Production, characterization and biological evaluation of bacterial cellulose from Bacillus species BC1

Production, characterization and biological evaluation of bacterial cellulose from Bacillus species BC1 | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Production, characterization and biological evaluation of bacterial cellulose from Bacillus species BC1 Akila Kesavan, Radhakrishnan Manikkam, Kishore kumar Annamalai This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-8482201/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Under Revision Version 1 posted 4 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract In this study, a bacterial cellulose (BC - producing) strain, BC1, was isolated from the open-air environment by exposing fresh wine. Based on 16S rRNA sequence analysis, the strain was identified as Bacillus sp. BC1. BC production was carried out in static liquid culture using both Hestrin–Schramm (HS) broth and tea extract (TE) broth. A higher yield of BC was obtained in TE broth than in HS broth. The cellulosic nature of the pellicle produced by Bacillus sp. BC1 was confirmed by SEM, FT - IR and XRD analysis. Characterisation studies revealed good thermal stability, excellent tensile strength and superior water-holding and retention capacities, while zeta potential measurements demonstrated the colloidal stability and surface charge of the BC. The molecular mass of BC was determined using LC - MS and MALDI - TOF MS analysis. In antimicrobial assays, povidone-iodine-coated BC showed inhibition zones of 25–29 mm, whereas squalene-coated BC showed inhibition zones of 10–19 mm against the tested pathogens. In an antioxidant radical-scavenging assay, squalene-coated BC exhibited a maximum of 93% radical-scavenging activity at a concentration of 350 µg/ml. These results indicate that the BC produced in this study is a safe material for wound-healing applications, with promising antimicrobial and antioxidant properties. Further whole-genome sequence analysis of Bacillus sp. is in progress to elucidate the genetic and biochemical pathways underlying cellulose production. Bacterial cellulose Bacillus sp. biopolymer antimicrobial antioxidant Full Text Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Under Revision Version 1 posted Editorial decision: Revision requested 18 Mar, 2026 Editor assigned by journal 18 Mar, 2026 Submission checks completed at journal 02 Jan, 2026 First submitted to journal 30 Dec, 2025 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-8482201","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":609282716,"identity":"bd5ee16d-55ad-472c-813f-9f57b3737551","order_by":0,"name":"Akila Kesavan","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Sathyabama Institute of Science and Technology","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Akila","middleName":"","lastName":"Kesavan","suffix":""},{"id":609282717,"identity":"e5c40798-f0e3-4982-95e9-386e3fe904e5","order_by":1,"name":"Radhakrishnan Manikkam","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA0klEQVRIiWNgGAWjYFACNhAhAcTMB0AMGSK1JIC0sCWAtPAQqwXE4DEAkwQ16M4+lvjh5w+LPH7+M59f3aix4GFgP3x0Az4tZufSDkv2JEgUS87I3WadcwzoMJ60tBt4tZxhb5AG+iVxww3ebcY5bEAtEjxmhLQ0/wZrOX/mmXHOP6K0sB2D2HIgh/lxbhtxWtIse9IkEmfOSDNjzu2T4GEj7Bc24xs/bOoS+/kPP/6c861Ojp/98DG8WpABmwSYJFY5CDB/IEX1KBgFo2AUjBwAAFXMRGaYLtzZAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC","orcid":"","institution":"Sathyabama Institute of Science and Technology","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Radhakrishnan","middleName":"","lastName":"Manikkam","suffix":""},{"id":609282718,"identity":"2f3bd3a0-c444-4d9e-acad-471a3afb62a1","order_by":2,"name":"Kishore kumar Annamalai","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Sathyabama Institute of Science and Technology","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Kishore","middleName":"kumar","lastName":"Annamalai","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2025-12-30 14:23:44","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-8482201/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-8482201/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":106961502,"identity":"f09fc0a7-19d9-4edb-8ea0-4b1725d52295","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-04-15 09:25:48","extension":"pdf","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":998442,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"28.ProductioncharacterizationandbiologicalevaluationofbacterialcellulosefromBacillusspeciesBC1.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8482201/v1_covered_d2868958-de1c-4f71-8216-41aa3addc9a2.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Production, characterization and biological evaluation of bacterial cellulose from Bacillus species BC1","fulltext":[],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":false,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":true,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":true,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"cellulose","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"cels","sideBox":"Learn more about [Cellulose](https://www.springer.com/journal/10570)","snPcode":"10570","submissionUrl":"https://submission.nature.com/new-submission/10570/3","title":"Cellulose","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"Springer Hybrid","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":false},"keywords":"Bacterial cellulose, Bacillus sp. biopolymer, antimicrobial, antioxidant","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-8482201/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-8482201/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eIn this study, a bacterial cellulose (BC - producing) strain, BC1, was isolated from the open-air environment by exposing fresh wine. Based on 16S rRNA sequence analysis, the strain was identified as Bacillus sp. BC1. BC production was carried out in static liquid culture using both Hestrin\u0026ndash;Schramm (HS) broth and tea extract (TE) broth. A higher yield of BC was obtained in TE broth than in HS broth. The cellulosic nature of the pellicle produced by Bacillus sp. BC1 was confirmed by SEM, FT - IR and XRD analysis. Characterisation studies revealed good thermal stability, excellent tensile strength and superior water-holding and retention capacities, while zeta potential measurements demonstrated the colloidal stability and surface charge of the BC. The molecular mass of BC was determined using LC - MS and MALDI - TOF MS analysis. In antimicrobial assays, povidone-iodine-coated BC showed inhibition zones of 25\u0026ndash;29 mm, whereas squalene-coated BC showed inhibition zones of 10\u0026ndash;19 mm against the tested pathogens. In an antioxidant radical-scavenging assay, squalene-coated BC exhibited a maximum of 93% radical-scavenging activity at a concentration of 350 \u0026micro;g/ml. These results indicate that the BC produced in this study is a safe material for wound-healing applications, with promising antimicrobial and antioxidant properties. Further whole-genome sequence analysis of Bacillus sp. is in progress to elucidate the genetic and biochemical pathways underlying cellulose production.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Production, characterization and biological evaluation of bacterial cellulose from Bacillus species BC1","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2026-04-15 05:31:56","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-8482201/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"decision","content":"Revision requested","date":"2026-03-19T03:39:46+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2026-03-19T02:05:39+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"checksComplete","content":"","date":"2026-01-02T07:22:38+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"Cellulose","date":"2025-12-30T14:05:04+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"cellulose","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"cels","sideBox":"Learn more about [Cellulose](https://www.springer.com/journal/10570)","snPcode":"10570","submissionUrl":"https://submission.nature.com/new-submission/10570/3","title":"Cellulose","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"Springer Hybrid","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":false}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"282c9a9d-4e58-4fd9-b950-0ab49184bf13","owner":[],"postedDate":"April 15th, 2026","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"in-revision","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2026-04-26T09:08:15+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2026-04-15 05:31:56","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-8482201","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-8482201","identity":"rs-8482201","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"XKTyCvWXoU3ODBz1xrDgd","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}