Female surgical contraception and chronic pelvic pai

Chronic pelvic pain ( CPP) could appear following female birth control procedures,which consist of tubal sterilization and intrauterine contraceptive device ( IUD) . The main causes of CPP after tubal sterilization are pelvic inflammatory disease ( PID) ,omentum adhesion syndrome ( OAS) ,pelvic congestion syndrome ( PCS) ,and neurosis as well. The diagnosis can be made by pelvic examination, medical imaging studies and laparoscopy. CPP after IUD insertion is closely related to ectopic IUD. The combination of X-ray and ultrasonography is important and useful in the diagnosis,and laparoscopy is also important in the diagnosis of severe cases. It is necessary and critical for CPP causes to be found out before the treatment.