Climate and hybridization shape stomatal trait evolution in Populus

Abstract Stomata play a critical role in regulating plant responses to climate. Where sister species differ in stomatal traits, interspecific gene flow can influence the evolutionary trajectory of trait variation, with consequences to adaptation. Leveraging six latitudinally-distributed transects spanning the natural hybrid zone between Populus trichocarpa–P. balsamifera, we used whole genome resequencing and replicate common garden experiments to test the role that interspecific gene flow and selection play to stomatal trait evolution. While species-specific differences in the distribution of stomata persist between P. balsamifera and P. trichocarpa, hybrids on average resembled P. trichocarpa. Admixture mapping identified several candidate genes associated with stomatal trait variation in hybrids including TWIST, a homolog of SPEECHLESS in Arabidopsis, that initiates stomatal development via asymmetric cell divisions. Geographic clines revealed candidate genes deviating from genome-wide average patterns of introgression, suggesting restricted gene flow and the maintenance of adaptive differences. Climate associations, particularly with precipitation, indicated selection shapes local ancestry at candidate genes across transects. These results highlight the role of climate in shaping stomatal trait evolution in Populus and demonstrate how interspecific gene flow creates novel genetic combinations that may enhance adaptive potential in changing environments. Competing Interest Statement The authors have declared no competing interest. Footnotes I added Dr. Jill Hamilton as co-author