Mechanism and experimental study of negative pressure rotating jet-assisted light-induced colloidal polishing of calcium fluoride

Mechanism and experimental study of negative pressure rotating jet-assisted light-induced colloidal polishing of calcium fluoride | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Mechanism and experimental study of negative pressure rotating jet-assisted light-induced colloidal polishing of calcium fluoride Xingwu Ma, Huilong Zhao, Junfeng An, Xinyao Du, Zhijie Qin, Xiaozong Song This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-9230849/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Under Review Version 1 posted 5 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Addressing the challenges encountered in machining calcium fluoride (CaF 2 ) crystals on ultra-smooth surfaces, this paper proposes a negative-pressure rotating jet-assisted polishing method to enhance the processing efficiency and surface quality of photo-induced colloidal jet polishing. A nozzle structure incorporating this functionality was designed. First, the material removal mechanism synergizing photo-induced chemical adsorption with jet impact shear is elucidated. Second, computational fluid dynamics (CFD) analysis compares the flow field characteristics (including velocity, pressure, and turbulence intensity distribution) between negative-pressure rotating jet and conventional rotating jet nozzles. Finally, polishing experiments evaluated the actual improvement effects of both nozzles on the surface morphology and roughness of CaF 2 crystals using atomic force microscopy (AFM). Simulation results indicate that the negative-pressure rotating jet nozzle effectively suppresses turbulent diffusion, with an exit turbulence intensity (15.5) significantly lower than that of the conventional nozzle (20.9). It also exhibits greater jet vorticity and a more stable flow field. Experimental results demonstrate that after polishing with this nozzle, the surface roughness Sa of CaF 2 workpieces decreased from an initial 1.92 nm to 1.36 nm, while the maximum peak-to-valley height Sz was substantially reduced from 457 nm to 33 nm. Surface flatness was significantly improved, with overall performance surpassing that of conventional rotating jet nozzles. Both simulation and experimental results confirm that this technology significantly enhances polishing uniformity through stable flow fields, providing reliable technical support for achieving ultra-smooth surface processing of calcium fluoride crystals. Light-induced colloidal jet Negative-pressure rotating jet Calcium fluoride crystal Ultra-smooth surface Surface quality Full Text Supplementary Files Fig.12a.txt Fig.12b.txt Fig.12c.txt Fig.12d1.xlsx Fig.12d2.xlsx Highlights.docx Cite Share Download PDF Status: Under Review Version 1 posted Reviewers agreed at journal 11 Apr, 2026 Reviewers invited by journal 08 Apr, 2026 Editor assigned by journal 07 Apr, 2026 First submitted to journal 03 Apr, 2026 Editorial decision: Major Revisions Needed 02 Apr, 2026 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-9230849","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":619512446,"identity":"f94b4e18-2e7c-4f15-be5e-2707a79020e7","order_by":0,"name":"Xingwu 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A nozzle structure incorporating this functionality was designed. First, the material removal mechanism synergizing photo-induced chemical adsorption with jet impact shear is elucidated. Second, computational fluid dynamics (CFD) analysis compares the flow field characteristics (including velocity, pressure, and turbulence intensity distribution) between negative-pressure rotating jet and conventional rotating jet nozzles. Finally, polishing experiments evaluated the actual improvement effects of both nozzles on the surface morphology and roughness of CaF\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e crystals using atomic force microscopy (AFM). Simulation results indicate that the negative-pressure rotating jet nozzle effectively suppresses turbulent diffusion, with an exit turbulence intensity (15.5) significantly lower than that of the conventional nozzle (20.9). It also exhibits greater jet vorticity and a more stable flow field. Experimental results demonstrate that after polishing with this nozzle, the surface roughness Sa of CaF\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e workpieces decreased from an initial 1.92 nm to 1.36 nm, while the maximum peak-to-valley height Sz was substantially reduced from 457 nm to 33 nm. Surface flatness was significantly improved, with overall performance surpassing that of conventional rotating jet nozzles. Both simulation and experimental results confirm that this technology significantly enhances polishing uniformity through stable flow fields, providing reliable technical support for achieving ultra-smooth surface processing of calcium fluoride crystals.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Mechanism and experimental study of negative pressure rotating jet-assisted light-induced colloidal polishing of calcium fluoride","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2026-04-15 22:01:09","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-9230849/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"","date":"2026-04-12T02:12:53+00:00","index":0,"fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2026-04-08T09:21:21+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2026-04-07T08:17:19+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology","date":"2026-04-04T03:57:04+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"decision","content":"Major Revisions Needed","date":"2026-04-03T00:45:17+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"the-international-journal-of-advanced-manufacturing-technology","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"jamt","sideBox":"Learn more about [The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology](https://www.springer.com/journal/170)","snPcode":"170","submissionUrl":"https://submission.nature.com/new-submission/170/3","title":"The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"Springer Hybrid","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":false}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"ad63b886-6eec-4023-afd5-ff333b4df8a9","owner":[],"postedDate":"April 15th, 2026","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"under-review","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2026-05-13T06:55:22+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2026-04-15 22:01:09","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-9230849","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-9230849","identity":"rs-9230849","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"XKTyCvWXoU3ODBz1xrDgd","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}