5G Millimeter-Wave Beamforming System using Substrate Integrated Waveguide

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Butler Matrix (BM) as a beamforming network is used to control the beam direction by utilizing the amplitude and the output phase. A particular technique for designing BM is through substrate integrated waveguide (SIW), which is used to realize the bilateral edge wall vias where the waveguide mode propagates through to support the current flow and reduce the loss of surface wave. Unlike conventional BM, the proposed design requires only hybrid couplers and phase shifter without any crossover. In this BM structure, the SIW hybrid coupler is designed, with two phase shifters of -90°, and one phase shifter of -180° to control the amplitude and phase shifting. This results in an optimized transmission amplitude and output phase difference. The BM also circumvents any crossover, to provide minimal losses. The hybrid coupler exhibits Sii and Sij characteristics at 28 GHz, with values of -27.35 dB for return loss, -3.9 dB for insertion loss, -3.2 dB for coupling, and -26.54 dB for the isolation. In the BM design, high transmission efficiency is observed where the return loss is less than -10 dB, while minimal transmission amplitudes are obtained within the values of ‒6 ± 3 dB. The three-port BM is designed using SIW with minimal loss and the phase difference at each respective output port of the BM shows values of 0°, -120°, and 120°. The three consecutive beams with the gains of 11.1 dBi for port 1 excitation, 9.06 dBi for port 2 excitation and 10.4 dBi for port 3 excitation is achieved when the antenna array is fed to the BM, and each of the radiated beams has beam angles of 0, -27 and 27 degrees." } { "@context": "http://schema.org", "@type": "BreadcrumbList", "itemListElement": [ { "@type": "ListItem", "position": "1", "item": { "@id": "https://f1000research.com/", "name": "Home" } }, { "@type": "ListItem", "position": "2", "item": { "@id": "https://f1000research.com/browse/articles", "name": "Browse" } }, { "@type": "ListItem", "position": "3", "item": { "@id": "https://f1000research.com/articles/10-1311", "name": "5GMillimeter-WaveBeamformingSystem usingSubstrateIntegratedWaveguide" } } ] } Home Browse 5GMillimeter-WaveBeamformingSystem usingSubstrateIntegratedWaveguide ALL Metrics - Views Downloads Get PDF Get XML Cite How to cite this article Md Jizat N, Yusoff Z, A/L Nallasamy A and Yamada Y. 5G Millimeter-Wave Beamforming System using Substrate Integrated Waveguide [version 1; peer review: 2 approved with reservations] . F1000Research 2021, 10 :1311 ( https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.73224.1 ) NOTE: If applicable, it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in all citations of this article. Close Copy Citation Details Export Export Citation Sciwheel EndNote Ref. Manager Bibtex ProCite Sente EXPORT Select a format first Track Share ▬ ✚ Research Article 5G Millimeter-Wave Beamforming System using Substrate Integrated Waveguide [version 1; peer review: 2 approved with reservations] Noorlindawaty Md Jizat https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7618-2283 1 , Zubaida Yusoff https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0564-238X 1 , Arevinthran A/L Nallasamy 1 , Yoshihide Yamada 2 Noorlindawaty Md Jizat https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7618-2283 1 , Zubaida Yusoff https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0564-238X 1 , Arevinthran A/L Nallasamy 1 , Yoshihide Yamada 2 PUBLISHED 23 Dec 2021 Author details Author details 1 Faculty of Engineering, Multimedia University, Cyberjaya, Selangor, 62300, Malaysia 2 Communication Systems and Network (CSN i-Kohza) MJIIT,UTM, Jalan Sultan Yahya Petra, Kampung Datuk Keramat, Wilayah Persekutuan, Kuala Lumpur, 54100, Malaysia Noorlindawaty Md Jizat Roles: Conceptualization, Formal Analysis, Methodology, Software, Writing – Original Draft Preparation Zubaida Yusoff Roles: Project Administration, Supervision, Validation, Writing – Review & Editing Arevinthran A/L Nallasamy Roles: Methodology, Software Yoshihide Yamada Roles: Conceptualization, Formal Analysis OPEN PEER REVIEW DETAILS REVIEWER STATUS This article is included in the Research Synergy Foundation gateway. Abstract Beamforming is a key element of 5G that uses advanced antenna technologies to focus a wireless signal to a defined direction. Butler Matrix (BM) as a beamforming network is used to control the beam direction by utilizing the amplitude and the output phase. A particular technique for designing BM is through substrate integrated waveguide (SIW), which is used to realize the bilateral edge wall vias where the waveguide mode propagates through to support the current flow and reduce the loss of surface wave. Unlike conventional BM, the proposed design requires only hybrid couplers and phase shifter without any crossover. In this BM structure, the SIW hybrid coupler is designed, with two phase shifters of -90°, and one phase shifter of -180° to control the amplitude and phase shifting. This results in an optimized transmission amplitude and output phase difference. The BM also circumvents any crossover, to provide minimal losses. The hybrid coupler exhibits Sii and Sij characteristics at 28 GHz, with values of -27.35 dB for return loss, -3.9 dB for insertion loss, -3.2 dB for coupling, and -26.54 dB for the isolation. In the BM design, high transmission efficiency is observed where the return loss is less than -10 dB, while minimal transmission amplitudes are obtained within the values of ‒6 ± 3 dB. The three-port BM is designed using SIW with minimal loss and the phase difference at each respective output port of the BM shows values of 0°, -120°, and 120°. The three consecutive beams with the gains of 11.1 dBi for port 1 excitation, 9.06 dBi for port 2 excitation and 10.4 dBi for port 3 excitation is achieved when the antenna array is fed to the BM, and each of the radiated beams has beam angles of 0, -27 and 27 degrees. READ ALL READ LESS Keywords Millimeter-wave, substrate integrated waveguide, Butler Matrix, Three-ports, 5G, antenna array, radiation pattern Corresponding Author(s) Noorlindawaty Md Jizat ( [email protected] ) Close Corresponding author: Noorlindawaty Md Jizat Competing interests: No competing interests were disclosed. Grant information: Internal Grant form Multimedia University with project number: MMU/RMC/GRPROP/IR FUND/2020/16410 | Multimedia University The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. Copyright: © 2021 Md Jizat N et al . This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. How to cite: Md Jizat N, Yusoff Z, A/L Nallasamy A and Yamada Y. 5G Millimeter-Wave Beamforming System using Substrate Integrated Waveguide [version 1; peer review: 2 approved with reservations] . F1000Research 2021, 10 :1311 ( https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.73224.1 ) First published: 23 Dec 2021, 10 :1311 ( https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.73224.1 ) Latest published: 23 Dec 2021, 10 :1311 ( https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.73224.1 ) Introduction An antenna with tracking capability is required in various applications, including 5G wireless communication in millimeter wave. However, in millimeter wave, high path loss arises, which increases quadratically with the frequency, ∝ f 2 , as defined by Friis’ law. 1 To overcome this issue, beamforming and multiple-input, multiple-output (MIMO) systems are reported to be the key components of 5G systems that are to be deployed in 2020 and years to come. 2 – 4 Multibeam antenna arrays automatically identify the most effective data delivery, while reducing interference for nearby users. Multibeam antenna arrays with passive beamforming are practically chosen due to their small size, low cost, and high gain. 5 – 7 Butler Matrix (BM) is a well-known and simple design used for forming multiple beams with a linear array, where it can form orthogonal beams, and has a high beam crossover level. In this regard, a BM circuit has been found to be effective in developing alternative beams in various beam antenna-array systems. 8 – 11 Since BM allows beam tracking for the selected users while suppressing unwanted signal, it has been identified as a preferred solution for 5G communication networks. 12 – 13 However, due to the four hybrids, four phase shifters and two crossovers in the conventional BM, the transmission line adds undesired effects, such as insertion loss. 14 Substrate integrated waveguide (SIW) technology has been widely utilized due to its simple feeding network and low insertion loss. 15 – 17 The SIW can control the aperture width to ensure that the system is tightly coupled. A new generation of high frequency integrated circuits, the SIW, as a type of rectangular dielectric-filled waveguide produced in a planar substrate with arrays of metallic vias or slots to produce bilateral edge walls, is a good candidate for generating low sidelobe antenna arrays. In this work, a low loss SIW hybrid coupler is to be designed by realizing bilateral edge walls which control the current flow. The BM is to be designed by connecting the hybrid coupler with two -90° phase shifters and one phase shifter of -180°, with the respective reference to get the accurate output phase shift. This matrix is advantageous as it circumvents the crossover design, which is commonly used in the conventional design. The diameter and the pitch of the SIW via-hole is to be carefully designed to control the coupling throughout the BM path, to get a promising return loss and minimum transmission amplitude. The structure should be compact and low loss, which makes the BM suitable to be used in the beamforming application for the millimeter wave at 28 GHz. Methods In this design, the substrate of Rogers R04350B, with a thickness of 0.254 mm, dielectric constant of 3.66 and loss tangent, (tan δ) of 0.0037, is chosen due to their excellent performance at higher frequencies. See underlying data 18 for this section. Substrate Integrated Waveguide (SIW) According to Mohd Shukor et al., 19 a lower loss tangent is required in the substrate to ensure low dielectric loss and low dielectric absorption. Q-factor due to the dielectric, Q D , is expressed in H. B. Jeon et al . (1) with a value of 302.56, where ε eff , λ 0 and α d are the effective dielectric constant, the wavelength in the air and the dielectric loss, respectively. (1) Q D = 27.3 ε eff α d λ 0 In the SIW configuration, an array of via holes is arranged in array configuration to create the mutual side walls and operate as a rectangular waveguide enabling the current to flow through it. Figure 1 shows the SIW structure, which has a via hole that is shorted in both planes to provide vertical current routes. Since these vertical metal fences are replaced by through via holes, the SIW propagation modes are comparable to those of rectangular waveguides. 20 – 21 The SIW components in this segment have a via hole with a diameter of d and pitches of a and p , which represent the distance between the pairs of holes. With the optimized dimensions of the diameter and the pitches of the SIW into the coupler design, the proposed structure can fulfil the operational bandwidth at 28 GHz for millimetre wave. Figure 1. SIW structure with the diameter, d and pitch, a and p. As explained by Balanis, 22 the resonance frequency was determined as shown in previous studies (2-4), where the width and length of the SIW cavity are appropriately optimized to accommodate the TE 10 mode propagation. The SIW cavity's width and length are represented by w eff and l eff in the analysis: (2) f r = c 2 π μ r ε r π w eff 2 + π l eff 2 (3) w eff = w − d 2 0.95 p (4) l eff = l − d 2 0.95 p Based on (5-6), pitch should be kept short to reduce the leakage loss between nearby holes, where d is denoted as the diameter and p as the pitch (the distance between centre to centre of adjacent via holes). (5) d < λ g 5 (6) p ≤ 2 d Butler Matrix (BM) Figure 2 shows the signal path through three input and three output ports of the BM and Figure 3 (a), (b), and (c) illustrate the signal flow when the input is fed into In (I), In (II) and In (III), respectively. When the signal is fed into In (I), it passes through Coupler (II) and is divided into two outputs, where the first signal passes through Phase Shifter (I) producing an output signal of -180° at Out (I). The other signal passes Coupler (III) and Phase Shifter (III) producing an output signal of -180° at Out (II). The signal from Coupler (II) is coupled in Coupler (III) and produces an output of -180° at Out (III). The result obtained show the phase difference between these three output ports is 0°. Figure 2. 3 × 3 BM Schematic Diagram. Figure 3. 3 × 3 BM signal flow when input is fed to (a) In (I) (b) In (II) (c) In (III). When the signal is fed into In (II), the signal passes to each of the couplers and passes through the phase shifter according to the signal path. The first signal produces an output signal of -270° at Out (I). The signals to Out (II) produces an output signal of -90° and -360°. The superposition of the two signal vectors (-90°, -360°) formed at output port Out (II), results in an output signal value of -30°. Similarly, the signal from In (II) to the Out (III) passes through two different paths, where the first signal produces an output signal of -90° while the other signal, results in an output signal of -180° at Out (III). The superposition of the signal vectors (-90°, -180°), results in an output signal value of -150°. Thus, the phase magnitude of the signals obtained at each output port when Port 2 is fed are -270°, -30° and -150°. The equal phase difference results obtained when In (II) fed is +120°. The input signal fed to In (III), produces an output signal of -360° at Out (I) when it passes through Coupler (I), Coupler (II) and Phase Shifter (I). The superposition of the signal vector of - 180°, -270 results in an output signal value of -240° at Out (II). At Out (III), output signal of -120° is produced from the superposition of the signals (-180°, -90°). The phase magnitude of the signal obtained at each output port when In (III) is fed are -360°, -240° and -120°. The output phase difference obtained when Port 3 is fed is -120°. 23 Results SIW hybrid coupler The design of the SIW hybrid couplers shown in Figure 4 (a) is conducted using electromagnetic software, Computer Simulation Technology (CST) (The open-source version of this software is available at CST STUDIO SUITE Student Edition | 3DEXPERIENCE Edu (3ds.com ). The phase delay of the coupler signal is 90°, and this is due to the quarter wavelength line at the coupler branch with 50-ohm impedance. The signal flow is depicted in Figure 4 (b), where the input signal is equally split to each respective output ports. In this design, the W aperture dimension controls the value of the coupling to be 3 dB. When a signal is fed into Port 1, it is distributed uniformly to Ports 2 and 3, while Port 4 is isolated because it does not receive power. When all ports are matched, power entering Port 1 is evenly distributed across Ports 2 and 3, with a 90° phase shift between these outputs. No power is connected to Port 4, because the signal is out of phase. Figure 4. Topology of (a) SIW Coupler Structure (b) Surface Current Distribution. Equation (7) can be used to determine the coupling factor, where the W aperture dimension is 2.78 mm, the pitch is 1mm, and the diameter of the air hole is 0.3 mm. The results of the hybrid are shown in Figure 5 in terms of return loss, S 11 , insertion loss, S 21 , coupling, S 31 , isolation, S 41 , and output phase difference. The simulation shows that the values of -27.35 dB for return loss (S 11 ), -3.9 dB for insertion loss (S 21 ), -3.2 dB for coupling (S 31 ) and -26.54 dB for isolation (S 41 ) indicate a high transmission efficiency. The coupling factor implies that the output signal is distributed evenly between the output ports, and that the phase difference between the two output ports is 93 degrees. The coupling equation (7) is shown below: (7) Coupling = 10 log P 1 P 2 = − 20 log 1 2 dB Figure 5. Coupler (a) S-Parameter (b) Output Phase. Phase shifter The phase shifter is designed in the BM to control the output beams radiated by the patch antennas. Three phase shifters are designed with phase differences of -90° and -180°, as shown in Table 1 . In reference to the structure, phase shifter I and phase shifter II are designed with the hybrid coupler as the reference, while phase shifter III is designed with the respective transmission line as the reference. Each length dimensions of the phase shifter is controlled to produce accurate phase difference between the output ports, ∡ (P (4,3)) and the input ports, ∡ ((P (2,1)) which are -180° and -90°, respectively. The width of the microstrip transmission line used in the phase shifter has width dimension of 0.7826 mm, indicates 50 ohms impedance. The matched impedance of the transmission line is used to prevent losses occurring when integrated with the antenna array feed. Table 1. Phase Shifter Configuration. Beam steering BM The proposed BM has a three input and three output matrices, where this system is designed to produce equal amplitude and phase at the output ports. Figure 6 illustrates the perspective view of the BM configuration, which has three elements for both the input ports and output ports. If the input ports are supplied with the signal, evenly distributed output signals are fed to each of the hybrid coupler and the phase shifter elements accordingly. Figure 6. Perspective view of 3 ×3 BM. The phase shift between adjacent output ports, once the input port is fed with signal, δ i in (8), is generated by: (8) δ i = 2 πi N For i = ± (1/2), ± (3/2), ± (5/2), ± (N-1)/2. The performance of the 3 × 3 BM is studied using S-parameter simulation. The input and output return losses, S ii and S ii , are shown in Figure 7 , where i represents the input ports and j represents the output ports. The results show that the return loss values are below -10 dB (theoretical) indicating a high transmission efficiency and the bandwidth fulfilling the requirement of the millimetre wave at 28 GHz (from f 1 = 27.5 GHz, to f 2 = 29.5GHz). The transmission amplitudes show values of –6 ± 3 dB for each Sij respective input-output port in Figure 8 . Figure 7. Return loss S-Parameter (a) input ports (b) output ports. Figure 8. Transmission Amplitude, Sij (a) Input Port 1 (b) Input Port 2 (c) Input Port 3. SIW BM with patch antenna array The SIW BM is connected to the planar antenna array to observe the radiation pattern. The element of the patch antenna is shown in Figure 9 , where the dimensions are tabulated in Table 2 . Figure 10 illustrates the return loss of the patch antenna at the interested bandwidth achieved below -10 dB. Three patch antennas are connected to the output of the BM, with λ 0 /2 spacing between each other at 28 GHz, as illustrated in Figure 11 (a). When a signal is fed into the input ports, it is distributed with equal amplitude and progressive output phase shift to these three patch antennas. The antenna array spacing is set at λ 0 /2, which is equivalent to 5.357 mm at 28 GHz spacing, to provide a narrow beamwidth with reduced sidelobe. Figure 9. Patch Antenna at 28 GHz. Figure 10. Return Loss, S11 of the Patch Antenna, 28 GHz. Figure 11. BM with Antenna Array at 28 GHz (a) perspective view (b) Current Distribution. Table 2. Dimension Details for Figure 9 . Parameter Dimension (mm) Parameter Dimension (mm) W 1 7.15 L 1 9.13 W 2 4.70 L 2 3.40 W 3 0.23 L 3 1.14 W 4 0.78 L 4 2.29 The amplitude and phase excitation of each phase array antenna element are separately controlled to produce a radiated beam to the specific angle. The proposed structure, as seen at the center frequency, provides an equal power split from each input port, i (#1, #2, #3), to all output ports, j (#4, #5, #6). The current distribution is illustrated in Figure 11 (b,) when the input signal is fed into Port 1 (#1). The array factor can be influenced by the number of antenna elements, layout configuration, magnitude, minimum spacing, and relative phase. Equation 9 provides the equivalent phase shift across element, and 10 provides the BM beam direction, where d is the antenna distance and λ is the wavelength: (9) ∅ p = 2 πdsinθ / λ (10) sinθ = ± λ d ϕ p 360 ° Three beams with 0°, 30° and -30° beam directions are achieved by R. J. Maiiloux. 24 The multibeam array antenna BM generates three different beams angles in its x - y plane, due to the progressive output from the BM. Figure 12 depicts the H-plane radiation patterns; when each of the three ports is fed individually, three beam outputs with maximum gains of 11.1 dBi, 9.06 dBi, and 10.4 dBi and angle directions of 0°, +27°, and -27° are generated. Figure 12. SIW BM with Patch Antenna Array at 28 GHz when (a) Port 1 is fed (b) Port 2 is fed (c) Port 3 is fed. Conclusions In this paper, the BM has been designed using the SIW technique, where the width aperture is used to control the coupling value. The 3 x 3 BM, which is small and compact, can be used to steer the beam to the selected users, when integrated with the antenna arrays. The simulation of the SIW BM with the patch antennas shows promising results in terms of the return loss, transmission amplitude, gain, and the radiation pattern, without any compromise on the size. The system develops three beams to the angles of 0°, + 27° and -27°, with respective gains of 11.1 dBi, 9.06 dBi, and 10.4 dBi. The beamforming network of the BM with antenna array has a compact size of (45.93×21.5) mm 2 . Because the system is small and low loss, it is suitable for placement in the base station of 5G communication networks. Data availability Underlying data Figshare: The data for the design of 5G Millimeter-Wave Beamforming System using Substrate Integrated Waveguide is listed. DOI: https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.14883285.v2 18 This project contains the following underlying data: • Data file 1. (Hybrid S-Parameter) • Data file 2. (Hybrid S-Parameter (Phase)) • Data file 3. (BM Return Loss S-Parameter (a) input ports) • Data file 4. (BM Return Loss S-Parameter (a) output ports) • Data file 5. (BM Transmission Amplitude, Sij input port 1) • Data file 6. (BM Transmission Amplitude, Sij input port 2) • Data file 7. (BM Transmission Amplitude, Sij input port 3) • Data file 8. (Patch Antenna S-Parameter) Data are available under the terms of the Creative Commons Zero “No rights reserved” data waiver (CC0 1.0 Public domain dedication). Author contributions NMJ: Conceptualization, Formal Analysis, Methodology, Software, Writing – Original Draft Preparation; AA/LN: Methodology, Software; ZY: Project Administration Supervision, Writing – Review & Editing, Validation, YY. Conceptualization, Formal Analysis. Acknowledgements The authors wish to thank everyone, especially from Research Management Centre MMU Cyberjaya, SAP ID MMU/RMC/GRPROP/IR FUND/2020/16410, Faculty of Engineering, Multimedia University (MMU Cyberjaya), and Malaysia and Communication Systems and Network (CSN i-Kohza), MJIIT, UTM KL. References 1. Akyildiz IF, Han C, Nie S: Combating the Distance Problem in the Millimeter Wave and Terahertz Frequency Bands. IEEE Commun. Mag. June 2018; 56 (6): 102–108. Publisher Full Text 2. Jeon HB, Moon HJ, Kim SM, et al. : Demo. A Unified Platform of Free-Space Optics for High-Quality Video Transmission. Wireless Communications and Networking Conference Workshops (WCNCW), IEEE. 2020; 1–2. 3. Sun S, Rappaport TS, Shafi M: Hybrid beamforming for 5G millimeter-wave multi-cell networks Proc. IEEE Conf. Comput. Commun. Workshops, Honolulu, HI, USA. Apr. 2018. 4. Luo Q, Zhu XW, Yu C, et al. : Single-Receiver Over-the-Air Digital Predistortion for Massive MIMO Transmitters with Antenna Crosstalk. IEEE Trans. Microw. Theory Techn. 2020; 68 (1): 301–315. Publisher Full Text 5. Mishra D, Johansson H: Efficacy of Hybrid Energy Beamforming with Phase Shifter Impairments and Channel Estimation Errors. Signal Processing Letters IEEE. 2019; 26 (1): 99–103. Publisher Full Text 6. Zhang N, Yin H, Wang W: Hybrid beamforming for millimetre wave massive MU-MIMO systems with IQ imbalance. Communications IET. 2019; 13 (6): 776–785. Publisher Full Text 7. Payami S, Sellathurai M, Nikitopoulos K: Low-Complexity Hybrid Beamforming for Massive MIMO Systems in Frequency-Selective Channels. Access IEEE. 2019; 7 : 36195–36206. Publisher Full Text 8. Yang YK, Sim CY, Yang G: A novel 28 GHz beam steering array for 5G mobile device with metallic casing application. IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag. 2018; 66 (1): 462–466. Publisher Full Text 9. Kim S, Yoon S, Lee Y, et al. : A Miniaturized Butler Matrix Based Switched Beamforming Antenna System in a Two-Layer Hybrid Stackup Substrate for 5G Applications. Electronics. 2019; 8 : 1232. Publisher Full Text 10. Jizat NM, Yamada Y, Yusoff Z: Radiation Pattern of Array Antenna with the Dual-Layer Butler Matrix. 2020 IEEE International RF and Microwave Conference (RFM). 2020; 1–4. 11. Sakakibara K, Mizuno Y, Kikuma N, et al. : Millimeter-wave 4×4 Butler matrix for feeding circuit of multi-beam antenna using finline in multilayer substrate. 12th European Conference on Antennas and Propagation (EuCAP 2018). 2018; 1–4. 12. Howard DD: Tracking radar. Radar Handbook. 2nd ed. ch. 18. Skolnik MI, editor. McGraw-Hill; 1990. 13. Prakash V, Dahiya S, Kumawat S, et al. : Design of 4×4 Butler Matrix and its Process Modeling Using Petri Nets for Phase Array Systems. Progress In Electromagnetics Research C. 2020; 103 : 137–153. Publisher Full Text 14. Yang Q, et al. : A Low Complexity 16 ×16 Butler Matrix Design Using Eight-Port Hybrids. IEEE Access. 2019; 7 : 177864–177873. Publisher Full Text 15. Alrushud K, Gómez V, Podilchak SK: Planar Quasi-End-Fire Antenna Design using SIW Technology for CubeSats and Other Small Satellites. 2021 15th European Conference on Antennas and Propagation (EuCAP). 2021; 1–5. 16. Chiu TY, Li CH: Low-Loss Low-Cost Substrate-Integrated Waveguide and Filter in GaAs IPD Technology for Terahertz Applications. IEEE Access. 2021; 9 : 86346–86357. Publisher Full Text 17. Sun Q, Ban YL, Lian JW, et al. : Millimeter-Wave Multibeam Antenna Based on Folded C-Type SIW. IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation. 2020; 68 (5): 3465–3476. Publisher Full Text 18. Md Jizat N: 5G Millimeter-Wave Beamforming System using Substrate Integrated Waveguide. figshare. Dataset. 2021. Publisher Full Text 19. Mohd Shukor NA, Seman N: 5G planar branch line coupler design based on the analysis of dielectric constant, loss tangent and quality factor at high frequency. Sci. Rep. 2020; 10 : 16115. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text 20. Chen XP, Wu K: Substrate integrated waveguide filter: Basic design rules and fundamental structure features. IEEE Microw. Mag. 2014; 15 (5): 108–116. Publisher Full Text 21. Deslandes D, Wu K: Design Considerations and Performance Analysis of Substrate Integrated Waveguide Components. European Microwave Conference. 23-27 Sept. 2002; pp. 881–884. 22. Balanis C: Antenna Theory Analysis and Design. Wiley; 1997. 23. Wu B: 3X3 Butler Matrix and 5X6 Butler Matrix. Guangzhou, Guangdong 510700 Patent EP 3 024 297 A1, 25 05 2016. 24. Maiiloux RJ: Phased Array Antenna Handbook. Artech House; 2005. Comments on this article Comments (0) Version 1 VERSION 1 PUBLISHED 23 Dec 2021 ADD YOUR COMMENT Comment Author details Author details 1 Faculty of Engineering, Multimedia University, Cyberjaya, Selangor, 62300, Malaysia 2 Communication Systems and Network (CSN i-Kohza) MJIIT,UTM, Jalan Sultan Yahya Petra, Kampung Datuk Keramat, Wilayah Persekutuan, Kuala Lumpur, 54100, Malaysia Noorlindawaty Md Jizat Roles: Conceptualization, Formal Analysis, Methodology, Software, Writing – Original Draft Preparation Zubaida Yusoff Roles: Project Administration, Supervision, Validation, Writing – Review & Editing Arevinthran A/L Nallasamy Roles: Methodology, Software Yoshihide Yamada Roles: Conceptualization, Formal Analysis Competing interests No competing interests were disclosed. Grant information Internal Grant form Multimedia University with project number: MMU/RMC/GRPROP/IR FUND/2020/16410 | Multimedia University The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. Article Versions (1) version 1 Published: 23 Dec 2021, 10:1311 https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.73224.1 Copyright © 2021 Md Jizat N et al . This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Download Export To Sciwheel Bibtex EndNote ProCite Ref. Manager (RIS) Sente metrics Views Downloads F1000Research - - PubMed Central info_outline Data from PMC are received and updated monthly. - - Citations open_in_new 0 open_in_new 0 open_in_new SEE MORE DETAILS CITE how to cite this article Md Jizat N, Yusoff Z, A/L Nallasamy A and Yamada Y. 5G Millimeter-Wave Beamforming System using Substrate Integrated Waveguide [version 1; peer review: 2 approved with reservations] . F1000Research 2021, 10 :1311 ( https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.73224.1 ) NOTE: If applicable, it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in all citations of this article. COPY CITATION DETAILS track receive updates on this article Track an article to receive email alerts on any updates to this article. TRACK THIS ARTICLE Share Open Peer Review Current Reviewer Status: ? Key to Reviewer Statuses VIEW HIDE Approved The paper is scientifically sound in its current form and only minor, if any, improvements are suggested Approved with reservations A number of small changes, sometimes more significant revisions are required to address specific details and improve the papers academic merit. Not approved Fundamental flaws in the paper seriously undermine the findings and conclusions Version 1 VERSION 1 PUBLISHED 23 Dec 2021 Views 0 Cite How to cite this report: Geng C. Reviewer Report For: 5G Millimeter-Wave Beamforming System using Substrate Integrated Waveguide [version 1; peer review: 2 approved with reservations] . F1000Research 2021, 10 :1311 ( https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.76864.r244610 ) The direct URL for this report is: https://f1000research.com/articles/10-1311/v1#referee-response-244610 NOTE: it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in this citation. Close Copy Citation Details Reviewer Report 27 Feb 2024 Chun Geng , Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China Approved with Reservations VIEWS 0 https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.76864.r244610 A novel 3×3 Butler matrix (BM) is designed employing substrate integrated waveguide (SIW). The proposed design requires only hybrid couplers and phase shifter without any crossover. In this BM structure, the SIW hybrid coupler is designed, with two phase shifters ... Continue reading READ ALL A novel 3×3 Butler matrix (BM) is designed employing substrate integrated waveguide (SIW). The proposed design requires only hybrid couplers and phase shifter without any crossover. In this BM structure, the SIW hybrid coupler is designed, with two phase shifters of -90°, and one phase shifter of -180°. The phase difference at each respective output port of the BM shows values of 0°, -120°, and 120°. Finally, by integrating the antenna array, a three-port multibeam antenna is realized. More comments are listed as follows. The description of the transmission process of the Butler matrix from the input port to the output port is verbose and confusing, please express it clearly. The dimensional labelling in Fig. 4(a) is not clear and is not conducive to understanding, please make the dimensional labelling more visible. The surface current distribution in Fig. 4(b) is confusing, please revise the size of the arrow and a strength marker is needed to make it clearer. The title of the y-axis in Fig. 5(b) should not be “phase difference”, which does not correspond to the actual meaning of the solid line. The meaning of the diagrams in Table 1 is confusing, please replace them with representation of figures and explain the specific meaning of the figures, respectively. For the configuration of the 3×3 BM, the results of the isolation coefficients and the output phase differences corresponding to each input port does not show in this paper, please add the mentioned results if possible. The radiation performances of the patch antenna element are not given in this paper, please add and describe them if possible. The radiation patterns of the final multibeam antenna in curved form are not given in this paper, please add and describe them if possible. BMs have been developed extensively, please compare the proposed design with other similar BM designs to prove its value. Only simulated results were shown in this paper. If possible, please realize the fabrications and compare the simulated and the measured results. References in this paper need to be updated. Please centre all figures and tables and make all figures clearer if possible. Is the work clearly and accurately presented and does it cite the current literature? Partly Is the study design appropriate and is the work technically sound? Yes Are sufficient details of methods and analysis provided to allow replication by others? Partly If applicable, is the statistical analysis and its interpretation appropriate? Partly Are all the source data underlying the results available to ensure full reproducibility? Partly Are the conclusions drawn adequately supported by the results? Partly Competing Interests: No competing interests were disclosed. Reviewer Expertise: multibeam antennas, beamforming networks and mm-wave antenna arrays. I confirm that I have read this submission and believe that I have an appropriate level of expertise to confirm that it is of an acceptable scientific standard, however I have significant reservations, as outlined above. Close READ LESS CITE CITE HOW TO CITE THIS REPORT Geng C. Reviewer Report For: 5G Millimeter-Wave Beamforming System using Substrate Integrated Waveguide [version 1; peer review: 2 approved with reservations] . F1000Research 2021, 10 :1311 ( https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.76864.r244610 ) The direct URL for this report is: https://f1000research.com/articles/10-1311/v1#referee-response-244610 NOTE: it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in all citations of this article. COPY CITATION DETAILS Report a concern Respond or Comment COMMENT ON THIS REPORT Views 0 Cite How to cite this report: Babale SA. Reviewer Report For: 5G Millimeter-Wave Beamforming System using Substrate Integrated Waveguide [version 1; peer review: 2 approved with reservations] . F1000Research 2021, 10 :1311 ( https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.76864.r238985 ) The direct URL for this report is: https://f1000research.com/articles/10-1311/v1#referee-response-238985 NOTE: it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in this citation. Close Copy Citation Details Reviewer Report 19 Feb 2024 Suleiman Aliyu Babale , Bayero University Kano, Kano, Nigeria Approved with Reservations VIEWS 0 https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.76864.r238985 COMMENTS There are a lot of existing designs on Butler matrix (BM). The author should clearly indicate the differences between the existing designs, and this proposed design. The explanations on the progressive output phase ... Continue reading READ ALL COMMENTS There are a lot of existing designs on Butler matrix (BM). The author should clearly indicate the differences between the existing designs, and this proposed design. The explanations on the progressive output phase difference related to Figure 3 are not clear and look ambiguous. Please provide additional marks at the input and the output of each component for clarity. You may use ABCD…for this purpose. For example, when a signal is fed at In(I), it gets divided into two equal parts at B and C with an output phase difference of ( 90 ° , or 180 ° ) or whatever. https://f1000research.s3.amazonaws.com/supplementary/73224/27c57381-90a8-4547-b1e4-710c3f2e8922.png After the explanation, kindly provide a summary table for the flow. Is there any mathematical model and theoretical background of the coupler used? If they exist, kindly provide them. As this is a special type of BM with 3 inputs and 3 outputs, what are the branch line impedances of the couplers used to form the BM? Place a strength marker for the surface current distribution for Fig. 4 as you did in Fig. 11. Also, if possible, readjust the arrow size to be more visible. Kindly explain the result of Figure 5 (b). Preferably, give the phase difference instead of the various phases. From Figure 7 and several others, how do you establish the theoretical value of -10 dB? No information on how the patch antenna was designed. What are the L’s and the W’s of table 2? Generally, more discussions are needed for all the results presented. There is a need for a comparison against other existing Butler matrices. Only simulation results were presented in this work. Kindly make fabrications, measure the results, and compare the simulated and the measured results. The references need to be updated. Is the work clearly and accurately presented and does it cite the current literature? Partly Is the study design appropriate and is the work technically sound? Yes Are sufficient details of methods and analysis provided to allow replication by others? No If applicable, is the statistical analysis and its interpretation appropriate? Partly Are all the source data underlying the results available to ensure full reproducibility? No Are the conclusions drawn adequately supported by the results? Partly Competing Interests: No competing interests were disclosed. Reviewer Expertise: Antennas and Microwave devices such as Butler matrix, filters etc I confirm that I have read this submission and believe that I have an appropriate level of expertise to confirm that it is of an acceptable scientific standard, however I have significant reservations, as outlined above. Close READ LESS CITE CITE HOW TO CITE THIS REPORT Babale SA. Reviewer Report For: 5G Millimeter-Wave Beamforming System using Substrate Integrated Waveguide [version 1; peer review: 2 approved with reservations] . F1000Research 2021, 10 :1311 ( https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.76864.r238985 ) The direct URL for this report is: https://f1000research.com/articles/10-1311/v1#referee-response-238985 NOTE: it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in all citations of this article. COPY CITATION DETAILS Report a concern Respond or Comment COMMENT ON THIS REPORT Comments on this article Comments (0) Version 1 VERSION 1 PUBLISHED 23 Dec 2021 ADD YOUR COMMENT Comment keyboard_arrow_left keyboard_arrow_right Open Peer Review Reviewer Status info_outline Alongside their report, reviewers assign a status to the article: Approved The paper is scientifically sound in its current form and only minor, if any, improvements are suggested Approved with reservations A number of small changes, sometimes more significant revisions are required to address specific details and improve the papers academic merit. Not approved Fundamental flaws in the paper seriously undermine the findings and conclusions Reviewer Reports Invited Reviewers 1 2 Version 1 23 Dec 21 read read Suleiman Aliyu Babale , Bayero University Kano, Kano, Nigeria Chun Geng , Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, China Comments on this article All Comments (0) Add a comment Sign up for content alerts Sign Up You are now signed up to receive this alert Browse by related subjects keyboard_arrow_left Back to all reports Reviewer Report 0 Views copyright © 2024 Geng C. This is an open access peer review report distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. 27 Feb 2024 | for Version 1 Chun Geng , Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China 0 Views copyright © 2024 Geng C. This is an open access peer review report distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. format_quote Cite this report speaker_notes Responses (0) Approved With Reservations info_outline Alongside their report, reviewers assign a status to the article: Approved The paper is scientifically sound in its current form and only minor, if any, improvements are suggested Approved with reservations A number of small changes, sometimes more significant revisions are required to address specific details and improve the papers academic merit. Not approved Fundamental flaws in the paper seriously undermine the findings and conclusions A novel 3×3 Butler matrix (BM) is designed employing substrate integrated waveguide (SIW). The proposed design requires only hybrid couplers and phase shifter without any crossover. In this BM structure, the SIW hybrid coupler is designed, with two phase shifters of -90°, and one phase shifter of -180°. The phase difference at each respective output port of the BM shows values of 0°, -120°, and 120°. Finally, by integrating the antenna array, a three-port multibeam antenna is realized. More comments are listed as follows. The description of the transmission process of the Butler matrix from the input port to the output port is verbose and confusing, please express it clearly. The dimensional labelling in Fig. 4(a) is not clear and is not conducive to understanding, please make the dimensional labelling more visible. The surface current distribution in Fig. 4(b) is confusing, please revise the size of the arrow and a strength marker is needed to make it clearer. The title of the y-axis in Fig. 5(b) should not be “phase difference”, which does not correspond to the actual meaning of the solid line. The meaning of the diagrams in Table 1 is confusing, please replace them with representation of figures and explain the specific meaning of the figures, respectively. For the configuration of the 3×3 BM, the results of the isolation coefficients and the output phase differences corresponding to each input port does not show in this paper, please add the mentioned results if possible. The radiation performances of the patch antenna element are not given in this paper, please add and describe them if possible. The radiation patterns of the final multibeam antenna in curved form are not given in this paper, please add and describe them if possible. BMs have been developed extensively, please compare the proposed design with other similar BM designs to prove its value. Only simulated results were shown in this paper. If possible, please realize the fabrications and compare the simulated and the measured results. References in this paper need to be updated. Please centre all figures and tables and make all figures clearer if possible. Is the work clearly and accurately presented and does it cite the current literature? Partly Is the study design appropriate and is the work technically sound? Yes Are sufficient details of methods and analysis provided to allow replication by others? Partly If applicable, is the statistical analysis and its interpretation appropriate? Partly Are all the source data underlying the results available to ensure full reproducibility? Partly Are the conclusions drawn adequately supported by the results? Partly Competing Interests No competing interests were disclosed. Reviewer Expertise multibeam antennas, beamforming networks and mm-wave antenna arrays. I confirm that I have read this submission and believe that I have an appropriate level of expertise to confirm that it is of an acceptable scientific standard, however I have significant reservations, as outlined above. reply Respond to this report Responses (0) Geng C. Peer Review Report For: 5G Millimeter-Wave Beamforming System using Substrate Integrated Waveguide [version 1; peer review: 2 approved with reservations] . F1000Research 2021, 10 :1311 ( https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.76864.r244610) NOTE: it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in this citation. The direct URL for this report is: https://f1000research.com/articles/10-1311/v1#referee-response-244610 keyboard_arrow_left Back to all reports Reviewer Report 0 Views copyright © 2024 Babale S. This is an open access peer review report distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. 19 Feb 2024 | for Version 1 Suleiman Aliyu Babale , Bayero University Kano, Kano, Nigeria 0 Views copyright © 2024 Babale S. This is an open access peer review report distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. format_quote Cite this report speaker_notes Responses (0) Approved With Reservations info_outline Alongside their report, reviewers assign a status to the article: Approved The paper is scientifically sound in its current form and only minor, if any, improvements are suggested Approved with reservations A number of small changes, sometimes more significant revisions are required to address specific details and improve the papers academic merit. Not approved Fundamental flaws in the paper seriously undermine the findings and conclusions COMMENTS There are a lot of existing designs on Butler matrix (BM). The author should clearly indicate the differences between the existing designs, and this proposed design. The explanations on the progressive output phase difference related to Figure 3 are not clear and look ambiguous. Please provide additional marks at the input and the output of each component for clarity. You may use ABCD…for this purpose. For example, when a signal is fed at In(I), it gets divided into two equal parts at B and C with an output phase difference of ( 90 ° , or 180 ° ) or whatever. https://f1000research.s3.amazonaws.com/supplementary/73224/27c57381-90a8-4547-b1e4-710c3f2e8922.png After the explanation, kindly provide a summary table for the flow. Is there any mathematical model and theoretical background of the coupler used? If they exist, kindly provide them. As this is a special type of BM with 3 inputs and 3 outputs, what are the branch line impedances of the couplers used to form the BM? Place a strength marker for the surface current distribution for Fig. 4 as you did in Fig. 11. Also, if possible, readjust the arrow size to be more visible. Kindly explain the result of Figure 5 (b). Preferably, give the phase difference instead of the various phases. From Figure 7 and several others, how do you establish the theoretical value of -10 dB? No information on how the patch antenna was designed. What are the L’s and the W’s of table 2? Generally, more discussions are needed for all the results presented. There is a need for a comparison against other existing Butler matrices. Only simulation results were presented in this work. Kindly make fabrications, measure the results, and compare the simulated and the measured results. The references need to be updated. Is the work clearly and accurately presented and does it cite the current literature? Partly Is the study design appropriate and is the work technically sound? Yes Are sufficient details of methods and analysis provided to allow replication by others? No If applicable, is the statistical analysis and its interpretation appropriate? Partly Are all the source data underlying the results available to ensure full reproducibility? No Are the conclusions drawn adequately supported by the results? Partly Competing Interests No competing interests were disclosed. Reviewer Expertise Antennas and Microwave devices such as Butler matrix, filters etc I confirm that I have read this submission and believe that I have an appropriate level of expertise to confirm that it is of an acceptable scientific standard, however I have significant reservations, as outlined above. reply Respond to this report Responses (0) Babale SA. Peer Review Report For: 5G Millimeter-Wave Beamforming System using Substrate Integrated Waveguide [version 1; peer review: 2 approved with reservations] . F1000Research 2021, 10 :1311 ( https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.76864.r238985) NOTE: it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in this citation. 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