Superabsorbent hydrogel based on angico gum containing a hybrid mineral–carbon fraction for environmental remediation: Potential for ciprofloxacin removal

Superabsorbent hydrogel based on angico gum containing a hybrid mineral–carbon fraction for environmental remediation: Potential for ciprofloxacin removal | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Superabsorbent hydrogel based on angico gum containing a hybrid mineral–carbon fraction for environmental remediation: Potential for ciprofloxacin removal Albert Santos Silva, Luís Humberto Oliveira, Emerson Alves Costa Moura, and 5 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-8339188/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Under Review Version 1 posted 17 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract The increasing presence of emerging contaminants in aquatic environments has motivated the development of adsorbent materials derived from natural matrices. In this study, a superabsorbent hydrogel based on angico gum (HGA) was synthesized and modified by incorporating a hybrid mineral–carbon fraction composed of montmorillonite, sepiolite, and activated carbon (MIN) to remove ciprofloxacin (CPX) from aqueous solutions. The composite (HGA-MIN) was characterized using FTIR, XRD, TG, SEM, micro-CT, swelling analysis, pH pzc determination, and reusability tests. FTIR confirmed the functional groups of the polymeric network, while XRD indicated a predominantly amorphous structure with characteristic peaks of the incorporated clays. TG analysis showed an increased residue in HGA-MIN, confirming the presence of MIN in the matrix. SEM revealed a porous morphology for HGA and greater surface roughness in HGA-MIN. Micro-CT demonstrated a reduction in porosity from 81.32% (HGA) to 22.99% (HGA-MIN). The composite maintained a high swelling capacity (14.81%), and its pH pzc (8.52) favored CPX adsorption under acidic conditions. Adsorption tests showed a maximum capacity of 234.8 mg g -1 , with the Langmuir and Sips models providing the best fit. Kinetic studies followed the pseudo-second-order model, reaching equilibrium in 30 min. Reusability assays indicated that HGA-MIN retained over 90% of its adsorption capacity after five cycles. These findings highlight HGA-MIN as an efficient material for the removal of pharmaceutical contaminants from water. Adsorption Remediation Nanocomposites Biopolymers Model drug Full Text Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Under Review Version 1 posted Editorial decision: Revision requested 19 Jan, 2026 Reviews received at journal 08 Jan, 2026 Reviews received at journal 04 Jan, 2026 Reviews received at journal 02 Jan, 2026 Reviews received at journal 27 Dec, 2025 Reviews received at journal 23 Dec, 2025 Reviews received at journal 22 Dec, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 21 Dec, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 21 Dec, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 20 Dec, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 20 Dec, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 19 Dec, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 19 Dec, 2025 Reviewers invited by journal 19 Dec, 2025 Editor assigned by journal 15 Dec, 2025 Submission checks completed at journal 15 Dec, 2025 First submitted to journal 11 Dec, 2025 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-8339188","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":563696935,"identity":"d8e9caa7-2d19-45f7-ad6a-d5c583d85e48","order_by":0,"name":"Albert Santos Silva","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"LIMAV, UFPI","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Albert","middleName":"Santos","lastName":"Silva","suffix":""},{"id":563696936,"identity":"a84338ae-1b70-4535-929d-8decc21c88a5","order_by":1,"name":"Luís Humberto Oliveira","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"LIMAV, UFPI","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Luís","middleName":"Humberto","lastName":"Oliveira","suffix":""},{"id":563696937,"identity":"8a9dc04c-67e3-47c1-9783-dc7d1da09ab9","order_by":2,"name":"Emerson Alves Costa Moura","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"LIMAV, UFPI","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Emerson","middleName":"Alves Costa","lastName":"Moura","suffix":""},{"id":563696938,"identity":"12f3072b-c080-4c55-9843-7f03add92677","order_by":3,"name":"Josy Anteveli Osajima","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"LIMAV, UFPI","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Josy","middleName":"Anteveli","lastName":"Osajima","suffix":""},{"id":563696939,"identity":"ba3b2f86-24fb-491f-b760-492259706d5d","order_by":4,"name":"Edvani Curti Muniz","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"State University of Maringa","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Edvani","middleName":"Curti","lastName":"Muniz","suffix":""},{"id":563696940,"identity":"2af23ae5-efaa-4db9-a8b0-6d60a52099a5","order_by":5,"name":"Santiago Medina-Carrasco","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Universidad de Sevilla","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Santiago","middleName":"","lastName":"Medina-Carrasco","suffix":""},{"id":563696941,"identity":"2ff4d3f2-36dd-4e7c-b48f-708917f10896","order_by":6,"name":"Maria del Mar Orta","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAArElEQVRIiWNgGAWjYDADflI1GDBINpCsxeAAsWr5pbsTP3zc80fe+Eb6A4YPf4jQIjnn7GbJGc8MDLfdyDFgnNlGjItu5G6Q5jlgwAjUwsDM20CEFvsbuZt/A7XYb56R/oD5DzEOM5DI3QayJXGDRIIBMwMbEVokbuRus5xxwDh5xpk3Bgd7ifEL/4zczTc+HJCz7W9Pf/jgBzEOQwEHSNUwCkbBKBgFowAHAABpZDir+qd55AAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==","orcid":"","institution":"Universidad de Sevilla","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Maria","middleName":"del Mar","lastName":"Orta","suffix":""},{"id":563696942,"identity":"e8ee6650-3b03-4afe-a5c0-f4a61fbc7561","order_by":7,"name":"Edson C. 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Environment","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"Springer Hybrid","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":false},"keywords":"Adsorption, Remediation, Nanocomposites, Biopolymers, Model drug","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-8339188/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-8339188/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eThe increasing presence of emerging contaminants in aquatic environments has motivated the development of adsorbent materials derived from natural matrices. In this study, a superabsorbent hydrogel based on angico gum (HGA) was synthesized and modified by incorporating a hybrid mineral–carbon fraction composed of montmorillonite, sepiolite, and activated carbon (MIN) to remove ciprofloxacin (CPX) from aqueous solutions. The composite (HGA-MIN) was characterized using FTIR, XRD, TG, SEM, micro-CT, swelling analysis, pH\u003csub\u003epzc\u003c/sub\u003e determination, and reusability tests. FTIR confirmed the functional groups of the polymeric network, while XRD indicated a predominantly amorphous structure with characteristic peaks of the incorporated clays. TG analysis showed an increased residue in HGA-MIN, confirming the presence of MIN in the matrix. SEM revealed a porous morphology for HGA and greater surface roughness in HGA-MIN. Micro-CT demonstrated a reduction in porosity from 81.32% (HGA) to 22.99% (HGA-MIN). The composite maintained a high swelling capacity (14.81%), and its pH\u003csub\u003epzc\u003c/sub\u003e (8.52) favored CPX adsorption under acidic conditions. Adsorption tests showed a maximum capacity of 234.8 mg g\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e, with the Langmuir and Sips models providing the best fit. Kinetic studies followed the pseudo-second-order model, reaching equilibrium in 30 min. Reusability assays indicated that HGA-MIN retained over 90% of its adsorption capacity after five cycles. These findings highlight HGA-MIN as an efficient material for the removal of pharmaceutical contaminants from water.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Superabsorbent hydrogel based on angico gum containing a hybrid mineral–carbon fraction for environmental remediation: Potential for ciprofloxacin removal","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-12-22 17:51:02","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-8339188/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"decision","content":"Revision requested","date":"2026-01-19T22:14:45+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2026-01-08T22:53:15+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2026-01-04T18:21:48+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2026-01-02T21:59:02+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2025-12-27T18:23:04+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2025-12-23T08:51:15+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2025-12-22T10:48:41+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"329291958086632646297283056622777876881","date":"2025-12-21T17:23:12+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"205118265899227308048816005075034134807","date":"2025-12-21T07:36:38+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"17829574249974302531143115966408831352","date":"2025-12-20T17:27:54+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"266626703923283559394537212345503060521","date":"2025-12-20T06:32:17+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"247978909751485846218757168868911368558","date":"2025-12-19T14:58:55+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"255836808631017776461728133389498662626","date":"2025-12-19T14:40:54+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2025-12-19T14:33:17+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2025-12-15T19:29:33+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"checksComplete","content":"","date":"2025-12-15T19:28:55+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"Journal of Polymers and the Environment","date":"2025-12-11T17:31:38+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"journal-of-polymers-and-the-environment","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"jooe","sideBox":"Learn more about [Journal of Polymers and the Environment](https://www.springer.com/journal/10924)","snPcode":"10924","submissionUrl":"https://submission.nature.com/new-submission/10924/3","title":"Journal of Polymers and the Environment","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"Springer Hybrid","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":false}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"cb71025a-be6c-43d0-93e0-74db8e683df5","owner":[],"postedDate":"December 22nd, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"under-review","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2026-05-11T12:11:55+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2025-12-22 17:51:02","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-8339188","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-8339188","identity":"rs-8339188","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}