Utilizing multiple indices for a comprehensive appraisal of the quality of groundwater and threats to health in the Amaravathi Basin, India

Abstract In India, the quality of groundwater in the Amaravathi basin was thoroughly examined using the DWQI and IWQI. DWQI follows WHO standards, while the IWQI assesses water suitability for consumption, irrigation, and farming. High levels of F and NO3 have a detrimental impact on health and were evaluated using USEPA models for infants, children, and adults. 96 groundwater samples were analyzed and measured for EC, TDS, pH, and various ionic concentrations. Findings revealed that 42% of samples met DWQI standards due to high salinity, hardness, nitrate, and fluoride levels. USEPA guidelines indicated significant health risks from nitrate and fluoride, with the total hazard index exceeding one in many samples. High salinity rendered 33% of the sample unsuitable for irrigation, though most remained suitable for livestock. Spatial analysis revealed declining groundwater quality from the center to the east of the basin. Mapping identified wells needing attention from development efforts.