Security Recipients Age, Education, Gender, Income, Marital Status More data examining environmental characteristics on loneliness in older adults (Woolham et al., 2013) Factors associated with loneliness. Country: UK Sample size: 1558 Loneliness, Single Question 'Do you ever feel lonely and wish you had more company?' NS Self-Complete Survey Transport Access, Neighbourhood Safety NS Age, Employment, Ethnicity, Income, Self-Rated Health Qualitative research on groups of people underrepresented in community surveys. (Zhang & Lu, 2022) Financial status as a moderator of neighbourhood environment and loneliness. Country: China Mean age: 68.4 % Female: 55.8 Sample size: 459 Loneliness, DJG-LS-6-Chinese NS Face-to-Face Interview Surveys Neighbourhood Safety Neighbourhood Belonging Age, Chronic Condition, Education, Gender, Marital Status, Living Arrangement, Physical Limitations Examine the relationship between loneliness and the neighbourhood environment in rural areas Cohort (Beller & Wagner, 2020) Individualism /collectivism and loneliness. Country: Austria, Belgium, Switzerland, Czech Republic, Germany, Denmark, Estonia, Spain, France, Israel, Italy, Luxembourg, Sweden, and Slovenia Mean age: 68 % Female: 57 Sample size: 40797 Loneliness, UCLA-LS-3 NS Face-to-Face Interview Surveys NS Cultural Practices Age, Education, English Proficiency, Gender, Physical Limitations, Mental Health Need more research to see if being from a collectivist country has the same effect on loneliness in younger people (Garner et al., 2022) Frailty and mental well- through COVID-19 lockdowns. Country: UK, Spain % Female: 67.14 Sample size: 70 Loneliness, UCLA-LS-3 Social Isolation, Adult Social Care Outcomes Toolkit (ASCOT) Face-to-Face Interview Surveys Transport Access, Public Third-Places NS Age, Education, Income No future research recommendations (Settels, 2021) Neighbourhood conditions, the recession and the sizes of and turnover within social networks Country: United States of America Mean age: 68.3 % Female: 51.31 Sample size: 1788 NS Social Network, Single question 'Number of social ties' Face-to-Face Interview Surveys Neighbourhood Disadvantage Social Security Recipients Age, Chronic Condition, Education, Employment, Ethnicity, Gender, Income, Marital Status, Mental Health Research older people in neighbourhoods that are experiencing changes (Yang & Moorman, 2021) Neighbourhood trust, loneliness and number of friends. Country: United States of America Sample size: 5817 Loneliness, UCLA-LS-11 NS Self-Complete Survey Social Cohesion Neighbourhood Belonging Income, Marital Status, Physical Limitations Intervention targeting neighbourhood trust and more longitudinal data Intervention Community Intervention Societal Intervention Pre-post Test (Bartlett et al., 2013) Participation in three community programmes, levels of loneliness and social support. Country: Australia Mean age: 70.67 Sample size: 59 Loneliness, DJG-LS-11 NS Self-Complete Survey Three local interventions with local community services NS NS Need more research on larger sample sizes and with more standardised controlled designs (Bartsch & Rodgers, 2009) Senior Reach Gatekeeper Program outcomes and those of the established Spokane program Country: United States of America % Female: 75 Sample size: 226 NS Social Isolation, Tool Not Provided Face-to-Face Interview Surveys Community referral to a combination of available services, which may be mental health only, care management only, information and referral, or a combination. NS NS No future research recommendations (Bartsch et al., 2013) Senior Reach Gatekeeper Program outcomes and those of the established Spokane program and the MKSO program. Country: United States of America % Female: 75 Sample size: 416 NS Social Isolation, Tool Not Provided Face-to-Face Interview Surveys Community referral to a combination of available services, which may be mental health only, care management only, information and referral, or a combination. NS NS No future research recommendations (Butler, 2006) The senior companion program. Country: United States of America Mean age: 78 % Female: 81.8 Sample size: 66 Loneliness, UCLA-LS-20 Social Network, LSNS-A-6 Face-to-Face Interview Surveys Older volunteers complete in-home visits to less mobile older people NS NS Need more research on how social workers might approach loneliness program evaluations (Carandang et al., 2020) Community-based interventions to alleviate depressive symptoms. Country: Philippines Mean age: 68 % Female: 70.83 Sample size: 264 Loneliness, UCLA-LS-8 NS Face-to-Face Interview Surveys Peer counselling with 1-hour weekly home visits, or to 3-hour weekly social events held at a local senior centre, or both. NS NS Need more research on the long-term benefits of loneliness interventions (Coll-Planas et al., 2017) The intervention in mixed areas of diverse socioeconomic levels and to assess the effects on loneliness. Country: Spain Mean age: 77.24 % Female: 95 Sample size: 38 Loneliness, DJG-LS-11 NS Face-to-Face Interview Surveys A group-based program, promoting social participation among lonely older people NS NS Clinical trials to provide evidence for a causal inference and for cost-effectiveness (Gonyea & Burnes, 2013) Assistance for seniors, opportunities to build connections, feelings of loneliness or isolation, and aging-friendly communities. Country: United States of America Mean age: 81 % Female: 85 Sample size: 33 Loneliness, UCLA-LS-20 NS Face-to-Face Interview Surveys Community organisation providing services increasing access to existing community resources through outreach, education, advocacy, and providing transportation NS NS Need more longitudinal studies that track participants of interventions (Honigh-De Vlaming et al., 2013) Healthy Ageing in relation to loneliness. Country: Netherlands Mean age: 74 % Female: 56 Sample size: 858 Loneliness, DJG-LS-11 NS Self-Complete Survey NS A mass media campaign, information meetings for interested local elderly people, psychosocial group courses for persons with mental health problems or chronic diseases, social activation by the community-based Neighbours Connected intervention, and training of intermediaries (homecare nurses, municipal advisors, and volunteers) Age, Education, Gender, Income, Marital Status Need more co-designed research with older people and the people delivering the interventions (Merchant et al., 2021) Cognition amongst those at risk of isolation Country: Singapore Sample size: 197 NS Social Network, LSNS-6 Face-to-Face Interview Surveys HAPPY- a dual-task exercise program adapted from cognicise, conducted in existing community sites by local volunteers NS Age Need more commitment from sectors addressing older people’s health to implement healthy ageing initiatives (Mulligan & Bennett, 1977) A resocialization program to reduce social isolation. Country: United States of America Mean age: 77 % Female: 91.3 Sample size: 23 NS Social Isolation, Adulthood Isolation Index and Past Month Isolation Index Face-to-Face Interview Surveys Home visits from volunteers with an emphasis on friendly conversation. NS NS Program could conducts regular visits to older people to reduce their loneliness (Mullins et al., 2020) A community-engaged, culturally informed technology program to address social isolation and loneliness. Country: United States of America Mean age: 74 Sample size: 262 Loneliness, UCLA-LS-20 NS Self-Complete Survey Internet provided to the older people's dwellings along with volunteers to run classes NS NS Need longer evaluation periods for intervention studies like this one (Passmore et al., 2007) The relationship between participating in community-based recreation activities and loneliness Country: United States of America Mean age: 68.27 % Female: 56.67 Sample size: 30 Loneliness, UCLA-LS-10 NS Face-to-Face Interview Surveys Eight different Empowerment Groups built from existing community services NS NS Interventions which control for the economic and social backgrounds of participants (Reinhard et al., 2018) Social isolation, loneliness, and social engagement and transport use. Country: UK % Female: 54.7 Sample size: 18164 Loneliness, UCLA-LS-3 Social Isolation, frequency of visits Face-to-Face Interview Surveys NS Introduction of policy for an age-eligibility threshold for free bus travel Age, Employment, Gender, Income, Marital Status, Physical Limitations, Religion, Children No future research recommendations (Roberts et al., 2020) A service designed to alleviate loneliness and isolation. Country: UK Mean age: 76.7 % Female: 81.7 Sample size: 120 Loneliness, DJG-LS-6 Social Isolation, LSNS-6 Face-to-Face Interview Surveys Cadwyn Môn- Volunteer companionship, practical and psychological support. NS NS Need more trial style studies and an economic analysis of how cost-effective the intervention is (Sandu et al., 2021) Using simple technology like telephone calls to reduce social isolation. Country: United States of America Sample size: 141 Loneliness, UCLA-LS-10 NS Face-to-Face Interview Surveys Community service agency paired student volunteers with their older adult clients in the community NS NS Research effects of gender, age, socioeconomic status, ethnicity, and income on loneliness and social isolation (Steinman et al., 2021) A program’s effect on social connectedness. Country: United States of America Mean age: 72.9 % Female: 79.1 Sample size: 320 Loneliness, UCLA-LS-3 NS Face-to-Face Interview Surveys Home-visits by trained front-line providers. NS NS Research how participants perceived age may affect their loneliness (Toseland et al., 1979) Social isolation and obtaining needed social services. Country: United States of America % Female: 68.1 Sample size: 72 NS Social Network, Tool Not Provided Face-to-Face Interview Surveys Peer counsellor home visits to assess the client's immediate social service needs. To help social relationships, networking techniques are used. NS NS Need more research on developing older people's self-help coping strategies and to foster social connections Randomised Control Trial (Jones et al., 2019) A group exercise and socialisation/health education intervention and loneliness among those with hearing loss. Country: Canada Mean age: 74.5 % Female: 43 Sample size: 66 Loneliness, DJG-LS-11 NS Face-to-Face Interview Surveys Community organisation run program promoting socialisation. NS NS Need a larger sample size and more longitudinal data on this intervention (Saito et al., 2012) A social isolation prevention program and loneliness. Country: Japan Mean age: 72 % Female: 65 Sample size: 63 Loneliness, Ando-Osada-Kodama (AOK) loneliness scale Social Network, Single Question 'frequency of face-to-face contact with friends or neighbour’s’ Self-Complete Survey NS Group-based educational, cognitive, and social support program for improving community knowledge and networking with other participants. Included link workers to connect with services. NS Need a larger sample size and to develop a variety of group-based programs targeting specific populations Notes : UCLA-LS: University of California Los Angeles Loneliness Scale (ref), DJG-LS: De Jong Gierveld Loneliness Scale, LSNS: Lubben Social Network Scale, NS: Not studied. Publication date The observational articles included in this review were published between 2001 and 2022, with a median year of publication of 2020, showing that the number of observational articles which are investigating the community and societal factors influencing loneliness and SI is growing each year, despite a dip in 2021. The interventional articles were published between 1977 and 2021, with two in the 1970’s, and then none until 2006. There was a spike in interventional articles published in 2013, and again in 2020-21. The global spread of the included articles is depicted in Fig. 2, indicating a range of countries, with the most common being United States of America (USA) (n = 17), the United Kingdom (UK) (n = 7) and Australia (n = 6) (Table 2 , Fig. 2). The majority of the interventions were conducted in the USA (n = 11), with two in the UK, and one each in Australia, Canada, Japan, Philippines, Spain, Singapore, and The Netherlands. Observational articles were more diversely spread, although still favoured English-speaking countries (n = 16). Data collection methods The 52 included articles utilised quantitative surveys to collect data, which were either self-completed by participants (n = 17), conducted as face-to-face interviews (n = 34) or over the phone (n = 1). Interventional articles were more likely to detail the employment of face-to-face interview techniques compared to the other modalities (n = 15 face-to-face, n = 4 self-complete, n = 0 phone), as were observational articles (n = 19 face-to-face, n = 13 self-complete, n = 1 phone). Assessment of loneliness and social isolation The main outcomes of interest for this scoping review were loneliness and SI. Of the 52 included articles, 65 per cent (n = 34) measured for loneliness only, 13 per cent (n = 7) measured for SI only, and 21 per cent (n = 11) measured for both. When measuring loneliness, the University of California, Los Angeles Loneliness Scale (UCLA-LS) and the De Jong Gierveld Loneliness Scale (DJG-LS) were the most commonly used, 35 per cent and 27 per cent (n = 18 and n = 14) of articles respectively. Among those using the UCLA-LS, there were seven different versions used, with the three-item scale the most commonly employed. Of the interventional articles measuring loneliness using the UCLA-LS, the longer 20-item scale was the most commonly used version. Similarly, for the articles using the DJG-LS to measure loneliness, the observational articles were more likely to utilise the shorter six-item version (n = 6), while the interventional articles were more likely to utilise the longer 11-item version (n = 3). Single-item questions to measure loneliness were the next most commonly used tool (n = 10), but were exclusively used in cross-sectional design, although the wording varied: seven of 10 articles including a variant of the word lonely, for example ‘lonely’ or ‘loneliness’, with the remaining three using ‘isolated’ or ‘disconnected’ to capture participants’ subjective isolation. Of the 18 articles measuring objective isolation, five used the Lubben Social Network Scale (LSNS). Four of the five articles that detailed the use of the LSNS, including three interventional studies, used the shorter six-item version, while one observational article used the longer 12-item scale version. There was heterogeneity regarding how the articles named the variable in question with three of the five articles using the LSNS stated that they were measuring ‘Social Network’ using the scale, while one called it ‘Social Health’ and another named the variable ‘Social Isolation’. Three articles measuring objective isolation opted for the use of a single-item question, asking participants directly how many friends and family they have, or the frequency of their social visits. The questions used were ‘state the number of friends and family members you have’, ‘how many social ties do you have?’, and ‘what is the frequency of face-to-face contact with friends or neighbours?’. A further three articles did not state their measurement tool, two of which measured ‘Social Isolation’ and one measured ‘Social Network’. The remaining seven articles used a range of other techniques which can be seen in Table 2 . Summary of community and societal factors investigated by included observational studies Eighteen community and societal factors were considered as influential factors on loneliness, SI, or both (Table 3 ). The community level factors were (see definitions in Table 3 ): Neighbourhood disadvantage, open green spaces, accessible services, neighbourhood density, neighbourhood satisfaction, rurality, social cohesion, walkability, transport access, neighbourhood safety, and public third-places. These were determined as community factors due to their influence on the local environment. The societal factors were (see definitions in Table 3 ): Housing diversity, political participation, perceptions of ageism, social security recipients, migration, neighbourhood belonging, and cultural practices. These were determined to be societal-level factors due to their dependence on social and economic policy, as well as the shared ideas and beliefs of the broader are in which the community is placed. Table 3 The community and societal factors, their definitions and their associations with loneliness and social isolation. Factor (Classification) Definition Association with loneliness (Source) Association with social isolation (Source) Neighbourhood Disadvantage (Community) The socioeconomic status of the area Positive association (Lam and Wang 2022) Positive association (Settels 2021) Open Green Space (Community) The amount of non-vegetated green space in the community Negative association (Lam and Wang 2022; Park et al 2021) Not studied Accessible Services (Community) Accessibility to community buildings and infrastructure Negative association (Gibney et al 2019; Hodgkin et al 2018; Stephens and Phillips 2022) Negative association (Hodgkin et al 2018; Stephens and Phillips 2022) Neighbourhood Density (Community) Population density of neighbourhood Negative association (Lam 2022; Lam and Wang 2022) Negative association (Lane et al 2020) Neighbourhood Satisfaction (Community) Resident-rated satisfaction with neighbourhood Negative association (Glass 2020; Hodgkin et al 2018; Lam 2022) Negative association (Hodgkin et al 2018) Rurality (Community) Geographic classification of area Positive association (Beer et al 2016; Beere et al 2019; Henning-Smith et al 2019) Positive association (Beer et al 2016) Social Cohesion (Community) How supportive the neighbourhood is, as rated by participants Negative association (Bai et al 2021; Stephens and Phillips 2022; Yang and Moorman 2021) Negative association (Stephens and Phillips 2022) Walkability (Community) Ease of walking around neighbourhood and to third places Negative association (Domenech-Abella et al 2020; Gibney et al 2019; Park et al 2021) Negative association (Lane et al 2020) Transport Access (Community) Public transport availability Negative association (De Koning et al 2017; Gibney et al 2019; Park et al 2021; Rezaeipandari et al 2020; Woolham et al 2013) Negative association (Garner et al 2022) Public Third Places (Community) Provision of places in the community in which social activities can occur, outside of people’s usual home and work spaces Negative association (Cao et al 2020; Lee 2022; Park et al 2021; Rezaeipandari et al 2020), No effect (Moorer and Suurmeijer 2001) Negative association (Domenech-Abella et al 2020; Lane et al 2020), No effect (Moorer and Suurmeijer 2001) Neighbourhood Safety (Community) Perceived and actual crime in neighbourhood Negative association (Dahlberg et al 2022; Hodgkin et al 2018; Lam 2022; Park et al 2021; Rezaeipandari et al 2020; Stephens and Phillips 2022; Woolham et al 2013; Zhang and Lu 2022), No effect (Moorer and Suurmeijer 2001; Timmermans et al 2021) Negative association (Garner et al 2022; Hodgkin et al 2018; Stephens and Phillips 2022), No effect (Moorer and Suurmeijer 2001) Housing Diversity (Societal) Diversity of types of housing because of zoning Negative association (Lam and Wang 2022) Not studied Political Participation (Societal) Participation in civic activities in countries where this is not mandatory Negative association (Dahlberg et al 2022; Henning-Smith et al 2019) Not studied Perceptions Of Ageism (Societal) Perceived ageism by participants Negative association (Gibney et al 2019; Hodgkin et al 2018; Park et al 2021) Negative association (Hodgkin et al 2018) Social Security Recipients (Societal) Proportion of neighbourhood receiving social security benefits/pensions Positive association (Timmermans et al 2021) Positive association (Settels 2021) Migration (Societal) Migrant status of participant Positive association (Ajrouch 2008; De Jong Gierveld et al 2015; Henning-Smith et al 2019; Klok et al 2017) Positive association (Ajrouch 2008) Neighbourhood Belonging (Societal) Self-rated perception of belonging to the neighbourhood Negative association (Beech and Murray 2013; Glass 2020; Stephens and Phillips 2022; Zhang and Lu 2022) Negative association (Stephens and Phillips 2022; Yang and Moorman 2021) Cultural Practices (Societal) The material factors of culture such as taking part in cultural activities Negative association (Beller and Wagner 2020; Burholt et al 2018; De Jong Gierveld et al 2015; Diaz et al 2019; Haslam et al 2022; Klok et al 2017), no effect (Ajrouch 2008) Negative association (Diaz et al 2019) Of the 33 observational studies, 36 per cent (n = 12) of articles investigated both community and societal factors, while 39 per cent (n = 13) investigated community level factors and 24 per cent (n = 8) investigated only societal level factors. The most investigated community factors (Fig. 3) were neighbourhood safety (n = 10), public third-places (n = 9) and transport access (n = 6), while the most investigated societal factors were cultural practices (n = 7), neighbourhood belonging (n = 5) and migration (n = 4). There was no difference in the factors investigated according to whether the outcome being measured was loneliness, SI, or both. <Insert Fig. 3 about here: Fig. 3. The individual, community and societal factors investigated in the observational articles. Notes : Size of the font denotes the number of articles using the factor in their analysis. > The association between community factors, societal factors, loneliness and social isolation Positive associations were found for neighbourhood disadvantage and loneliness and SI. Similarly for rurality, migration, and social security recipients, unfinished. Negative associations were found between loneliness and open green spaces, accessible services, neighbourhood density, neighbourhood satisfaction, social cohesion, walkability, transport access, housing diversity, political participation, perceptions of ageism, migration and neighbourhood belonging, there were mixed findings for the association between loneliness and cultural practices, neighbourhood safety, and public third-places with each factor found either a negative association or no influence on loneliness. SI was found to have a negative association with accessible services, neighbourhood density, neighbourhood satisfaction, social cohesion, walkability, transport access, perceptions of ageism, neighbourhood belonging, and cultural practices. There were mixed results for the association between SI and neighbourhood safety and public third-places, with both having either a negative association or no influence on SI. Intervention approaches to community and societal influences of loneliness and social isolation There were 19 articles which detailed an intervention to reduce loneliness or social isolation. Of those 84 per cent (n = 16) were community level interventions while 16 per cent (n = 3) were societal level interventions. The community level interventions typically involved the use of one of two approaches. The first is the involvement of community volunteers who act as manufactured connections for the older participants as a part of the program, of which there were nine articles detailing this approach, all using pre-post test methods. These interventions were considered to be community-level rather than individual as there was a potential, due to their involvement of community volunteers, for the social engagement to continue outside the confines of the study environment. The second is the education of the older participants about what services and activities already exist in their community and potentially connecting them with these services. There were seven articles detailing this approach, six pre-post test articles, and one RCT. Of the societal level interventions, one incorporated a mass media campaign to reduce ageism in the community as a part of the intervention measuring the changes in loneliness [59]. Another intervention changed the perceptions of older people by specifically training volunteer members of the community in how to reduce ageism, and measured the changes in loneliness and social networks [75]. The other measured changes in loneliness and SI as a result of the introduction of free public transport in the UK for older people [72]. Individual and interpersonal factors as covariates There were 21 covariates identified from the 52 included articles that are known micro-level individual and interpersonal factors of loneliness and SI as can be seen in Table 2 . The most commonly adjusted for factors were gender (n = 24), age (n = 23), marital status (n = 21), and education (n = 20). The least used micro-level factors were home accessibility, smoking status and drinking status (n = 1). All the observational articles stated the covariates used for analysis, with 81 per cent (n = 27) using more than two co-variates in their analysis. Only three interventional articles stated which covariates were used. Quality of the included studies In the risk of bias assessment, 17 aritcles were identified as having high quality, while four were identified as having very low quality, as can be seen in Table 4 . Any conclusions drawn using the articles of very low quality should be done so with caution. It is not recommended that further aggregating of the risk of bias scores be undertaken, and an assessment of those with high and very low quality is shown to make interpretation clearer. Table 4 Critical appraisal of all included studies using design specific JBI critical appraisal tools Study type Source Appraisal Observation studies Cross sectional Checklist for analytical cross-sectional studies Inclusion criteria defined Study subjects and the setting described Exposure measured in a valid and reliable way Objective, standard criteria used for measurement of the condition Confounding factors identified Strategies to deal with confounding factors stated Outcomes measured in a valid and reliable way Appropriate statistical analysis used (Ajrouch 2008) Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Unsure (Bai et al 2021) Yes Yes Unsure Yes Yes Yes Unsure Yes (Beech and Murray 2013) Yes Yes Yes Yes No No Yes No (Beer et al 2016) ⸸ No No Yes Yes No No Yes No (Beere et al 2019) Yes No Yes Yes No No Yes No (Burholt et al 2018)* Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes (Cao et al 2020)* Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes (Dahlberg et al 2022)* Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes (De Jong Gierveld et al 2015)* Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes (De Koning et al 2017)* Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes (Diaz et al 2019) No Yes No Yes Yes Yes No Yes (Domenech-Abella et al 2020)* Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes (Gibney et al 2019)* Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes (Glass 2020) Yes Yes Yes Yes No No Yes Yes (Haslam et al 2022)* Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes (Henning-Smith et al 2019) Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes Unsure (Hodgkin et al 2018)* Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes (Klok et al 2017)* Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes (Lam and Wang 2022)* Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes (Lam 2022) Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Unsure (Lane et al 2020)* Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes (Lee 2022)* Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes (Moorer and Suurmeijer 2001) Yes Yes Yes Unsure Yes Yes Yes Yes (Park et al 2021) Yes Yes Unsure Yes Yes Yes Unsure Yes (Rezaeipandari et al 2020)* Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes (Stephens and Phillips 2022)* Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes (Timmermans et al 2021)* Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes (Woolham et al 2013) Yes Yes Yes Yes No No Yes No (Zhang and Lu 2022)* Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Cohort Checklist for cohort studies Groups similar and recruited from the same population Exposures measured similarly to assign groups Exposure measured in a valid and reliable way Confounding factors identified Strategies to deal with confounding factors stated Participants free of the outcome at the start of the study Outcomes measured in a valid and reliable way Adequate follow up time for outcome to occur Follow up complete Strategies to address incomplete follow up used Appropriate statistical analysis used (Beller and Wagner 2020) N/A N/A Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes (Garner et al 2022) N/A N/A Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes No No Yes (Settels 2021) N/A N/A Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes (Yang and Moorman 2021) N/A N/A Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes N/A Yes Intervention Studies Pre-post test Clear what is the cause’ and what is the ‘effect’ Participants included in any comparisons similar Participants included in any comparisons receiving similar treatment/care Inclusion of control group Multiple measurements of the outcome both pre and post the intervention/exposure Follow up complete Outcomes of participants included in any comparisons measured in the same way Outcomes measured in a reliable way Appropriate statistical analysis used (Bartlett et al 2013) ⸸ Yes Yes Unsure No No Yes Yes No No (Bartsch and Rodgers 2009) Yes No Yes No No Yes Yes Unsure Yes (Bartsch et al 2013) Yes No Yes No No Yes Yes Unsure Yes (Butler 2006) ⸸ No Yes No No No No Yes Unsure No (Carandang et al 2020) Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes (Coll-Planas et al 2017) Yes Yes Yes No No No Yes Yes Yes (Gonyea and Burnes 2013) No Yes Yes No No Yes Yes Unsure Yes (Honigh-De Vlaming et al 2013) Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes (Merchant et al 2021) Yes Yes Yes No No Yes Yes Unsure Yes (Mulligan and Bennett 1977) Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes No Yes (Mullins et al 2020) Yes Yes Yes No No Unsure Yes Yes Yes (Passmore et al 2007) Yes Yes Yes No No Yes Yes Yes No (Reinhard et al 2018) Yes No Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes (Roberts et al 2020) Yes Yes Yes No No Yes Yes Yes Yes (Sandu et al 2021) ⸸ Yes Yes No No No No Yes No Yes (Steinman et al 2021) No Yes Yes No No Yes Yes Unsure Yes (Toseland et al 1979) Yes Yes Yes No No Yes Yes Yes Yes Randomised control trials Checklist for randomised controlled trials True randomisation used for assignment of participants Allocation to treatment groups concealed Treatment groups similar at the baseline Were participants blind to treatment assignment Those delivering treatment blind to treatment assignment Were outcomes assessors blind to treatment assignment? Treatment groups treated identically other than the intervention Follow up complete Participants analysed in the groups to which they were randomised Outcomes measured in the same way for treatment groups Outcomes measured in a reliable way Appropriate statistical analysis used Appropriate trial design used (Jones et al 2019) Yes No Yes Yes No No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes (Saito et al 2012) Yes No Yes No No No No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Notes : *: high quality articles > 90 per cent, ⸸: low quality articles < 50 per cent. Questions edited for brevity. Most (n = 46) of the included articles included recommendations for future research based on their results. The need for more longitudinal data was raised explicitly in eight articles, six of which were observational, and two intervention articles recommended that future interventions should have more comprehensive longitudinal follow-up periods. Another common recommendation was for there to be more research investigating the effects of loneliness and SI on migrant populations, all of which were cross-sectional in design. One article recommended that future qualitative research on underserved populations would be beneficial to understanding the factors affecting loneliness. Discussion This scoping review examined how the community- and societal- level factors of loneliness and SI are being researched in older populations. We explored the methodology used in the existing research, and determined which factors were being investigated. We posit reasons for the most and least explored variables and provide recommendations for future research. Our results show that there is a growing body of research in the field of loneliness and SI, particularly since 2020, addressing community and societal factors of loneliness and SI, whether researchers explicitly mentioned the social-ecological framework, or it was implied from the data they collected. There does appear to be some confusion, however, surrounding the concept of SI with differing definitions and terms used to describe similar experiences. Research focused on community factors more commonly compared to societal factors. Within these categories the most researched factors were neighbourhood safety and cultural practices respectively, and the least researched factors were neighbourhood disadvantage, open green spaces, housing diversity, and political participation. However, current knowledge is largely based on correlational studies from English-speaking countries. The paucity of longitudinal studies and well-designed interventional studies, with loneliness and SI as the main outcome, as a result there is insufficient empirical research to address these health issues through more upstream systemic drivers. The societal and community factors were more comprehensively addressed in loneliness research compared with SI; most community and societal factors were investigated by at least one article in relation to their influence on loneliness. Community factors were more likely to be investigated in relation to SI than the societal factors, with only three societal factors thus far having been investigated, namely cultural practices, migration and receipt of social security. These three are societal factors which have also been investigated for other social phenomena topics such as violence and health service utilisation [20, 85]. Community factors including open green spaces and social cohesion were not investigated in relation to SI, which is surprising given the importance of open green space to social integration, sense of community and facilitation of acculturation of ethnic minorities or marginalised groups [86–88]. More research is needed to determine whether the influence of open green spaces does extend to SI. Similarly, it is surprising that social cohesion has not been investigated in relation to SI among older people. A significant association between social cohesion and SI has been found in a sample of younger people, although the causality of this relationship cannot be expanded further, heralding a need for further research to assess the association, as well as further research in an older sample[89]. Across all the factors investigated in the observational studies, the community factors, in particular neighbourhood safety and public third-places were the most commonly investigated. Neighbourhood safety, including both perceived and actual crime rates, appears to be an important determinant of loneliness and SI with articles suggesting that the fear of crime may increase the rates of loneliness, particularly in men [90]. One potential mechanism for the connection between neighbourhood safety and loneliness is through the decreased time spent leisure walking around the neighbourhood when perceived neighbourhood safety is low, which in turn decreases the number of opportunities for finding social connections, thereby increasing loneliness [91]. Similarly, the literature is in agreeance that increased neighbourhood provisions of public third-places, such as community centres and libraries, where older people can safely engage with each other will likely decrease both loneliness and SI [92]. Increased provisions of public third-places may also be a factor that influences whether older people opt for home-based care rather than entering retirement villages, and nursing homes as conduits for social activity, and social group activities [93]. This may bias our results, as we did not include articles detailing older people residing within care services in this review, thereby increasing the likelihood of public third spaces being important factors for influence over loneliness and SI [85]. Within the included observational studies, each community- and societal- level factor was investigated by more than one article except for political participation and housing diversity which were investigated by one article each, and are both societal level factors. Political participation, in particular voting behaviour, is difficult to explore on the global scale due to differing legislation across the world, with some countries mandating voting participation, while in others, like the USA, participation is not mandated and is more likely to be determined by societal norms and the desire for social conformity [94, 95]. Previous articles have described potential connections between loneliness and voting behaviour, with a need for more research in this area [96]. In a German and Dutch sample, it was found that there is reverse causality between civic duty and voting behaviour, with people who are lonely having a lower sense of civic duty as a result of their detachment from society, and were therefore less likely to partake in political voting [96]. Housing diversity is a result of zoning legislation put in place by governments and can affect the social health of communities [97]. For example, urbanisation of communities can be detrimental to the social health of its constituents by encouraging gentrification, where it is usual for a mass exodus from the neighbourhood to occur, thereby causing the loss of community ties, especially in those who have lived in the community for an extended period of time [98]. Older people generally rely on neighbourhood ties for a range of things which help them to remain independent, meaning that when they lose these important ties they also lose their social ties [99]. It was common for the included articles to use a single question to determine loneliness or SI, perhaps to reduce participant burden. The validity of a single-item question compared to a validated scale depends on the question being used. In terms of loneliness, previous work has determined that there is little difference when comparing the question ‘how often are you lonely?’ to the validated UCLA-three item scale [100]. ‘How often are you lonely?’ is also the preferred single-item question recommended by the Campaign to End Loneliness [101]. Measuring SI with a single-item question was less common, with only three of the included articles using this measure [58, 75, 77]. The questions used included ‘number of friends and family members?’, ‘how many social ties do you have?’, and ‘what is the frequency of face-to-face contact with friends or neighbours?’. It remains unclear as to whether a single-item question is sufficient to measure SI, with researchers unable to ascertain both the network size and frequency of contact in a singular question [6]. We also report in our results method of data collection and found this is primarily face-to-face interviews or self-complete questionnaires. The internal reliability of these methods has been questioned before, as loneliness and SI are still socially stigmatised topics [102]. In general, when participants rate the subject content of a question as sensitive they are more likely to under-report the outcome during a face-to-face interview compared to when asked with a self-complete questionnaire [103]. While face-to-face interviews may introduce some measurement bias to the findings in relation to the strength and significance of the association, it is unlikely to impact the direction of the association which we reported here. The global spread of studies investigating the community and societal factors of loneliness and SI for older people is limited, with no research in the African and South American continents, consistent with conclusions from other research not just in older people, but across the life course [9]. The included articles detailed studies that were conducted primarily in countries which are member states of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) [104]. Twenty-six of the 30 included countries are member states of the OECD. This bias may be due the fact that the OCED establish international standards and advise member states on public policy and highlights the inequalities in social indicators, including social connection which may encourage research on the social welfare of the populations. [104]. A limitation found in the current available evidence that impacts the inter-reliability of articles is the heterogeneity of the terms used in articles, even if definitions do not differ and the measurement tool itself is the same. We found that for SI, known to be the objective isolation of participants, there were three different terms used across the 18 relevant articles which were, namely ‘social isolation’, ‘social network’, and ‘social health’. The issue of inconsistency in the measurement of SI has been identified in previous reviews [6, 12]. Of the articles included in our review using the Lubben Social Network Scale (LSNS) to measure SI, three articles labelled the outcome ‘social network’, one labelled it ‘social isolation,’ and another labelled it social health. J Lubben, E Blozik, G Gillmann, S Iliffe, W von Renteln Kruse, JC Beck and AE Stuck [105] state that the LSNS is to be used as a tool to screen for SI in older people. The variation can lead to the duplication of research, which is slowing potential progress in this important topic and so a clear definition of SI is needed in the literature [6]. This review found that community level factors and interventions were addressed more commonly than societal level factors and interventions. These were both characterised by more opportunistic approaches, for example, as a result of government policy changes that were picked up by researchers for evaluation, or large amounts of funding. With community-level interventions, half relied entirely on community volunteers for the execution of their interventions, rather than building a systematic intervention which involves volunteers. Significant grass-roots work is being undertaken, providing community-based solutions to the problems of loneliness and SI. Yet with evaluation taking place through policy makers and community organisations, the findings may not be publicly available and therefore are less likely to be translated to other populations [106]. Similarly, there are a number of not-for-profit organisations particularly in OECD countries, aiming to reduce the burden of loneliness and SI. Whether their impact will be demonstrated in the literature remains to be seen. Strengths and limitations of the scoping review A strength of this review is the large number of included articles containing both intervention and observational methodologies. It is, to the best of the authors’ knowledge, the first scoping review to ascertain how the research archive has captured the influence of community and societal factors on both loneliness and SI in older people. In doing this, the comparison between objective SI and subjective loneliness is another strength, as the two are strongly related and therefore should be investigated in tandem [107]. The risk factors and health implications for loneliness and SI found in the literature are very similar, and so, by researching loneliness and SI in tandem, it allows for a more comprehensive overview of a population [7]. A limitation of this review is the exclusion of qualitative studies, from which further insights may be drawn. This exclusion was made to narrow the scope of this review to be manageable within the time and resources allocated, but future research should be undertaken to investigate the qualitative perspectives of the influence of community and societal factors on loneliness and SI. Understanding the lived experience of older people experiencing loneliness and SI is important to inform interventions and to understand the underlying mechanisms through which we can effect change [108, 109]. This review has found a growing research archive investigating the community and societal influences of loneliness and SI in older people, however, there are still gaps in the knowledge. There is a clear lack of high-quality longitudinal data, which is needed to infer causality between the influential community and societal factors and loneliness and SI in older people [19, 51]. There is also a need for more research about how these factors may influence SI as this concept was less likely to be explored. Finally, there is a need for qualitative perspectives to be explored to gain a deeper understanding on the way that older people may experience the effect of community and societal factors on loneliness and SI [82]. Future studies should more explicitly explore the community and societal factors of loneliness and SI in older people to further develop the evidence base [48]. A lack of research observing certain community- and societal-level factors means that few conclusions can be drawn about their influence over loneliness and SI. It is hoped that by bringing attention to the social-ecological approach to loneliness and SI research in older people there will be an increased awareness by researchers to expand and evaluate this topic. An improved understanding of the relationships and mechanisms through which community- and societal- level factors affect loneliness and SI can also be tested in future interventions. A social-ecological approach to loneliness and SI appears to be feasible, and further research, including more longitudinal and qualitative studies will serve to guide effective solutions to reduce loneliness and SI in our older populations. Declarations Ethics approval and consent to participate- Not applicable Consent for publication- Not applicable Availability of data and materials- All data generated or analysed during this study are included in this published article. Competing interests- The authors declare that they have no competing interests Funding- Not applicable Authors' contributions - DM and DEM led the conceptualization fir this review. Methodology and data collection were completed by DEM, NH and DM. The data analysis and write-up of the results was completed by DEM. Write up and review of the manuscript was completed by DEM, AG, JC, NH and DM. All authors have read and approved the manuscript. 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Hansen ER, Tyner A: Educational Attainment and Social Norms of Voting . Political Behavior 2021, 43 (2):711-735. Langenkamp A: Lonely Hearts, Empty Booths? The Relationship between Loneliness, Reported Voting Behavior and Voting as Civic Duty . Social Science Quarterly 2021, 102 (4):1239-1254. Chakraborty A, McMillan A: Is Housing Diversity Good for Community Stability? Evidence from the Housing Crisis . Journal of Planning Education and Research 2018, 42 (2):150-161. Vlahov D, Freudenberg N, Proietti F, Ompad D, Quinn A, Nandi V, Galea S: Urban as a Determinant of Health . Journal of Urban Health 2007, 84 (S1):16-26. Torres S: “For a Younger Crowd”: Place, Belonging, and Exclusion among Older Adults Facing Neighborhood Change . Qualitative Sociology 2020, 43 (1):1-20. Kotwal AA, Cenzer IS, Waite LJ, Smith AK, Perissinotto CM, Hawkley LC: A single question assessment of loneliness in older adults during the COVID ‐19 pandemic: A nationally‐representative study . 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Cite Share Download PDF Status: Published Journal Publication published 09 Nov, 2023 Read the published version in BMC Geriatrics → Version 1 posted Editorial decision: Major revision 01 Oct, 2023 Reviews received at journal 19 Sep, 2023 Reviewers agreed at journal 06 Sep, 2023 Reviews received at journal 07 Aug, 2023 Reviewers agreed at journal 07 Aug, 2023 Reviewers invited by journal 04 Aug, 2023 Editor assigned by journal 04 Aug, 2023 Editor invited by journal 27 Jul, 2023 Submission checks completed at journal 27 Jul, 2023 First submitted to journal 22 Jun, 2023 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-3098149","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":221965491,"identity":"4ad06e70-46db-428c-b07a-31772926306a","order_by":0,"name":"Drew Eleanor Meehan","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAABPUlEQVRIiWNgGAWjYDCCA0DM2MDAwM/egBCUgFAJ+LVI9hxAKCJOi8GNBCK18B3gTnzwcYddHsPNN4YPf/6wyTfnP2N4u6DiMNCpOQYMP9swtEge4N1sOPNMcjHj7BxjY56ENMudM3KMrWecOQx06hsDxl5MLQYHeLdJ87YxJzZL526TZkg4bGBwg8cMKHIY6FSgLbxYtWz//betPrFN8uz2nz8S/hsYnD8D1PLvMIM9UAvjX+y2MDO2HU7skeDdxsCTcMDA4EAOUEsD0BaJHANmLLZIHubdLNnbdjxxBk/+Z2metGSgw9KKrXmOpfNInHlWcFjmHGaIHe/d+OFnW3Xi/uPHEj/+sLEDOuzwxts8NdZy/O3JGx++KcMMZWZMIQ4DINHMA2IewJTFCtgfAIk6IhWPglEwCkbBCAAA3p9yLhaQun0AAAAASUVORK5CYII=","orcid":"","institution":"Western Sydney University","correspondingAuthor":true,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Drew","middleName":"Eleanor","lastName":"Meehan","suffix":""},{"id":221965492,"identity":"f13d6a5d-ad5b-4d4a-9487-f9c2b66c35c0","order_by":1,"name":"Anne Grunseit","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"University of Technology Sydney","correspondingAuthor":false,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Anne","middleName":"","lastName":"Grunseit","suffix":""},{"id":221965493,"identity":"39a68bf5-0d75-4395-9d3b-50c70a9dbc78","order_by":2,"name":"Jenna Condie","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Western Sydney University","correspondingAuthor":false,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Jenna","middleName":"","lastName":"Condie","suffix":""},{"id":221965494,"identity":"f9111aa4-a9e6-474d-a60e-a3d036c2594c","order_by":3,"name":"Neta HaGani","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"University of Sydney","correspondingAuthor":false,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Neta","middleName":"","lastName":"HaGani","suffix":""},{"id":221965495,"identity":"8f2b5e46-5c7a-496a-980d-c98947ebd984","order_by":4,"name":"Dafna Merom","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Western Sydney University","correspondingAuthor":false,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Dafna","middleName":"","lastName":"Merom","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2023-06-23 00:29:13","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-3098149/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-3098149/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[{"content":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12877-023-04418-8","type":"published","date":"2023-11-09T15:00:51+00:00"}],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":40889263,"identity":"56ea26ab-693f-4573-a5bf-a3dfae1d70b9","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2023-08-01 14:29:46","extension":"png","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":80267,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eFlowchart of the screening process as per PRISMA recommendations [32]\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"Fig1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3098149/v1/1da846039f32a318441b37eb.png"},{"id":40888558,"identity":"96ca9649-8ae5-4ccf-888c-e819d44d51ef","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2023-08-01 14:21:46","extension":"png","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":344032,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eGlobal map showing the countries where the included articles data collection was conducted.\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"Fig2.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3098149/v1/b021fa244b355336b2659227.png"},{"id":40888556,"identity":"386b7563-8104-445f-8adb-5944f911327c","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2023-08-01 14:21:46","extension":"png","order_by":3,"title":"Figure 3","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":79651,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eThe individual, community and societal factors investigated in the observational articles. Notes:\u003c/em\u003e Size of the font denotes the number of articles using the factor in their analysis.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"Fig3.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3098149/v1/bb9dfd00b82834a743f2dd9d.png"},{"id":46349100,"identity":"f597cb4f-ea33-4804-ba79-65881de1a36d","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2023-11-13 15:08:53","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":3642605,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3098149/v1/71ab9dca-8e8d-4e36-bed9-bd71557b9dc0.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Social-ecological factors influencing loneliness and social isolation in older people: A scoping review","fulltext":[{"header":"Background","content":"\u003cp\u003eLoneliness and social isolation (SI) are well-established as factors contributing to the development a range of chronic health conditions including dementia, cardiovascular diseases, and depression [1, 2]. Articles have found that the health implications of loneliness and SI are comparable to well-accepted risk factors like obesity and tobacco usage [3]. The increase in chronic illnesses as a result of loneliness and SI, combined with the more frequent use of health care services by those who are lonely and/or isolated [4], has both health and economic implications for society [5].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eLoneliness, also known as subjective isolation, has been conceptualised as the subjective experience of not having the desired number of healthy social connections [1]. Conversely, SI, or objective isolation, has been conceptualised as the objective experience of not having enough healthy social connections [6]. Although research on loneliness and SI has previously been carried out in various ways, NEG Newall and VH Menec [7] argue the two concepts should be studied together and understood as entwined. It is also difficult to separate or draw a boundary between where objective ends and subjective begins.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSeveral systematic reviews have investigated the risk factors of loneliness and SI in the older population, with increasing age one of the most cited risk factors [8]. While loneliness and SI are not exclusive to older people, a large proportion of those at risk of or experiencing loneliness and SI are from the older population [9], particularly those over the age of 70 years old [10]. Other commonly cited risk factors include gender, with women at greater risk of loneliness and men more at risk of SI [8] and older people with a lower level of educational attainment are at greater risk of both [11]. Older people with functional and cognitive impairments are also likely to experience an increased risk of both loneliness and SI [12].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIt should be noted that the above mentioned well-explored risk factors are all primarily focused on the individual and not their broader social context. One of the reasons for the individual-focus approach is that loneliness and SI research has typically not been viewed as a public health issue [13]. However, evidence of the health implications of loneliness and SI growing, coupled with the increasing prevalence in Western societies, make it clear that a public health approach that includes preventative measures must be included in the research discourse [4, 14].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThere are growing calls from researchers and policy makers to redefine loneliness and SI as a public health issue, and to move towards a more transdisciplinary, systems-based approach [15]. Approaching the issues of loneliness and SI through the social-ecological lens allows for a more comprehensive and systematic analysis of the factors that influence loneliness and SI in older people. In doing so, more effective ways of alleviating loneliness and SI in this population may become available [16]. A person-centred approach to reducing loneliness and SI, such as social prescribing, is the gold standard of loneliness and SI interventions, but, can be resource-intensive [17]. It is possible that altering, through systematic interventions, the community and societal factors, once identified, would be more effective in controlling loneliness and SI at the population level than the previous individualised interventions.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Conceptual framework","content":"\u003cp\u003eWe propose that an appropriate framework to apply to the issues of loneliness and SI in a public health context may be the social-ecological model [18]. This model represents a need to address the complexities of individuals and the world around them, and the use of the social-ecological model signals a departure in public health research from the increasingly outdated biomedical approach, to a more holistic method of addressing public health problems [13]. The social-ecological model has been used effectively to provide solutions to other pressing health issues such as maternal and child health, tobacco control, and physical inactivity [13].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThere are many iterations of the social-ecological model, but the one used for this project is the World Health Organization endorsed model, initially proposed by L Dahlberg and EG Krug [18]. This version proposes four nested levels of interaction: the individual, the interpersonal, the community and the societal. Individual and interpersonal factors of loneliness and SI which make up the \u0026lsquo;micro level\u0026rsquo;, are well researched and have been reviewed systematically previously [8, 11, 12, 19]. Examples of these factors include socio-demographic characteristics, health status and health-related behaviours or their antecedents (e.g., knowledge, attitudes) [19]. The community and societal level interactions are less well-researched, and as such, are the focus of this review.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe concept of what constitutes community can differ depending on context. Community may differ within the bounds of whether it is physical or virtual, the level of geography, or the units of analysis [20]. For this review all modes of community were included, if they were defined as such in the source article, with the most common type of community researched being the neighbourhood which is the geographical area in which a person resides [21]. Community factors may impact a person\u0026rsquo;s health through the local environment such as the types of organisations that exist in the community, public spaces, and the cohesiveness of the neighbourhood [22]. This level may include local businesses, neighbourhood parks, and volunteering opportunities [23]. Societal-level factors, on the other hand, may influence loneliness and SI through social and economic policy or regulations, culture, and other social norms. Examples of societal influences include the media coverage of an issue, health-promoting legislation, shared ideas and religious beliefs [24].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTo address loneliness and SI at all levels there is a need to evaluate what literature exists on the community and societal context that may affect loneliness and SI in older people. Therefore, this review has three main aims which are: To systematically identify available evidence for what the influential community and societal factors on loneliness and SI are, as experienced by older people, and what their effects are; to examine how research about community and societal factors is conducted; and to identify knowledge gaps in relation to loneliness and SI through the lens of the social-ecological model.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Method","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe protocol for this scoping review was registered prospectively before commencing the searches on Open Science Framework: \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://osf.io/wbp23/?view_only=b515662e37b44abe86bbba139d5e462f\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"https://osf.io/wbp23/?view_only=b515662e37b44abe86bbba139d5e462f\" targettype=\"URL\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec4\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eStudy Design\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eTo meet the aims of this review, a scoping review methodology was selected as this is quite a broad topic, and because there was a need to map and clarify the key components of the social-ecological model in relation to loneliness and SI [25]. We followed common methodology as determined by AC Tricco, E Lillie, W Zarin, KK O'Brien, H Colquhoun, D Levac, D Moher, MDJ Peters, T Horsley, L Weeks, et al. [26] for this scoping review. Criteria for reported items as determined by the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses- extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR) were met [27].\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec5\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eSearch Strategy\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eWe devised our search strategy in line with the population, concept and context (PCC) framework from the Joanna Briggs Institute, in collaboration with a health science research librarian [27]. We searched five databases; CINAHL Plus, Embase, MEDLINE (OVID), PsycInfo, and Web of Science, between the 1st and 30th of August 2022, and the search strategy was adapted to meet the truncation and Boolean operations of each database as appropriate. The search strategy for Medline is available in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSearch results were uploaded into Endnote [28] and duplicates were removed. Covidence [29] was used for title and abstract screening by one reviewer (DEM). Full texts were screened for relevance by two reviewers (DEM, NH) and any conflicts were resolved by a third reviewer (DM).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eSearch strategy used for OVID Medline database\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"2\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLine #\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSearch terms\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(old* OR senior* OR elder* OR geriatric*).ti,ab.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eaged/\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1 OR 2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(lonel* OR social-isolation OR social-support OR social-deprivation).ti,ab.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003esocial-isolation/ OR loneliness/\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4 OR 5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(communi* OR neighbo?r* OR cultur* OR polic* OR built environment* OR soci?-ecolog* OR environment* OR societ* OR ecologic?-model).ti,ab.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e*social-environment/ OR health-policy/ OR *residence-characteristics/\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7 OR 8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3 AND 6 AND 9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003ctfoot\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eNotes\u003c/em\u003e: Wildcards (*, ?) used for truncation and alternate spellings. Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) terms denoted by \u0026lsquo;/\u0026rsquo;. Boolean operators used as denoted in search term lines.\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tfoot\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec6\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eEligibility criteria\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eInclusion and exclusion criteria were determined using the PCC framework. Included articles must be researching an older population, consisting of people aged 50 and older, with a mean age over 60 living in the community, not including older adults living in an institution. Articles must include a measure for subjective and/or objective isolation, and they must investigate community or societal level variables or interventions incorporating community or societal approaches. We excluded articles if only individual and interpersonal variables were addressed. We included published quantitative or mixed methods articles which used an interventional or observational methodology in this scoping review, excluding commentaries and reviews. All included articles were published in English, and no date restrictions were applied.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec7\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eData Charting\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eCritical analysis was conducted using the appropriate tools from the JBI suite of critical appraisal tools [30]. The critical appraisal and data extraction were completed concurrently using an Excel spreadsheet [31]. Detailed data extraction criteria were developed to maintain consistency when data charting and were tested on a subsample of included articles to determine the applicability of the criteria. Charted data included name of first author, primary affiliation of first author, publication year, conflicts of interest, funding source, aim of study, study design as reported by the authors, method of data collection, recruitment method, population characteristics including the included age range, mean age, female percentage, country where conducted, and the specific location if mentioned. The main outcome of interest, and the measurement tool used were recorded, as well as any co-variates mentioned by the authors. For intervention articles a description of the intervention was summarised, whether there was a control group and whether their treatment differed. For observational articles the exposure variable was recorded according to whether it was a community or societal level variable. The extraction also included any relevant findings and recommendations made by the authors for future research. A record of comments made by the extractor was also kept.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Findings","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec9\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eArticle Characteristics\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eAs per the PRISMA diagram (Fig.\u0026nbsp;1) 39718 records were returned from the database searches [32]. After duplicate removal there were 21755 results to screen for title and abstract. From this, 184 articles were identified for full-text screening and reasons for exclusions were recorded. There were 52 articles identified as meeting all eligibility criteria and were therefore included in the scoping review [33\u0026ndash;84].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;Insert Fig.\u0026nbsp;1 about here: Fig.\u0026nbsp;1. \u003cem\u003eFlowchart of the screening process as per PRISMA recommendations [32]\u003c/em\u003e\u0026gt;\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOf the 52 included studies, 63 per cent (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;33) were observational and 37 per cent (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;19) were interventional. Of the articles detailing observational studies, the majority (88%, n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;29) used a cross-sectional design, and only four articles utilised a longitudinal design. Of the interventional articles two were randomised controlled trials and 17 utilised a pre-post evaluation design with no comparison group. Further descriptions of the included articles are shown in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab2\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 2\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eSummary of charted data.\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"15\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c9\" colnum=\"9\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c10\" colnum=\"10\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c11\" colnum=\"11\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c12\" colnum=\"12\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c13\" colnum=\"13\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c14\" colnum=\"14\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c15\" colnum=\"15\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSource\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTopic focus\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSample\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSubjective Isolation Measure and Tool\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eObjective Isolation Measure and Tool\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eData Collection Method\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c12\" namest=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCommunity Factors Being Investigated\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSocietal Factors Being Investigated\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCo-variates adjusted for\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRecommendations\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eObservational\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c12\" namest=\"c11\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCross Sectional\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c12\" namest=\"c11\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(Ajrouch, 2008)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcculturation to explain differences in social isolation and loneliness.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCountry: United States of America\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMean age: 69\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e% Female: 55.5 Sample size: 101\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLoneliness, Single Question 'In the last two weeks, how often\u0026mdash;if at all\u0026mdash;did you feel lonely?'\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSocial Isolation, Hierarchical mapping technique- participants to rate level of relationships\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFace-to-Face Interview Surveys\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c12\" namest=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMigration, Cultural Practices\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAge, Education, Ethnicity, Gender, Marital Status, Physical Limitations\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eInvestigate how immigrant status influences social isolation and loneliness over the life course\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(Bai et al., 2021)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSocial capital and loneliness and the effect of social capital, demographic factors and health-related factors on loneliness.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCountry: China Mean age: 71.2 Sample size: 1810\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLoneliness, Single Question 'Do you have the feeling of loneliness?'\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFace-to-Face Interview Surveys\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c12\" namest=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSocial Cohesion\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAge, Chronic Condition, Education, Gender, Marital Status, Living Arrangement, Physical Limitations\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLongitudinal data or a randomised control trial\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(Beech \u0026amp; Murray, 2013)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSocial engagement and its link with community attachment\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCountry: UK\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMean age: 71.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e% Female: 76.9 Sample size: 65\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLoneliness, DJG-LS-11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSelf-Complete Survey\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c12\" namest=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNeighbourhood Belonging\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePhysical Limitations, Religion\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNeed novel approaches to investigating loneliness\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(Beer et al., 2016)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRegional variations and incidence of social isolation.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCountry: Australia\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSample size: 1682\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLoneliness, Single Question 'During the past four weeks I felt isolated from other people.'\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSocial Isolation, Friendship Scale\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSelf-Complete Survey\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c12\" namest=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRurality\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePhysical Limitations, Religion\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo future research recommendations\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(Beere et al., 2019)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSocio-spatial trends for loneliness.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCountry: New Zealand/ Aotearoa\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSample size: 52973\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLoneliness, Single Question\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFace-to-Face Interview Surveys\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c12\" namest=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRurality\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePhysical Limitations, Religion\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNeed data at a more granular level\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(Burholt et al., 2018)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSocial networks that are most vulnerable to loneliness.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCountry: UK\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e% Female: 50\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSample size: 815\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLoneliness, DJG-LS-6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFace-to-Face Interview Surveys\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c12\" namest=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCultural Practices\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAge, Ethnicity, Gender, Marital Status, Self-Rated Health\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMore evidence about indigenous and migrant populations from collectivist cultures\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(Cao et al., 2020)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAccess to outdoor space and buildings and social or community events, and perceived disconnection\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCountry: United States of America Mean age: 65.01\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e% Female: 63.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSample size: 346\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSubjective Isolation, Single Question 'I frequently feel disconnected from my community.'\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSelf-Complete Survey\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c12\" namest=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePublic Third-Places\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAge, Gender, Home accessibility, Income, Living Arrangement, Self-Rated Health\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMore research about older peoples existing community knowledge before designing interventions.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(Dahlberg et al., 2022)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAssociations between indicators of social exclusion and loneliness\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCountry: Denmark, Finland, Norway, and Sweden\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSample size: 7755\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLoneliness, Single Question \u0026lsquo;how much of the time during the past week have you felt lonely\u0026rsquo;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFace-to-Face Interview Surveys\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c12\" namest=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNeighbourhood Safety\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePolitical Participation\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAge, Education, Gender, Self-Rated Health, Physical Limitations\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLongitudinal data and more prospective designs to provide evidence for causal links\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(De Jong Gierveld et al., 2015)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLoneliness of immigrants compared to native-born people in an ecological model.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCountry: Canada\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSample size: 3692\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLoneliness, DJG-LS-6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFace-to-Face Interview Surveys\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c12\" namest=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSocial Cohesion\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCultural Practices\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGender, Marital Status, Self-Rated Health\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo future research recommendations\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(De Koning et al., 2017)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePredictors of loneliness and social isolation.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCountry: UK\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMean age: 71.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e% Female: 57.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSample size: 884\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLoneliness, Single Question 'I experience a general sense of loneliness'\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSocial Isolation,3 Item Scale\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFace-to-Face Interview Surveys\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c12\" namest=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTransport Access\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAge, Gender\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo future research recommendations\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(Diaz et al., 2019)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFactors beyond immigration of loneliness among ethnic minority elders.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCountry: Canada\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e% Female: 67.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSample size: 123\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLoneliness, UCLA-LS-21\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSocial Network, LSNS-R-12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSelf-Complete Survey\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c12\" namest=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCultural Practices\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEducation, Employment, English Proficiency, Income\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eInvestigate the relationship between unfulfilled expectations of social network and feelings of loneliness among ethnic older people\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(Domenech-Abella et al., 2020)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe role of built environment in loneliness and depression.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCountry: Finland, Poland, Spain\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e% Female: 54.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSample size: 5912\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLoneliness, UCLA-LS-3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFace-to-Face Interview Surveys\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c12\" namest=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWalkability, Public Third-Places\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eChronic Condition, Education, Gender, Marital Status\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLongitudinal data to provide evidence for causality\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(Gibney et al., 2019)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAge-friendliness of local environments and self-reported loneliness.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCountry: Ireland\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e% Female: 52.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSample size: 10540\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLoneliness, UCLA-LS-5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFace-to-Face Interview Surveys\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c12\" namest=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAccessible Services, Walkability, Transport Access\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePerceptions Of Ageism\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAge, Education, Gender, Income, Marital Status, Living Arrangement, Self-Rated Health\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLongitudinal data for the relationship between loneliness and environment\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(Glass, 2020)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe intersection of loneliness\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eand sense of community.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCountry: United States of America\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMean age: 72\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e% Female: 72\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSample size: 86\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLoneliness, UCLA-LS-3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSelf-Complete Survey\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c12\" namest=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNeighbourhood Satisfaction\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNeighbourhood Belonging\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePhysical Limitations, Religion\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNeed more research on the intersection of cohousing, age, gender, and loneliness\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(Haslam et al., 2022)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSocial group memberships and the wellbeing of older immigrants.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCountry: Australia\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMean age: 80.33\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e% Female: 82.35\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSample size: 102\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLoneliness, UCLA-LS-3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSelf-Complete Survey\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c12\" namest=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCultural Practices\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAge, English Proficiency, Religion\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEvidence for the efficacy of social groups in reducing immigrant loneliness across different groups and ages\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(Henning-Smith et al., 2019)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRurality and social isolation.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCountry: United States of America Mean age: 71\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e% Female: 50\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSample size: 2439\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLoneliness, Loneliness Scale (3 item not validated)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFace-to-Face Interview Surveys\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c12\" namest=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRurality\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMigration\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAge, Education, Ethnicity, Religion\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eResearch how to facilitate connections between older adults in urban areas\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(Hodgkin et al., 2018)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEcological model of wellness.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCountry: Australia\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMean age: 75.92\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e% Female: 64.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSample size: 266\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLoneliness, DJG-LS-6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSocial Network, Single Question 'number of friends and family members'\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTelephone Survey Interview\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c12\" namest=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAccessible Services, Neighbourhood Satisfaction, Neighbourhood Safety\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAge, Gender, Income, Marital Status, Physical Limitations, Mental Health\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNeed for more research measuring wellness in older people\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(Klok et al., 2017)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTransnational sense of belonging as a dimension of belonging.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCountry: Netherlands\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMean age: 60.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSample size: 461\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLoneliness, DJG-LS-11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFace-to-Face Interview Surveys\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c12\" namest=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMigration, Cultural Practices\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAge, Education, Employment, Ethnicity, Gender, Marital Status, Self-Rated Health, Physical Limitations\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNeed for more research understanding how transnational belonging relates to wellness in older migrants\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(Lam \u0026amp; Wang, 2022)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCharacteristics of the built environment and loneliness.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCountry: Australia\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMean age: 62.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e% Female: 53\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSample size: 298\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLoneliness, Single Question 'I often feel very lonely.'\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFace-to-Face Interview Surveys\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c12\" namest=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNeighbourhood Disadvantage, Open Green Spaces, Neighbourhood Density\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHousing Diversity\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEducation, Ethnicity, Gender, Income, Marital Status, Self-Rated Health, Children\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNeed for more research using the built environment as a level for increasing older people's connections\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(Lam, 2022)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEthnic\u0026ndash;migrant backgrounds and loneliness dependent on neighbourhood.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCountry: Australia\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSample size: 22183\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLoneliness, Single Question 'I often feel very lonely.'\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSelf-Complete Survey\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c12\" namest=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNeighbourhood Density, Neighbourhood Satisfaction, Neighbourhood Safety\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMigration\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAge, Education, Gender, Income, Marital Status, Self-Rated Health\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eResearch directly capturing social experiences and neighbourhood safety satisfaction for migrants from non-English speaking countries\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(Lane et al., 2020)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNeighbourhood destinations for socializing and social health\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCountry: Singapore\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMean age: 67.98\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e% Female: 53.21\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSample size: 981\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSocial Health, LSNS-6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFace-to-Face Interview Surveys\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c12\" namest=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNeighbourhood Density, Walkability, Public Third-Places\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAge, Chronic Condition, Education, Ethnicity, Gender, Marital Status, Living Arrangement\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eResearch types of activities that happen in third places as possible explanations for connections\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(Lee, 2022)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVolunteer work and loneliness.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCountry: United States of America\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMean age: 75.94\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e% Female: 59.4 Sample size: 9944\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLoneliness, UCLA-LS-3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSelf-Complete Survey\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c12\" namest=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePublic Third-Places\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAge, Education, Employment, Ethnicity, Gender, Marital Status, Living Arrangement, Self-Rated Health, Physical Limitations, Religion\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNeed more research to understand how socio-demographic and culture influence the association between volunteer work and loneliness\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(Moorer \u0026amp; Suurmeijer, 2001)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eA neighbourhood effect for social network size and loneliness.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCountry: Netherlands\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMean age: 74.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSample size: 723\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLoneliness, DJG-LS-11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSocial Network, \u0026lsquo;social network delineation questionnaire\u0026rsquo;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSelf-Complete Survey\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c12\" namest=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePublic Third-Places, Neighbourhood Safety\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePhysical Limitations, Religion\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo future research recommendations\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(Park et al., 2021)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAge friendly environments and loneliness.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCountry: South Korea\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMean age: 69.78\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e% Female: 48.2 Sample size: 353\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLoneliness, UCLA-LS-3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFace-to-Face Interview Surveys\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c12\" namest=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOpen Green Spaces, Walkability, Transport Access, Public Third-Places, Neighbourhood Safety\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePerceptions Of Ageism\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eChronic Condition, Education, Gender, Income, Marital Status, Self-Rated Health,\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNeed longitudinal data on the effect of Age Friendly Environments on loneliness and depressive symptoms\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(Rezaeipandari et al., 2020)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSocial participation and sense of loneliness.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCountry: Iran\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMean age: 70\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e% Female: 68\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSample size: 200\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLoneliness, Social and Emotional Loneliness Scale\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFace-to-Face Interview Surveys\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c12\" namest=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTransport Access, Public Third-Places, Neighbourhood Safety\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEducation, Employment, Gender, Income, Marital Status, Living Arrangement\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNeed for more data allowing for causal inferences\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(Stephens \u0026amp; Phillips, 2022)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePerceived neighbourhood environment and emotional and social loneliness and the mediating effects of social networks.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCountry: New Zealand/ Aotearoa\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMean age: 75\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e% Female: 53.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSample size: 917\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLoneliness, DJG-LS-6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSelf-Complete Survey\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c12\" namest=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAccessible Services, Social Cohesion, Neighbourhood Safety\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNeighbourhood Belonging\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGender, Marital Status, Physical Limitations\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNeed more social structures to encourage natural social opportunities.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(Timmermans et al., 2021)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eObjectively measured social and physical neighbourhood characteristics and loneliness.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCountry: Netherlands\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMean age: 72.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e% Female: 49\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSample size: 1959\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLoneliness, DJG-LS-6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSelf-Complete Survey\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c12\" namest=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePublic Third-Places, Neighbourhood Safety\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSocial Security Recipients\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAge, Education, Gender, Income, Marital Status\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMore data examining environmental characteristics on loneliness in older adults\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(Woolham et al., 2013)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFactors associated with loneliness.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCountry: UK\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSample size: 1558\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLoneliness, Single Question 'Do you ever feel lonely and wish you had more company?'\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSelf-Complete Survey\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c12\" namest=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTransport Access, Neighbourhood Safety\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAge, Employment, Ethnicity, Income, Self-Rated Health\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eQualitative research on groups of people underrepresented in community surveys.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(Zhang \u0026amp; Lu, 2022)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFinancial status as a moderator of neighbourhood environment and loneliness.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCountry: China\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMean age: 68.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e% Female: 55.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSample size: 459\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLoneliness, DJG-LS-6-Chinese\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFace-to-Face Interview Surveys\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c12\" namest=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNeighbourhood Safety\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNeighbourhood Belonging\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAge, Chronic Condition, Education, Gender, Marital Status, Living Arrangement, Physical Limitations\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eExamine the relationship between loneliness and the neighbourhood environment in rural areas\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCohort\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c12\" namest=\"c11\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(Beller \u0026amp; Wagner, 2020)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIndividualism /collectivism and loneliness.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCountry: Austria, Belgium, Switzerland, Czech Republic, Germany, Denmark, Estonia, Spain, France, Israel, Italy, Luxembourg, Sweden, and Slovenia\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMean age: 68\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e% Female: 57\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSample size: 40797\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLoneliness, UCLA-LS-3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFace-to-Face Interview Surveys\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c12\" namest=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCultural Practices\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAge, Education, English Proficiency, Gender, Physical Limitations, Mental Health\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNeed more research to see if being from a collectivist country has the same effect on loneliness in younger people\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(Garner et al., 2022)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFrailty and mental well- through COVID-19 lockdowns.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCountry: UK, Spain\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e% Female: 67.14\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSample size: 70\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLoneliness, UCLA-LS-3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSocial Isolation, Adult Social Care Outcomes Toolkit (ASCOT)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFace-to-Face Interview Surveys\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c12\" namest=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTransport Access, Public Third-Places\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAge, Education, Income\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo future research recommendations\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(Settels, 2021)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNeighbourhood conditions, the recession and the sizes of and turnover within social networks\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCountry: United States of America\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMean age: 68.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e% Female: 51.31 Sample size: 1788\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSocial Network, Single question 'Number of social ties'\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFace-to-Face Interview Surveys\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c12\" namest=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNeighbourhood Disadvantage\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSocial Security Recipients\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAge, Chronic Condition, Education, Employment, Ethnicity, Gender, Income, Marital Status, Mental Health\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eResearch older people in neighbourhoods that are experiencing changes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(Yang \u0026amp; Moorman, 2021)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNeighbourhood trust, loneliness and number of friends.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCountry: United States of America\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSample size: 5817\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLoneliness, UCLA-LS-11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSelf-Complete Survey\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c12\" namest=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSocial Cohesion\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNeighbourhood Belonging\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIncome, Marital Status, Physical Limitations\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIntervention targeting neighbourhood trust and more longitudinal data\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIntervention\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c12\" namest=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCommunity Intervention\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSocietal Intervention\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePre-post Test\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c12\" namest=\"c11\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(Bartlett et al., 2013)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eParticipation in three community programmes, levels of loneliness and social support.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCountry: Australia\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMean age: 70.67\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSample size: 59\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLoneliness, DJG-LS-11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSelf-Complete Survey\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c12\" namest=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eThree local interventions with local community services\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNeed more research on larger sample sizes and with more standardised controlled designs\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(Bartsch \u0026amp; Rodgers, 2009)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSenior Reach Gatekeeper Program outcomes and those of the established Spokane program\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCountry: United States of America\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e% Female: 75\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSample size: 226\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSocial Isolation, Tool Not Provided\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFace-to-Face Interview Surveys\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c12\" namest=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCommunity referral to a combination of available services, which may be mental health only, care management only, information and referral, or a combination.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo future research recommendations\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(Bartsch et al., 2013)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSenior Reach Gatekeeper Program outcomes and those of the established Spokane program and the MKSO program.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCountry: United States of America\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e% Female: 75\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSample size: 416\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSocial Isolation, Tool Not Provided\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFace-to-Face Interview Surveys\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c12\" namest=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCommunity referral to a combination of available services, which may be mental health only, care management only, information and referral, or a combination.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo future research recommendations\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(Butler, 2006)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe senior companion program.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCountry: United States of America\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMean age: 78\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e% Female: 81.8 Sample size: 66\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLoneliness, UCLA-LS-20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSocial Network, LSNS-A-6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFace-to-Face Interview Surveys\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c12\" namest=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOlder volunteers complete in-home visits to less mobile older people\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNeed more research on how social workers might approach loneliness program evaluations\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(Carandang et al., 2020)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCommunity-based interventions to alleviate depressive symptoms.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCountry: Philippines\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMean age: 68\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e% Female: 70.83\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSample size: 264\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLoneliness, UCLA-LS-8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFace-to-Face Interview Surveys\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c12\" namest=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePeer counselling with 1-hour weekly home visits, or to 3-hour weekly social events held at a local senior centre, or both.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNeed more research on the long-term benefits of loneliness interventions\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(Coll-Planas et al., 2017)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe intervention in mixed areas of diverse socioeconomic levels and to assess the effects on loneliness.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCountry: Spain\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMean age: 77.24\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e% Female: 95\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSample size: 38\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLoneliness, DJG-LS-11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFace-to-Face Interview Surveys\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c12\" namest=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eA group-based program, promoting social participation among lonely older people\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eClinical trials to provide evidence for a causal inference and for cost-effectiveness\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(Gonyea \u0026amp; Burnes, 2013)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAssistance for seniors, opportunities to build connections, feelings of loneliness or isolation, and aging-friendly communities.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCountry: United States of America\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMean age: 81\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e% Female: 85\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSample size: 33\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLoneliness, UCLA-LS-20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFace-to-Face Interview Surveys\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c12\" namest=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCommunity organisation providing services increasing access to existing community resources through outreach, education, advocacy, and providing transportation\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNeed more longitudinal studies that track participants of interventions\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(Honigh-De Vlaming et al., 2013)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHealthy Ageing in relation to loneliness.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCountry: Netherlands\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMean age: 74\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e% Female: 56\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSample size: 858\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLoneliness, DJG-LS-11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSelf-Complete Survey\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c12\" namest=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eA mass media campaign, information meetings for interested local elderly people, psychosocial group courses for persons with mental health problems or chronic diseases, social activation by the community-based Neighbours Connected intervention, and training of intermediaries (homecare nurses, municipal advisors, and volunteers)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAge, Education, Gender, Income, Marital Status\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNeed more co-designed research with older people and the people delivering the interventions\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(Merchant et al., 2021)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCognition amongst those at risk of isolation\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCountry: Singapore\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSample size: 197\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSocial Network, LSNS-6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFace-to-Face Interview Surveys\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c12\" namest=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHAPPY- a dual-task exercise program adapted\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003efrom cognicise, conducted in existing community sites by local volunteers\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAge\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNeed more commitment from sectors addressing older people\u0026rsquo;s health to implement healthy ageing initiatives\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(Mulligan \u0026amp; Bennett, 1977)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eA resocialization program to\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ereduce social isolation.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCountry: United States of America\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMean age: 77\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e% Female: 91.3 Sample size: 23\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSocial Isolation, Adulthood Isolation Index and Past Month Isolation Index\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFace-to-Face Interview Surveys\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c12\" namest=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHome visits from volunteers with an emphasis on friendly conversation.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eProgram could conducts regular visits to older people to reduce their loneliness\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(Mullins et al., 2020)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eA community-engaged, culturally informed technology program to address social isolation and loneliness.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCountry: United States of America\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMean age: 74\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSample size: 262\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLoneliness, UCLA-LS-20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSelf-Complete Survey\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c12\" namest=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eInternet provided to the older people's dwellings along with volunteers to run classes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNeed longer evaluation periods for intervention studies like this one\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(Passmore et al., 2007)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe relationship between participating in community-based recreation activities and loneliness\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCountry: United States of America\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMean age: 68.27\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e% Female: 56.67\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSample size: 30\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLoneliness, UCLA-LS-10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFace-to-Face Interview Surveys\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c12\" namest=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEight different Empowerment Groups built from existing community services\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eInterventions which control for the economic and social backgrounds of participants\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(Reinhard et al., 2018)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSocial isolation, loneliness, and social engagement and transport use.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCountry: UK\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e% Female: 54.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSample size: 18164\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLoneliness, UCLA-LS-3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSocial Isolation, frequency of visits\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFace-to-Face Interview Surveys\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c12\" namest=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIntroduction of policy for an age-eligibility threshold for free bus travel\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAge, Employment, Gender, Income, Marital Status, Physical Limitations, Religion, Children\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo future research recommendations\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(Roberts et al., 2020)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eA service designed to alleviate loneliness and isolation.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCountry: UK\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMean age: 76.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e% Female: 81.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSample size: 120\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLoneliness, DJG-LS-6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSocial Isolation, LSNS-6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFace-to-Face Interview Surveys\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c12\" namest=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCadwyn M\u0026ocirc;n- Volunteer companionship, practical and psychological support.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNeed more trial style studies and an economic analysis of how cost-effective the intervention is\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(Sandu et al., 2021)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eUsing simple technology like telephone calls to reduce social isolation.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCountry: United States of America\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSample size: 141\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLoneliness, UCLA-LS-10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFace-to-Face Interview Surveys\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c12\" namest=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCommunity service agency paired student volunteers with their older adult clients in the community\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eResearch effects of gender, age, socioeconomic status, ethnicity, and income on loneliness and social isolation\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(Steinman et al., 2021)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eA program\u0026rsquo;s effect on social connectedness.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCountry: United States of America\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMean age: 72.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e% Female: 79.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSample size: 320\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLoneliness, UCLA-LS-3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFace-to-Face Interview Surveys\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c12\" namest=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHome-visits by trained front-line providers.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eResearch how participants perceived age may affect their loneliness\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(Toseland et al., 1979)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSocial isolation and obtaining needed social services.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCountry: United States of America\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e% Female: 68.1 Sample size: 72\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSocial Network, Tool Not Provided\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFace-to-Face Interview Surveys\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c12\" namest=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePeer counsellor home visits to assess the client's immediate social service needs. To help social relationships, networking techniques are used.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNeed more research on developing older people's self-help coping strategies and to foster social connections\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRandomised Control Trial\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c11\" namest=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c15\" namest=\"c12\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(Jones et al., 2019)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eA group exercise and socialisation/health education intervention and loneliness among those with hearing loss.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCountry: Canada\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMean age: 74.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e% Female: 43 Sample size: 66\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLoneliness, DJG-LS-11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFace-to-Face Interview Surveys\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c12\" namest=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCommunity organisation run program promoting socialisation.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNeed a larger sample size and more longitudinal data on this intervention\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(Saito et al., 2012)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eA social isolation prevention program and loneliness.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCountry: Japan\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMean age: 72\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e% Female: 65\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSample size: 63\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLoneliness, Ando-Osada-Kodama (AOK) loneliness scale\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSocial Network, Single Question 'frequency of face-to-face contact with friends or neighbour\u0026rsquo;s\u0026rsquo;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSelf-Complete Survey\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c12\" namest=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGroup-based educational, cognitive, and social support program for improving community knowledge and networking with other participants. Included link workers to connect with services.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNeed a larger sample size and to develop a variety of group-based programs targeting specific populations\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003ctfoot\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"15\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eNotes\u003c/em\u003e: UCLA-LS: University of California Los Angeles Loneliness Scale (ref), DJG-LS: De Jong Gierveld Loneliness Scale, LSNS: Lubben Social Network Scale, NS: Not studied.\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tfoot\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;Insert Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e about here: Results \u0026gt;\u003c/p\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec10\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003ePublication date\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe observational articles included in this review were published between 2001 and 2022, with a median year of publication of 2020, showing that the number of observational articles which are investigating the community and societal factors influencing loneliness and SI is growing each year, despite a dip in 2021. The interventional articles were published between 1977 and 2021, with two in the 1970\u0026rsquo;s, and then none until 2006. There was a spike in interventional articles published in 2013, and again in 2020-21.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe global spread of the included articles is depicted in Fig.\u0026nbsp;2, indicating a range of countries, with the most common being United States of America (USA) (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;17), the United Kingdom (UK) (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;7) and Australia (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;6) (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e, Fig.\u0026nbsp;2). The majority of the interventions were conducted in the USA (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;11), with two in the UK, and one each in Australia, Canada, Japan, Philippines, Spain, Singapore, and The Netherlands. Observational articles were more diversely spread, although still favoured English-speaking countries (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;16).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;Insert Fig.\u0026nbsp;2 about here: Fig.\u0026nbsp;2. \u003cem\u003eGlobal map showing the countries where the included articles data collection was conducted.\u003c/em\u003e\u0026gt;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec11\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eData collection methods\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe 52 included articles utilised quantitative surveys to collect data, which were either self-completed by participants (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;17), conducted as face-to-face interviews (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;34) or over the phone (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1). Interventional articles were more likely to detail the employment of face-to-face interview techniques compared to the other modalities (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;15 face-to-face, n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;4 self-complete, n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0 phone), as were observational articles (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;19 face-to-face, n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;13 self-complete, n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1 phone).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec12\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eAssessment of loneliness and social isolation\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe main outcomes of interest for this scoping review were loneliness and SI. Of the 52 included articles, 65 per cent (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;34) measured for loneliness only, 13 per cent (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;7) measured for SI only, and 21 per cent (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;11) measured for both. When measuring loneliness, the University of California, Los Angeles Loneliness Scale (UCLA-LS) and the De Jong Gierveld Loneliness Scale (DJG-LS) were the most commonly used, 35 per cent and 27 per cent (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;18 and n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;14) of articles respectively. Among those using the UCLA-LS, there were seven different versions used, with the three-item scale the most commonly employed. Of the interventional articles measuring loneliness using the UCLA-LS, the longer 20-item scale was the most commonly used version. Similarly, for the articles using the DJG-LS to measure loneliness, the observational articles were more likely to utilise the shorter six-item version (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;6), while the interventional articles were more likely to utilise the longer 11-item version (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;3). Single-item questions to measure loneliness were the next most commonly used tool (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;10), but were exclusively used in cross-sectional design, although the wording varied: seven of 10 articles including a variant of the word lonely, for example \u0026lsquo;lonely\u0026rsquo; or \u0026lsquo;loneliness\u0026rsquo;, with the remaining three using \u0026lsquo;isolated\u0026rsquo; or \u0026lsquo;disconnected\u0026rsquo; to capture participants\u0026rsquo; subjective isolation.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOf the 18 articles measuring objective isolation, five used the Lubben Social Network Scale (LSNS). Four of the five articles that detailed the use of the LSNS, including three interventional studies, used the shorter six-item version, while one observational article used the longer 12-item scale version. There was heterogeneity regarding how the articles named the variable in question with three of the five articles using the LSNS stated that they were measuring \u0026lsquo;Social Network\u0026rsquo; using the scale, while one called it \u0026lsquo;Social Health\u0026rsquo; and another named the variable \u0026lsquo;Social Isolation\u0026rsquo;. Three articles measuring objective isolation opted for the use of a single-item question, asking participants directly how many friends and family they have, or the frequency of their social visits. The questions used were \u0026lsquo;state the number of friends and family members you have\u0026rsquo;, \u0026lsquo;how many social ties do you have?\u0026rsquo;, and \u0026lsquo;what is the frequency of face-to-face contact with friends or neighbours?\u0026rsquo;. A further three articles did not state their measurement tool, two of which measured \u0026lsquo;Social Isolation\u0026rsquo; and one measured \u0026lsquo;Social Network\u0026rsquo;. The remaining seven articles used a range of other techniques which can be seen in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec13\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eSummary of community and societal factors investigated by included observational studies\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eEighteen community and societal factors were considered as influential factors on loneliness, SI, or both (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e). The \u003cem\u003ecommunity\u003c/em\u003e level factors were (see definitions in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e): Neighbourhood disadvantage, open green spaces, accessible services, neighbourhood density, neighbourhood satisfaction, rurality, social cohesion, walkability, transport access, neighbourhood safety, and public third-places. These were determined as community factors due to their influence on the local environment. The \u003cem\u003esocietal\u003c/em\u003e factors were (see definitions in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e): Housing diversity, political participation, perceptions of ageism, social security recipients, migration, neighbourhood belonging, and cultural practices. These were determined to be societal-level factors due to their dependence on social and economic policy, as well as the shared ideas and beliefs of the broader are in which the community is placed.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab3\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 3\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eThe community and societal factors, their definitions and their associations with loneliness and social isolation.\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"4\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFactor (Classification)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDefinition\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAssociation with loneliness (Source)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAssociation with social isolation (Source)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNeighbourhood Disadvantage (Community)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe socioeconomic status of the area\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePositive association (Lam and Wang 2022)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePositive association (Settels 2021)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOpen Green Space (Community)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe amount of non-vegetated green space in the community\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNegative association (Lam and Wang 2022; Park et al 2021)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNot studied\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAccessible Services (Community)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAccessibility to community buildings and infrastructure\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNegative association (Gibney et al 2019; Hodgkin et al 2018; Stephens and Phillips 2022)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNegative association (Hodgkin et al 2018; Stephens and Phillips 2022)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNeighbourhood Density (Community)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePopulation density of neighbourhood\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNegative association (Lam 2022; Lam and Wang 2022)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNegative association (Lane et al 2020)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNeighbourhood Satisfaction (Community)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eResident-rated satisfaction with neighbourhood\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNegative association (Glass 2020; Hodgkin et al 2018; Lam 2022)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNegative association (Hodgkin et al 2018)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRurality (Community)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGeographic classification of area\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePositive association (Beer et al 2016; Beere et al 2019; Henning-Smith et al 2019)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePositive association (Beer et al 2016)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSocial Cohesion (Community)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHow supportive the neighbourhood is, as rated by participants\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNegative association (Bai et al 2021; Stephens and Phillips 2022; Yang and Moorman 2021)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNegative association (Stephens and Phillips 2022)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWalkability (Community)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEase of walking around neighbourhood and to third places\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNegative association (Domenech-Abella et al 2020; Gibney et al 2019; Park et al 2021)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNegative association (Lane et al 2020)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTransport Access (Community)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePublic transport availability\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNegative association (De Koning et al 2017; Gibney et al 2019; Park et al 2021; Rezaeipandari et al 2020; Woolham et al 2013)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNegative association (Garner et al 2022)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePublic Third Places (Community)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eProvision of places in the community in which social activities can occur, outside of people\u0026rsquo;s usual home and work spaces\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNegative association (Cao et al 2020; Lee 2022; Park et al 2021; Rezaeipandari et al 2020), No effect (Moorer and Suurmeijer 2001)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNegative association (Domenech-Abella et al 2020; Lane et al 2020), No effect (Moorer and Suurmeijer 2001)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNeighbourhood Safety (Community)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePerceived and actual crime in neighbourhood\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNegative association (Dahlberg et al 2022; Hodgkin et al 2018; Lam 2022; Park et al 2021; Rezaeipandari et al 2020; Stephens and Phillips 2022; Woolham et al 2013; Zhang and Lu 2022), No effect (Moorer and Suurmeijer 2001; Timmermans et al 2021)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNegative association (Garner et al 2022; Hodgkin et al 2018; Stephens and Phillips 2022), No effect (Moorer and Suurmeijer 2001)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHousing Diversity (Societal)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDiversity of types of housing because of zoning\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNegative association (Lam and Wang 2022)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNot studied\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePolitical Participation (Societal)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eParticipation in civic activities in countries where this is not mandatory\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNegative association (Dahlberg et al 2022; Henning-Smith et al 2019)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNot studied\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePerceptions Of Ageism (Societal)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePerceived ageism by participants\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNegative association (Gibney et al 2019; Hodgkin et al 2018; Park et al 2021)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNegative association (Hodgkin et al 2018)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSocial Security Recipients (Societal)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eProportion of neighbourhood receiving social security benefits/pensions\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePositive association (Timmermans et al 2021)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePositive association (Settels 2021)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMigration (Societal)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMigrant status of participant\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePositive association (Ajrouch 2008; De Jong Gierveld et al 2015; Henning-Smith et al 2019; Klok et al 2017)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePositive association (Ajrouch 2008)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNeighbourhood Belonging (Societal)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSelf-rated perception of belonging to the neighbourhood\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNegative association (Beech and Murray 2013; Glass 2020; Stephens and Phillips 2022; Zhang and Lu 2022)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNegative association (Stephens and Phillips 2022; Yang and Moorman 2021)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCultural Practices (Societal)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe material factors of culture such as taking part in cultural activities\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNegative association (Beller and Wagner 2020; Burholt et al 2018; De Jong Gierveld et al 2015; Diaz et al 2019; Haslam et al 2022; Klok et al 2017), no effect (Ajrouch 2008)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNegative association (Diaz et al 2019)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOf the 33 observational studies, 36 per cent (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;12) of articles investigated both community and societal factors, while 39 per cent (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;13) investigated community level factors and 24 per cent (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;8) investigated only societal level factors. The most investigated community factors (Fig.\u0026nbsp;3) were neighbourhood safety (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;10), public third-places (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;9) and transport access (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;6), while the most investigated societal factors were cultural practices (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;7), neighbourhood belonging (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;5) and migration (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;4). There was no difference in the factors investigated according to whether the outcome being measured was loneliness, SI, or both.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;Insert Fig.\u0026nbsp;3 about here: Fig.\u0026nbsp;3. \u003cem\u003eThe individual, community and societal factors investigated in the observational articles. Notes\u003c/em\u003e: Size of the font denotes the number of articles using the factor in their analysis. \u0026gt;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec14\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eThe association between community factors, societal factors, loneliness and social isolation\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003ePositive associations were found for neighbourhood disadvantage and loneliness and SI. Similarly for rurality, migration, and social security recipients, unfinished. Negative associations were found between loneliness and open green spaces, accessible services, neighbourhood density, neighbourhood satisfaction, social cohesion, walkability, transport access, housing diversity, political participation, perceptions of ageism, migration and neighbourhood belonging, there were mixed findings for the association between loneliness and cultural practices, neighbourhood safety, and public third-places with each factor found either a negative association or no influence on loneliness. SI was found to have a negative association with accessible services, neighbourhood density, neighbourhood satisfaction, social cohesion, walkability, transport access, perceptions of ageism, neighbourhood belonging, and cultural practices. There were mixed results for the association between SI and neighbourhood safety and public third-places, with both having either a negative association or no influence on SI.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;Insert Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e about here: Community and societal factor associations\u0026gt;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec15\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eIntervention approaches to community and societal influences of loneliness and social isolation\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThere were 19 articles which detailed an intervention to reduce loneliness or social isolation. Of those 84 per cent (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;16) were community level interventions while 16 per cent (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;3) were societal level interventions. The community level interventions typically involved the use of one of two approaches. The first is the involvement of community volunteers who act as manufactured connections for the older participants as a part of the program, of which there were nine articles detailing this approach, all using pre-post test methods. These interventions were considered to be community-level rather than individual as there was a potential, due to their involvement of community volunteers, for the social engagement to continue outside the confines of the study environment. The second is the education of the older participants about what services and activities already exist in their community and potentially connecting them with these services. There were seven articles detailing this approach, six pre-post test articles, and one RCT. Of the societal level interventions, one incorporated a mass media campaign to reduce ageism in the community as a part of the intervention measuring the changes in loneliness [59]. Another intervention changed the perceptions of older people by specifically training volunteer members of the community in how to reduce ageism, and measured the changes in loneliness and social networks [75]. The other measured changes in loneliness and SI as a result of the introduction of free public transport in the UK for older people [72].\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec16\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eIndividual and interpersonal factors as covariates\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThere were 21 covariates identified from the 52 included articles that are known micro-level individual and interpersonal factors of loneliness and SI as can be seen in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e. The most commonly adjusted for factors were gender (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;24), age (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;23), marital status (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;21), and education (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;20). The least used micro-level factors were home accessibility, smoking status and drinking status (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1). All the observational articles stated the covariates used for analysis, with 81 per cent (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;27) using more than two co-variates in their analysis. Only three interventional articles stated which covariates were used.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec17\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eQuality of the included studies\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn the risk of bias assessment, 17 aritcles were identified as having high quality, while four were identified as having very low quality, as can be seen in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e. Any conclusions drawn using the articles of very low quality should be done so with caution. It is not recommended that further aggregating of the risk of bias scores be undertaken, and an assessment of those with high and very low quality is shown to make interpretation clearer.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab4\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 4\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCritical appraisal of all included studies using design specific JBI critical appraisal tools\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"40\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c9\" colnum=\"9\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c10\" colnum=\"10\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c11\" colnum=\"11\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c12\" colnum=\"12\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c13\" colnum=\"13\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c14\" colnum=\"14\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c15\" colnum=\"15\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c16\" colnum=\"16\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c17\" colnum=\"17\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c18\" colnum=\"18\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c19\" colnum=\"19\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c20\" colnum=\"20\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c21\" colnum=\"21\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c22\" colnum=\"22\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c23\" colnum=\"23\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c24\" colnum=\"24\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c25\" colnum=\"25\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c26\" colnum=\"26\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c27\" colnum=\"27\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c28\" colnum=\"28\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c29\" colnum=\"29\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c30\" colnum=\"30\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c31\" colnum=\"31\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c32\" colnum=\"32\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c33\" colnum=\"33\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c34\" colnum=\"34\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c35\" colnum=\"35\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c36\" colnum=\"36\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c37\" colnum=\"37\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c38\" colnum=\"38\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c39\" colnum=\"39\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c40\" colnum=\"40\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eStudy type\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSource\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"38\" nameend=\"c40\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAppraisal\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eObservation studies\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"39\" nameend=\"c40\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCross sectional\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"38\" nameend=\"c40\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eChecklist for analytical cross-sectional studies\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eInclusion criteria defined\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"5\" nameend=\"c11\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eStudy subjects and the setting described\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"5\" nameend=\"c16\" namest=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eExposure measured in a valid and reliable way\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"5\" nameend=\"c21\" namest=\"c17\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eObjective, standard criteria used for measurement of the condition\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"5\" nameend=\"c26\" namest=\"c22\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eConfounding factors identified\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"5\" nameend=\"c31\" namest=\"c27\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eStrategies to deal with confounding factors stated\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"5\" nameend=\"c36\" namest=\"c32\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOutcomes measured in a valid and reliable way\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c40\" namest=\"c37\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAppropriate statistical analysis used\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(Ajrouch 2008)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"5\" nameend=\"c11\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"5\" nameend=\"c16\" namest=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"5\" nameend=\"c21\" namest=\"c17\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"5\" nameend=\"c26\" namest=\"c22\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"5\" nameend=\"c31\" namest=\"c27\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"5\" nameend=\"c36\" namest=\"c32\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c40\" namest=\"c37\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eUnsure\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(Bai et al 2021)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"5\" nameend=\"c11\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"5\" nameend=\"c16\" namest=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eUnsure\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"5\" nameend=\"c21\" namest=\"c17\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"5\" nameend=\"c26\" namest=\"c22\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"5\" nameend=\"c31\" namest=\"c27\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"5\" nameend=\"c36\" namest=\"c32\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eUnsure\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c40\" namest=\"c37\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(Beech and Murray 2013)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"5\" nameend=\"c11\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"5\" nameend=\"c16\" namest=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"5\" nameend=\"c21\" namest=\"c17\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"5\" nameend=\"c26\" namest=\"c22\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"5\" nameend=\"c31\" namest=\"c27\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"5\" nameend=\"c36\" namest=\"c32\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c40\" namest=\"c37\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(Beer et al 2016) ⸸\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"5\" nameend=\"c11\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"5\" nameend=\"c16\" namest=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"5\" nameend=\"c21\" namest=\"c17\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"5\" nameend=\"c26\" namest=\"c22\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"5\" nameend=\"c31\" namest=\"c27\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"5\" nameend=\"c36\" namest=\"c32\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c40\" namest=\"c37\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(Beere et al 2019)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"5\" nameend=\"c11\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"5\" nameend=\"c16\" namest=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"5\" nameend=\"c21\" namest=\"c17\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"5\" nameend=\"c26\" namest=\"c22\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"5\" nameend=\"c31\" namest=\"c27\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"5\" nameend=\"c36\" namest=\"c32\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c40\" namest=\"c37\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(Burholt et al 2018)*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"5\" nameend=\"c11\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"5\" nameend=\"c16\" namest=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"5\" nameend=\"c21\" namest=\"c17\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"5\" nameend=\"c26\" namest=\"c22\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"5\" nameend=\"c31\" namest=\"c27\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"5\" nameend=\"c36\" namest=\"c32\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c40\" namest=\"c37\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(Cao et al 2020)*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"5\" nameend=\"c11\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"5\" nameend=\"c16\" namest=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"5\" nameend=\"c21\" namest=\"c17\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"5\" nameend=\"c26\" namest=\"c22\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"5\" nameend=\"c31\" namest=\"c27\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"5\" nameend=\"c36\" namest=\"c32\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c40\" namest=\"c37\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(Dahlberg et al 2022)*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"5\" nameend=\"c11\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"5\" nameend=\"c16\" namest=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"5\" nameend=\"c21\" namest=\"c17\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"5\" nameend=\"c26\" namest=\"c22\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"5\" nameend=\"c31\" namest=\"c27\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"5\" nameend=\"c36\" namest=\"c32\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c40\" namest=\"c37\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(De Jong Gierveld et al 2015)*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"5\" nameend=\"c11\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"5\" nameend=\"c16\" namest=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"5\" nameend=\"c21\" namest=\"c17\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"5\" nameend=\"c26\" namest=\"c22\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"5\" nameend=\"c31\" namest=\"c27\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"5\" nameend=\"c36\" namest=\"c32\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c40\" namest=\"c37\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(De Koning et al 2017)*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"5\" nameend=\"c11\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"5\" nameend=\"c16\" namest=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"5\" nameend=\"c21\" namest=\"c17\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"5\" nameend=\"c26\" namest=\"c22\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"5\" nameend=\"c31\" namest=\"c27\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"5\" nameend=\"c36\" namest=\"c32\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c40\" namest=\"c37\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(Diaz et al 2019)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"5\" nameend=\"c11\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"5\" nameend=\"c16\" namest=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"5\" nameend=\"c21\" namest=\"c17\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"5\" nameend=\"c26\" namest=\"c22\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"5\" nameend=\"c31\" namest=\"c27\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"5\" nameend=\"c36\" namest=\"c32\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c40\" namest=\"c37\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(Domenech-Abella et al 2020)*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"5\" nameend=\"c11\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"5\" nameend=\"c16\" namest=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"5\" nameend=\"c21\" namest=\"c17\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"5\" nameend=\"c26\" namest=\"c22\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"5\" nameend=\"c31\" namest=\"c27\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"5\" nameend=\"c36\" namest=\"c32\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c40\" namest=\"c37\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(Gibney et al 2019)*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"5\" nameend=\"c11\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"5\" nameend=\"c16\" namest=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"5\" nameend=\"c21\" namest=\"c17\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"5\" nameend=\"c26\" namest=\"c22\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"5\" nameend=\"c31\" namest=\"c27\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"5\" nameend=\"c36\" namest=\"c32\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c40\" namest=\"c37\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(Glass 2020)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"5\" nameend=\"c11\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"5\" nameend=\"c16\" namest=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"5\" nameend=\"c21\" namest=\"c17\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"5\" nameend=\"c26\" namest=\"c22\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"5\" nameend=\"c31\" namest=\"c27\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"5\" nameend=\"c36\" namest=\"c32\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c40\" namest=\"c37\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(Haslam et al 2022)*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"5\" nameend=\"c11\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"5\" nameend=\"c16\" namest=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"5\" nameend=\"c21\" namest=\"c17\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"5\" nameend=\"c26\" namest=\"c22\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"5\" nameend=\"c31\" namest=\"c27\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"5\" nameend=\"c36\" namest=\"c32\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c40\" namest=\"c37\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(Henning-Smith et al 2019)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"5\" nameend=\"c11\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"5\" nameend=\"c16\" namest=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"5\" nameend=\"c21\" namest=\"c17\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"5\" nameend=\"c26\" namest=\"c22\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"5\" nameend=\"c31\" namest=\"c27\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"5\" nameend=\"c36\" namest=\"c32\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c40\" namest=\"c37\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eUnsure\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(Hodgkin et al 2018)*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"5\" nameend=\"c11\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"5\" nameend=\"c16\" namest=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"5\" nameend=\"c21\" namest=\"c17\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"5\" nameend=\"c26\" namest=\"c22\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"5\" nameend=\"c31\" namest=\"c27\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"5\" nameend=\"c36\" namest=\"c32\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c40\" namest=\"c37\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(Klok et al 2017)*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"5\" nameend=\"c11\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"5\" nameend=\"c16\" namest=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"5\" nameend=\"c21\" namest=\"c17\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"5\" nameend=\"c26\" namest=\"c22\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"5\" nameend=\"c31\" namest=\"c27\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"5\" nameend=\"c36\" namest=\"c32\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c40\" namest=\"c37\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(Lam and Wang 2022)*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"5\" nameend=\"c11\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"5\" nameend=\"c16\" namest=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"5\" nameend=\"c21\" namest=\"c17\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"5\" nameend=\"c26\" namest=\"c22\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"5\" nameend=\"c31\" namest=\"c27\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"5\" nameend=\"c36\" namest=\"c32\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c40\" namest=\"c37\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(Lam 2022)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"5\" nameend=\"c11\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"5\" nameend=\"c16\" namest=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"5\" nameend=\"c21\" namest=\"c17\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"5\" nameend=\"c26\" namest=\"c22\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"5\" nameend=\"c31\" namest=\"c27\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"5\" nameend=\"c36\" namest=\"c32\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c40\" namest=\"c37\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eUnsure\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(Lane et al 2020)*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"5\" nameend=\"c11\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"5\" nameend=\"c16\" namest=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"5\" nameend=\"c21\" namest=\"c17\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"5\" nameend=\"c26\" namest=\"c22\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"5\" nameend=\"c31\" namest=\"c27\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"5\" nameend=\"c36\" namest=\"c32\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c40\" namest=\"c37\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(Lee 2022)*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"5\" nameend=\"c11\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"5\" nameend=\"c16\" namest=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"5\" nameend=\"c21\" namest=\"c17\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"5\" nameend=\"c26\" namest=\"c22\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"5\" nameend=\"c31\" namest=\"c27\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"5\" nameend=\"c36\" namest=\"c32\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c40\" namest=\"c37\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(Moorer and Suurmeijer 2001)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"5\" nameend=\"c11\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"5\" nameend=\"c16\" namest=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"5\" nameend=\"c21\" namest=\"c17\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eUnsure\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"5\" nameend=\"c26\" namest=\"c22\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"5\" nameend=\"c31\" namest=\"c27\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"5\" nameend=\"c36\" namest=\"c32\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c40\" namest=\"c37\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(Park et al 2021)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"5\" nameend=\"c11\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"5\" nameend=\"c16\" namest=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eUnsure\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"5\" nameend=\"c21\" namest=\"c17\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"5\" nameend=\"c26\" namest=\"c22\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"5\" nameend=\"c31\" namest=\"c27\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"5\" nameend=\"c36\" namest=\"c32\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eUnsure\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c40\" namest=\"c37\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(Rezaeipandari et al 2020)*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"5\" nameend=\"c11\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"5\" nameend=\"c16\" namest=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"5\" nameend=\"c21\" namest=\"c17\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"5\" nameend=\"c26\" namest=\"c22\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"5\" nameend=\"c31\" namest=\"c27\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"5\" nameend=\"c36\" namest=\"c32\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c40\" namest=\"c37\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(Stephens and Phillips 2022)*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"5\" nameend=\"c11\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"5\" nameend=\"c16\" namest=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"5\" nameend=\"c21\" namest=\"c17\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"5\" nameend=\"c26\" namest=\"c22\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"5\" nameend=\"c31\" namest=\"c27\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"5\" nameend=\"c36\" namest=\"c32\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c40\" namest=\"c37\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(Timmermans et al 2021)*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"5\" nameend=\"c11\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"5\" nameend=\"c16\" namest=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"5\" nameend=\"c21\" namest=\"c17\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"5\" nameend=\"c26\" namest=\"c22\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"5\" nameend=\"c31\" namest=\"c27\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"5\" nameend=\"c36\" namest=\"c32\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c40\" namest=\"c37\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(Woolham et al 2013)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"5\" nameend=\"c11\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"5\" nameend=\"c16\" namest=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"5\" nameend=\"c21\" namest=\"c17\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"5\" nameend=\"c26\" namest=\"c22\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"5\" nameend=\"c31\" namest=\"c27\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"5\" nameend=\"c36\" namest=\"c32\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c40\" namest=\"c37\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(Zhang and Lu 2022)*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"5\" nameend=\"c11\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"5\" nameend=\"c16\" namest=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"5\" nameend=\"c21\" namest=\"c17\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"5\" nameend=\"c26\" namest=\"c22\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"5\" nameend=\"c31\" namest=\"c27\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"5\" nameend=\"c36\" namest=\"c32\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c40\" namest=\"c37\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCohort\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"38\" nameend=\"c40\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eChecklist for cohort studies\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGroups similar and recruited from the same population\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eExposures measured similarly to assign groups\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c12\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eExposure measured in a valid and reliable way\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c15\" namest=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eConfounding factors identified\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c19\" namest=\"c16\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eStrategies to deal with confounding factors stated\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c23\" namest=\"c20\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eParticipants free of the outcome at the start of the study\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c27\" namest=\"c24\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOutcomes measured in a valid and reliable way\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c30\" namest=\"c28\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAdequate follow up time for outcome to occur\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c34\" namest=\"c31\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFollow up complete\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c38\" namest=\"c35\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eStrategies to address incomplete follow up used\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c40\" namest=\"c39\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAppropriate statistical analysis used\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(Beller and Wagner 2020)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eN/A\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eN/A\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c12\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c15\" namest=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c19\" namest=\"c16\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c23\" namest=\"c20\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c27\" namest=\"c24\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c30\" namest=\"c28\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c34\" namest=\"c31\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c38\" namest=\"c35\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c40\" namest=\"c39\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(Garner et al 2022)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eN/A\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eN/A\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c12\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c15\" namest=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c19\" namest=\"c16\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c23\" namest=\"c20\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c27\" namest=\"c24\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c30\" namest=\"c28\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c34\" namest=\"c31\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c38\" namest=\"c35\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c40\" namest=\"c39\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(Settels 2021)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eN/A\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eN/A\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c12\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c15\" namest=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c19\" namest=\"c16\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c23\" namest=\"c20\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c27\" namest=\"c24\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c30\" namest=\"c28\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c34\" namest=\"c31\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c38\" namest=\"c35\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c40\" namest=\"c39\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(Yang and Moorman 2021)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eN/A\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eN/A\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c12\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c15\" namest=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c19\" namest=\"c16\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c23\" namest=\"c20\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c27\" namest=\"c24\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c30\" namest=\"c28\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c34\" namest=\"c31\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c38\" namest=\"c35\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eN/A\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c40\" namest=\"c39\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIntervention Studies\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"39\" nameend=\"c40\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePre-post test\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"38\" nameend=\"c40\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eClear what is the cause\u0026rsquo; and what is the \u0026lsquo;effect\u0026rsquo;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eParticipants included in any comparisons similar\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"5\" nameend=\"c14\" namest=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eParticipants included in any comparisons receiving similar treatment/care\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c18\" namest=\"c15\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eInclusion of control group\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"6\" nameend=\"c24\" namest=\"c19\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMultiple measurements of the outcome both pre and post the intervention/exposure\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c28\" namest=\"c25\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFollow up complete\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"5\" nameend=\"c33\" namest=\"c29\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOutcomes of participants included in any comparisons measured in the same way\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c37\" namest=\"c34\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOutcomes measured in a reliable way\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c40\" namest=\"c38\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAppropriate statistical analysis used\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(Bartlett et al 2013) ⸸\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"5\" nameend=\"c14\" namest=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eUnsure\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c18\" namest=\"c15\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"6\" nameend=\"c24\" namest=\"c19\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c28\" namest=\"c25\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"5\" nameend=\"c33\" namest=\"c29\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c37\" namest=\"c34\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c40\" namest=\"c38\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(Bartsch and Rodgers 2009)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"5\" nameend=\"c14\" namest=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c18\" namest=\"c15\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"6\" nameend=\"c24\" namest=\"c19\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c28\" namest=\"c25\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"5\" nameend=\"c33\" namest=\"c29\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c37\" namest=\"c34\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eUnsure\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c40\" namest=\"c38\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(Bartsch et al 2013)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"5\" nameend=\"c14\" namest=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c18\" namest=\"c15\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"6\" nameend=\"c24\" namest=\"c19\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c28\" namest=\"c25\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"5\" nameend=\"c33\" namest=\"c29\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c37\" namest=\"c34\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eUnsure\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c40\" namest=\"c38\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(Butler 2006) ⸸\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"5\" nameend=\"c14\" namest=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c18\" namest=\"c15\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"6\" nameend=\"c24\" namest=\"c19\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c28\" namest=\"c25\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"5\" nameend=\"c33\" namest=\"c29\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c37\" namest=\"c34\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eUnsure\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c40\" namest=\"c38\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(Carandang et al 2020)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"5\" nameend=\"c14\" namest=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c18\" namest=\"c15\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"6\" nameend=\"c24\" namest=\"c19\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c28\" namest=\"c25\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"5\" nameend=\"c33\" namest=\"c29\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c37\" namest=\"c34\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c40\" namest=\"c38\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(Coll-Planas et al 2017)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"5\" nameend=\"c14\" namest=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c18\" namest=\"c15\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"6\" nameend=\"c24\" namest=\"c19\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c28\" namest=\"c25\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"5\" nameend=\"c33\" namest=\"c29\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c37\" namest=\"c34\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c40\" namest=\"c38\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(Gonyea and Burnes 2013)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"5\" nameend=\"c14\" namest=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c18\" namest=\"c15\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"6\" nameend=\"c24\" namest=\"c19\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c28\" namest=\"c25\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"5\" nameend=\"c33\" namest=\"c29\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c37\" namest=\"c34\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eUnsure\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c40\" namest=\"c38\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(Honigh-De Vlaming et al 2013)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"5\" nameend=\"c14\" namest=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c18\" namest=\"c15\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"6\" nameend=\"c24\" namest=\"c19\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c28\" namest=\"c25\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"5\" nameend=\"c33\" namest=\"c29\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c37\" namest=\"c34\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c40\" namest=\"c38\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(Merchant et al 2021)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"5\" nameend=\"c14\" namest=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c18\" namest=\"c15\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"6\" nameend=\"c24\" namest=\"c19\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c28\" namest=\"c25\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"5\" nameend=\"c33\" namest=\"c29\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c37\" namest=\"c34\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eUnsure\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c40\" namest=\"c38\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(Mulligan and Bennett 1977)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"5\" nameend=\"c14\" namest=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c18\" namest=\"c15\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"6\" nameend=\"c24\" namest=\"c19\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c28\" namest=\"c25\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"5\" nameend=\"c33\" namest=\"c29\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c37\" namest=\"c34\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c40\" namest=\"c38\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(Mullins et al 2020)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"5\" nameend=\"c14\" namest=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c18\" namest=\"c15\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"6\" nameend=\"c24\" namest=\"c19\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c28\" namest=\"c25\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eUnsure\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"5\" nameend=\"c33\" namest=\"c29\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c37\" namest=\"c34\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c40\" namest=\"c38\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(Passmore et al 2007)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"5\" nameend=\"c14\" namest=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c18\" namest=\"c15\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"6\" nameend=\"c24\" namest=\"c19\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c28\" namest=\"c25\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"5\" nameend=\"c33\" namest=\"c29\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c37\" namest=\"c34\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c40\" namest=\"c38\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(Reinhard et al 2018)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"5\" nameend=\"c14\" namest=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c18\" namest=\"c15\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"6\" nameend=\"c24\" namest=\"c19\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c28\" namest=\"c25\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"5\" nameend=\"c33\" namest=\"c29\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c37\" namest=\"c34\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c40\" namest=\"c38\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(Roberts et al 2020)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"5\" nameend=\"c14\" namest=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c18\" namest=\"c15\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"6\" nameend=\"c24\" namest=\"c19\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c28\" namest=\"c25\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"5\" nameend=\"c33\" namest=\"c29\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c37\" namest=\"c34\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c40\" namest=\"c38\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(Sandu et al 2021) ⸸\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"5\" nameend=\"c14\" namest=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c18\" namest=\"c15\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"6\" nameend=\"c24\" namest=\"c19\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c28\" namest=\"c25\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"5\" nameend=\"c33\" namest=\"c29\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c37\" namest=\"c34\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c40\" namest=\"c38\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(Steinman et al 2021)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"5\" nameend=\"c14\" namest=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c18\" namest=\"c15\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"6\" nameend=\"c24\" namest=\"c19\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c28\" namest=\"c25\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"5\" nameend=\"c33\" namest=\"c29\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c37\" namest=\"c34\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eUnsure\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c40\" namest=\"c38\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(Toseland et al 1979)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"5\" nameend=\"c14\" namest=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c18\" namest=\"c15\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"6\" nameend=\"c24\" namest=\"c19\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c28\" namest=\"c25\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"5\" nameend=\"c33\" namest=\"c29\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c37\" namest=\"c34\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c40\" namest=\"c38\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRandomised control trials\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"38\" nameend=\"c40\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eChecklist for randomised controlled trials\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTrue randomisation used for assignment of participants\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAllocation to treatment groups concealed\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTreatment groups similar at the baseline\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c13\" namest=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWere participants blind to treatment assignment\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c17\" namest=\"c14\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eThose delivering treatment blind to treatment assignment\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c20\" namest=\"c18\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWere outcomes assessors blind to treatment assignment?\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c22\" namest=\"c21\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTreatment groups treated identically other than the intervention\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c25\" namest=\"c23\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFollow up complete\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c29\" namest=\"c26\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eParticipants analysed in the groups to which they were randomised\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c32\" namest=\"c30\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOutcomes measured in the same way for treatment groups\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c35\" namest=\"c33\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOutcomes measured in a reliable way\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c39\" namest=\"c36\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAppropriate statistical analysis used\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c40\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAppropriate trial design used\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(Jones et al 2019)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c13\" namest=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c17\" namest=\"c14\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c20\" namest=\"c18\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c22\" namest=\"c21\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c25\" namest=\"c23\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c29\" namest=\"c26\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c32\" namest=\"c30\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c35\" namest=\"c33\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c39\" namest=\"c36\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c40\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(Saito et al 2012)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c13\" namest=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c17\" namest=\"c14\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c20\" namest=\"c18\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c22\" namest=\"c21\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c25\" namest=\"c23\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c29\" namest=\"c26\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c32\" namest=\"c30\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c35\" namest=\"c33\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c39\" namest=\"c36\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c40\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003ctfoot\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"40\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eNotes\u003c/em\u003e: *: high quality articles\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;90 per cent, ⸸: low quality articles\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;50 per cent. Questions edited for brevity.\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tfoot\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;Insert Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e here: Critical Appraisal \u0026gt;\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMost (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;46) of the included articles included recommendations for future research based on their results. The need for more longitudinal data was raised explicitly in eight articles, six of which were observational, and two intervention articles recommended that future interventions should have more comprehensive longitudinal follow-up periods. Another common recommendation was for there to be more research investigating the effects of loneliness and SI on migrant populations, all of which were cross-sectional in design. One article recommended that future qualitative research on underserved populations would be beneficial to understanding the factors affecting loneliness.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003eThis scoping review examined how the community- and societal- level factors of loneliness and SI are being researched in older populations. We explored the methodology used in the existing research, and determined which factors were being investigated. We posit reasons for the most and least explored variables and provide recommendations for future research. Our results show that there is a growing body of research in the field of loneliness and SI, particularly since 2020, addressing community and societal factors of loneliness and SI, whether researchers explicitly mentioned the social-ecological framework, or it was implied from the data they collected. There does appear to be some confusion, however, surrounding the concept of SI with differing definitions and terms used to describe similar experiences. Research focused on community factors more commonly compared to societal factors. Within these categories the most researched factors were neighbourhood safety and cultural practices respectively, and the least researched factors were neighbourhood disadvantage, open green spaces, housing diversity, and political participation. However, current knowledge is largely based on correlational studies from English-speaking countries. The paucity of longitudinal studies and well-designed interventional studies, with loneliness and SI as the main outcome, as a result there is insufficient empirical research to address these health issues through more upstream systemic drivers.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe societal and community factors were more comprehensively addressed in loneliness research compared with SI; most community and societal factors were investigated by at least one article in relation to their influence on loneliness. Community factors were more likely to be investigated in relation to SI than the societal factors, with only three societal factors thus far having been investigated, namely cultural practices, migration and receipt of social security. These three are societal factors which have also been investigated for other social phenomena topics such as violence and health service utilisation [20, 85]. Community factors including open green spaces and social cohesion were not investigated in relation to SI, which is surprising given the importance of open green space to social integration, sense of community and facilitation of acculturation of ethnic minorities or marginalised groups [86\u0026ndash;88]. More research is needed to determine whether the influence of open green spaces does extend to SI. Similarly, it is surprising that social cohesion has not been investigated in relation to SI among older people. A significant association between social cohesion and SI has been found in a sample of younger people, although the causality of this relationship cannot be expanded further, heralding a need for further research to assess the association, as well as further research in an older sample[89].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcross all the factors investigated in the observational studies, the community factors, in particular neighbourhood safety and public third-places were the most commonly investigated. Neighbourhood safety, including both perceived and actual crime rates, appears to be an important determinant of loneliness and SI with articles suggesting that the fear of crime may increase the rates of loneliness, particularly in men [90]. One potential mechanism for the connection between neighbourhood safety and loneliness is through the decreased time spent leisure walking around the neighbourhood when perceived neighbourhood safety is low, which in turn decreases the number of opportunities for finding social connections, thereby increasing loneliness [91]. Similarly, the literature is in agreeance that increased neighbourhood provisions of public third-places, such as community centres and libraries, where older people can safely engage with each other will likely decrease both loneliness and SI [92]. Increased provisions of public third-places may also be a factor that influences whether older people opt for home-based care rather than entering retirement villages, and nursing homes as conduits for social activity, and social group activities [93]. This may bias our results, as we did not include articles detailing older people residing within care services in this review, thereby increasing the likelihood of public third spaces being important factors for influence over loneliness and SI [85].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWithin the included observational studies, each community- and societal- level factor was investigated by more than one article except for political participation and housing diversity which were investigated by one article each, and are both societal level factors. Political participation, in particular voting behaviour, is difficult to explore on the global scale due to differing legislation across the world, with some countries mandating voting participation, while in others, like the USA, participation is not mandated and is more likely to be determined by societal norms and the desire for social conformity [94, 95]. Previous articles have described potential connections between loneliness and voting behaviour, with a need for more research in this area [96]. In a German and Dutch sample, it was found that there is reverse causality between civic duty and voting behaviour, with people who are lonely having a lower sense of civic duty as a result of their detachment from society, and were therefore less likely to partake in political voting [96]. Housing diversity is a result of zoning legislation put in place by governments and can affect the social health of communities [97]. For example, urbanisation of communities can be detrimental to the social health of its constituents by encouraging gentrification, where it is usual for a mass exodus from the neighbourhood to occur, thereby causing the loss of community ties, especially in those who have lived in the community for an extended period of time [98]. Older people generally rely on neighbourhood ties for a range of things which help them to remain independent, meaning that when they lose these important ties they also lose their social ties [99].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIt was common for the included articles to use a single question to determine loneliness or SI, perhaps to reduce participant burden. The validity of a single-item question compared to a validated scale depends on the question being used. In terms of loneliness, previous work has determined that there is little difference when comparing the question \u0026lsquo;how often are you lonely?\u0026rsquo; to the validated UCLA-three item scale [100]. \u0026lsquo;How often are you lonely?\u0026rsquo; is also the preferred single-item question recommended by the Campaign to End Loneliness [101]. Measuring SI with a single-item question was less common, with only three of the included articles using this measure [58, 75, 77]. The questions used included \u0026lsquo;number of friends and family members?\u0026rsquo;, \u0026lsquo;how many social ties do you have?\u0026rsquo;, and \u0026lsquo;what is the frequency of face-to-face contact with friends or neighbours?\u0026rsquo;. It remains unclear as to whether a single-item question is sufficient to measure SI, with researchers unable to ascertain both the network size and frequency of contact in a singular question [6].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWe also report in our results method of data collection and found this is primarily face-to-face interviews or self-complete questionnaires. The internal reliability of these methods has been questioned before, as loneliness and SI are still socially stigmatised topics [102]. In general, when participants rate the subject content of a question as sensitive they are more likely to under-report the outcome during a face-to-face interview compared to when asked with a self-complete questionnaire [103]. While face-to-face interviews may introduce some measurement bias to the findings in relation to the strength and significance of the association, it is unlikely to impact the direction of the association which we reported here.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe global spread of studies investigating the community and societal factors of loneliness and SI for older people is limited, with no research in the African and South American continents, consistent with conclusions from other research not just in older people, but across the life course [9]. The included articles detailed studies that were conducted primarily in countries which are member states of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) [104]. Twenty-six of the 30 included countries are member states of the OECD. This bias may be due the fact that the OCED establish international standards and advise member states on public policy and highlights the inequalities in social indicators, including social connection which may encourage research on the social welfare of the populations. [104].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eA limitation found in the current available evidence that impacts the inter-reliability of articles is the heterogeneity of the terms used in articles, even if definitions do not differ and the measurement tool itself is the same. We found that for SI, known to be the objective isolation of participants, there were three different terms used across the 18 relevant articles which were, namely \u0026lsquo;social isolation\u0026rsquo;, \u0026lsquo;social network\u0026rsquo;, and \u0026lsquo;social health\u0026rsquo;. The issue of inconsistency in the measurement of SI has been identified in previous reviews [6, 12]. Of the articles included in our review using the Lubben Social Network Scale (LSNS) to measure SI, three articles labelled the outcome \u0026lsquo;social network\u0026rsquo;, one labelled it \u0026lsquo;social isolation,\u0026rsquo; and another labelled it social health. J Lubben, E Blozik, G Gillmann, S Iliffe, W von Renteln Kruse, JC Beck and AE Stuck [105] state that the LSNS is to be used as a tool to screen for SI in older people. The variation can lead to the duplication of research, which is slowing potential progress in this important topic and so a clear definition of SI is needed in the literature [6].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e This review found that community level factors and interventions were addressed more commonly than societal level factors and interventions. These were both characterised by more opportunistic approaches, for example, as a result of government policy changes that were picked up by researchers for evaluation, or large amounts of funding. With community-level interventions, half relied entirely on community volunteers for the execution of their interventions, rather than building a systematic intervention which involves volunteers.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSignificant grass-roots work is being undertaken, providing community-based solutions to the problems of loneliness and SI. Yet with evaluation taking place through policy makers and community organisations, the findings may not be publicly available and therefore are less likely to be translated to other populations [106]. Similarly, there are a number of not-for-profit organisations particularly in OECD countries, aiming to reduce the burden of loneliness and SI. Whether their impact will be demonstrated in the literature remains to be seen.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec19\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eStrengths and limitations of the scoping review\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eA strength of this review is the large number of included articles containing both intervention and observational methodologies. It is, to the best of the authors\u0026rsquo; knowledge, the first scoping review to ascertain how the research archive has captured the influence of community and societal factors on both loneliness and SI in older people. In doing this, the comparison between objective SI and subjective loneliness is another strength, as the two are strongly related and therefore should be investigated in tandem [107]. The risk factors and health implications for loneliness and SI found in the literature are very similar, and so, by researching loneliness and SI in tandem, it allows for a more comprehensive overview of a population [7].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eA limitation of this review is the exclusion of qualitative studies, from which further insights may be drawn. This exclusion was made to narrow the scope of this review to be manageable within the time and resources allocated, but future research should be undertaken to investigate the qualitative perspectives of the influence of community and societal factors on loneliness and SI. Understanding the lived experience of older people experiencing loneliness and SI is important to inform interventions and to understand the underlying mechanisms through which we can effect change [108, 109].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis review has found a growing research archive investigating the community and societal influences of loneliness and SI in older people, however, there are still gaps in the knowledge. There is a clear lack of high-quality longitudinal data, which is needed to infer causality between the influential community and societal factors and loneliness and SI in older people [19, 51]. There is also a need for more research about how these factors may influence SI as this concept was less likely to be explored. Finally, there is a need for qualitative perspectives to be explored to gain a deeper understanding on the way that older people may experience the effect of community and societal factors on loneliness and SI [82]. Future studies should more explicitly explore the community and societal factors of loneliness and SI in older people to further develop the evidence base [48].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eA lack of research observing certain community- and societal-level factors means that few conclusions can be drawn about their influence over loneliness and SI. It is hoped that by bringing attention to the social-ecological approach to loneliness and SI research in older people there will be an increased awareness by researchers to expand and evaluate this topic. An improved understanding of the relationships and mechanisms through which community- and societal- level factors affect loneliness and SI can also be tested in future interventions. A social-ecological approach to loneliness and SI appears to be feasible, and further research, including more longitudinal and qualitative studies will serve to guide effective solutions to reduce loneliness and SI in our older populations.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEthics approval and consent to participate-\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eNot applicable\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConsent for publication-\u003c/strong\u003e Not applicable\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAvailability of data and materials- \u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eAll data generated or analysed during this study are included in this published article.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCompeting interests-\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eThe authors declare that they have no competing interests\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFunding-\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eNot applicable\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthors\u0026apos; contributions\u003c/strong\u003e- DM and DEM led the conceptualization fir this review. Methodology and data collection were completed by DEM, NH and DM. The data analysis and write-up of the results was completed by DEM. Write up and review of the manuscript was completed by DEM, AG, JC, NH and DM. All authors have read and approved the manuscript.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAcknowledgements-\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eThe authors would like to thank Lily Collison, School of Health Sciences, Western Sydney University, for her help in the initial stages of this review.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eValtorta NK, Kanaan M, Gilbody S, Ronzi S, Hanratty B: \u003cstrong\u003eLoneliness and social isolation as risk factors for coronary heart disease and stroke: systematic review and meta-analysis of longitudinal observational studies\u003c/strong\u003e. \u003cem\u003eHeart \u003c/em\u003e2016, \u003cstrong\u003e102\u003c/strong\u003e(13):1009-1016.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eHolwerda TJ, Deeg DJH, Beekman ATF, van Tilburg TG, Stek ML, Jonker C, Schoevers RA: \u003cstrong\u003eFeelings of loneliness, but not social isolation, predict dementia onset: results from the Amsterdam Study of the Elderly (AMSTEL)\u003c/strong\u003e. \u003cem\u003eJournal of Neurology, Neurosurgery \u0026amp; Psychiatry \u003c/em\u003e2014, \u003cstrong\u003e85\u003c/strong\u003e(2):135.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eHolt-Lunstad J, Smith TB, Baker M, Harris T, Stephenson D: \u003cstrong\u003eLoneliness and social isolation as risk factors for mortality: a meta-analytic review\u003c/strong\u003e. \u003cem\u003ePerspect Psychol Sci \u003c/em\u003e2015, \u003cstrong\u003e10\u003c/strong\u003e(2):227-237.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eGerst-Emerson K, Jayawardhana J: \u003cstrong\u003eLoneliness as a public health issue: the impact of loneliness on health care utilization among older adults\u003c/strong\u003e. \u003cem\u003eAmerican journal of public health (1971) \u003c/em\u003e2015, \u003cstrong\u003e105\u003c/strong\u003e(5):1013-1019.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eWorld Health Organization: \u003cstrong\u003eGlobal action plan on the public health response to dementia 2017\u0026ndash;2025\u003c/strong\u003e. 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Research about loneliness and SI in older people has typically adopted a narrow focus, evaluating effects of individual and inter-personal factors on these experiences. Less is known about the community and societal influences that may be used to inform public health interventions. We conducted a scoping review applying Joanna Briggs Institute methodology and the social-ecological model framework in order to: i) identify the available evidence for the influence of the community and societal factors on loneliness and SI as experienced by older people; ii) examine how quantitative research about community- and societal-level factors of loneliness and SI in the older population is conducted; and iii) identify current knowledge gaps in relation to the use of the social-ecological model in this area. A total of 52 articles from 30 countries met the inclusion criteria, including 33 observational studies, primarily cross-sectional (88%), and 19 interventions, mostly (89%) pre-post evaluations. The majority of included articles measured loneliness only (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;34, 65%), while 11 measured both loneliness and SI (21%). To measure these outcomes validated scales were frequently used. Eighteen community/societal factors were investigated in relation to loneliness and/or SI, most commonly, neighbourhood safety, access to public third-places and cultural practices. Three societal-level interventions were found: two campaigns to reduce ageism and one explored the impact of free public transport. Community-based interventions were either educational or enlisted volunteers to foster connections. There is a need for longitudinal studies to better understand the mechanism through which community- and societal- level factors affect loneliness and SI, which in turn guide interventions that utilise the social-ecological framework to these issues.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Social-ecological factors influencing loneliness and social isolation in older people: A scoping review","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2023-08-01 14:21:41","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-3098149/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"decision","content":"Major revision","date":"2023-10-01T10:53:24+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2023-09-19T15:26:21+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"f6bf90b0-0d5a-4d05-8c5a-578e9a2466f1","date":"2023-09-06T10:10:17+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2023-08-07T17:44:52+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"08e924b2-6d05-4590-ad81-a94ae4d41534","date":"2023-08-07T09:42:11+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2023-08-04T08:07:56+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2023-08-04T07:56:16+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvited","content":"","date":"2023-07-27T08:32:16+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"checksComplete","content":"","date":"2023-07-27T08:28:42+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"BMC Geriatrics","date":"2023-06-23T00:17:37+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"bmc-geriatrics","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"bgtc","sideBox":"Learn more about [BMC Geriatrics](http://bmcgeriatr.biomedcentral.com/)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"https://www.editorialmanager.com/bgtc/default.aspx","title":"BMC Geriatrics","twitterHandle":"BMC_series","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"BMC Series","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"cd2481a2-1746-46bb-9e02-fdfe17f4cc79","owner":[],"postedDate":"August 1st, 2023","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"published-in-journal","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2023-11-13T15:04:53+00:00","versionOfRecord":{"articleIdentity":"rs-3098149","link":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12877-023-04418-8","journal":{"identity":"bmc-geriatrics","isVorOnly":false,"title":"BMC Geriatrics"},"publishedOn":"2023-11-09 15:00:51","publishedOnDateReadable":"November 9th, 2023"},"versionCreatedAt":"2023-08-01 14:21:41","video":"","vorDoi":"10.1186/s12877-023-04418-8","vorDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12877-023-04418-8","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-3098149","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-3098149","identity":"rs-3098149","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"7rjqhiLT3MXkJMwkYKINL","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}