Efficient Hardware Implementation of FIR Filter to Remove Baseline Wander Noise

Efficient Hardware Implementation of FIR Filter to Remove Baseline Wander Noise | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Article Efficient Hardware Implementation of FIR Filter to Remove Baseline Wander Noise Chitra Raman, Priya E This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-8475389/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract An Electrocardiogram (ECG) is a critical, non-invasive investigative device that records the heart’s electrical activity, enabling clinicians to detect and treat potentially life-threatening arrhythmias. However, the ECG signal is often contaminated by noise of different types, including baseline wander (BLW), electrode motion artifacts, interference due to power line and other disturbances. Among these, the elimination of baseline wander is a crucial preprocessing method before accurate manual or automated interpretation of ECG records. The challenge lies in effectively eliminating baseline wander while preserving the original clinical information, as baseline wander overlaps with ECG low-frequency components. Baseline wander preprocessing is performed using digital filters namely Infinite Impulse Response (IIR) and Finite Impulse Response (FIR) filters. In this work, we propose implementing the FIR filter using Vedic mathematics, which demonstrates improved power and delay metrics with respect to other implementations. Health sciences/Cardiology Biological sciences/Computational biology and bioinformatics Physical sciences/Engineering Health sciences/Health care electrocardiogram (ECG) baseline wander (BLW) Finite Impulse Response (FIR) Infinite Impulse Response (IIR) Vedic mathematics Full Text Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-8475389","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":578557835,"identity":"96568acd-984b-4a30-89b7-91e34739a24a","order_by":0,"name":"Chitra Raman","email":"data:image/png;base64,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","orcid":"","institution":"sri sairam Engineering College Anna University, Chennai","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Chitra","middleName":"","lastName":"Raman","suffix":""},{"id":578557836,"identity":"ca84ba7a-8880-4238-9ba1-d6340f19cb3b","order_by":1,"name":"Priya E","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"sri sairam Engineering College Anna University, Chennai","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Priya","middleName":"","lastName":"E","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2025-12-29 18:53:27","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-8475389/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-8475389/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":101296653,"identity":"6d4a90d6-39c6-472d-95f5-795af0bb0bc8","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-28 09:18:10","extension":"doc","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":955904,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"paperfinalCRPAFORUPLOAD.doc","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8475389/v1/9c3cffbd3de3d3e9234a0d3b.doc"},{"id":101002186,"identity":"5eafbf1b-301a-4701-baeb-796a0b90327f","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-23 16:48:11","extension":"json","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":4224,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"cf9396fd04b44d368922fd14914677f7.json","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8475389/v1/ed0a3b3a9d4032fdf12c2c11.json"},{"id":101204218,"identity":"bac3d059-e2c2-4892-83f3-e638b9fe5f67","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-27 09:42:01","extension":"xml","order_by":2,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":97678,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"cf9396fd04b44d368922fd14914677f71enriched.xml","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8475389/v1/55148e12c9ee052fa29992c3.xml"},{"id":101002202,"identity":"c37bc67a-d398-4f1e-84e3-8a28cfc6275c","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-23 16:48:24","extension":"jpeg","order_by":3,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":55610,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage1.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8475389/v1/e053d984b3f4a0b7203f2c35.jpeg"},{"id":101002201,"identity":"219a2c11-d9dc-4391-89ff-ba02b35ccf7e","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-23 16:48:19","extension":"emf","order_by":4,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":43476,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage10.emf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8475389/v1/b08fe3686fdbde15ac568e99.emf"},{"id":101203739,"identity":"5b4e3c3c-b667-464f-a36c-f4e41e52ff21","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-27 09:40:33","extension":"emf","order_by":5,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":53900,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage11.emf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8475389/v1/b89b24f274f80802123b7930.emf"},{"id":101002179,"identity":"a292fec1-255f-464a-859b-a2b3ad06bda4","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-23 16:48:10","extension":"png","order_by":6,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":55102,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage2.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8475389/v1/5ed48ecf1bd414838af89713.png"},{"id":101002194,"identity":"9256d91c-fa5c-46db-abd8-dfa9534faa28","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-23 16:48:11","extension":"png","order_by":7,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":57263,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage3.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8475389/v1/bd2edb686637f19425ca769c.png"},{"id":101002184,"identity":"5bc67537-8675-4864-af29-9149b0441d41","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-23 16:48:11","extension":"jpeg","order_by":8,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":339988,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage4.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8475389/v1/7aa1ba2cc7b5064e1c6f1ad7.jpeg"},{"id":101204762,"identity":"94cd0b69-f4ca-4f3a-93cb-0acb90210eeb","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-27 09:43:51","extension":"png","order_by":9,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":77680,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage5.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8475389/v1/2ef05a532601c158913c3471.png"},{"id":101002181,"identity":"a7b3fc76-db5d-40d7-897e-cec0c3aefc8f","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-23 16:48:11","extension":"png","order_by":10,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":73607,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage6.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8475389/v1/56afce6cb281b3b36f451db6.png"},{"id":101002203,"identity":"72a6d653-1ca7-4430-a704-9ed5687d1d2c","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-23 16:48:25","extension":"png","order_by":11,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":82921,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage7.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8475389/v1/d11f08de5bd2a837d5a607b2.png"},{"id":101203658,"identity":"4f0b59ae-d625-4fb3-998f-8c97f58ce97d","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-27 09:40:21","extension":"emf","order_by":12,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":174296,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage8.emf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8475389/v1/25d7865e1247ccd2fbfa1359.emf"},{"id":101002185,"identity":"c9feabbb-8f35-49d1-b496-fd0993eb40d6","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-23 16:48:11","extension":"emf","order_by":13,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":386696,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage9.emf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8475389/v1/1040d5d20161e2b9e27b4fdf.emf"},{"id":101002192,"identity":"d71b5ff2-8397-400d-bd09-2b456aa7749d","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-23 16:48:11","extension":"png","order_by":14,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":12683,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8475389/v1/1a76d198aee517697e1f478e.png"},{"id":101002198,"identity":"fe3b3e09-4a5c-48dc-97ee-4d4c311fa382","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-23 16:48:12","extension":"png","order_by":15,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":4856,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage10.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8475389/v1/ae18e1296b92d8b9f1eb3270.png"},{"id":101002200,"identity":"67777839-d6bf-4883-901c-e768623a72d6","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-23 16:48:13","extension":"png","order_by":16,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":7315,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage11.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8475389/v1/d514a6dc4b16ea31eaff958b.png"},{"id":101002199,"identity":"6db0b7e5-ba27-4986-9d50-b1a225b32187","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-23 16:48:12","extension":"png","order_by":17,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":18987,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage2.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8475389/v1/bf89895208e082d7d9274b01.png"},{"id":101002188,"identity":"29a8f496-cbc4-4b41-a05b-a4ae068eaaca","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-23 16:48:11","extension":"png","order_by":18,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":11688,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage3.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8475389/v1/97932503cdade2a8ce2ccfad.png"},{"id":101203887,"identity":"6000b435-a11d-482f-b838-ecf4873f3b0c","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-27 09:40:50","extension":"png","order_by":19,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":74828,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage4.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8475389/v1/2132fb5c0c05dae24191d062.png"},{"id":101203707,"identity":"18fc9857-0961-405d-950d-1ac0481b1fa8","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-27 09:40:28","extension":"png","order_by":20,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":18173,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage5.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8475389/v1/88f4e7cd4f6d518f5f66a520.png"},{"id":101002191,"identity":"3b1fe4c6-fadf-4cae-865a-f7f7f3d6ee4f","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-23 16:48:11","extension":"png","order_by":21,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":22010,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage6.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8475389/v1/340f1b54f3de07591b5ca815.png"},{"id":101002197,"identity":"bf3fbae7-49a6-4909-a512-c37764e676bf","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-23 16:48:12","extension":"png","order_by":22,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":27234,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage7.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8475389/v1/e6daa30b08e07a458032a6d0.png"},{"id":101002193,"identity":"79daf1fa-7401-447c-b8be-36d0aa3d741d","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-23 16:48:11","extension":"png","order_by":23,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":3524,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage8.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8475389/v1/a75a01c7ea4f7f3aa1f04d99.png"},{"id":101002195,"identity":"22d48c0b-a245-4a4a-aa4f-77b0427eb542","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-23 16:48:12","extension":"png","order_by":24,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":14256,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage9.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8475389/v1/69ca9eaf25f2154c45e0a324.png"},{"id":101204462,"identity":"af8d19f0-951f-4cfa-bebc-fe1fd810604d","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-27 09:43:14","extension":"xml","order_by":25,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":96035,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"cf9396fd04b44d368922fd14914677f71structuring.xml","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8475389/v1/1da0b16ef5ab37ff822e44b1.xml"},{"id":101002196,"identity":"0a26846f-680d-4f04-90e7-7c31fc7c196e","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-23 16:48:12","extension":"html","order_by":26,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":109493,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"earlyproof.html","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8475389/v1/de99239f6982bf71a9e950c5.html"},{"id":103498830,"identity":"c396bc1f-6f41-4592-89cf-f042dac515e1","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-02-26 11:43:27","extension":"pdf","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":626003,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"paperfinalCRPAFORUPLOAD.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8475389/v1_covered_754b0c37-ca4b-4559-8d1f-8152ffecfcbe.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"\u003cp\u003eEfficient Hardware Implementation of FIR Filter to Remove Baseline Wander Noise\u003c/p\u003e","fulltext":[],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":false,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":true,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":true,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"electrocardiogram (ECG), baseline wander (BLW), Finite Impulse Response (FIR), Infinite Impulse Response (IIR), Vedic mathematics","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-8475389/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-8475389/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eAn Electrocardiogram (ECG) is a critical, non-invasive investigative device that records the heart\u0026rsquo;s electrical activity, enabling clinicians to detect and treat potentially life-threatening arrhythmias. However, the ECG signal is often contaminated by noise of different types, including baseline wander (BLW), electrode motion artifacts, interference due to power line and other disturbances. Among these, the elimination of baseline wander is a crucial preprocessing method before accurate manual or automated interpretation of ECG records. The challenge lies in effectively eliminating baseline wander while preserving the original clinical information, as baseline wander overlaps with ECG low-frequency components. Baseline wander preprocessing is performed using digital filters namely Infinite Impulse Response (IIR) and Finite Impulse Response (FIR) filters. In this work, we propose implementing the FIR filter using Vedic mathematics, which demonstrates improved power and delay metrics with respect to other implementations.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Efficient Hardware Implementation of FIR Filter to Remove Baseline Wander Noise","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2026-01-23 16:48:06","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-8475389/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"cb9626c2-7565-463d-8455-a02d58303d8b","owner":[],"postedDate":"January 23rd, 2026","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[{"id":61660636,"name":"Health sciences/Cardiology"},{"id":61660637,"name":"Biological sciences/Computational biology and bioinformatics"},{"id":61660638,"name":"Physical sciences/Engineering"},{"id":61660639,"name":"Health sciences/Health care"}],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2026-02-26T11:42:33+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2026-01-23 16:48:06","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-8475389","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-8475389","identity":"rs-8475389","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"XKTyCvWXoU3ODBz1xrDgd","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}