Study on Partial Discharge Characteristics of C6F12O Mixed Gas

Study on Partial Discharge Characteristics of C6F12O Mixed Gas | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Study on Partial Discharge Characteristics of C 6 F 12 O Mixed Gas Xiajin Rao, Dajian Li, Xiaofei Xia, Yi Su, Yufeng Lu, Boya Peng This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-821859/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Published Journal Publication published 15 Apr, 2022 Read the published version in Scientific Reports → Version 1 posted 10 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract The greenhouse effect of SF 6 increasingly limits its application in various gas insulated equipment. C 6 F 12 O combines the advantages of insulation resistance, safety and environmental protection. When mixed with buffer gas, C 6 F 12 O is considered to have potential application prospects in medium and low voltage equipment. In this paper, about the partial discharge characteristics of the mixed gas, an experimental study was carried out. The partial discharge initiation voltage and discharge extinction voltage of mixed gas under power frequency voltage are measured and compared with the breakdown voltage. The results show that with the increase of mixing ratio, the partial discharge initiation voltage and extinction voltage of mixed gas gradually increase, and the effect of gas pressure on high mixing ratio is obvious. The difference between the partial discharge inception voltage and the breakdown voltage is larger than that of pure N 2 . The research in this paper can provide an important reference for the application, operation and protection of C 6 F 12 O mixed gas in medium and low voltage equipment. Materials Engineering C6F12O mixed gas partial discharge inception voltage partial discharge extinction voltage breakdown voltage environmentally friendly gas Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 Figure 5 Figure 6 Figure 7 Figure 8 1. Introduction Gas insulated equipment is widely used in power systems due to its miniaturization and stable insulation performance. Its main insulating medium is SF 6 , which has a high Global Warming Potential (GWP). The GWP value of SF 6 is approximately 23500 times that of CO 2 [ 1 ] , limiting its use is the current environmental demand. Using new environmental protection gas as insulation medium has become a hot spot in the current research of the global power industry. C 6 F 12 O of ketones fluoride is also a substance with excellent insulating properties. This substance is non-flammable, non-explosive and non-toxic. It has a boiling point of 49℃ under standard conditions and a molecular weight of 316. It is used as a cover gas for fire extinguishing agents, magnesium treatment, and two-phase immersion cooling. The GWP value of the substance is 1, which has no destructive effect on the ozone layer, and the dielectric strength is 1.7 times higher than SF 6 [ 3 ] . The GIS electrical performance test of 145kV shows that adding C 6 F 12 O to the air can achieve the same insulation strength as SF 6 [ 9 ] . The molecular formula of this substance is shown in Fig. 1 . J.D. Mantilla of ABB company in Switzerland found that when the mixture of C 5 F 10 O, C 6 F 12 O and air was proportional to a certain proportion, the power frequency AC breakdown voltage of the mixture can reach three times that of air and carbon dioxide. Although these are not as high as the breakdown voltage of SF 6 under the same conditions, it can reach the level of SF 6 at a lower pressure by increasing the pressure of the mixture. At the same time, he also observed that the mixed gas obtained by adding a small amount of C 6 F 12 O to the air has significantly improved the withstand voltage level of the air under the lightning impulse voltage [ 10 ] . Zhao Mingyue of Chinese Academy of Sciences studied the decomposition products of C 6 F 12 O/N 2 gas mixture and C 6 F 12 O/air mixture after corona discharge, and concluded that C 6 F 12 O/N 2 mixture gas decomposes more products after corona discharge and may produce CF 3 CN toxic substances [ 11 ] . It is found that the breakdown voltage of 3% C 6 F 12 O/N 2 mixture gas at atmospheric pressure is 1.7 times higher than that of pure N 2 breakdown voltage, which is equivalent to the breakdown voltage of 10% SF 6 /N 2 mixture gas, and there is no decreasing trend of breakdown voltage after 100 times breakdown experiments. CF 4 , C2F 6 , C 3 F 6 and other fluorocarbons were obtained by analyzing the decomposition products of the mixture gas after breakdown [ 12 ] . When the pressure is 0.10MPa-0.30MPa, the partial discharge inception voltage of 3% C 6 F 12 O/N 2 mixture was lower than that of 10% SF 6 gas mixture, while the partial discharge inception voltage of 3% C 6 F 12 O/N 2 mixture was lower than that of 10% SF 6 gas mixture. The liquefaction temperature of C 6 F 12 O is high, which needs to be mixed with buffer gas when used as insulating material. Therefore, it can be considered to mix the substance with a single conventional gas to improve the insulation characteristics of the conventional gas. Due to the stable chemical nature of N 2 , we need to further study the insulating properties of C 6 F 12 O/N 2 gas mixture, and give full play to its greater application potential of the mixed gas in low-voltage equipment such as gas insulated switchgear and ring network cabinets. Gas insulation equipment often has various kinds of insulation defects such as impurity residue and metal protrusions, which makes the local electric field become non-uniform and cause partial discharge [ 14 ] . In this paper, the partial discharge of C 6 F 12 O mixed gas at power frequency is studied. Simultaneously measure the breakdown voltage value of the mixed gas under different conditions, and compare with the partial discharge voltage to summarize the partial discharge characteristics of the mixed gas. 2. Experiment 2.1. Experimental platform Figure 2 shows the circuit diagram of the power frequency AC experiment. 1—AC power supply 2—AC voltage regulator 3—No halo test transformer 4—Protection resistance 5—Capacitor divider 6—Voltage meter 7—Discharge chamber 8—No sense detection impedance 9—Coupling capacitor 10—Oscilloscope This experiment uses a needle plate electrode to simulate metal protrusion defects in the device. The needle plate electrode is made of brass material, the tip of needle electrode is a sphere with a radius of 0.3mm, the radius of the plate electrode is 50mm and the thickness is 8mm. The gap distance between the needle tip and the upper surface of the plate electrode is set to be 15mm constant and fixed to the closed air chamber. The electrode is shown in Fig. 3 . 2.2 Experimental process The main measurement data of this experiment include partial discharge inception voltage, partial discharge extinction voltage [ 14 ] and breakdown voltage. Partial discharge inception voltage (PDIV) refers to the voltage value when the partial discharge phenomenon occurs when the voltage gradually increases. Partial discharge extinguishing voltage (PDEV) means that when partial discharge occurs, the voltage continues to rise and a severe partial discharge begins to appear, at this time, the voltage value is gradually reduced, when the discharge amount is less than a certain value, the partial discharge phenomenon has just disappeared, record the voltage value at this time PDEV. Figure 4 shows typical pd signals measured during the test. 3. Experimental Results And Analysis 3.1. PDIV The case where the PDIV of the mixed gas changes with the pressure under different mixing ratios and the case where the PDIV of the mixed gas changes with the mixing ratio under different pressures are shown in Figs. 5 and 6 , respectively. It can be seen from the figure that the PDIV value of the gas increases with the increase of the pressure and the gas mixing ratio. The pure N 2 has a PDIV value of 5.9kV at 0.1MPa and 7.2kV at 0.2MPa, with an increase of 1.3kV. The PDIV value of the 2% mixed gas was 6.7kV at 0.1MPa and 10.1kV at 0.2MPa, with an increase of 3.4kV. The PDIV values of the mixture of 4% and 6% mixed gas increased by 4kV and 4.6kV respectively in this changing pressure. It can be concluded that the mixed gas of the high mixing ratio increases the PDIV value faster as the pressure changes. The relationship between the starting voltage and the pressure is fitted by the formula U PDIV is the PDIV value, A is the slope reflecting the rate of change of PDIV value with pressure, and P is the pressure. The PDIV value of the mixed gas exhibits a positive correlation with the pressure. The larger the value of A , the more obvious the PDIV value of the mixed gas is affected by the pressure. The results calculated after fitting are: A 0% =12.14; A 2% =32.43; A 4% =40; A 6% =46.86. From this, it can be concluded that the higher the mixing ratio, the greater the influence of the pressure on the gas mixture. In Fig. 6 , when 2% C 6 F 12 O is added, the PDIV value of the gas increases rapidly. After adding 4% C 6 F 12 O gas, the gas PDIV value increases slowly. And the higher the pressure, the faster the PDIV value increases. It can be concluded that the PDIV value will increase faster after N 2 is added with C 6 F 12 O under high pressure, but as the mixing ratio increases the speed becomes slower at a certain pressure. Table 1 shows the ratio of the PDIV value at different pressures of each group of mixed gases to the PDIV value of N 2 , reflecting the increase in the partial discharge starting voltage of the mixed gas obtained after the addition of C 6 F 12 O. It can be seen from the table that as the pressure and the mixing ratio increase, the ratio of the PDIV value of each mixed gas to the PDIV value of N 2 is higher. At the same mixing ratio, as the pressure increases, the ratio of the PDIV value of the mixed gas to the PDIV value of N 2 gradually increases. From Table 1 , the ratio of 2% mixed gas to pure N 2 increases from 1.14 times at 0.1MPa to 1.40 times at 0.2MPa with the increase of pressure, at the same time, when the mixing ratio is 6%, the ratio of PDIV of the mixed gas to PDIV of pure N2 increases from 1.20 times of 0.1MPa to 1.63 times of 0.2MPa. so the mixed gas of high mixed ratio increases the PDIV value more obviously with the increase of pressure, which consistent with the results of the previous linear. At the same pressure, as the mixed ratio increases, the ratio of the PDIV value of the mixed gas to the PDIV value of N 2 also gradually increases. When the pressure is 0.1MPa and the mixing ratio of the mixed gas increases from 2–6%, the ratio of the PDIV value of the mixed gas to the PDIV value of N 2 is from 1.14 to 1.20, an increase of 5.3%; and when the pressure is 0.2MPa, the data changes from 1.40 to 1.63, an increase of 16.4%. From this it can be concluded that the addition of C 6 F 12 O to N 2 will result in a more significant increase in the PDIV value of the mixed gas at higher pressure. In summary, when the pressure is higher than 0.16MPa and the mixing ratio is higher than 2%, the PDIV value of the mixed gas is increased by 50% or more compared to pure N 2 . 3.2. PDEV In this experiment, the measurement results of the partial discharge extinction voltage according to the experimental procedure are shown in Figs. 7 and 8 . The figures show the change of PDEV value with pressure under different mixing ratios and the change of PDEV value with mixing ratio under different pressures. In Figs. 7 and 8 , Similar to the change of gas PDIV value, as the mixing ratio and pressure increase, the gas PDEV value gradually increases. For pure N 2 , its PDEV value is 5.8kV at 0.1MPa, and its PDEV value is 6.9kV at 0.2MPa, an increase of 1.1kV. For 2% C 6 F 12 O, its PDEV value is 6.2kV at 0.1MPa, and its PDEV value is 9.2kV at 0.2MPa, an increase of 3kV. When the mixing ratio is 4%, the PDEV value of the mixed gas at 0.1MPa is 6.4kV, which is not significantly improved compared to the 2% mixed gas. When it reaches 0.2MPa, it increases to 10.3kV and increases by 3.9kV. When the mixing ratio reaches 6%, the PDEV value of the mixed gas is 7kV at 0.1MPa, which is a relatively large increase compared to the ratio of 2% and 4%. At 0.2MPa, the PDEV value of the mixed gas is 10.6kV, which increases 3.6kV. Therefore, the addition of C 6 F 12 O increases the PDEV value of N 2 , while the sensitivity to pressure increases slightly. According to the formula (2), linearly fit each curve in Fig. 7 to study the linear relationship between the PDEV value of various mixed gases and the pressure. Where U PDEV is the partial discharge quenching discharge voltage value, and A ’ is the slope. The values of A ’ calculated for each curve are: A ’ 0% =11, A ’ 2% =30.71, A ’ 4% =36.71, A ’ 6% =37.71. The values of the four curves A ’ are all positive values, that is, the PDEV voltage value of each group of gases is positively correlated with the pressure. After adding C 6 F 12 O, the influence of pressure on the PDEV value of the mixed gas increases sharply, and the higher the mixing ratio of the mixed gas, the greater the PDEV value is affected by the pressure. The PDEV value of the mixed gas with a mixing ratio of 4% and 6% is approximately the same under the influence of pressure. From Fig. 8 , adding 2% C 6 F 12 O will increase the PDEV value of N 2 , and as the pressure is increased, the magnitude of the increase also increases accordingly. However, the PDEV value of the mixed gas with a mixing ratio of 4% relative to the mixed gas of 2% has not increased much. At 0.14MPa and 0.18MPa, the PDEV values of the two mixed gases are almost equal. That is, as the mixing ratio continues to increase, the increasing trend of the PDEV value of the mixed gas gradually slows down. Table 2 lists the ratio of the PDEV value of each group of mixed gas to the PDEV value of pure N 2 , further showing the partial discharge extinction voltage characteristics of the mixed gas. In the case where the mixing ratio is constant, the ratio of the PDEV value of the mixed gas to the PDEV value of N 2 gradually increases as the pressure increases. When the mixing ratio is 2% and the pressure is from 0.1 MPa to 0.2 MPa, the ratio of the PDEV value of the mixed gas to the PDEV value of N 2 increases from 1.07 to 1.33; At a mixing ratio of 6%, this value increased from 1.21 to 1.54. So the higher the mixing ratio, the higher the ratio of the PDEV value of the mixed gas to the PDEV value of N 2 . At a fixed pressure, the increase of the mixing ratio for the increase of the N 2 ’ s PDEV value is as follows. At 0.1MPa, the ratio of the PDEV value of the mixed gas to the PDEV value of N 2 changes from 1.07 to 1.21 as the mixing ratio increases. At 0.2MPa, the ratio of the PDEV value of the mixed gas to the PDEV value of N 2 increases from 1.33 to 1.54 as the mixing ratio increases. It can be concluded that the higher the pressure, the higher the ratio of the PDEV value of the mixed gas to the PDEV value of pure N 2 , and the greater the increase in the PDEV value of the mixed gas relative to the pure N 2 . The PDEV value of 6% of the mixed gas at 0.18MPa and above can reach more than 1.5 times of N 2 under the same conditions. 3.3. Comparison of partial discharge voltage and breakdown voltage of mixed gas This section compares the partial discharge characteristics and breakdown characteristics of the gas. Table 3 and Table 4 respectively list the ratio of partial discharge inception voltage and partial discharge extinction voltage to breakdown voltage of the mixed gas under different mixing ratios and different pressure conditions. Table 3 shows that the ratio of the pure N 2 ’ s PDIV value to the breakdown voltage value is concentrated around 0.6 at 0.1MPa-0.2MPa, when the mixing ratio is 2%, the ratio of the mixed gas ’ s PDIV value to the breakdown voltage is about 0.4 at 0.1MPa-0.2MPa, so the partial discharge voltage of the mixed gas is already smaller than the breakdown voltage value under the same conditions. When the mixing ratio is 4% and 6%, the ratio of the mixed gas ’ s PDIV value to the breakdown voltage value is about 0.34 at 0.1MPa-0.2MPa. It shows that under this mixing ratio condition, the partial discharge starting voltage is great smaller than the breakdown voltage. It can be concluded that when the pure N 2 is partially discharged, the voltage value may be relatively close to the breakdown value. After adding C 6 F 12 O, the difference between the partial discharge voltage and the breakdown voltage of the gas increases significantly. It can be seen from Table 4 that the ratio of the pure N 2 ’ s PDEV value to the corresponding breakdown voltage value is 0.59 at 0.1MPa-0.2MPa, which is relatively close to the above-mentioned PDIV value. When the mixing ratio is 2%, the ratio of the mixed gas ’ s PDEV value to the breakdown voltage value under the corresponding conditions is about 0.35 at 0.1MPa-0.2MPa. When the mixing ratio is 4% and 6%, this value is 0.31 and 0.32 respectively. The addition of C 6 F 12 O mixed gas can reduce the ratio of the pure N 2 ’ s partial discharge extinction voltage to the breakdown voltage under corresponding conditions. 4. Application Analysis Of Cfo Mixed Gas Insulation Equipment The smaller the partial discharge of the insulating equipment, the better the performance. The current standard stipulates that the level of partial discharge is mainly considering the usage time under the current common process conditions and under normal operating conditions. Through the experimental data analysis of the partial discharge characteristics of the C 6 F 12 O mixed gas in this paper, the results show that the discharge amount of the C 6 F 12 O mixed gas is small. However, the long-term partial discharge will cause destructive effects on the insulating material, and eventually lead to insulation equipment failure. Therefore, for new equipment, the discharge capacity should not exceed the specified value. When the discharge amount exceeds l times of the standard, although the impact on the equipment is very small, it cannot be ignored. When the discharge amount exceeds 1–4 times of the standard, it is necessary to analyze the possible causes and monitor the operation. If it exceeds 10 times the standard value or even greater, it means that there may be serious hidden faults in the insulation equipment. Faults are usually exposed between 2 months and 2 years, and various invisible faults are often unable to be detected by other insulation tests. Therefore, the measurement of the C 6 F 12 O mixed gas partial discharge experimental data can provide technical reference for the prevention of electrical equipment failures, and can also ensure the safe operation of the equipment, which has certain engineering reference significance. 5. Conclusion (1) The partial discharge inception voltage and partial discharge extinction voltage of the C 6 F 12 O mixed gas gradually increases with the increase of the mixed gas and the mixing ratio. The partial discharge characteristic of mixed gas grows slowly with the increase of mixing ratio, and the pressure has a greater influence on the gas with a higher mixing ratio. (2) The breakdown voltage of pure N 2 is greatly improved after adding C 6 F 12 O, when the mixing ratio is 4% at a pressure of 0.18MPa or the mixing ratio is 6% at a pressure of 0.16MPa, the breakdown voltage can be achieved 2.5 times or more than the pure N 2 . (3) When comparing the partial discharge voltage with the breakdown voltage value, it was found that the partial discharge voltage value and the breakdown voltage value of the mixed gas after the addition of C 6 F 12 O were smaller than that of pure N 2 . (4) The partial discharge of the C 6 F 12 O mixed gas phase is small, which can provide technical reference for the safe operation of the C 6 F 12 O mixed gas equipment and the prevention of electrical equipment failures, it has engineering significance. References [1] Zhang X, Xiao H, Tang J, et al. Recent advances in decomposition of the most potent greenhouse gas SF 6 [J]. Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology, 2017, 47(18): 1763-1782. [2] SILVANT S, GAUDART G, HUGUENOT P, et al. Detailed analysis of live tanks and GIS circuit breakers using a new environmental friendly gas[C]// CIGRE 2016. Paris, France: CIGRE, 2016: A3-114. [3] LI Yi, ZHANG Xiaoxing, CHEN Qi, et al. Acute Inhalation Toxicity Studies of Gas Insulating Medium C 4 F 7 N [J]. High Voltage Engineering, 2019, 45(01): 109-116. [4] Hyrenbach M, Zache S. Alternative insulation gas for medium-voltage switchgear[C]//Petroleum & Chemical Industry Conference Europe. Berlin, Germany: IEEE, 2016. [5] Stoller P C, Doiron C B, Tehlar D, et al. Mixtures of CO 2 and C 5 F 10 O perfluoroketone for high voltage applications[J]. IEEE Transactions on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation, 2017, 24(5): 2712-2721. [6] LI Xinngwen, DENG Yunkun, JIANG Xu, et a. Insulation Performance and Application of Enviroment-friendly Gases Mixtures of C 4 F 7 N and C 5 F 10 O with CO 2 [J]. High Voltage Engineering, 2017, 43(03): 708-714. [7] Linteris G T, Babushok V I, Sunderland P B, et al. Unwanted combustion enhancement by C 6 F 12 O fire suppressant [J]. Proceedings of the Combustion Institute, 2013, 34(2): 2683-2690. [8] Tuma P E. Fluoroketone C 2 F 5 C(O)CF(CF 3 ) 2 as a heat transfer fluid for passive and pumped 2-phase applications[C]. Proceedings of the 24th Annual IEEE Semiconductor Thermal Measurement and Management Symposium. San Jose, CA: IEEE, 2008: 173-179. [9] Kieffel Y, Irwin T, Ponchon P, et al. Green Gas to Replace SF 6 in Electrical Grids [J]. IEEE Power and Energy Magazine, 2016,14(2):32-39. [10] Mantilla J D, Gariboldi N, Grob S, et al. Investigation of the insulation performance of a new gas mixture with extremely low GWP[C]// Proceedings of 2014 Electrical Insulation Conference. Philadelphia, PA：IEEE，2014：469-473。 [11] ZHAO Mingyue, HAN Dong, HAN Xiancai, et al. Decomposition by-products of C 6 F 12 O/N 2 and C 6 F 12 O/air mixed gases under AC 50Hz corona discharge[J]. Advanced Technology of Electrical Engineering and Energy, 2018, 37(11): 1-8. [12] TIAN Shuanshuang, ZHANG Xiaoxing, XIAO Song, et al. Breakdown Characteristics and Decomposition Characteristics of C 6 F 12 O and N 2 Mixed Gas Under AC Voltage [J]. Proceedings of the CSEE, 2018, 38(10): 3125-3132+3165. [13] Tian Shuangshuang, Zhang Xiaoxing, et al. Experimental research on insulation properties of C 6 F 12 O /N 2 and C 6 F 12 O /CO 2 gas mixtures [J]. 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Cite Share Download PDF Status: Published Journal Publication published 15 Apr, 2022 Read the published version in Scientific Reports → Version 1 posted Editorial decision: Major revision 22 Nov, 2021 Reviews received at journal 21 Nov, 2021 Reviewers agreed at journal 09 Oct, 2021 Reviews received at journal 24 Sep, 2021 Reviewers agreed at journal 21 Sep, 2021 Reviewers invited by journal 27 Aug, 2021 Editor assigned by journal 27 Aug, 2021 Editor invited by journal 20 Aug, 2021 Submission checks completed at journal 20 Aug, 2021 First submitted to journal 17 Aug, 2021 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. 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1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":18647,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"Molecular formula of C6F12O","description":"","filename":"Fig1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-821859/v1/bd12af7783db4bd27bccb2ee.png"},{"id":12698366,"identity":"eb576d58-d506-4af6-9a2e-7b7dc18a33de","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2021-08-23 23:01:47","extension":"png","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":24227,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"Experimental circuit diagram","description":"","filename":"floatimage2.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-821859/v1/e99065fbbfed965fab9d82c2.png"},{"id":12698367,"identity":"7e67e65b-112e-4ee9-b387-76586033e7ee","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2021-08-23 23:01:47","extension":"png","order_by":3,"title":"Figure 3","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":10067,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"Size of the needle-plate electrode","description":"","filename":"floatimage3.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-821859/v1/61296ddb35c8ff4af00ccdd7.png"},{"id":12698372,"identity":"8d889877-f7a6-4cb5-b69f-0a85df9887d6","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2021-08-23 23:01:47","extension":"png","order_by":4,"title":"Figure 4","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":23868,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"Typical partial discharge waveform","description":"","filename":"floatimage4.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-821859/v1/16c97c0ae56cca54261616d1.png"},{"id":12698371,"identity":"fd6521bb-ca1e-43c8-8394-cca81fd6821b","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2021-08-23 23:01:47","extension":"png","order_by":5,"title":"Figure 5","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":31197,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"PDIV with the pressure","description":"","filename":"floatimage5.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-821859/v1/9b1c731e2b33f435e7557fbd.png"},{"id":12698373,"identity":"b4c8fd0d-31bf-4ab1-99d6-7c28e06fb94e","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2021-08-23 23:01:47","extension":"png","order_by":6,"title":"Figure 6","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":32402,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"PDIV with the mixing ratio","description":"","filename":"floatimage6.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-821859/v1/7822715e945309e4a87d1732.png"},{"id":12698592,"identity":"c89ac936-8ab9-42e6-a7ce-c267ecb11dee","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2021-08-23 23:07:47","extension":"png","order_by":7,"title":"Figure 7","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":30541,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"PDEV with the pressure","description":"","filename":"floatimage7.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-821859/v1/aac64834b412f0f67f60fa89.png"},{"id":12698369,"identity":"62ca4191-f6ea-4923-b015-dd731912421e","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2021-08-23 23:01:47","extension":"png","order_by":8,"title":"Figure 8","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":32230,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"PDEV with the mixing ratio","description":"","filename":"floatimage8.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-821859/v1/8c384d9e5295752e02852006.png"},{"id":20381955,"identity":"2d03b222-ebb2-4885-a1c8-cab26da682ea","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2022-04-15 10:54:33","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":416368,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-821859/v1/699cfe61-9118-42c3-983c-71fc4fd26c00.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"\u003cp\u003eStudy on Partial Discharge Characteristics of C\u003csub\u003e6\u003c/sub\u003eF\u003csub\u003e12\u003c/sub\u003eO Mixed Gas\u003c/p\u003e","fulltext":[{"header":"1. Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eGas insulated equipment is widely used in power systems due to its miniaturization and stable insulation performance. Its main insulating medium is SF\u003csub\u003e6\u003c/sub\u003e, which has a high Global Warming Potential (GWP). The GWP value of SF\u003csub\u003e6\u003c/sub\u003e is approximately 23500 times that of CO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e \u003csup\u003e[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/sup\u003e, limiting its use is the current environmental demand. Using new environmental protection gas as insulation medium has become a hot spot in the current research of the global power industry.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e6\u003c/sub\u003eF\u003csub\u003e12\u003c/sub\u003eO of ketones fluoride is also a substance with excellent insulating properties. This substance is non-flammable, non-explosive and non-toxic. It has a boiling point of 49℃ under standard conditions and a molecular weight of 316. It is used as a cover gas for fire extinguishing agents, magnesium treatment, and two-phase immersion cooling. The GWP value of the substance is 1, which has no destructive effect on the ozone layer, and the dielectric strength is 1.7 times higher than SF\u003csub\u003e6\u003c/sub\u003e \u003csup\u003e[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/sup\u003e. The GIS electrical performance test of 145kV shows that adding C\u003csub\u003e6\u003c/sub\u003eF\u003csub\u003e12\u003c/sub\u003eO to the air can achieve the same insulation strength as SF\u003csub\u003e6\u003c/sub\u003e \u003csup\u003e[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/sup\u003e. The molecular formula of this substance is shown in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eJ.D. Mantilla of ABB company in Switzerland found that when the mixture of C\u003csub\u003e5\u003c/sub\u003eF\u003csub\u003e10\u003c/sub\u003eO, C\u003csub\u003e6\u003c/sub\u003eF\u003csub\u003e12\u003c/sub\u003eO and air was proportional to a certain proportion, the power frequency AC breakdown voltage of the mixture can reach three times that of air and carbon dioxide. Although these are not as high as the breakdown voltage of SF\u003csub\u003e6\u003c/sub\u003e under the same conditions, it can reach the level of SF\u003csub\u003e6\u003c/sub\u003e at a lower pressure by increasing the pressure of the mixture. At the same time, he also observed that the mixed gas obtained by adding a small amount of C\u003csub\u003e6\u003c/sub\u003eF\u003csub\u003e12\u003c/sub\u003eO to the air has significantly improved the withstand voltage level of the air under the lightning impulse voltage \u003csup\u003e[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/sup\u003e. Zhao Mingyue of Chinese Academy of Sciences studied the decomposition products of C\u003csub\u003e6\u003c/sub\u003eF\u003csub\u003e12\u003c/sub\u003eO/N\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e gas mixture and C\u003csub\u003e6\u003c/sub\u003eF\u003csub\u003e12\u003c/sub\u003eO/air mixture after corona discharge, and concluded that C\u003csub\u003e6\u003c/sub\u003eF\u003csub\u003e12\u003c/sub\u003eO/N\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e mixture gas decomposes more products after corona discharge and may produce CF\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003eCN toxic substances \u003csup\u003e[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/sup\u003e. It is found that the breakdown voltage of 3% C\u003csub\u003e6\u003c/sub\u003eF\u003csub\u003e12\u003c/sub\u003eO/N\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e mixture gas at atmospheric pressure is 1.7 times higher than that of pure N\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e breakdown voltage, which is equivalent to the breakdown voltage of 10% SF\u003csub\u003e6\u003c/sub\u003e/N\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e mixture gas, and there is no decreasing trend of breakdown voltage after 100 times breakdown experiments. CF\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e, C2F\u003csub\u003e6\u003c/sub\u003e, C\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003eF\u003csub\u003e6\u003c/sub\u003e and other fluorocarbons were obtained by analyzing the decomposition products of the mixture gas after breakdown \u003csup\u003e[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/sup\u003e. When the pressure is 0.10MPa-0.30MPa, the partial discharge inception voltage of 3% C\u003csub\u003e6\u003c/sub\u003eF\u003csub\u003e12\u003c/sub\u003eO/N\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e mixture was lower than that of 10% SF\u003csub\u003e6\u003c/sub\u003e gas mixture, while the partial discharge inception voltage of 3% C\u003csub\u003e6\u003c/sub\u003eF\u003csub\u003e12\u003c/sub\u003eO/N\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e mixture was lower than that of 10% SF\u003csub\u003e6\u003c/sub\u003e gas mixture. The liquefaction temperature of C\u003csub\u003e6\u003c/sub\u003eF\u003csub\u003e12\u003c/sub\u003eO is high, which needs to be mixed with buffer gas when used as insulating material. Therefore, it can be considered to mix the substance with a single conventional gas to improve the insulation characteristics of the conventional gas. Due to the stable chemical nature of N\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e, we need to further study the insulating properties of C\u003csub\u003e6\u003c/sub\u003eF\u003csub\u003e12\u003c/sub\u003eO/N\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e gas mixture, and give full play to its greater application potential of the mixed gas in low-voltage equipment such as gas insulated switchgear and ring network cabinets.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGas insulation equipment often has various kinds of insulation defects such as impurity residue and metal protrusions, which makes the local electric field become non-uniform and cause partial discharge \u003csup\u003e[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/sup\u003e. In this paper, the partial discharge of C\u003csub\u003e6\u003c/sub\u003eF\u003csub\u003e12\u003c/sub\u003eO mixed gas at power frequency is studied. Simultaneously measure the breakdown voltage value of the mixed gas under different conditions, and compare with the partial discharge voltage to summarize the partial discharge characteristics of the mixed gas.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"2. Experiment","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec3\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.1. Experimental platform\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eFigure \u003cspan refid=\"Fig2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e shows the circuit diagram of the power frequency AC experiment.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u0026mdash;AC power supply 2\u0026mdash;AC voltage regulator 3\u0026mdash;No halo test transformer 4\u0026mdash;Protection resistance 5\u0026mdash;Capacitor divider 6\u0026mdash;Voltage meter 7\u0026mdash;Discharge chamber 8\u0026mdash;No sense detection impedance 9\u0026mdash;Coupling capacitor 10\u0026mdash;Oscilloscope\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis experiment uses a needle plate electrode to simulate metal protrusion defects in the device. The needle plate electrode is made of brass material, the tip of needle electrode is a sphere with a radius of 0.3mm, the radius of the plate electrode is 50mm and the thickness is 8mm. The gap distance between the needle tip and the upper surface of the plate electrode is set to be 15mm constant and fixed to the closed air chamber. The electrode is shown in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec4\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.2 Experimental process\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe main measurement data of this experiment include partial discharge inception voltage, partial discharge extinction voltage \u003csup\u003e[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/sup\u003e and breakdown voltage. Partial discharge inception voltage (PDIV) refers to the voltage value when the partial discharge phenomenon occurs when the voltage gradually increases. Partial discharge extinguishing voltage (PDEV) means that when partial discharge occurs, the voltage continues to rise and a severe partial discharge begins to appear, at this time, the voltage value is gradually reduced, when the discharge amount is less than a certain value, the partial discharge phenomenon has just disappeared, record the voltage value at this time PDEV. Figure\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e shows typical pd signals measured during the test.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"3. Experimental Results And Analysis","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"Section2\" id=\"Sec6\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003e3.1. PDIV\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe case where the PDIV of the mixed gas changes with the pressure under different mixing ratios and the case where the PDIV of the mixed gas changes with the mixing ratio under different pressures are shown in Figs. \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e and \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e, respectively.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIt can be seen from the figure that the PDIV value of the gas increases with the increase of the pressure and the gas mixing ratio. The pure N\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e has a PDIV value of 5.9kV at 0.1MPa and 7.2kV at 0.2MPa, with an increase of 1.3kV. The PDIV value of the 2% mixed gas was 6.7kV at 0.1MPa and 10.1kV at 0.2MPa, with an increase of 3.4kV. The PDIV values of the mixture of 4% and 6% mixed gas increased by 4kV and 4.6kV respectively in this changing pressure. It can be concluded that the mixed gas of the high mixing ratio increases the PDIV value faster as the pressure changes.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe relationship between the starting voltage and the pressure is fitted by the formula\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https://myfiles.space/user_files/83400_b9e2661d18ef2d4b/83400_custom_files/img1629725075.png\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eU\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003ePDIV\u003c/em\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/sub\u003e is the PDIV value, \u003cem\u003eA\u003c/em\u003e is the slope reflecting the rate of change of PDIV value with pressure, and \u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e is the pressure. The PDIV value of the mixed gas exhibits a positive correlation with the pressure. The larger the value of \u003cem\u003eA\u003c/em\u003e, the more obvious the PDIV value of the mixed gas is affected by the pressure. The results calculated after fitting are: \u003cem\u003eA\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003e0%\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e=12.14; \u003cem\u003eA\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003e2%\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e=32.43; \u003cem\u003eA\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003e4%\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e=40; \u003cem\u003eA\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003e6%\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e=46.86. From this, it can be concluded that the higher the mixing ratio, the greater the influence of the pressure on the gas mixture.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIn Fig. \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e, when 2% C\u003csub\u003e6\u003c/sub\u003eF\u003csub\u003e12\u003c/sub\u003eO is added, the PDIV value of the gas increases rapidly. After adding 4% C\u003csub\u003e6\u003c/sub\u003eF\u003csub\u003e12\u003c/sub\u003eO gas, the gas PDIV value increases slowly. And the higher the pressure, the faster the PDIV value increases. It can be concluded that the PDIV value will increase faster after N\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e is added with C\u003csub\u003e6\u003c/sub\u003eF\u003csub\u003e12\u003c/sub\u003eO under high pressure, but as the mixing ratio increases the speed becomes slower at a certain pressure.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTable \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e shows the ratio of the PDIV value at different pressures of each group of mixed gases to the PDIV value of N\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e, reflecting the increase in the partial discharge starting voltage of the mixed gas obtained after the addition of C\u003csub\u003e6\u003c/sub\u003eF\u003csub\u003e12\u003c/sub\u003eO. It can be seen from the table that as the pressure and the mixing ratio increase, the ratio of the PDIV value of each mixed gas to the PDIV value of N\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e is higher. At the same mixing ratio, as the pressure increases, the ratio of the PDIV value of the mixed gas to the PDIV value of N\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e gradually increases. From Table \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e, the ratio of 2% mixed gas to pure N\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e increases from 1.14 times at 0.1MPa to 1.40 times at 0.2MPa with the increase of pressure, at the same time, when the mixing ratio is 6%, the ratio of PDIV of the mixed gas to PDIV of pure N2 increases from 1.20 times of 0.1MPa to 1.63 times of 0.2MPa. so the mixed gas of high mixed ratio increases the PDIV value more obviously with the increase of pressure, which consistent with the results of the previous linear. At the same pressure, as the mixed ratio increases, the ratio of the PDIV value of the mixed gas to the PDIV value of N\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e also gradually increases. When the pressure is 0.1MPa and the mixing ratio of the mixed gas increases from 2\u0026ndash;6%, the ratio of the PDIV value of the mixed gas to the PDIV value of N\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e is from 1.14 to 1.20, an increase of 5.3%; and when the pressure is 0.2MPa, the data changes from 1.40 to 1.63, an increase of 16.4%. From this it can be concluded that the addition of C\u003csub\u003e6\u003c/sub\u003eF\u003csub\u003e12\u003c/sub\u003eO to N\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e will result in a more significant increase in the PDIV value of the mixed gas at higher pressure.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIn summary, when the pressure is higher than 0.16MPa and the mixing ratio is higher than 2%, the PDIV value of the mixed gas is increased by 50% or more compared to pure N\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https://myfiles.space/user_files/83400_b9e2661d18ef2d4b/83400_custom_files/img1629725185.png\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"Section2\" id=\"Sec7\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003e3.2. PDEV\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIn this experiment, the measurement results of the partial discharge extinction voltage according to the experimental procedure are shown in Figs. \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e and \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e. The figures show the change of PDEV value with pressure under different mixing ratios and the change of PDEV value with mixing ratio under different pressures.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIn Figs. \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e and \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e, Similar to the change of gas PDIV value, as the mixing ratio and pressure increase, the gas PDEV value gradually increases. For pure N\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e, its PDEV value is 5.8kV at 0.1MPa, and its PDEV value is 6.9kV at 0.2MPa, an increase of 1.1kV. For 2% C\u003csub\u003e6\u003c/sub\u003eF\u003csub\u003e12\u003c/sub\u003eO, its PDEV value is 6.2kV at 0.1MPa, and its PDEV value is 9.2kV at 0.2MPa, an increase of 3kV. When the mixing ratio is 4%, the PDEV value of the mixed gas at 0.1MPa is 6.4kV, which is not significantly improved compared to the 2% mixed gas. When it reaches 0.2MPa, it increases to 10.3kV and increases by 3.9kV. When the mixing ratio reaches 6%, the PDEV value of the mixed gas is 7kV at 0.1MPa, which is a relatively large increase compared to the ratio of 2% and 4%. At 0.2MPa, the PDEV value of the mixed gas is 10.6kV, which increases 3.6kV. Therefore, the addition of C\u003csub\u003e6\u003c/sub\u003eF\u003csub\u003e12\u003c/sub\u003eO increases the PDEV value of N\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e, while the sensitivity to pressure increases slightly.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAccording to the formula (2), linearly fit each curve in Fig. \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e to study the linear relationship between the PDEV value of various mixed gases and the pressure.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"Equation\" id=\"Equ2\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"EquationNumber\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https://myfiles.space/user_files/83400_b9e2661d18ef2d4b/83400_custom_files/img1629725221.png\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWhere \u003cem\u003eU\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003ePDEV\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e is the partial discharge quenching discharge voltage value, and \u003cem\u003eA\u003c/em\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026rsquo;\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e is the slope. The values of \u003cem\u003eA\u003c/em\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026rsquo;\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e calculated for each curve are: \u003cem\u003eA\u003c/em\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026rsquo;\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003e0%\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e=11, \u003cem\u003eA\u003c/em\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026rsquo;\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003e2%\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e=30.71, \u003cem\u003eA\u003c/em\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026rsquo;\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003e4%\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e=36.71, \u003cem\u003eA\u003c/em\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026rsquo;\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003e6%\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e=37.71. The values of the four curves \u003cem\u003eA\u003c/em\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026rsquo;\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e are all positive values, that is, the PDEV voltage value of each group of gases is positively correlated with the pressure. After adding C\u003csub\u003e6\u003c/sub\u003eF\u003csub\u003e12\u003c/sub\u003eO, the influence of pressure on the PDEV value of the mixed gas increases sharply, and the higher the mixing ratio of the mixed gas, the greater the PDEV value is affected by the pressure. The PDEV value of the mixed gas with a mixing ratio of 4% and 6% is approximately the same under the influence of pressure.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFrom Fig. \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e, adding 2% C\u003csub\u003e6\u003c/sub\u003eF\u003csub\u003e12\u003c/sub\u003eO will increase the PDEV value of N\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e, and as the pressure is increased, the magnitude of the increase also increases accordingly. However, the PDEV value of the mixed gas with a mixing ratio of 4% relative to the mixed gas of 2% has not increased much. At 0.14MPa and 0.18MPa, the PDEV values of the two mixed gases are almost equal. That is, as the mixing ratio continues to increase, the increasing trend of the PDEV value of the mixed gas gradually slows down.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTable \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e lists the ratio of the PDEV value of each group of mixed gas to the PDEV value of pure N\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e, further showing the partial discharge extinction voltage characteristics of the mixed gas. In the case where the mixing ratio is constant, the ratio of the PDEV value of the mixed gas to the PDEV value of N\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e gradually increases as the pressure increases. When the mixing ratio is 2% and the pressure is from 0.1 MPa to 0.2 MPa, the ratio of the PDEV value of the mixed gas to the PDEV value of N\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e increases from 1.07 to 1.33; At a mixing ratio of 6%, this value increased from 1.21 to 1.54. So the higher the mixing ratio, the higher the ratio of the PDEV value of the mixed gas to the PDEV value of N\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e. At a fixed pressure, the increase of the mixing ratio for the increase of the N\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u0026rsquo;\u003c/sup\u003es PDEV value is as follows. At 0.1MPa, the ratio of the PDEV value of the mixed gas to the PDEV value of N\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e changes from 1.07 to 1.21 as the mixing ratio increases. At 0.2MPa, the ratio of the PDEV value of the mixed gas to the PDEV value of N\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e increases from 1.33 to 1.54 as the mixing ratio increases. It can be concluded that the higher the pressure, the higher the ratio of the PDEV value of the mixed gas to the PDEV value of pure N\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e, and the greater the increase in the PDEV value of the mixed gas relative to the pure N\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e. The PDEV value of 6% of the mixed gas at 0.18MPa and above can reach more than 1.5 times of N\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e under the same conditions.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https://myfiles.space/user_files/83400_b9e2661d18ef2d4b/83400_custom_files/img1629725257.png\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"Section2\" id=\"Sec8\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003e3.3. Comparison of partial discharge voltage and breakdown voltage of mixed gas\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThis section compares the partial discharge characteristics and breakdown characteristics of the gas. Table \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e and Table \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e respectively list the ratio of partial discharge inception voltage and partial discharge extinction voltage to breakdown voltage of the mixed gas under different mixing ratios and different pressure conditions.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https://myfiles.space/user_files/83400_b9e2661d18ef2d4b/83400_custom_files/img1629725330.png\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTable \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e shows that the ratio of the pure N\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u0026rsquo;\u003c/sup\u003es PDIV value to the breakdown voltage value is concentrated around 0.6 at 0.1MPa-0.2MPa, when the mixing ratio is 2%, the ratio of the mixed gas\u003csup\u003e\u0026rsquo;\u003c/sup\u003es PDIV value to the breakdown voltage is about 0.4 at 0.1MPa-0.2MPa, so the partial discharge voltage of the mixed gas is already smaller than the breakdown voltage value under the same conditions. When the mixing ratio is 4% and 6%, the ratio of the mixed gas\u003csup\u003e\u0026rsquo;\u003c/sup\u003es PDIV value to the breakdown voltage value is about 0.34 at 0.1MPa-0.2MPa. It shows that under this mixing ratio condition, the partial discharge starting voltage is great smaller than the breakdown voltage. It can be concluded that when the pure N\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e is partially discharged, the voltage value may be relatively close to the breakdown value. After adding C\u003csub\u003e6\u003c/sub\u003eF\u003csub\u003e12\u003c/sub\u003eO, the difference between the partial discharge voltage and the breakdown voltage of the gas increases significantly.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https://myfiles.space/user_files/83400_b9e2661d18ef2d4b/83400_custom_files/img1629725360.png\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;It can be seen from Table 4 that the ratio of the pure N\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u0026rsquo;\u003c/sup\u003es PDEV value to the corresponding breakdown voltage value is 0.59 at 0.1MPa-0.2MPa, which is relatively close to the above-mentioned PDIV value. When the mixing ratio is 2%, the ratio of the mixed gas\u003csup\u003e\u0026rsquo;\u003c/sup\u003es PDEV value to the breakdown voltage value under the corresponding conditions is about 0.35 at 0.1MPa-0.2MPa. When the mixing ratio is 4% and 6%, this value is 0.31 and 0.32 respectively. The addition of C\u003csub\u003e6\u003c/sub\u003eF\u003csub\u003e12\u003c/sub\u003eO mixed gas can reduce the ratio of the pure N\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u0026rsquo;\u003c/sup\u003es partial discharge extinction voltage to the breakdown voltage under corresponding conditions.\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"4. Application Analysis Of Cfo Mixed Gas Insulation Equipment","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe smaller the partial discharge of the insulating equipment, the better the performance. The current standard stipulates that the level of partial discharge is mainly considering the usage time under the current common process conditions and under normal operating conditions. Through the experimental data analysis of the partial discharge characteristics of the C\u003csub\u003e6\u003c/sub\u003eF\u003csub\u003e12\u003c/sub\u003eO mixed gas in this paper, the results show that the discharge amount of the C\u003csub\u003e6\u003c/sub\u003eF\u003csub\u003e12\u003c/sub\u003eO mixed gas is small. However, the long-term partial discharge will cause destructive effects on the insulating material, and eventually lead to insulation equipment failure. Therefore, for new equipment, the discharge capacity should not exceed the specified value. When the discharge amount exceeds l times of the standard, although the impact on the equipment is very small, it cannot be ignored. When the discharge amount exceeds 1\u0026ndash;4 times of the standard, it is necessary to analyze the possible causes and monitor the operation. If it exceeds 10 times the standard value or even greater, it means that there may be serious hidden faults in the insulation equipment. Faults are usually exposed between 2 months and 2 years, and various invisible faults are often unable to be detected by other insulation tests. Therefore, the measurement of the C\u003csub\u003e6\u003c/sub\u003eF\u003csub\u003e12\u003c/sub\u003eO mixed gas partial discharge experimental data can provide technical reference for the prevention of electrical equipment failures, and can also ensure the safe operation of the equipment, which has certain engineering reference significance.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"5. Conclusion","content":"\u003cp\u003e(1) The partial discharge inception voltage and partial discharge extinction voltage of the C\u003csub\u003e6\u003c/sub\u003eF\u003csub\u003e12\u003c/sub\u003eO mixed gas gradually increases with the increase of the mixed gas and the mixing ratio. The partial discharge characteristic of mixed gas grows slowly with the increase of mixing ratio, and the pressure has a greater influence on the gas with a higher mixing ratio.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(2) The breakdown voltage of pure N\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e is greatly improved after adding C\u003csub\u003e6\u003c/sub\u003eF\u003csub\u003e12\u003c/sub\u003eO, when the mixing ratio is 4% at a pressure of 0.18MPa or the mixing ratio is 6% at a pressure of 0.16MPa, the breakdown voltage can be achieved 2.5 times or more than the pure N\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(3) When comparing the partial discharge voltage with the breakdown voltage value, it was found that the partial discharge voltage value and the breakdown voltage value of the mixed gas after the addition of C\u003csub\u003e6\u003c/sub\u003eF\u003csub\u003e12\u003c/sub\u003eO were smaller than that of pure N\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(4) The partial discharge of the C\u003csub\u003e6\u003c/sub\u003eF\u003csub\u003e12\u003c/sub\u003eO mixed gas phase is small, which can provide technical reference for the safe operation of the C\u003csub\u003e6\u003c/sub\u003eF\u003csub\u003e12\u003c/sub\u003eO mixed gas equipment and the prevention of electrical equipment failures, it has engineering significance.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003cp\u003e[1] Zhang X, Xiao H, Tang J, et al. Recent advances in decomposition of the most potent greenhouse gas SF\u003csub\u003e6\u0026nbsp;\u003c/sub\u003e[J]. Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology, 2017, 47(18): 1763-1782.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e[2] SILVANT S, GAUDART G, HUGUENOT P, et al. Detailed analysis of live tanks and GIS circuit breakers using a new environmental friendly gas[C]// CIGRE 2016. Paris, France: CIGRE, 2016: A3-114.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e[3] LI Yi, ZHANG Xiaoxing, CHEN Qi, et al. Acute Inhalation Toxicity Studies of Gas Insulating Medium C\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003eF\u003csub\u003e7\u003c/sub\u003eN [J]. High Voltage Engineering, 2019, 45(01): 109-116.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e[4] Hyrenbach M, Zache S. Alternative insulation gas for medium-voltage switchgear[C]//Petroleum \u0026amp; Chemical Industry Conference Europe. Berlin, Germany: IEEE, 2016.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e[5] Stoller P C, Doiron C B, Tehlar D, et al. Mixtures of CO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e and C\u003csub\u003e5\u003c/sub\u003eF\u003csub\u003e10\u003c/sub\u003eO perfluoroketone for high voltage applications[J]. IEEE Transactions on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation, 2017, 24(5): 2712-2721.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e[6] LI Xinngwen, DENG Yunkun, JIANG Xu, et a. Insulation Performance and Application of Enviroment-friendly Gases Mixtures of C\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003eF\u003csub\u003e7\u003c/sub\u003eN and C\u003csub\u003e5\u003c/sub\u003eF\u003csub\u003e10\u003c/sub\u003eO with CO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e[J]. High Voltage Engineering, 2017, 43(03): 708-714.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e[7] Linteris G T, Babushok V I, Sunderland P B, et al. Unwanted combustion enhancement by C\u003csub\u003e6\u003c/sub\u003eF\u003csub\u003e12\u003c/sub\u003eO fire suppressant [J]. Proceedings of the Combustion Institute, 2013, 34(2): 2683-2690.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e[8] Tuma P E. Fluoroketone C\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eF\u003csub\u003e5\u003c/sub\u003eC(O)CF(CF\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e)\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e as a heat transfer fluid for passive and pumped 2-phase applications[C]. Proceedings of the 24th Annual IEEE Semiconductor Thermal Measurement and Management Symposium. San Jose, CA: IEEE, 2008: 173-179.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e[9] Kieffel Y, Irwin T, Ponchon P, et al. Green Gas to Replace SF\u003csub\u003e6\u003c/sub\u003e in Electrical Grids [J]. IEEE Power and Energy Magazine, 2016,14(2):32-39.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e[10] Mantilla J D, Gariboldi N, Grob S, et al. Investigation of the insulation performance of a new gas mixture with extremely low GWP[C]// Proceedings of 2014 Electrical Insulation Conference. Philadelphia, PA：IEEE，2014：469-473。\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e[11] ZHAO Mingyue, HAN Dong, HAN Xiancai, et al. Decomposition by-products of C\u003csub\u003e6\u003c/sub\u003eF\u003csub\u003e12\u003c/sub\u003eO/N\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e and C\u003csub\u003e6\u003c/sub\u003eF\u003csub\u003e12\u003c/sub\u003eO/air mixed gases under AC 50Hz corona discharge[J]. Advanced Technology of Electrical Engineering and Energy, 2018, 37(11): 1-8.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e[12] TIAN Shuanshuang, ZHANG Xiaoxing, XIAO Song, et al. Breakdown Characteristics and Decomposition Characteristics of C\u003csub\u003e6\u003c/sub\u003eF\u003csub\u003e12\u003c/sub\u003eO and N\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e Mixed Gas Under AC Voltage [J]. Proceedings of the CSEE, 2018, 38(10): 3125-3132+3165.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e[13] Tian Shuangshuang, Zhang Xiaoxing, et al. Experimental research on insulation properties of C\u003csub\u003e6\u003c/sub\u003eF\u003csub\u003e12\u003c/sub\u003eO /N\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e and C\u003csub\u003e6\u003c/sub\u003eF\u003csub\u003e12\u003c/sub\u003eO /CO\u003csub\u003e2\u0026nbsp;\u003c/sub\u003egas mixtures [J]. IET Generation, Transmission \u0026amp; Distribution, 2019, 13(3): 417-422．\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e[14] Bargigia A, Koltinowcz W, Pigini A. Detection of partial discharge in gas insulated substations [J]. IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, 1992, 7 (3) : 1239-1249．\u003c/p\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":true,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"scientific-reports","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"scirep","sideBox":"Learn more about [Scientific Reports](http://www.nature.com/srep/)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"","title":"Scientific Reports","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"stoa","reportingPortfolio":"Scientific Reports","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"C6F12O mixed gas, partial discharge inception voltage, partial discharge extinction voltage, breakdown voltage, environmentally friendly gas","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-821859/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-821859/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eThe greenhouse effect of SF\u003csub\u003e6\u003c/sub\u003e increasingly limits its application in various gas insulated equipment. C\u003csub\u003e6\u003c/sub\u003eF\u003csub\u003e12\u003c/sub\u003eO combines the advantages of insulation resistance, safety and environmental protection. When mixed with buffer gas, C\u003csub\u003e6\u003c/sub\u003eF\u003csub\u003e12\u003c/sub\u003eO is considered to have potential application prospects in medium and low voltage equipment. In this paper, about the partial discharge characteristics of the mixed gas, an experimental study was carried out. The partial discharge initiation voltage and discharge extinction voltage of mixed gas under power frequency voltage are measured and compared with the breakdown voltage. The results show that with the increase of mixing ratio, the partial discharge initiation voltage and extinction voltage of mixed gas gradually increase, and the effect of gas pressure on high mixing ratio is obvious. The difference between the partial discharge inception voltage and the breakdown voltage is larger than that of pure N\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e. The research in this paper can provide an important reference for the application, operation and protection of C\u003csub\u003e6\u003c/sub\u003eF\u003csub\u003e12\u003c/sub\u003eO mixed gas in medium and low voltage equipment.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Study on Partial Discharge Characteristics of C6F12O Mixed Gas","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2021-08-23 23:01:45","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-821859/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"decision","content":"Major revision","date":"2021-11-22T11:52:46+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2021-11-21T11:45:53+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"ad915111-b46f-4735-9dfd-bc3fdae58df4","date":"2021-10-09T12:02:03+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2021-09-24T08:15:36+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"30b388da-f6be-473f-afda-6878b590b33b","date":"2021-09-21T12:44:35+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2021-08-27T13:13:41+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2021-08-27T12:38:28+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvited","content":"","date":"2021-08-20T11:11:43+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"checksComplete","content":"","date":"2021-08-20T11:07:39+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"Scientific Reports","date":"2021-08-18T02:11:38+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"scientific-reports","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"scirep","sideBox":"Learn more about [Scientific Reports](http://www.nature.com/srep/)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"","title":"Scientific Reports","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"stoa","reportingPortfolio":"Scientific Reports","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"174f2eff-e361-4691-8249-db47db62ee9c","owner":[],"postedDate":"August 23rd, 2021","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"published-in-journal","subjectAreas":[{"id":6657502,"name":"Materials Engineering"}],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2022-04-15T10:54:26+00:00","versionOfRecord":{"articleIdentity":"rs-821859","link":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-05427-0","journal":{"identity":"scientific-reports","isVorOnly":false,"title":"Scientific Reports"},"publishedOn":"2022-04-15 10:54:26","publishedOnDateReadable":"April 15th, 2022"},"versionCreatedAt":"2021-08-23 23:01:45","video":"","vorDoi":"10.1038/s41598-022-05427-0","vorDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-05427-0","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-821859","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-821859","identity":"rs-821859","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"J0_U0BvcaRcwD8yVFaRlm","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}