Effects of the Acoustic Radiations on the Intensification of Plants Growth

Effects of the Acoustic Radiations on the Intensification of Plants Growth | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Effects of the Acoustic Radiations on the Intensification of Plants Growth Kanat Dyussenov, Dauren Sarzhanov, Ivan Nedugov This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-6274369/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract The results of investigations of influence of acoustic radiation in the frequency range of 20 Hz and 50 kHz of some physical and chemical properties of irrigation water are represented. After studying a number of literature sources, it was found that there is practically no data on the effect of ultrasonic waves on irrigation water. It is shown that range of ultrasonic radiation in a range close to 20 kHz is more effective for productive drip irrigation experienced plants which leads to increasing the concentration of dissolved trace metals in the irrigation water and also affects the change of pH suitable irrigation water. Two fixed frequencies in the studies were chosen to more clearly establish the fact of the occurrence of ultrasonic cavitation in irrigation water and were determined by the capabilities of the created device. The frequency of 20 kHz was chosen as the preferred one for fixing the increase in tomato yield by periodically weighing it and comparing it with the control irrigation line. Tomatoes were chosen as the most common greenhouse crop and a product often used in the diet. Agricultural Engineering ultrasound acoustic emission cavitation mass spectrometric analysis Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 Figure 5 Figure 6 Introduction A range of technical applications of hydrodynamic and ultrasonic cavitation rapidly increases in the world being directly used in medicine, naval applications, pharmaceutics, chemical technologies, cosmetics and cosmetology, etc. The energy of the collapse of microbubbles, at which the temperature reaches 6000°C, and the pressure of hydraulic microjets to 40 MPa causes ionization of water and aqueous solutions and is accompanied by many poorly studied processes. Studies of the influence of hydrodynamic cavitation on the change in the physicochemical properties of aqueous solutions are devoted to the works (Loraine G. 2012, Mandar B. 2013) and purification of water, both from bacteria and other contaminants, and disinfection of water are shown in works (Al-Mahrouki A. 2012, Kuwabara M. 2005). Ultrasonic cavitation can also lead to a change in cellular structures, as shown in the work (Mojca and et al. 2014) and be used in cancer therapy. The phenomenon of hydrodynamic cavitation was also used to purify water from pharmaceutical contamination (Chuang YH and et al. 2010 ). The fact of influence on growth and development of cellular structures and transport of various substances into cells under the influence of acoustic frequencies and cavitation of various spectrum is known (Riesz P. 1985, Hernández-García D. 2008). For example, the effects of ultrasonic acoustic emission were studied in works (Villanueva 2015, Pan Li 2015) and accompanied by cavitation on various structural characteristics of water, including some aspects of physical chemistry, and microbiological composition. This article presents new data on the effect of fixed ultrasound frequencies on the properties of irrigated water when watering one of the most common crops like tomatoes among many greenhouse plants. For the first time, the effect of ultrasound at 20 and 50 kHz on the physical and chemical properties of irrigated water and the intensity of tomato growth was studied. In some fragmentary Russian information on the effect of hydrodynamic cavitation on irrigation water, energy-intensive pumping equipment was used for irrigation in the open ground. And the authors decided to use ultrasonic exposure to irrigation water as more compact and relatively inexpensive. Obviously, the use of hydrodynamic and ultrasonic cavitation is an example of nanotechnology and many aspects of such impact have been little studied. The questions were extensively studied and the results of the influence of the infrasonic spectrum of oscillations on the growth of some cereal species are used. The issues of water structurization under the influence of cavitation continue to be studied and are of interest in various fields, including crop production and agro technology. We set the task to investigate the influence of a wide range of acoustic effects on irrigation water and, accordingly, the associated effects of intensification of the growth of vegetables and ornamental plants. Materials and Methods Two experimental plants for the generation of infrasound and ultrasound with subsequent transfer of momentum to the piezoelectric transducers were created (radiators) for this purpose. Generating unit consists of a pulse generator and a specially shaped frequency amplifying unit signal power and the control panel. The direct impact on the water is carried in the radiation unit via piezoelectric transducers (Dyussenov K. 2012) (Fig. 1 - the device for generating infrasound and ultrasound). The frequency spectrum of emission before and after the experiments on the influence of irrigation with acoustic oscillations was recorded using a broadband oscilloscope brand VALLEMAN PC SGU250 and made adjustment range from 20–50 Hz on the first unit and 20–50 kHz per second. The experiments were carried out from the beginning of spring to the end of October previous year on the basis of experimental greenhouses with polycarbonate cover for the cultivation of tomato ( Lycopersicon esculentum Mill ) size 6x3x12 m, located in the suburb of Pavlodar (Kazakhstan). Water was supplied by the system of drip irrigation GARDENA (Germany): drip irrigation of 100 plants was carried through a hose branch from local wells, and the second, with the same water, after passing through the intermediate container with piezoelectric transducers and the last 100 plants were watered from a watering can or hose, i.e. without the use of drip irrigation. Both hybrids of tomato ( Lycopersicon esculentum Mill ) F1 resistant to diseases TMV Va Fol (Master, Rosemary) and varieties that are affected Phytophthora, Fusarium and TMV (Bon appetite, raspberry cream, Budyonovka and Gold dome) were used in the experiment. The construction of the container with two piezoelectric transducers immersed in it, treated with sealant, to avoid corrosion, represented a channel of specially designed forms for organizing the flow turbulence to obtain the best effect of mixing the flow of water. During experiments once every 5–6 days, water samples were taken for measurement of pH and mass spectrometric analysis. pH - metry was performed on a laboratory basis of the Eurasian National University named after L. Gumilyov with overlapping pH measurements based on central laboratory of JSC "Kazakhstan Aluminum" combined with mass spectrometric analysis on the equipment of the company MALVERN (United Kingdom), allowing measurement of 28 chemical elements. Laboratory equipment has local and international metrological certification. As a result of investigations the following facts were established. Results and Discussion The frequency spectrum of the radiation in the range 20–50 Hz virtually did not affect the pH of irrigation water. The most characteristic effects on the structure of irrigation water at 20 Hz manifested in increasing cadmium concentration by almost 92% zinc and almost 7 times. As seen from the integrating spectrograms where abscissa mg dm − 3 drawn on generalized results of analyzes of samples (Fig. 2 , 3 ) with a sharp increase in the concentration of cadmium Cd (about 4 times), and tin Sn (by 11 times) the remaining group trace metals have remained virtually unchanged. At the same time, the content is within the MPC as the EU countries and the United States, Russia and the MAC recommended by WHO. For example, MPC WHO compared with the data obtained are shown in Table (Table. 1). Irrigation water treated with 20 Hz resulted in a strong inhibition of plants, after 6–7 irrigations to disease TMV plants (tobacco mosaic virus), but after changing the frequency of the acoustic oscillations at 50 Hz growth and development of plants recovered after 5 irrigations. The highest efficiency of irrigation water gave exposed to ultrasound in a range close to 20 kHz, the second pilot unit. Results of averaged spectrograms in mg/dm 3 (Fig. 4 – 5 ) show that a pronounced positive effect on the growth of tomato at a frequency range of 20 kHz the radiation had growth of concentration iron of 22%, copper Cu in 1,6 times and manganese Mn by 8 times. It is possible that the increase in yield recorded when weighing tomatoes for experimental (that is, when watering water exposed to ultrasound) and control (when providing irrigation with ordinary water) is caused, as one of the reasons, by the activation of trace elements and the appearance of heteroauxins that activate the development of the root system of tomatoes. The cluster structure of irrigation water is also important, changing its structure, which requires further research. After irrigation with irrigated water under the influence of ultrasonic radiation of 50 kHz, there was no increase in yield relative to the frequency of exposure of 20 kHz. Thus, minor, an average of 1.14–2.01% grew acidity (pH) of the treated water for irrigation at 20 kHz and at a frequency of 50 kHz pH values increased to 3.28%. Analysis of the spectrograms and measurement of irrigation water pH after ultrasonic treatment led to the conclusion that the water gets new properties related to its partial ionization leading to changes in its molecular structure. By collecting fruit, tomatoes ( Lycopersicon esculentum Mill ) treated with structured water, ahead of the growth rates of tomato bushes, which are watered with plain water. 285 kg of tomatoes were obtained from the experimental plants and only 243 kg from controlled ones for the whole period of the experimental irrigation. At the same time 6–7 irrigations produced at a frequency of 20 kHz is allowed to increase the yield by 58–62%. Plants watered with structured water in October had a new brush, bloom, i.e. did not feel the onset of fall, and the control plants the leaves turned yellow, most of them died. In the Fig. 6 a portion of the results of experiments is shown. It can be seen that a number of tomato ( Lycopersicon esculentum Mill ) on the left, watered with plain water has ceased to exist and the right lane, when watering with water treated by ultrasound continues its rapid growth and fruiting. In the Botanical garden of Odessa University the effect of ultrasound on the possibility of accelerating the rooting and increase the yield of rooted cuttings of roses (Rosa L.) were studied. Cuttings are cut from the middle of the annual semi lignified shoots. Related bunched cuttings were placed in a bath, the bottom of which served as a radiating plate, after which the tub was filled with water. Experimental cuttings were sounded 15, 30, 45 seconds, 1, 3, 5, 12 and 20 minutes at an intensity of 1 W cm − 2 , and an oscillation frequency of 22 kHz, the controlled ones were kept in an aqueous environment. For rooting, a mixture of leaf soil, humus and river sand were used in the ratio 2:2:1. The test results showed that all varieties of treatment for three minutes increases the rooting and accelerates root formation. Rooting time in the experiment was 15 days, 28 days in the control. In the greenhouse, the authors also made an experience in fixing the rate of rooting roses (Rosa L.), and the period was chosen when any plants rooted very badly - a period of late summer. Cuttings were rooted in the calcined garden ground. In the experiment - planting the soil was watered with structured water, then, at an angle of 45 degrees, cuttings with three buds were planted (03.08.2018). Control ones were cut into the soil, watered with plain water. The result exceeded all expectations - the root system of the prototype in the past month has formed well, control plants only the beginnings of roots formed during this period. Land escape of a rose (Rosa L.), watered with structured water has a length of 4 cm, the roses (Rosa L.) with a simple watering 2 -2.5 cm. It is safe to conclude that water passed sonication in a range close to 20 kHz is accelerator plant growth and development. At the same time, the specified frequency range of ultrasonic treatment prevents premature aging plants and increases their resistance to disease and the impact of other external adverse factors. A number of works are known, among them (Masaki and et al. 2016), where various scientific explanations of the phenomenon of hydrodynamic and ultrasonic cavitation are given, accompanied by the processes of changing the mechanism of microalgae development. It is the cavitation mechanism that causes new effects of molecular changes in the structural characteristics of algal cells was shown in these studies. It is quite obvious that ultrasonic and hydrodynamic cavitation has a rather complex mechanism of affecting water and aqueous solutions and is manifested in many physical and chemical aspects. Mass spectrometric analysis of irrigation water allowed to illustrate that partial ionization of irrigation water occurs with activation of metal ions dissolved in it. It is possible that this factor as one of many can cause activation of plant growth, accelerates and enhances cellular metabolism. In all probability, the activated metal ions, the concentration of some of which increased several times in the form that ultrasonic cavitation caused, greatly improve and intensify plant growth and appear as one of the factors contributing to this. It is possible to conclude with high confidence that the different spectra using ultrasonic radiation can be in one way or another affect the physicochemical properties of water. This is confirmed by the experiments. Against the background of the primary results of the spectra of acoustic vibrations produced by irrigation water to 20 kHz (increasing the total yield of 15% after 7–8 drip irrigation, about 13–18 days) is likely to predict the intensification of the growth of terrestrial vegetables and obviously increase their productivity (fixed increase fruit size by 50–95%). According to WHO experts silver and tin are substances that do not adversely affect the health of people and animals in maximum permissible concentrations in water. However, even in the most detail painted WHO recommendations against certain substances there is a note: "There is no reliable data to establish the norm." This means that the work continues, and in this regard, it should be reminded that they also stated that science knows of hundreds of thousands of compounds, but few have been studied in terms of impact on the human body, as well as the flora and fauna of the earth. It is possible to draw a conclusion about the existing mechanism of interrelation of microbiological and physicochemical processes caused by the effect of cavitation on irrigated water for greenhouse growing tomatoes and cuttings of roses with a fixed effect on irrigation water of ultrasonic frequency spectrum from 16 to 24 kHz. Comparative testing and testing of both stems and leaves, and the root system of tomatoes revealed an increase in the green mass and increased development of plant roots. Thus, a direct link was established between the direct effects of increasing the concentration of trace elements of various metals, provoking to some extent the activation of plant growth without the introduction of special fertilizers. Declarations The authors would like to add that we completely exclude any conflict of interest. The research was carried out entirely on the initiative and at the authors' own expense as a great interest in the object of research. References Al-Mahrouki A.A., Karshafian R., Giles A., Czarnota G.J. 2012. Bioeffects of ultrasound-stimulated microbubbles on endothelial cells: Gene expression changes associated with radiation enhancement in vitro, Ultrasound Med Biol . Volume 38, P. 1958–1969. Chuang YH, Cheng PW, Chen SC, Ruan JL, Li PC. 2010. Effects of ultrasound-induced inertial cavitation on enzymatic thrombolysis, Department of Electrical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan. Ultrason Imaging. Apr. 32(2), P. 81-90. Dyussenov K., Nedugov I. Cavitation energy converter: Patent Provisional Application, USA, Number: 61745772 from 25.12.12 P. 1-21. Dyussenov K.M.,Sakipov, K.E., Shayakhmetova, R.T., Nedugov, I.A. Aitmagambetova M.B., Yessimseit, A.K. Influence of the impact of acoustic cavitation on the physical and chemical properties of water. Eurasian Physical Technical Journal, 2021, 18(1), pp. 65–69. Hernández-García D., Castro-Obregón S., Gómez-López S., Valencia C., Covarrubias L. 2008. Cell death activation during cavitation of embryoid bodies is mediated by hydrogen peroxide, Experimental Cell Research, Volume 314, Issue 10, June, P. 2090–2099. Kuwabara Mamoru, Yo Ken, Kubo Takashi. 2005. Sono-processing of materials based on an acoustic cavitation phenomenon, Journal of Current Advances in Materials and Processes, Volume 18, № 4, P. 962-969, Loraine G., Chahine G., Hsiao C.T., Choi J.K., Aley P. 2012. Disinfection of gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria using DynaJets® hydrodynamic cavitating jets, Ultrason Sonochemistry, Volume 19(3), P. 710-715. Mandar Badve, Parag Gogate, Aniruddha Pandit, Levent Csoka. 2013. Hydrodynamic cavitation as a novel approach for wastewater treatment in wood finishing industry, Separation and Purification Technology, Volume 106, P. 15-21. Masaki Kurokawa, Patrick M.King, Xiaoge Wu, Eadaoin M. Joyce, Timothy J.Mason, Ken Yamamoto. 2016. Effect of sonication frequency on the disruption of algae, UltrasonicsSonochemistry, Volume 31, P. 157-162. Mojca Zupanc, Tina Kosjek, Martin Petkovšek, Matevž Dular, Boris Kompare, Brane Širok, Marjeta Stražar, Ester Heath. 2014. Shear-induced hydrodynamic cavitation as a tool for pharmaceutical micropollutants removal from urban wastewater, UltrasonicsSonochemistry, Volume 21, Issue 3, P. 1213-1221. Pan Li, Yuan Song, Shuili Yu, Hee-Deung Park. 2015. The effect of hydrodynamic cavitation on Microcystis aeruginosa: Physical and chemical factors. Chemosphere, Volume 136, P. 245-251. Riesz P., Berdahl D., Christman C.L. 1985. Free radical generation by ultrasound in aqueous and nonaqueous solutions, Environ Health Perspective, December: 64, P. 233–252. Villanueva M.V., Luna M.C., Gil M.I., Allende A.. 2015. Ultrasound treatments improve the microbiological quality of water reservoirs used for the irrigation of fresh produce. Food research international, Volume 75, P. 140-147. Table 1 Table 1. The comparative characteristics of the content of trace minerals MAC (WHO) mg/dm 3 After influence 20 kHz mg/dm 3 After influence 50 kHz mg/dm 3 Cu 0.20 0.14 0.136 Zn 0.30 0.231 0.148 Cd 0.003 0.00039 0.00011 Additional Declarations The authors declare no competing interests. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-6274369","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":431899958,"identity":"341ca1ea-6d0b-45cf-9416-0c9ebc2525f1","order_by":0,"name":"Kanat 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after ultrasound influence\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"Fig..5.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6274369/v1/9487af1dcd0c566337c729ba.jpg"},{"id":79193763,"identity":"0749ebbb-2f24-42ad-9c28-d962f5bf1abb","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-03-25 13:12:26","extension":"jpg","order_by":6,"title":"Figure 6","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":59213,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eThe comparison of the intensity of tomato growth with the action of ultrasound on water and without it\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"Fig..6.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6274369/v1/36f7eb28eff2acbec679bc4c.jpg"},{"id":79194740,"identity":"4809f4a1-ab62-445d-a453-d0c51f6e1110","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-03-25 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accompanied by many poorly studied processes.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eStudies of the influence of hydrodynamic cavitation on the change in the physicochemical properties of aqueous solutions are devoted to the works (Loraine G. 2012, Mandar B. 2013) and purification of water, both from bacteria and other contaminants, and disinfection of water are shown in works (Al-Mahrouki A. 2012, Kuwabara M. 2005). Ultrasonic cavitation can also lead to a change in cellular structures, as shown in the work (Mojca and et al. 2014) and be used in cancer therapy. The phenomenon of hydrodynamic cavitation was also used to purify water from pharmaceutical contamination (Chuang YH and et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2010\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe fact of influence on growth and development of cellular structures and transport of various substances into cells under the influence of acoustic frequencies and cavitation of various spectrum is known (Riesz P. 1985, Hern\u0026aacute;ndez-Garc\u0026iacute;a D. 2008). For example, the effects of ultrasonic acoustic emission were studied in works (Villanueva 2015, Pan Li 2015) and accompanied by cavitation on various structural characteristics of water, including some aspects of physical chemistry, and microbiological composition.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis article presents new data on the effect of fixed ultrasound frequencies on the properties of irrigated water when watering one of the most common crops like tomatoes among many greenhouse plants. For the first time, the effect of ultrasound at 20 and 50 kHz on the physical and chemical properties of irrigated water and the intensity of tomato growth was studied. In some fragmentary Russian information on the effect of hydrodynamic cavitation on irrigation water, energy-intensive pumping equipment was used for irrigation in the open ground. And the authors decided to use ultrasonic exposure to irrigation water as more compact and relatively inexpensive.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eObviously, the use of hydrodynamic and ultrasonic cavitation is an example of nanotechnology and many aspects of such impact have been little studied.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe questions were extensively studied and the results of the influence of the infrasonic spectrum of oscillations on the growth of some cereal species are used.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe issues of water structurization under the influence of cavitation continue to be studied and are of interest in various fields, including crop production and agro technology.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWe set the task to investigate the influence of a wide range of acoustic effects on irrigation water and, accordingly, the associated effects of intensification of the growth of vegetables and ornamental plants.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Materials and Methods","content":"\u003cp\u003eTwo experimental plants for the generation of infrasound and ultrasound with subsequent transfer of momentum to the piezoelectric transducers were created (radiators) for this purpose. Generating unit consists of a pulse generator and a specially shaped frequency amplifying unit signal power and the control panel.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe direct impact on the water is carried in the radiation unit via piezoelectric transducers (Dyussenov K. 2012) (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e - the device for generating infrasound and ultrasound). The frequency spectrum of emission before and after the experiments on the influence of irrigation with acoustic oscillations was recorded using a broadband oscilloscope brand VALLEMAN PC SGU250 and made adjustment range from 20\u0026ndash;50 Hz on the first unit and 20\u0026ndash;50 kHz per second.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe experiments were carried out from the beginning of spring to the end of October previous year on the basis of experimental greenhouses with polycarbonate cover for the cultivation of tomato (\u003cem\u003eLycopersicon esculentum Mill\u003c/em\u003e) size 6x3x12 m, located in the suburb of Pavlodar (Kazakhstan).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWater was supplied by the system of drip irrigation GARDENA (Germany): drip irrigation of 100 plants was carried through a hose branch from local wells, and the second, with the same water, after passing through the intermediate container with piezoelectric transducers and the last 100 plants were watered from a watering can or hose, i.e. without the use of drip irrigation. Both hybrids of tomato (\u003cem\u003eLycopersicon esculentum Mill\u003c/em\u003e) F1 resistant to diseases TMV Va Fol (Master, Rosemary) and varieties that are affected Phytophthora, Fusarium and TMV (Bon appetite, raspberry cream, Budyonovka and Gold dome) were used in the experiment. The construction of the container with two piezoelectric transducers immersed in it, treated with sealant, to avoid corrosion, represented a channel of specially designed forms for organizing the flow turbulence to obtain the best effect of mixing the flow of water.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDuring experiments once every 5\u0026ndash;6 days, water samples were taken for measurement of pH and mass spectrometric analysis. pH - metry was performed on a laboratory basis of the Eurasian National University named after L. Gumilyov with overlapping pH measurements based on central laboratory of JSC \"Kazakhstan Aluminum\" combined with mass spectrometric analysis on the equipment of the company MALVERN (United Kingdom), allowing measurement of 28 chemical elements. Laboratory equipment has local and international metrological certification. As a result of investigations the following facts were established.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Results and Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe frequency spectrum of the radiation in the range 20\u0026ndash;50 Hz virtually did not affect the pH of irrigation water. The most characteristic effects on the structure of irrigation water at 20 Hz manifested in increasing cadmium concentration by almost 92% zinc and almost 7 times. As seen from the integrating spectrograms where abscissa mg dm\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;3\u003c/sup\u003e drawn on generalized results of analyzes of samples (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan refid=\"Fig3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e) with a sharp increase in the concentration of cadmium Cd (about 4 times), and tin Sn (by 11 times) the remaining group trace metals have remained virtually unchanged.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAt the same time, the content is within the MPC as the EU countries and the United States, Russia and the MAC recommended by WHO. For example, MPC WHO compared with the data obtained are shown in Table (Table. 1).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIrrigation water treated with 20 Hz resulted in a strong inhibition of plants, after 6\u0026ndash;7 irrigations to disease TMV plants (tobacco mosaic virus), but after changing the frequency of the acoustic oscillations at 50 Hz growth and development of plants recovered after 5 irrigations. The highest efficiency of irrigation water gave exposed to ultrasound in a range close to 20 kHz, the second pilot unit. Results of averaged spectrograms in mg/dm\u003csup\u003e3\u003c/sup\u003e (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e) show that a pronounced positive effect on the growth of tomato at a frequency range of 20 kHz the radiation had growth of concentration iron of 22%, copper Cu in 1,6 times and manganese Mn by 8 times.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIt is possible that the increase in yield recorded when weighing tomatoes for experimental (that is, when watering water exposed to ultrasound) and control (when providing irrigation with ordinary water) is caused, as one of the reasons, by the activation of trace elements and the appearance of heteroauxins that activate the development of the root system of tomatoes. The cluster structure of irrigation water is also important, changing its structure, which requires further research.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAfter irrigation with irrigated water under the influence of ultrasonic radiation of 50 kHz, there was no increase in yield relative to the frequency of exposure of 20 kHz.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThus, minor, an average of 1.14\u0026ndash;2.01% grew acidity (pH) of the treated water for irrigation at 20 kHz and at a frequency of 50 kHz pH values increased to 3.28%. Analysis of the spectrograms and measurement of irrigation water pH after ultrasonic treatment led to the conclusion that the water gets new properties related to its partial ionization leading to changes in its molecular structure.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBy collecting fruit, tomatoes (\u003cem\u003eLycopersicon esculentum Mill\u003c/em\u003e) treated with structured water, ahead of the growth rates of tomato bushes, which are watered with plain water. 285 kg of tomatoes were obtained from the experimental plants and only 243 kg from controlled ones for the whole period of the experimental irrigation. At the same time 6\u0026ndash;7 irrigations produced at a frequency of 20 kHz is allowed to increase the yield by 58\u0026ndash;62%. Plants watered with structured water in October had a new brush, bloom, i.e. did not feel the onset of fall, and the control plants the leaves turned yellow, most of them died.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn the Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig6\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003ea portion of the results of experiments is shown.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIt can be seen that a number of tomato (\u003cem\u003eLycopersicon esculentum Mill\u003c/em\u003e) on the left, watered with plain water has ceased to exist and the right lane, when watering with water treated by ultrasound continues its rapid growth and fruiting.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn the Botanical garden of Odessa University the effect of ultrasound on the possibility of accelerating the rooting and increase the yield of rooted cuttings of roses (Rosa L.) were studied. Cuttings are cut from the middle of the annual semi lignified shoots. Related bunched cuttings were placed in a bath, the bottom of which served as a radiating plate, after which the tub was filled with water. Experimental cuttings were sounded 15, 30, 45 seconds, 1, 3, 5, 12 and 20 minutes at an intensity of 1 W cm\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;2\u003c/sup\u003e, and an oscillation frequency of 22 kHz, the controlled ones were kept in an aqueous environment. For rooting, a mixture of leaf soil, humus and river sand were used in the ratio 2:2:1. The test results showed that all varieties of treatment for three minutes increases the rooting and accelerates root formation. Rooting time in the experiment was 15 days, 28 days in the control.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn the greenhouse, the authors also made an experience in fixing the rate of rooting roses (Rosa L.), and the period was chosen when any plants rooted very badly - a period of late summer. Cuttings were rooted in the calcined garden ground. In the experiment - planting the soil was watered with structured water, then, at an angle of 45 degrees, cuttings with three buds were planted (03.08.2018). Control ones were cut into the soil, watered with plain water. The result exceeded all expectations - the root system of the prototype in the past month has formed well, control plants only the beginnings of roots formed during this period.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eLand escape of a rose (Rosa L.), watered with structured water has a length of 4 cm, the roses (Rosa L.) with a simple watering 2 -2.5 cm. It is safe to conclude that water passed sonication in a range close to 20 kHz is accelerator plant growth and development. At the same time, the specified frequency range of ultrasonic treatment prevents premature aging plants and increases their resistance to disease and the impact of other external adverse factors.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eA number of works are known, among them (Masaki and et al. 2016), where various scientific explanations of the phenomenon of hydrodynamic and ultrasonic cavitation are given, accompanied by the processes of changing the mechanism of microalgae development.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIt is the cavitation mechanism that causes new effects of molecular changes in the structural characteristics of algal cells was shown in these studies.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIt is quite obvious that ultrasonic and hydrodynamic cavitation has a rather complex mechanism of affecting water and aqueous solutions and is manifested in many physical and chemical aspects. Mass spectrometric analysis of irrigation water allowed to illustrate that partial ionization of irrigation water occurs with activation of metal ions dissolved in it.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIt is possible that this factor as one of many can cause activation of plant growth, accelerates and enhances cellular metabolism.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn all probability, the activated metal ions, the concentration of some of which increased several times in the form that ultrasonic cavitation caused, greatly improve and intensify plant growth and appear as one of the factors contributing to this.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIt is possible to conclude with high confidence that the different spectra using ultrasonic radiation can be in one way or another affect the physicochemical properties of water. This is confirmed by the experiments. Against the background of the primary results of the spectra of acoustic vibrations produced by irrigation water to 20 kHz (increasing the total yield of 15% after 7\u0026ndash;8 drip irrigation, about 13\u0026ndash;18 days) is likely to predict the intensification of the growth of terrestrial vegetables and obviously increase their productivity (fixed increase fruit size by 50\u0026ndash;95%).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAccording to WHO experts silver and tin are substances that do not adversely affect the health of people and animals in maximum permissible concentrations in water. However, even in the most detail painted WHO recommendations against certain substances there is a note: \"There is no reliable data to establish the norm.\" This means that the work continues, and in this regard, it should be reminded that they also stated that science knows of hundreds of thousands of compounds, but few have been studied in terms of impact on the human body, as well as the flora and fauna of the earth.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIt is possible to draw a conclusion about the existing mechanism of interrelation of microbiological and physicochemical processes caused by the effect of cavitation on irrigated water for greenhouse growing tomatoes and cuttings of roses with a fixed effect on irrigation water of ultrasonic frequency spectrum from 16 to 24 kHz. Comparative testing and testing of both stems and leaves, and the root system of tomatoes revealed an increase in the green mass and increased development of plant roots. Thus, a direct link was established between the direct effects of increasing the concentration of trace elements of various metals, provoking to some extent the activation of plant growth without the introduction of special fertilizers.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe authors would like to add that we completely exclude any conflict of interest. The research was carried out entirely on the initiative and at the authors\u0026apos; own expense as a great interest in the object of research.\u003c/p\u003e\n"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAl-Mahrouki A.A., Karshafian R., Giles A., Czarnota G.J. 2012. Bioeffects of ultrasound-stimulated microbubbles on endothelial cells: Gene expression changes associated with radiation enhancement in vitro,\u003cem\u003eUltrasound Med Biol\u003c/em\u003e. Volume 38, P. 1958\u0026ndash;1969.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eChuang YH, Cheng PW, Chen SC, Ruan JL, Li PC. 2010. Effects of ultrasound-induced inertial cavitation on enzymatic thrombolysis, Department of Electrical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan. Ultrason Imaging. Apr. 32(2), P. 81-90.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eDyussenov K., Nedugov I. Cavitation energy converter: Patent Provisional Application, USA, Number: 61745772 from 25.12.12 P. 1-21.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eDyussenov K.M.,Sakipov, K.E., Shayakhmetova, R.T., Nedugov, I.A. Aitmagambetova M.B., Yessimseit, A.K. Influence of the impact of acoustic cavitation on the physical and chemical properties of water. Eurasian Physical Technical Journal, 2021, 18(1), pp. 65\u0026ndash;69.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eHern\u0026aacute;ndez-Garc\u0026iacute;a D., Castro-Obreg\u0026oacute;n S., G\u0026oacute;mez-L\u0026oacute;pez S., Valencia C., Covarrubias L. 2008. Cell death activation during cavitation of embryoid bodies is mediated by hydrogen peroxide, Experimental Cell Research, Volume 314, Issue 10, June, P. 2090\u0026ndash;2099.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eKuwabara Mamoru, Yo Ken, Kubo Takashi. 2005. Sono-processing of materials based on an acoustic cavitation phenomenon, Journal of Current Advances in Materials and Processes, Volume 18, № 4, P. 962-969,\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eLoraine G., Chahine G., Hsiao C.T., Choi J.K., Aley P. 2012. Disinfection of gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria using DynaJets\u0026reg; hydrodynamic cavitating jets, Ultrason Sonochemistry, Volume 19(3), P. 710-715.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMandar Badve, Parag Gogate, Aniruddha Pandit, Levent Csoka. 2013. Hydrodynamic cavitation as a novel approach for wastewater treatment in wood finishing industry, Separation and Purification Technology, Volume 106, P. 15-21.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMasaki Kurokawa, Patrick M.King, Xiaoge Wu, Eadaoin M. Joyce, Timothy J.Mason, Ken Yamamoto. 2016. Effect of sonication frequency on the disruption of algae, UltrasonicsSonochemistry, Volume 31, P. 157-162.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMojca Zupanc, Tina Kosjek, Martin Petkov\u0026scaron;ek, Matevž Dular, Boris Kompare, Brane \u0026Scaron;irok, Marjeta Stražar, Ester Heath. 2014. Shear-induced hydrodynamic cavitation as a tool for pharmaceutical micropollutants removal from urban wastewater, UltrasonicsSonochemistry, Volume 21, Issue 3, P. 1213-1221.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003ePan Li, Yuan Song, Shuili Yu, Hee-Deung Park. 2015. The effect of hydrodynamic cavitation on Microcystis aeruginosa: Physical and chemical factors. Chemosphere, Volume 136, P. 245-251.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eRiesz P., Berdahl D., Christman C.L. 1985. Free radical generation by ultrasound in aqueous and nonaqueous solutions, Environ Health Perspective, December: 64, P. 233\u0026ndash;252.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eVillanueva M.V., Luna M.C., Gil M.I., Allende A.. 2015. Ultrasound treatments improve the microbiological quality of water reservoirs used for the irrigation of fresh produce. Food research international, Volume 75, P. 140-147.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"},{"header":"Table 1","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 1.\u003c/strong\u003e The comparative characteristics of the content of trace minerals\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 33.3333%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMAC (WHO)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003emg/dm\u003csup\u003e3\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 33.3333%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAfter influence 20 kHz\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003emg/dm\u003csup\u003e3\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 33.3333%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAfter influence 50 kHz\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003emg/dm\u003csup\u003e3\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 33.3333%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCu 0.20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 33.3333%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.14\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 33.3333%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.136\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 33.3333%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eZn 0.30\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 33.3333%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.231\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 33.3333%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.148\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 33.3333%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCd 0.003\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 33.3333%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.00039\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 33.3333%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.00011\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":true,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"L. N. Gumilyov Eurasian National University","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"ultrasound, acoustic emission, cavitation, mass spectrometric analysis","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6274369/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-6274369/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eThe results of investigations of influence of acoustic radiation in the frequency range of 20 Hz and 50 kHz of some physical and chemical properties of irrigation water are represented. After studying a number of literature sources, it was found that there is practically no data on the effect of ultrasonic waves on irrigation water. It is shown that range of ultrasonic radiation in a range close to 20 kHz is more effective for productive drip irrigation experienced plants which leads to increasing the concentration of dissolved trace metals in the irrigation water and also affects the change of pH suitable irrigation water. Two fixed frequencies in the studies were chosen to more clearly establish the fact of the occurrence of ultrasonic cavitation in irrigation water and were determined by the capabilities of the created device. The frequency of 20 kHz was chosen as the preferred one for fixing the increase in tomato yield by periodically weighing it and comparing it with the control irrigation line. Tomatoes were chosen as the most common greenhouse crop and a product often used in the diet.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Effects of the Acoustic Radiations on the Intensification of Plants Growth","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-03-25 13:12:22","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6274369/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"81b650c6-b262-4f8f-bbea-54f7bf5a43ba","owner":[],"postedDate":"March 25th, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[{"id":46158157,"name":"Agricultural Engineering"}],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2025-03-25T13:12:22+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2025-03-25 13:12:22","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-6274369","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-6274369","identity":"rs-6274369","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}