Conceptualizing radical solutions to global warming via pipeline transport green fuel ammonia produced from abundant renewable energy in equatorial waters

Conceptualizing radical solutions to global warming via pipeline transport green fuel ammonia produced from abundant renewable energy in equatorial waters | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Article Conceptualizing radical solutions to global warming via pipeline transport green fuel ammonia produced from abundant renewable energy in equatorial waters Hiroshi Kobayashi This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-4261445/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract The threat of global warming is imminent; however, fundamental solutions have yet to be presented. The current large-scale deployment of solar and wind power poses several challenges, including difficulties in storing large amounts of electricity and reduced power grid inertia. Additionally, rising surface temperatures thaw carbon-rich permafrost, glaciers, and Arctic ice, decreasing surface albedo (sunlight reflectance) and increasing atmospheric water vapor and methane, which have potent greenhouse effects. The result is a self-reinforcing cycle of rising surface temperatures, even if greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions are reduced to zero. These challenges can be overcome by (1) deploying numerous high-capacity floating offshore photovoltaic plants in equatorial waters with abundant renewable energy resources and generating sufficient electricity to meet the world’s primary energy needs; (2) using the generated electricity to synthesize green fuel ammonia, which is key to solving the challenges of renewable energy, and transporting and storing it globally via pipeline networks; and (3) continuously removing sufficient quantities of GHGs from the atmosphere to offset the self-reinforcing cycle. Upon deployment and implementation of such strategies by 2050, the Paris Agreement goals could be achieved and even return to pre-industrial levels. However, increased sea levels cannot be reversed. Earth and environmental sciences/Environmental sciences Physical sciences/Energy science and technology Physical sciences/Engineering greenhouse gas emission global warming photovoltaic plants equatorial waters green fuel ammonia carbon capture and storage Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 INTRODUCTION The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) has released its Climate Change 2023 Synthesis Report (AR6) [ 1 ], its first report since the Fifth Assessment Report (AR5) [ 2 ] released in 2014. AR6 confirms that more than 100 years of burning fossil fuels have caused global warming. The report confirms that global surface temperatures in 2011–2020 exceeded those in 1850–1900 by 1.1°C. This has resulted in widespread adverse impacts on nature and people and associated losses and damages. Climate responses to five illustrative scenarios based on shared socioeconomic pathways (SSPs) have been evaluated. The very low and low greenhouse gas (GHG) emission scenarios, SSP1-1.9 and SSP1-2.6, present decreases in CO 2 emissions to net zero at around 2050 and 2070, respectively. In the intermediate GHG emissions scenario, SSP2-4.5, CO 2 emissions remain at approximately current levels until mid-century. Conversely, in the high and very high GHG emissions scenarios, SSP3-7.0 and SSP5-8.5 would result in CO 2 emissions roughly doubling from current levels by 2100 and 2050, respectively. The best estimates and likely ranges of surface temperature rise for each scenario for 2081-2100 are as follows: SSP1-1.9: \({1.4}_{-0.4}^{+0.4}℃\) , SSP1-2.6: \({1.8}_{-0.5}^{+0.6}℃\) , SSP2-4.5: \({2.7}_{-0.6}^{+0.8}℃\) , SSP3-7.0: \({3.6}_{-0.8}^{+1.0}℃\) , and SSP5-8.5: \({4.4}_{-1.1}^{+1.3}℃\) . Furthermore, as emissions increase, the sea level will rise; for example, according to the SSP5-8.5 scenario, the sea level rise will exceed 15 m by 2300, and sea level rise is irreversible [ 1 ]. According to the SSP5-8.5 scenario, CO 2 emissions will double by 2050, whereas the global primary energy demand will increase by 2.4% annually, as shown in the global primary energy demands depicted in Supplementary Fig. S1 . If the trend persists, it will double the current level by 2050. In today's unstable global era, the possibility of reaching SSP5-8.5 is not low. It is critical to note that AR6 is a report for policymakers on current knowledge about climate change, its broader impacts and risks, and climate change mitigation pathways and adaptation. Therefore, it does not propose specific technological solutions to global warming. This paper is an ambitious proposal to realize SSP1-1.9 or SSP1-2.6 using only current technology. Whether SSP1-1.9 or SSP1-2.6 is realized depends on how quickly the proposal can be implemented and operationalized globally. Incidentally, renewable energy sources, such as solar and wind power, are being introduced globally to promote decarbonization, posing several major challenges. (1) Photovoltaic and wind power plants are called asynchronous connected power generation (through inverters). As the capacities of such plants increase, the number of generators synchronous with the inertia of rotating bodies decreases. If a grid accident occurs under these circumstances, the grid frequency may drop sharply, resulting in a blackout of the entire area. When the supply of asynchronous connected power exceeds 50% of the grid demand at a certain time of day or under certain conditions (e.g., sunny weather), the transmission of power to the grid (power sales) is curtailed; when it exceeds 75%, power sales will become temporarily suspended [ 3 ]. Moreover, the frequency of power sales curtailment increases as renewable energy introduction into the grid increases during sunny conditions and when wind speeds are favorable for wind power generation in seasons with low electricity demand (spring and fall). Additional challenges associated with renewable energy sources include (2) large time variability and seasonal bias of renewable energy; (3) small generating capacity of individual renewable energy plants compared to that of thermal and nuclear power systems; (4) lack of an inexpensive means to store large amounts of electrical energy; and (5) lack of an inexpensive means to transport large amounts of renewable energy to distant locations with minimal loss. As a fundamental solution to these problems, this paper proposes the use of the abundant all-sky solar radiation (sum of direct solar radiation and solar radiation scattered and reflected in the atmosphere) received by the vast equatorial waters (area: 160 million km 2 ). Floating offshore photovoltaic (FOPV) plants in only 1% of the equatorial waters can generate sufficient renewable energy to meet the global primary energy demand, and their output can be converted into hydrogen energy carriers (HECs) that can be stored for 4–6 months [ 4 ]. This approach addresses issues (1–4); issue (5) can be resolved by deploying a global pipeline transportation network. Most hydrogen used to synthesize ammonia (NH 3 )—a raw material for nitrogen fertilizers—is produced from fossil fuels via steam methane reforming, which emits 830 Mt of CO 2 annually [ 5 ]. Hydrogen produced from such fossil fuels is called “gray hydrogen,” whereas that generated from renewable energy is “green hydrogen.” The latter is obtained using an electrolytic cell to decompose water molecules and separate hydrogen from oxygen, which does not release CO 2 . Ammonia synthesized from green hydrogen and nitrogen can be designated “green fuel ammonia” (G-NH 3 ). In this study, NH 3 refers to ammonia, LNH 3 refers to liquefied NH 3 , and G-NH 3 refers to green fuel NH 3 in liquid and gaseous states. The following sections present the main points of my previous study [ 4 ] on developing a carbon-free energy supply system using floating offshore photovoltaics and HECs (a downloadable link to the English version is provided in Supplementary Note A ). Next, the global deployment of an LNH 3 pipeline transportation network is proposed as a large-volume and low-power-consumption means of energy transportation and storage without depleting limited mineral resources. Furthermore, as discussed below, global warming has already formed a self-reinforcing cycle that cannot be reversed, and a radical solution is not only to achieve zero emissions (SSP1-1.4) by 2050 but also to continue direct air carbon capture and storage (DACCS) or bioenergy with CCS (BECCS; both DACCS and BECCS are hereinafter referred to as CCSs) of GHGs from the atmosphere sufficient to offset the self-reinforcing cycle. This will ensure that the Paris Agreement goal of less than 1.5°C is achieved and that surface temperatures can be reduced as far as possible to pre-industrial levels. While grand in scale, this proposal can be achieved using only current technology. However, challenges in practical application will be discussed, such as improving the performance of catalysts that can replace the Haber-Bosch process developed 100 years ago for NH 3 synthesis and reducing the cost of facilities, construction, maintenance, and operation, which are the key factors in lowering the cost of carbon-free energy. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Offshore solar power generation in equatorial waters Global primary energy demands Suppose the world’s primary energy supply continues to increase at a rate of 2.4%. In that case, the primary energy supply in 2050 will be approximately double that in 2021 ( Supplementary Note B, Supplementary Fig. S1 ). Therefore, 320 PWh/year was applied as an approximate guide for the amount of renewable energy production required to meet the global energy demand in 2050 (2TPESw 2050 ) [ 6 ]. Equatorial waters with abundant all-sky solar radiation Figure 1 presents a revised version of the annual mean all-sky solar radiation map of the Earth’s surface, including weather and day/night variations. The original map was developed by Loster using geostationary meteorological satellite data from 1991 to 1993 [ 7 ]. Most equatorial waters and land areas between 30° N and 30° S receive abundant all-sky solar radiation, with an annual average ≥ 220 W/m 2 . The candidate areas along the continental coast of equatorial waters for offshore photovoltaic power generation are ≥ 50 m deep (Fig. 1 ) and less susceptible to ocean currents and tsunamis [ 8 , 9 ]. Assuming an average all-sky solar radiation of 240 W/m 2 and a conversion efficiency of 16% based on the cooling effect of seawater and expected future improvements in solar cell performance, it is posited that sufficient potential ocean area exists to produce 2TPESw of offshore solar power in these areas, with a total FOPV area of approximately 1.58 million km 2 . Structure and power generation capacity of FOPV plants The designed FOPV plant comprises one million hexagonal solar panels (length per side = 3 m) flexibly connected based on a honeycomb structure. This facilitates the dispersion and absorption of complex impact and fluid forces caused by sea and wind waves. The FOPV plant consists of small aggregates (100 solar panels connected in series), medium aggregates (100 small aggregates insulated and connected in series), and a large aggregate (100 medium aggregates connected in parallel), creating a logical three-tier structure with a maximum output of 500 kV, 6.1 kA, and 3.1 GW. Each plant covers a 28 km 2 area and produces an annual average power of 652 MW, yielding an annual energy output of 5.71 TWh. This is comparable to the power generation capacities of nuclear and thermal power plants. Thus, approximately 56,000 FOPV plants will be required to produce the required 2TPESw in 2050. Hence, offshore solar power generation via FOPV plants in equatorial waters can solve the issue (3). Notably, a FOPV plant has a stationary functionality, using a screw propeller to prevent displacement by ocean currents and strong winds; a diving functionality preventing damage during storms (maximum wave height: 20 m); a lighthouse functionality preventing vessel collisions; and an automatic detour functionality activated when a solar panel fails. Additionally, multiple artificial intelligence (AI)-equipped transfer and assembly robots dedicated to solar panels and assembly sections are used to assemble the required one million solar panels in parallel, limiting construction to a short period [ 4 ]. Green fuel ammonia Hydrogen energy carrier Under normal temperature and pressure conditions and in the gaseous state, hydrogen has low energy density, is highly flammable, and combusts explosively, making it unsuitable for storage and transportation. Thus, hydrogen is converted into HEC, a high energy density substance that can be easily stored and transported. Japan’s Cabinet Office’s Strategic Innovation Promotion (SIP) Program conducted a wide range of studies on HECs from 2014 to 2018, with results that have received worldwide attention [ 10 ]. Based on the program findings, four types of HECs were considered in this study ( Supplementary Table S1 ). The most promising HEC is LNH 3 (often called “fuel ammonia”), which is used as a raw material for fertilizers and transported and stored in large quantities; however, the volumetric and mass energy densities of LNH 3 are lower than those of crude oil and liquefied natural gas. Certain aspects of NH 3 related to combustion and utilization technologies must be improved, including the lower flame temperature and heat radiation than fossil fuels. Studies are underway to commercialize NH 3 mono-fired gas turbine generators and industrial furnaces; NH 3 fuel cells that can directly utilize NH 3 for practical applications are expected to be available by 2025 [ 11 – 13 ]. Green fuel ammonia The highly fluctuating electricity output from renewable sources is stabilized by recharging and discharging storage batteries. G-NH 3 , derived from renewable energy sources, is synthesized from nitrogen and green hydrogen generated through water electrolysis, stored in storage tanks for up to 4–6 months, and transported by pipelines to thermal power plants and other facilities using energy carrier conversion storage, and supply systems (ECSSs) [ 4 ]. These systems solve issues (2) and (4). Thermal power generation using G-NH 3 A sufficient inertial is applied to the grid by stably and continuously transmitting AC power generated by an NH 3 mono-fired synchronous generator throughout the year. Assuming that the transmission loss from the FOPV plant to the ECSS is 5%, the stabilization loss of renewable energy–derived electricity by recharging and discharging storage batteries will be 5%, loss because of hydrogen generation will be 20%, loss because of NH 3 synthesis will be 10% [ 14 ], and loss during power generation of the NH 3 mono-fired synchronous generator will be 35% (excluding reuse of generated heat). NH 3 synthesized from FOPV output can generate 290 MW. Therefore, 10,600 FOPVs can cover the 26.9 PWh (approximately 17% of TPESw) supplied by global electric utilities in 2022 [ 15 ]. This implies that a stable power grid can be supported only by synchronized power generated from renewable energy sources, providing a solution to issue (1). Global energy transport Electron and NH 3 transfer energy loss The movement of electrons in a conductor is subject to electrical resistance and results in thermal energy loss. The pipeline transport of LNH 3 requires a small amount of energy to move NH 3 molecules via pressurized pumps because of the friction between molecules and the pipe interior; however, the hydrogen energy of the NH 3 molecules is maintained during movement. This enables easy transport of a large amount of energy [ 16 ]. Therefore, as discussed in the Methods, aluminum submarine transmission cables and transmission lines should be implemented where energy must be transmitted as electricity, such as between FOPVs and ECSSs and within grids. The LNH 3 pipeline transport network may thus be a good medium for transporting a large amount of energy from ECSSs over several thousand kilometers with minimal energy consumption. This approach addresses issue (5). Global energy delivery network Figure 2 illustrates the proposed concept of a global carbon-free energy delivery network. The concept consists of 26 FOPVs per trunk pipeline, transmitting high-voltage direct current (HVDC) power to the ECSS via submarine transmission cables with an average length of 300 km. Typically, ECSSs can store 4–6 months’ worth of LNH 3 synthesized from renewable energy in tanks and deliver LNH 3 at an approximately 0.9 m 3 /s flow rate to the network, with an approximately 2.1 m/s flow speed at 12.9 MPa (using pressurized pumps). The trunk pipelines of the network comprise carbon steel pipes (for high-pressure piping) that possess the largest pressure resistance and diameter with respect to the Japanese Industrial Standards (JIS) [ 17 ]. One trunk pipeline can transport the energy of approximately 10 1,200-MW HVDC transmission lines and incur less than one-tenth the energy consumption. The network is a mesh of pipelines, and the distance between pressurized pumps is approximately 300 km. This network provides a stable supply at the required volume to various destinations, such as NH 3 -fired thermal power plants [ 11 ] and industrial furnaces, hydrogen-reduced steel mills that use hydrogen instead of coke [ 18 ], ports of call for NH 3 -fueled ships [ 13 ], and airfields for hydrogen-fueled aircraft [ 19 ]. The difference between a water network and an NH 3 network is that water is a liquid at normal temperature and pressure, while NH 3 is a gas under the same conditions. Maintaining LNH 3 in a liquid state requires the configuration information of the LNH 3 network with respect to the inner diameter and length of each pipe; pressure, temperature, flow rate, and density of LNH 3 ; flow velocity of LNH 3 ; and friction coefficient and height difference in the pipe. Additionally, fluctuations in demand at the supply destination and the amount stored in tanks must be considered to regulate the supply of LNH 3 and determine the transportation route. Three-way pressurized pumps, shutoff valves, tanks, and ECSSs are controlled based on measured data to prevent LNH 3 evaporation and backflow in the network, supply shortages at destination facilities, and large NH 3 leaks because of breakage incidents. The characteristics of NH 3 pipeline transport based on the proposed system are described in the Methods section. From an energy security perspective, depending only on offshore solar power generation and NH 3 transportation is unacceptable. Self-excited HVDC transmission, compatible with wind power generation, has been widely deployed in Europe to strengthen the grid [ 20 ]. Such technology should also be used in conjunction with the proposed pipeline. Conductor resource depletion is another concern when building a global mass energy transport system. The effectiveness of NH 3 pipeline networks is further discussed in the Methods section. Contribution of the proposed approach to global warming prevention Possibility of achieving the Paris Climate Agreement goals Suppose the proposal is implemented as soon as possible, and almost all energy sources are carbon-free by 2050, the very low GHG emission scenario SSP1-1.9. In this case, the temperature rise can be suppressed to \({1.4}_{-0.4}^{+0.4}℃\) . However, AR6 primarily assesses climate change through 2100. Because the climate system varies over response time scales of several hundred years or more, the discussion of global warming mitigation is based on previous work by Randers and Goluke [ 21 ], extending the time scale. Randers et al. used the ESCIMO climate model to simulate two scenarios that achieve zero GHG emissions by 2100 (Scenario 1) and by 2020 (Scenario 2). The amount of CCSs varied between 0 and 37 Gt/year under the scenarios, and changes in global average temperature were estimated. In Scenario 1, the temperature peaked at 2.3°C in 2075 without CCSs, declined temporarily, and increased to 3°C by 2500. In Scenario 2, the temperature peaked at 1.2°C in 2030, declined temporarily, and rose to 2.7°C by 2500. However, in both scenarios, atmospheric CO 2 concentrations declined to approximately pre-industrial levels after 2200. The phenomenon results from a persistent self-reinforcing cycle in which rising surface temperatures thaw carbon-rich permafrost, glaciers, and Arctic ice, reducing surface albedo (sunlight reflectance) and increasing atmospheric water vapor and methane, which have powerful greenhouse effects. In Scenario 1, if CCSs are run continuously at a rate of 33 Gt/year, temperatures will temporarily peak (1.7°C) before dropping to 1.0°C by approximately 2100 and then to below 0.5°C around 2500. Interestingly, atmospheric CO 2 concentrations decrease to pre-industrial concentrations around 2100 and half by 2500. This is presumed to be because CCSs offset the self-reinforcing cycle of rising surface temperature. In contrast to the two scenarios, the SSP1-1.9 scenario would have zero CO 2 emissions by 2050. The temperature peaks at \({1.4}_{-0.4}^{+0.4}℃\) . If CCSs continue at the rate of 33 Gt/year, surface temperatures will begin to decline from the peak rising temperature, reaching less than 0.5°C by around 2500, achieving the Paris Agreement goal of less than 1.5°C [ 22 ]. However, if efforts are delayed 20 years and the SSP1-2.6 scenario is applied, temperatures will rise to \({1.8}_{-0.5}^{+0.6}℃\) . Furthermore, if drastic measures are not taken, the SSP5-8.5 scenario would result in a temperature rise to \({4.4}_{-1.1}^{+1.3}℃\) by the end of the 21st century. It is important to understand that early implementation of the proposed approach is a major key to deterring global warming. However, as mentioned earlier, rising sea levels are irreversible, and sea levels will not fall once they have risen unless an ice age occurs. Challenges in the practical application of the proposed approach The proposed approach is a remarkable attempt to solve global warming fundamentally. Even without innovative technologies, such as nuclear fusion, the SSP1-1.4 scenario: \({1.4}_{-0.4}^{+0.4}℃\) with zero CO 2 emissions by 2050 can be achieved with current technologies alone. Repeated requests have been made, suggesting that leading Japanese companies, government agencies, and academia cooperate to develop and demonstrate a small-scale pilot system in equatorial waters. However, they responded, “In the past, we would have undertaken this project without hesitation if we had Japan's economic strength, but under the current circumstances, it is challenging.” Therefore, this paper is still in the conceptual stage, and not even a rough cost estimate has been made by the specialized firms. To deliver carbon-free energy (G-NH 3 ) cheaply and stably to every corner of the globe, it is essential to reduce facility, construction, and maintenance costs for FOPV, ECSS, and LNH 3 pipeline networks. In designing and developing such facilities, considering "economies of scale" is essential [ 23 ]. This means that as production volume increases, fixed costs are spread over production volume, and variable costs reduce because of improvements in the efficiency of the production process. In other words, the higher the fixed costs, the higher the production volume and the faster the fall of unit costs. If production volume and variable costs are high, investing in R&D and production equipment to produce high-performance, long-life products using cheaper raw materials is more advantageous. Furthermore, construction and maintenance are more likely to become fixed costs using AI-powered robots. Fortunately, the proposed system has zero fuel costs, and if labor costs can be maintained low through extensive use of robots, variable costs as a percentage of equipment costs will be low, and energy prices could be much lower than current prices as production increases. CCSs are the factor preventing lower energy costs. That is, while carbon capture, utilization, and storage (CCUS) has the potential to bring significant benefits from oil drilling and synthetic fuels, CCSs are expensive and provides no direct benefit to companies because it injects CO 2 captured from the atmosphere into deep leak-free underground layers at a notable energy cost. Adding the cost of CCSs to fossil fuels as a fuel tax would also effectively promote decarbonization. Individual issues include (a) salt damage countermeasures for FOPVs and solar cell modules, (b) preventing marine organisms from adhering to the outside of the solar panels and inside the seawater tanks, (c) improving the performance of catalysts for low-temperature and low-pressure synthesis of NH 3 (such as La-Al-N: 200–400°C, 10 atm [ 24 ]) to replace the Haber-Bosch process (400–500℃, 100 atm or higher) developed 100 years ago, and cracking of NH 3 (Ni/h-BaTiO 3 − x N y : 580°C, 1 atm [ 25 ]), (d) developing a global-scale construction of an inexpensive LNH 3 pipeline transport network for operation on a global scale and establishment of stable operation technology and seismic resistance, and (e) securing storage capacity for large amounts of LNH 3 , including use of salt caverns and depleted natural gas and petroleum reservoirs. Thus, to realize this proposal, most countries worldwide must participate in its implementation. A dedicated UN body should cooperate with the UNEP, WMO, IPCC, IEA, other UN agencies, governmental bodies, and industries to gather global knowledge and promote strong technical, economic, political, social, industrial, academic, environmental, and temporal perspectives. CONCLUSIONS Carbon-free energy could be obtained permanently without fossil fuels or nuclear power as well as innovative technologies such as nuclear fusion. This can be achieved through the global transportation of G-NH 3 produced from abundant renewable energy resources found in equatorial waters using pipeline networks with low energy consumption without depleting limited mineral resources. The approach can effectively overcome the challenges associated with current solar and wind power generation, such as low generating capacity, fluctuating output, difficulties in storing electrical energy, and reduced power grid inertia. During the opening plenary session of the UN Climate Ambition Summit 2023 [26], the UN Secretary-General António Guterres reminded delegates that “humanity has opened the gates of hell” and that “leaving the current level of climate action unchecked is dwarfed by the scale of the challenge.” The concept proposed here responds to this warning by providing concrete measures that can save humanity from this “hell” and return as much as possible to the Earth's surface temperature as it was at the time of the Industrial Revolution. It is strongly recommended to immediately establish a UN organization, tentatively named the “Global Warming Action Team,” to aggressively promote the development of FOPVs, ECSSs, and LNH 3 pipeline networks and permanent CCSs from the atmosphere. The proposed system must be fully operational globally by 2050, following demonstration tests in equatorial waters and other areas, as early as possible. METHODS Analysis of LNH 3 pipeline transportation characteristics Basic pipeline characteristics The basic characteristics of the high-pressure carbon steel pipes [ 17 ] used for LNH 3 transport are shown in Supplementary Fig. S3. As LNH 3 corrodes carbon steel pipes, coating the inner surface of a pipe with a zinc thermal spray was suggested as a preventive measure more than 30 years ago [ 27 ]. Temperature characteristics of LNH 3 The following calculations for NH 3 properties were performed using FLUIDAT [ 28 ]. NH 3 is a gas at normal temperature and pressure (20 ℃ and 0.1 MPa) and liquefies when pressurized to ≥ 0.86 MPa. Supplementary Fig. S4a displays the vapor pressure curve of NH 3 . If the T of the buried pipe is 35 ℃, the pressure required to maintain the liquefied state, Pr, would be ≥ 1.36 MPa, calculated as follows: Pr = 1.36 × SF = 2.05 MPa where SF is the safety factor. Supplementary Fig. S4a shows high and low Pr values occur at T > 35 ℃ and T ≤ 35 ℃. As an example, this study assumes that the ground where the pipeline is buried near the equatorial waters has an average T of 35 ℃, and it further assumes that a pipe with the highest pressure resistance (Schedule (Sch) = 160) is used. Therefore, for the pipeline transport of LNH 3 , the pressure, P, in the pipe should be maintained at 2.05–12.9 MPa. In Supplementary Fig. S4b , the dynamic viscosity σ of a fluid represents the resistance to movement for an object in the fluid. The kinematic viscosity ν (σ divided by density ρ) represents the resistance to movement for the fluid itself. Both these factors depend on T. The lower the temperature of a liquid, the lower its ability to flow (less slippery), and vice versa. In contrast, the σ value of a gas increases with increasing temperature and has the opposite characteristic to that of a liquid. The ρ value of LNH 3 is 601 kg/m 3 (35°C, 12.9 MPa), whereas that of NH 3 is 0.679 kg/m 3 (35°C, 0.1 MPa), i.e., 1/855 that of LNH 3 . The ν values of LNH 3 and NH 3 are 1.45E-07 and 1.59E-05, respectively. Thus, LNH 3 is 110 times less viscous than NH 3 . This shows that transport of LNH 3 via the pipeline allows for considerably greater density and is more efficient than that of NH 3 in its gaseous state. As shown in Supplementary Fig. S4c , the density of LNH 3 varies by 20.6% in the temperature range of − 40 to 60 ℃. Hence, the considerable effect of T on LNH 3 density must be considered when analyzing pipeline transport characteristics. Performance analysis of LNH 3 pipeline transportation Table 1 provides an example of the numerical analysis of LNH 3 pipeline transportation characteristics, performed using the goal-seeking function of Microsoft Excel. This method includes variable values that contain the analysis results and standard values referenced during the analysis. Table 1. Numerical analyses performed to determine LNH 3 pipeline transport performance LNH 3 pipeline transport is turbulent because of the large flow velocity (V) of the liquid, the large pipe inner diameter (ID), and the small ν. Therefore, the Reynolds number (Re), which represents the influence of viscosity on the flow, is large. The pipe friction coefficient λ for turbulent flow in a rough-surface pipe can be calculated using Colebrook’s equation (Table 1 ). The equation cannot be solved directly as it is an implicit equation that involves logarithms and square roots; therefore, step (I) was performed as explained below. For example, ID vs. flow rate (Qw) is plotted in Fig. 3a , where ID is the VV: (I) Specify Colebrook’s formula in the formula input cell, set the target value to 0 and variable cell to λ, and use the goal seek function to find λ; (II) For multiple IDs, set the formula input cell (objective variable) to [Pa variable value − Pa standard value], the target value to 0, and change cell (SV) to V; use the goal-seeking function to find Qw; and plot ID vs. Qw ( Fig. 3 a) . Fig. 3 b–h can be drawn using the same procedure. In Table 1 , Sch 160 pipelines for 2TPESw PLw = 2,157 pipelines means that 2TPESw = 320 PWh of electricity (equivalent to the global primary energy in 2050 produced by 56,048 FOPVs) can be converted to LNH 3 and transported by 2,157 pipelines. The same values were applied to conditions sourced from the published literature to verify the accuracy and effectiveness of the values in Table 1 . For example, LNH 3 pipeline transport for fertilizer use began operation in 1979. It represents the world’s longest pipeline (2,471 km) and runs from Tolyatti (Russia) to Odessa (Ukraine). This pipeline can transport 2.5 million tons LNH 3 synthesized from gray hydrogen produced by reforming Russian natural gas annually [ 29 ]. Using Table 1 , the ID of the pipe (0.253 m) was calculated based on the transport volume per day, determined by the LNH 3 flow rate per day (Qw = 6,849 t/d); the pipe’s internal pressure P satisfied the criterion 2.05 MPa < P < 12.9 MPa. Thus, the estimated nominal pipeline diameter that can transport LNH 3 is 300 (the nominal diameter of the proposed trunk pipeline is 650). Furthermore, the US-based company NuSter lists a capacity of 26,300 t/d for its 16-inch (40.6 cm) pipe size, as detailed in the catalog titled “Pipeline Transport of Ammonia, Contributing to Bridge the Gap to a Carbon-Free Future” [ 30 ]. It is unclear whether the 16-inch pipe size refers to the outer diameter (OD) or ID. However, if an OD is assumed, the pipe ID is 0.325 m (according to Supplementary Fig. S3b ), and the calculated Qw is 13,284 t/d (Table 1 ). Additionally, assuming an ID, the Qw is 23,684 t/d, similar to the value in the catalog. Hence, it can be concluded that the pipe size of 16 inches refers to the ID of the pipe. The basic characteristics of the pipeline transport of LNH 3 are discussed below with reference to Fig. 3a–h and Table 1 . Performance analysis results of LNH 3 pipeline transportation Figure 3a shows that the Qw value of LNH 3 increased rapidly with increasing ID; as the Qw value increased, the FOPV load factor for pumping energy remained constant at µ = 0.114%. This is because the pressure pump energy (Ep) and number of FOPVs (Npv) increased at approximately the same rate and canceled each other out in the equation, µ: where θ is the electricity-to-LNH 3 conversion efficiency. In contrast, the velocity head (Hv) increased, although not as much as Ep and Npv; however, the pressure head (Hp) remained constant. As Hv « Hp, the increase in Hv was not reflected in µ. As noted earlier, once a pipeline is laid, it is used for a long period. The dotted line in Fig. 3a indicates a case in which technological progress allows pipelines with large IDs, resulting in a mixture of backbone pipelines of different IDs. In this case, the flow rate can be increased in the section of the newly laid pipeline. However, fluid control should be flexible to maximize the resources of the pipeline network in such situations. Figure 3b shows the relationship between the pipe inner surface roughness (ε), Qw, and µ. Notably, ε = 0.15 mm was common for high-pressure-resistant carbon steel pipes, and Qw increased as ε decreased, that is, as the pipe surface became smoother. Even when ε 0.15 mm, Qw decreased as λ increased, and Ep and Npw decreased at approximately the same rate, thereby canceling each other in the µ formula. Thus, µ = 0.114% and remained constant. It is speculated that technological progress will lead to a mixture of pipelines with a small ε value and that pipelines with increasing ε will be incorporated over time. Figure 3c shows the relationship between the pipe length of relay pumps (L), Qw, and µ. A greater amount of LNH 3 can be transported in sections where L is 300 km, Qw must be reduced. The same flexible control of the pipeline network is required, as described above. As shown in Supplementary Fig. S4 , the properties of LNH 3 vary greatly with the ambient temperature. In Fig. 3d , Qw can be increased because T is 35°C. If Qw is constant at T < 35°C, the pipeline’s transport capacity is not effectively utilized. Figure 3e shows the relationship between the difference in elevation (ΔH) and L. A negative ΔH value indicates a downward slope, whereas a positive value represents an upward slope. In the downward inclination, L cannot be increased but contributes to the decrease in µ because of applying the self-weight pressurization of LNH 3 ; therefore, Pa and Hp do not exceed the upper limit (Pa = 12.9 MPa). For the upward slope, because the self-weight pressurization of LNH 3 is applied at the onset of the flow, the contribution of pump pressurization to Hp must be reduced, and Hp must be kept constant. Consequently, L is shortened but remains constant at µ = 0.114% because of the anti-weight-bearing pressure (load) on the pump. In the LNH 3 pipeline transportation network, if LNH 3 is supplied to a storage facility in the middle of the pipeline and LNH 3 with a reduced flow rate is transported further along the pipeline, the pressure in the pipeline will decrease, causing a change in state from liquid to gas (evaporation). This may, in turn, result in the LNH 3 pressurization pump running dry, causing system failure. To avoid this eventuality, as shown in Fig. 3f , the applied pressure (Pa) required to maintain Pr should be > 2.05 MPa, even when the Qw value of the trunk pipeline is reduced. For Pa to respond flexibly and immediately to this change, Pr at the far end (the inlet of the next-stage pressure pump) should be constantly monitored, and the measured value should be fed back to the compression pump side to adjust and control the pressure (in Pa). Thus, instead of changing the ID according to Qw, the output of the pressurized pump can be controlled electrically by feedback instead of incorporating a mechanical control mechanism. The SF can guide the proportional limit, yield point, tensile and fatigue strengths, and spring limits. The guidelines used depend on the load requirements and setting conditions. Generally, the SF value is 1.5 for aircraft, 1.3 for automotive part yield and fatigue, and 2.5–3.0 for steel structures (buildings). Figure 3g shows the relationship between SF and Qw, where SF is applied to Pa and Pr. For pipelines, the SF value is usually set at 1.5. However, considering the possibility of poor-quality construction work in locations where pipelines are buried, it may be necessary to set the SF value to 3, comparable to building construction work (in this case, Qw will be reduced to less than half). To avoid this, thoroughly training contractors, engineers, and craftsmen and using robots (instead of manual labor) can be considered for pipe joint (welding) work to maintain high quality. Figure 3a–g reveals that L = 300 km can be considered a standard value, whereas Fig. 3h shows the relationship between ε and Qw when L = 1,500 km. At a standard value of ε = 0.150 mm, Qw decreases to approximately 45% when L = 300 km. When the inner tube surface is coated with Teflon or similar material, Qw increases to approximately 54% for ε = 0.004 mm. If it is difficult to relay pressurization along the path, this factor should be considered in the design process. Table 2 presents the rate at which Qw increases when the values of SF, ID, ε, L, and T are changed by 10% in the direction of increasing Qw. As shown in Table 2 , the ID exhibits the highest rate of increase, and a 10% increase can increase the Qw value by slightly less than 30%. The second highest value was 9.5% of the Pa value. Conversely, the rate of increase is the lowest for ε. To transport LNH 3 to various parts of the world, including via transport ships, it is advantageous to increase the Qw value per pipe as much as possible via the pipeline network design, management, and control costs. As shown in Supplementary Figures S3a and b , and Fig. 3a , the JIS standard for carbon steel pipes in high-pressure piping is expected to be expanded to include pipes with large diameters and high-pressure resistances. However, considering the difficulty of pipe transportation and burial work because of the increased weight of the pipe resulting from the greater pressure resistance, it would be beneficial to use a larger-diameter pipe even if the Pa or wall thickness is reduced. The optimization of these factors should be left to the manufacturer. Table 2 Sensitivity of the NH 3 pipeline network performance-related parameters to increases in Qw Parameter Standard value Change: 10% of reference value Qw increase rate (%) SF 1.50 1.35 6.6 ID (m) 0.532 0.585 27.8 Ε (mm) 0.150 0.135 1.1 L (km) 300 270 4.7 Pa (MPa) 12.8 14.1 9.5 T (K/℃) 308.2 277.3 8.6 35.0 4.2 Considerations Based on these performance analysis results, the configuration of the LNH 3 network must be managed to maintain and distribute NH 3 in a liquid state. This includes managing the ID and L of each pipe laid, the λ in the pipes, and the ΔH, P, T, Qw, V, and ρ of LNH 3 at the onset and far ends of the pipes while also accounting for fluctuations in the demand at the supply destination and the amount stored in tanks. To prevent LNH 3 evaporation and backflow in the pipeline transport network, insufficient supply at the destination facility, and leakage because of breakage accidents, factors such as three-way pressurized pumps, shutoff valves, and ECSSs must be flexibly controlled based on relevant data to maximize the use of the network. Furthermore, to increase the flow rate per pipe in the network, larger-diameter carbon steel pipes for high-pressure piping will be more effective than higher-pressure-resistant pipes. Assessment of limited mineral resource depletion in global energy transport While assessing the resource depletion problem, the continents were first modeled as subject to energy transportation. Subsequently, the conductor resources in the submarine cables between FOPV plants and landing stations and conductor resources in the LNH 3 pipeline and HVDC transmission networks within continents were addressed. Modeling of the continents The continent to be modeled ( Supplementary Table S2 ) is rectangular and extends from the equatorial waters to high latitudes. It consists of Eurasia, the Americas, and Africa, each with a population density of more than 20 individuals/km 2 . FOPV plant to landing station HVDC transmission As shown in Supplementary Table S3 , copper and aluminum reserves were evaluated to determine whether they were sufficient to produce the submarine cables (a total of two wires, positive and negative) required to transmit 2TPESw generated by a number of FOPV plants located in equatorial waters to land. A voltage drop and conductor cross-sectional area formula was used for the voltage drop and wire cross-sectional area ( https://www.kk-mitsuboshi.co.jp/product/calc/ ). Energy transport and limited mineral resource depletion problems within modeled continents Energy consumption is the maximum at high latitudes in winter. The key is to build systems that can transport energy from equatorial waters to continental high latitudes with minimal energy consumption and without depleting construction resources. Supplementary Table S4 shows the estimated utilization rates for key mineral resources in the HVDC and LNH 3 networks. However, as described by Kobayashi [ 4 ], when the FOPV plant is generating electricity, DC power is assumed to be transmitted directly from the ECSS to the HVDC power grid without NH 3 synthesis; when the FOPV plant is not generating electricity, such as at night, DC power is assumed to be generated from NH 3 and transmitted. Additionally, the trunk pipeline (LNH 3 pipeline network) and HVDC transmission line (HVDC power grid) are assumed to transport the same amount of energy. Using aluminum reserves by constructing submarine and intra-continental cables alone amounts to approximately 18%. Iron is the most abundant metal with the lowest energy losses in LNH 3 transport ( Supplementary Table S4) . Considerations Large quantities of aluminum will be used in AC power grids built worldwide. Aluminum resources have long been considered abundant; however, if used in large quantities for energy transportation as an important material in the fight against global warming, aluminum may become a rare metal, similar to copper. The LNH 3 pipeline transport network is suitable for energy transportation over long distances, such as within continents, as it can store energy anywhere with minimal mineral resource depletion and energy consumption. However, as mentioned above, constructing an LNH 3 pipeline network involves enormous costs, including land rights. Thus, installing multiple subsurface pipelines in excavated trenches and using submarine pipelines, chemical tankers, and pipes with larger IDs should also be considered. Declarations Acknowledgements I would like to thank Professor Fumihiko Imamura (Tohoku University), Professor Emeritus Shinji Sato (Tokyo University), Honorary Professor Hideo Hosono and Professor Masaaki Kitano (Tokyo Institute of Technology), Professor Soji Odabe (Kyushu Institute of Technology), and Program Coordinator Bunro Shiozawa (Cross-ministerial Strategic Innovation Promotion [SIP] Program) for their valuable insights regarding tsunamis, sea waves, catalysts for ammonia synthesis and decomposition, superconducting power transmission, and hydrogen energy carriers, respectively. I would like to thank Editage (www.editage.com) for English language editing. Author contributions As noted in the Acknowledgements, numerous valuable insights were provided by prominent professors. H.K. was responsible for the conception of the study, collection of materials, analysis, and writing of the paper including figures and tables. Data availability Data will be provided by the author upon reasonable request. Competing interests The author declares no competing interests. Additional information Supplementary information The online version contains supplementary material available at https:// Correspondence and requests for materials should be addressed to Hiroshi Kobayashi. References IPCC. Climate change 2023: Synthesis report. Contribution of Working Groups I, II, and III to the sixth assessment report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (Core Writing Team, H. Lee and J. Romero, eds). IPCC , Geneva, Switzerland; (2023). https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/syr/ IPCC. Climate change 2014: Synthesis report. Contribution of Working Groups I, II, and III to the fifth assessment report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (Core Writing Team, R.K. Pachauri and L. Meyer, eds). IPCC , Geneva, Switzerland; (2014). https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar5/syr/ EirGrid & SONI. All island TSO facilitation of renewables studies https://www.eirgrid.ie/site-files/library/EirGrid/Facilitation-of-Renewables-Report.pdf (2010). Kobayashi, H. Carbon-free energy supply system using floating offshore photovoltaics and hydrogen energy carriers: Towards the achievement of the Paris Agreement goal. J. Jpn. Soc. Energy Resour. 43 , 274–286 (2022). Soummane, S. & Shabaneh, R. Fostering net-zero transition pathways: The role of clean hydrogen. King Abdullah Petroleum Studies and Research Centre . https://www.kapsarc.org/research/publications/fostering-net-zero-transition-pathways-the-role-of-clean-hydrogen/ (2022). Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry. Energy white paper 2023. Agency for Natural Resources and Energy . (2023). Loster, M., Total primary energy supply – from sunlight https://www.ez2c.de/ml/solar_land_area/ (2010). Dean, R. G. & Dalrymple, R. A. Water wave mechanics for engineers and scientists: Advanced Series on Ocean Engineering: Volume 2 . (World Scientific, 1991). https://doi.org/10.1142/1232 Imamura, F. Mechanism of tsunami. Tsunami disaster preparedness day awareness event. Tsunami Disaster Prevention Special Seminar. (2019). Shiozawa, B. Possibilities of ammonia as CO 2 -free fuel and hydrogen energy carrier (Parts 1–10) – Results of SIP "Energy Carrier ." Japan’s Cabinet Office’s Strategic Innovation Promotion (2019–2020). https://ieei.or.jp/2019/11/expl191107/ (2019). Starts development of World's First Ammonia-Fired 40,000 kW Class Gas Turbine System, expanding lineup of carbon-free power generation, aiming for commercialization after 2025. MHI (2021). https://energy-shift.com/news/a6c195b3-41f8-4c0a-b882-750632ba12f2 IHI. Succeeded in generating 1 kW with a fuel cell system using ammonia as fuel – CO 2 -free clean fuel cell contributes to the realization of a low-carbon society – IHI Press Release. https://www.ihi.co.jp/all_news/2018/technology/1190443_1624.html (2018). NYK Group. Demonstration project begins for social implementation of ships equipped with ammonia-fueled domestically produced engines, NYK Line, Japan Engine Corporation, IHI Power Systems Co. IHI Power Systems Co. Nippon Shipyard Co. Nippon Kaiji Kyokai General, Incorporated Foundation. https://www.nyk.com/news/2021/20211026_03.html Mitsushima, S. Energy storage and transport technology for large-scale introduction of renewable energy. GS Yuasa technical report. 10–1 (2013). International Energy Agency. Electricity Market Report. IEA. (July 2022 - Update). International Energy Agency. The future of hydrogen: Seizing today’s opportunities. https://www.iea.org/reports/the-future-of-hydrogen (2019) JIS. Carbon steel pipes for high pressure service. G3455 . Japanese Standards Association . (2020). Ono, T. Japan iron and steel federation long-term global warming countermeasures vision, challenges for realization of "Challenge for Zero-Carbon Still." JSER Energy Demand for 2050" Research Committee . (2021). IDEASFORGOOD. ZEROe towards the world’s first zero-emission commercial aircraft. https://ideasforgood.jp/2020/11/09/zero-emission-airbus/. (2020) Nishioka, A., Alvarez, F. & Omori, T. Introduction of high voltage direct current (HVDC) in the world and its background. Hitachi Rev. 102–02 , 188–189 (2020). Randers, J. & Goluke, U. An earth system model shows self-sustained melting of permafrost even if all man-made GHG emissions stop in 2020. Sci. Rep . 10 , 18456 (2020). United Nations. Paris agreement. https://unfccc.int/files/essential_background/convention/application/pdf/english_paris_agreement.pdf (2015). Loo, A. & Peterdy, K. Economies of scale, cost benefits from higher output levels, https://corporatefinanceinstitute.com/resources/economics/economies-of-scale/#:~:text=that increase efficiency.-, Effects of Economies of Scale on Production Costs, efficiency of the production process. Ye, T., et al. Vacancy-enabled N2 activation for ammonia synthesis on an Ni-loaded catalyst, Nature , 583 , 391–395 (2020); DOI : https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-020-2464-9 Ogasawara, K., et al. Ammonia decomposition over water-durable hexagonal BaTiO3−xNy-supported Ni catalysts. Adv. Energy Mater . 13 , 2301286 (2023); DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/aenm.202301286 United Nations. United Nations secretary general, opening remarks, UN climate ambition Summit 2023, 20 September 2023. https://www.un.org/sg/en/content/sg/statement/2023-09-20/secretary-generals-opening-remarks-the-climate-ambition-summit (2023). Imagawa, H., Matsuno, K. & Konishi, T. Prevention of corrosion cracking of liquid ammonia tank by zinc spraying. Boshoku Gijutsu 38 , 321–326 (1989). FLUIDAT. Welcome to FLUIDAT® on the net. https://www.fluidat.com/default.asp Bedell, C., Alberger, B., Moore, G. M., Stern, P. & Calhoun, M. J. Anhydrous ammonia from the U.S.S.R.; report to the president on investigation No. TA-406-6, under, 406 of the trade act of (US Int. Trade Commission, 1974). https://www.usitc.gov/publications/406/pub1051.pdf (1980) Acker, M. & NuStar Energy. Pipeline transportation of ammonia, helping to bridge the gap to a carbon free future Ammonia Energy Conference. November 9, 2021. (2021). U.S. Geological Survey. Mineral commodity summaries 2023 . https://pubs.usgs.gov/publication/mcs2023 (2023). Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Supplementary Files 202404138SupplementaryInformation.docx Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-4261445","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":292169610,"identity":"8ede1431-a85d-44cc-986d-cd8b9cb5de80","order_by":0,"name":"Hiroshi Kobayashi","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAABDUlEQVRIiWNgGAWjYBACA2YGBsYGhgMM/EDOgQcMQC5DApDLABbGr0USqOBAAlFaGKBaDA6AFUO04AXm7LwPH86ouCNvfO3wQ6At1nLm7MkPDzDU2DEwz8ZujWUzu7HhhjPPDLfdTjMAakk3tux5BrTxWDID45wD2B12mI1N8mHbYcZttxNAWg4nbrgBZDCwHWBgnIHdhTAt9ptnp38AaanfcAPIYPhHQMvGNqDh0jlgWxIMbgAZjG14tTAbzjjzLHnG7ZyCAwkG6UCPvSk4kNiXzIPTL+ePMT7sqbhj2z87ffOHDxXW8gbHQYxvdnKGOEIM3QQoDXQSj+EMYnSgAHkJkrWMglEwCkbB8AQA7T1s+LYa5RkAAAAASUVORK5CYII=","orcid":"","institution":"Professor Emeritus of Tokyo Denki University","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Hiroshi","middleName":"","lastName":"Kobayashi","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2024-04-13 10:29:34","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4261445/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4261445/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":54899073,"identity":"f7278d1c-81e6-4254-b897-9c9eabfa8734","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-04-18 09:52:35","extension":"png","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":422945,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAll-sky radiation distribution on Earth and candidate areas for FOPV installation (modified from Loster, M., (2010) [7]). \u003c/strong\u003eDark blue ovals: candidate areas for FOPV installation (i.e., all-sky radiation ≥ 220 W/m\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e; close to land; current ≤ 1 knot; depth \u0026gt; 50 m). ΣFOPV area within ovals = 1.58 million km\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e; 2TPESw\u003csub\u003e2050\u003c/sub\u003e = 320 PWh/year\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4261445/v1/4d0345dd4cd826fd11fc9da2.png"},{"id":54899074,"identity":"6e4ffa7c-d4f5-40ad-bc95-63375b10576f","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-04-18 09:52:36","extension":"png","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":113645,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSchematic illustration of the proposed global pipeline transport network for G-NH\u003c/strong\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e3\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"2.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4261445/v1/f3db14e2e07c2b370e03d533.png"},{"id":54899076,"identity":"667db9d6-9389-4b9d-a507-7639176e7cc1","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-04-18 09:52:36","extension":"png","order_by":3,"title":"Figure 3","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":77859,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePerformance analysis results of LNH\u003c/strong\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e3\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e pipeline transportation.\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"3.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4261445/v1/5ba5e6542c3c8a0bd71b1d16.png"},{"id":54948924,"identity":"b1dfcb12-0886-419f-8da7-95cccb5bf946","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-04-19 04:30:55","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":1608251,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4261445/v1/b8dfb1e6-03fa-4a8d-9e3c-70631e65d929.pdf"},{"id":54899669,"identity":"d8813fbe-1613-4bdb-a46a-ba3489c86122","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-04-18 10:00:36","extension":"docx","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"supplement","size":5014081,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"202404138SupplementaryInformation.docx","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4261445/v1/c44d367f4fc86cd1bf15da58.docx"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConceptualizing radical solutions to global warming via pipeline transport green fuel ammonia produced from abundant renewable energy in equatorial waters\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","fulltext":[{"header":"INTRODUCTION","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) has released its Climate Change 2023 Synthesis Report (AR6) [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e], its first report since the Fifth Assessment Report (AR5) [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e] released in 2014. AR6 confirms that more than 100 years of burning fossil fuels have caused global warming. The report confirms that global surface temperatures in 2011\u0026ndash;2020 exceeded those in 1850\u0026ndash;1900 by 1.1\u0026deg;C. This has resulted in widespread adverse impacts on nature and people and associated losses and damages.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eClimate responses to five illustrative scenarios based on shared socioeconomic pathways (SSPs) have been evaluated. The very low and low greenhouse gas (GHG) emission scenarios, SSP1-1.9 and SSP1-2.6, present decreases in CO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e emissions to net zero at around 2050 and 2070, respectively. In the intermediate GHG emissions scenario, SSP2-4.5, CO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e emissions remain at approximately current levels until mid-century. Conversely, in the high and very high GHG emissions scenarios, SSP3-7.0 and SSP5-8.5 would result in CO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e emissions roughly doubling from current levels by 2100 and 2050, respectively. The best estimates and likely ranges of surface temperature rise for each scenario for 2081-2100 are as follows: SSP1-1.9: \u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\({1.4}_{-0.4}^{+0.4}℃\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e, SSP1-2.6: \u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\({1.8}_{-0.5}^{+0.6}℃\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e, SSP2-4.5: \u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\({2.7}_{-0.6}^{+0.8}℃\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e, SSP3-7.0: \u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\({3.6}_{-0.8}^{+1.0}℃\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e, and SSP5-8.5: \u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\({4.4}_{-1.1}^{+1.3}℃\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e. Furthermore, as emissions increase, the sea level will rise; for example, according to the SSP5-8.5 scenario, the sea level rise will exceed 15 m by 2300, and sea level rise is irreversible [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAccording to the SSP5-8.5 scenario, CO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e emissions will double by 2050, whereas the global primary energy demand will increase by 2.4% annually, as shown in the global primary energy demands depicted in \u003cb\u003eSupplementary Fig. \u003cspan refid=\"MOESM1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003eS1\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/b\u003e. If the trend persists, it will double the current level by 2050. In today's unstable global era, the possibility of reaching SSP5-8.5 is not low.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIt is critical to note that AR6 is a report for policymakers on current knowledge about climate change, its broader impacts and risks, and climate change mitigation pathways and adaptation. Therefore, it does not propose specific technological solutions to global warming. This paper is an ambitious proposal to realize SSP1-1.9 or SSP1-2.6 using only current technology. Whether SSP1-1.9 or SSP1-2.6 is realized depends on how quickly the proposal can be implemented and operationalized globally.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIncidentally, renewable energy sources, such as solar and wind power, are being introduced globally to promote decarbonization, posing several major challenges. (1) Photovoltaic and wind power plants are called asynchronous connected power generation (through inverters). As the capacities of such plants increase, the number of generators synchronous with the inertia of rotating bodies decreases. If a grid accident occurs under these circumstances, the grid frequency may drop sharply, resulting in a blackout of the entire area. When the supply of asynchronous connected power exceeds 50% of the grid demand at a certain time of day or under certain conditions (e.g., sunny weather), the transmission of power to the grid (power sales) is curtailed; when it exceeds 75%, power sales will become temporarily suspended [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e]. Moreover, the frequency of power sales curtailment increases as renewable energy introduction into the grid increases during sunny conditions and when wind speeds are favorable for wind power generation in seasons with low electricity demand (spring and fall). Additional challenges associated with renewable energy sources include (2) large time variability and seasonal bias of renewable energy; (3) small generating capacity of individual renewable energy plants compared to that of thermal and nuclear power systems; (4) lack of an inexpensive means to store large amounts of electrical energy; and (5) lack of an inexpensive means to transport large amounts of renewable energy to distant locations with minimal loss.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAs a fundamental solution to these problems, this paper proposes the use of the abundant all-sky solar radiation (sum of direct solar radiation and solar radiation scattered and reflected in the atmosphere) received by the vast equatorial waters (area: 160\u0026nbsp;million km\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e). Floating offshore photovoltaic (FOPV) plants in only 1% of the equatorial waters can generate sufficient renewable energy to meet the global primary energy demand, and their output can be converted into hydrogen energy carriers (HECs) that can be stored for 4\u0026ndash;6 months [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e]. This approach addresses issues (1\u0026ndash;4); issue (5) can be resolved by deploying a global pipeline transportation network.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMost hydrogen used to synthesize ammonia (NH\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e)\u0026mdash;a raw material for nitrogen fertilizers\u0026mdash;is produced from fossil fuels via steam methane reforming, which emits 830 Mt of CO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e annually [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e]. Hydrogen produced from such fossil fuels is called \u0026ldquo;gray hydrogen,\u0026rdquo; whereas that generated from renewable energy is \u0026ldquo;green hydrogen.\u0026rdquo; The latter is obtained using an electrolytic cell to decompose water molecules and separate hydrogen from oxygen, which does not release CO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e. Ammonia synthesized from green hydrogen and nitrogen can be designated \u0026ldquo;green fuel ammonia\u0026rdquo; (G-NH\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e). In this study, NH\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e refers to ammonia, LNH\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e refers to liquefied NH\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e, and G-NH\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e refers to green fuel NH\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e in liquid and gaseous states.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe following sections present the main points of my previous study [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e] on developing a carbon-free energy supply system using floating offshore photovoltaics and HECs (a downloadable link to the English version is provided in \u003cb\u003eSupplementary Note A\u003c/b\u003e). Next, the global deployment of an LNH\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e pipeline transportation network is proposed as a large-volume and low-power-consumption means of energy transportation and storage without depleting limited mineral resources.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFurthermore, as discussed below, global warming has already formed a self-reinforcing cycle that cannot be reversed, and a radical solution is not only to achieve zero emissions (SSP1-1.4) by 2050 but also to continue direct air carbon capture and storage (DACCS) or bioenergy with CCS (BECCS; both DACCS and BECCS are hereinafter referred to as CCSs) of GHGs from the atmosphere sufficient to offset the self-reinforcing cycle. This will ensure that the Paris Agreement goal of less than 1.5\u0026deg;C is achieved and that surface temperatures can be reduced as far as possible to pre-industrial levels.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWhile grand in scale, this proposal can be achieved using only current technology. However, challenges in practical application will be discussed, such as improving the performance of catalysts that can replace the Haber-Bosch process developed 100 years ago for NH\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e synthesis and reducing the cost of facilities, construction, maintenance, and operation, which are the key factors in lowering the cost of carbon-free energy.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"RESULTS AND DISCUSSION","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec3\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eOffshore solar power generation in equatorial waters\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec4\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eGlobal primary energy demands\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eSuppose the world\u0026rsquo;s primary energy supply continues to increase at a rate of 2.4%. In that case, the primary energy supply in 2050 will be approximately double that in 2021 (\u003cb\u003eSupplementary Note B, Supplementary Fig. \u003cspan refid=\"MOESM1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003eS1\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/b\u003e). Therefore, 320 PWh/year was applied as an approximate guide for the amount of renewable energy production required to meet the global energy demand in 2050 (2TPESw\u003csub\u003e2050\u003c/sub\u003e) [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec5\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eEquatorial waters with abundant all-sky solar radiation\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eFigure \u003cspan refid=\"Fig1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e presents a revised version of the annual mean all-sky solar radiation map of the Earth\u0026rsquo;s surface, including weather and day/night variations. The original map was developed by Loster using geostationary meteorological satellite data from 1991 to 1993 [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e]. Most equatorial waters and land areas between 30\u0026deg; N and 30\u0026deg; S receive abundant all-sky solar radiation, with an annual average\u0026thinsp;\u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;220 W/m\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe candidate areas along the continental coast of equatorial waters for offshore photovoltaic power generation are \u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;50 m deep (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e) and less susceptible to ocean currents and tsunamis [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e]. Assuming an average all-sky solar radiation of 240 W/m\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e and a conversion efficiency of 16% based on the cooling effect of seawater and expected future improvements in solar cell performance, it is posited that sufficient potential ocean area exists to produce 2TPESw of offshore solar power in these areas, with a total FOPV area of approximately 1.58\u0026nbsp;million km\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec6\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eStructure and power generation capacity of FOPV plants\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe designed FOPV plant comprises one million hexagonal solar panels (length per side\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;3 m) flexibly connected based on a honeycomb structure. This facilitates the dispersion and absorption of complex impact and fluid forces caused by sea and wind waves. The FOPV plant consists of small aggregates (100 solar panels connected in series), medium aggregates (100 small aggregates insulated and connected in series), and a large aggregate (100 medium aggregates connected in parallel), creating a logical three-tier structure with a maximum output of 500 kV, 6.1 kA, and 3.1 GW.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEach plant covers a 28 km\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e area and produces an annual average power of 652 MW, yielding an annual energy output of 5.71 TWh. This is comparable to the power generation capacities of nuclear and thermal power plants. Thus, approximately 56,000 FOPV plants will be required to produce the required 2TPESw in 2050. Hence, offshore solar power generation via FOPV plants in equatorial waters can solve the issue (3).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNotably, a FOPV plant has a stationary functionality, using a screw propeller to prevent displacement by ocean currents and strong winds; a diving functionality preventing damage during storms (maximum wave height: 20 m); a lighthouse functionality preventing vessel collisions; and an automatic detour functionality activated when a solar panel fails. Additionally, multiple artificial intelligence (AI)-equipped transfer and assembly robots dedicated to solar panels and assembly sections are used to assemble the required one million solar panels in parallel, limiting construction to a short period [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec7\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eGreen fuel ammonia\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec8\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eHydrogen energy carrier\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eUnder normal temperature and pressure conditions and in the gaseous state, hydrogen has low energy density, is highly flammable, and combusts explosively, making it unsuitable for storage and transportation. Thus, hydrogen is converted into HEC, a high energy density substance that can be easily stored and transported. Japan\u0026rsquo;s Cabinet Office\u0026rsquo;s Strategic Innovation Promotion (SIP) Program conducted a wide range of studies on HECs from 2014 to 2018, with results that have received worldwide attention [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e]. Based on the program findings, four types of HECs were considered in this study (\u003cb\u003eSupplementary Table \u003cspan refid=\"MOESM1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003eS1\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/b\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe most promising HEC is LNH\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e (often called \u0026ldquo;fuel ammonia\u0026rdquo;), which is used as a raw material for fertilizers and transported and stored in large quantities; however, the volumetric and mass energy densities of LNH\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e are lower than those of crude oil and liquefied natural gas. Certain aspects of NH\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e related to combustion and utilization technologies must be improved, including the lower flame temperature and heat radiation than fossil fuels. Studies are underway to commercialize NH\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e mono-fired gas turbine generators and industrial furnaces; NH\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e fuel cells that can directly utilize NH\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e for practical applications are expected to be available by 2025 [\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR12\" citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec9\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eGreen fuel ammonia\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe highly fluctuating electricity output from renewable sources is stabilized by recharging and discharging storage batteries. G-NH\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e, derived from renewable energy sources, is synthesized from nitrogen and green hydrogen generated through water electrolysis, stored in storage tanks for up to 4\u0026ndash;6 months, and transported by pipelines to thermal power plants and other facilities using energy carrier conversion storage, and supply systems (ECSSs) [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e]. These systems solve issues (2) and (4).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec10\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eThermal power generation using G-NH\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eA sufficient inertial is applied to the grid by stably and continuously transmitting AC power generated by an NH\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e mono-fired synchronous generator throughout the year. Assuming that the transmission loss from the FOPV plant to the ECSS is 5%, the stabilization loss of renewable energy\u0026ndash;derived electricity by recharging and discharging storage batteries will be 5%, loss because of hydrogen generation will be 20%, loss because of NH\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e synthesis will be 10% [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e], and loss during power generation of the NH\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e mono-fired synchronous generator will be 35% (excluding reuse of generated heat). NH\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e synthesized from FOPV output can generate 290 MW. Therefore, 10,600 FOPVs can cover the 26.9 PWh (approximately 17% of TPESw) supplied by global electric utilities in 2022 [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e]. This implies that a stable power grid can be supported only by synchronized power generated from renewable energy sources, providing a solution to issue (1).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec11\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eGlobal energy transport\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec12\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eElectron and NH\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e transfer energy loss\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe movement of electrons in a conductor is subject to electrical resistance and results in thermal energy loss. The pipeline transport of LNH\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e requires a small amount of energy to move NH\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e molecules via pressurized pumps because of the friction between molecules and the pipe interior; however, the hydrogen energy of the NH\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e molecules is maintained during movement. This enables easy transport of a large amount of energy [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e16\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTherefore, as discussed in the Methods, aluminum submarine transmission cables and transmission lines should be implemented where energy must be transmitted as electricity, such as between FOPVs and ECSSs and within grids. The LNH\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e pipeline transport network may thus be a good medium for transporting a large amount of energy from ECSSs over several thousand kilometers with minimal energy consumption. This approach addresses issue (5).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec13\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eGlobal energy delivery network\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eFigure \u003cspan refid=\"Fig2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e illustrates the proposed concept of a global carbon-free energy delivery network. The concept consists of 26 FOPVs per trunk pipeline, transmitting high-voltage direct current (HVDC) power to the ECSS via submarine transmission cables with an average length of 300 km. Typically, ECSSs can store 4\u0026ndash;6 months\u0026rsquo; worth of LNH\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e synthesized from renewable energy in tanks and deliver LNH\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e at an approximately 0.9 m\u003csup\u003e3\u003c/sup\u003e/s flow rate to the network, with an approximately 2.1 m/s flow speed at 12.9 MPa (using pressurized pumps).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe trunk pipelines of the network comprise carbon steel pipes (for high-pressure piping) that possess the largest pressure resistance and diameter with respect to the Japanese Industrial Standards (JIS) [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e17\u003c/span\u003e]. One trunk pipeline can transport the energy of approximately 10 1,200-MW HVDC transmission lines and incur less than one-tenth the energy consumption.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe network is a mesh of pipelines, and the distance between pressurized pumps is approximately 300 km. This network provides a stable supply at the required volume to various destinations, such as NH\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e-fired thermal power plants [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e] and industrial furnaces, hydrogen-reduced steel mills that use hydrogen instead of coke [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e18\u003c/span\u003e], ports of call for NH\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e-fueled ships [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e], and airfields for hydrogen-fueled aircraft [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e19\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe difference between a water network and an NH\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e network is that water is a liquid at normal temperature and pressure, while NH\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e is a gas under the same conditions. Maintaining LNH\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e in a liquid state requires the configuration information of the LNH\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e network with respect to the inner diameter and length of each pipe; pressure, temperature, flow rate, and density of LNH\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e; flow velocity of LNH\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e; and friction coefficient and height difference in the pipe. Additionally, fluctuations in demand at the supply destination and the amount stored in tanks must be considered to regulate the supply of LNH\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e and determine the transportation route. Three-way pressurized pumps, shutoff valves, tanks, and ECSSs are controlled based on measured data to prevent LNH\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e evaporation and backflow in the network, supply shortages at destination facilities, and large NH\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e leaks because of breakage incidents. The characteristics of NH\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e pipeline transport based on the proposed system are described in the \u003cspan refid=\"Sec18\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003eMethods\u003c/span\u003e section.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFrom an energy security perspective, depending only on offshore solar power generation and NH\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e transportation is unacceptable. Self-excited HVDC transmission, compatible with wind power generation, has been widely deployed in Europe to strengthen the grid [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e20\u003c/span\u003e]. Such technology should also be used in conjunction with the proposed pipeline.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eConductor resource depletion is another concern when building a global mass energy transport system. The effectiveness of NH\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e pipeline networks is further discussed in the \u003cspan refid=\"Sec18\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003eMethods\u003c/span\u003e section.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec14\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eContribution of the proposed approach to global warming prevention\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec15\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003ePossibility of achieving the Paris Climate Agreement goals\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eSuppose the proposal is implemented as soon as possible, and almost all energy sources are carbon-free by 2050, the very low GHG emission scenario SSP1-1.9. In this case, the temperature rise can be suppressed to \u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\({1.4}_{-0.4}^{+0.4}℃\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e. However, AR6 primarily assesses climate change through 2100. Because the climate system varies over response time scales of several hundred years or more, the discussion of global warming mitigation is based on previous work by Randers and Goluke [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e21\u003c/span\u003e], extending the time scale.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRanders et al. used the ESCIMO climate model to simulate two scenarios that achieve zero GHG emissions by 2100 (Scenario 1) and by 2020 (Scenario 2). The amount of CCSs varied between 0 and 37 Gt/year under the scenarios, and changes in global average temperature were estimated. In Scenario 1, the temperature peaked at 2.3\u0026deg;C in 2075 without CCSs, declined temporarily, and increased to 3\u0026deg;C by 2500. In Scenario 2, the temperature peaked at 1.2\u0026deg;C in 2030, declined temporarily, and rose to 2.7\u0026deg;C by 2500. However, in both scenarios, atmospheric CO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e concentrations declined to approximately pre-industrial levels after 2200. The phenomenon results from a persistent self-reinforcing cycle in which rising surface temperatures thaw carbon-rich permafrost, glaciers, and Arctic ice, reducing surface albedo (sunlight reflectance) and increasing atmospheric water vapor and methane, which have powerful greenhouse effects.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn Scenario 1, if CCSs are run continuously at a rate of 33 Gt/year, temperatures will temporarily peak (1.7\u0026deg;C) before dropping to 1.0\u0026deg;C by approximately 2100 and then to below 0.5\u0026deg;C around 2500. Interestingly, atmospheric CO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e concentrations decrease to pre-industrial concentrations around 2100 and half by 2500. This is presumed to be because CCSs offset the self-reinforcing cycle of rising surface temperature.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn contrast to the two scenarios, the SSP1-1.9 scenario would have zero CO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e emissions by 2050. The temperature peaks at \u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\({1.4}_{-0.4}^{+0.4}℃\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e. If CCSs continue at the rate of 33 Gt/year, surface temperatures will begin to decline from the peak rising temperature, reaching less than 0.5\u0026deg;C by around 2500, achieving the Paris Agreement goal of less than 1.5\u0026deg;C [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e22\u003c/span\u003e]. However, if efforts are delayed 20 years and the SSP1-2.6 scenario is applied, temperatures will rise to \u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\({1.8}_{-0.5}^{+0.6}℃\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e. Furthermore, if drastic measures are not taken, the SSP5-8.5 scenario would result in a temperature rise to \u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\({4.4}_{-1.1}^{+1.3}℃\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e by the end of the 21st century.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIt is important to understand that early implementation of the proposed approach is a major key to deterring global warming. However, as mentioned earlier, rising sea levels are irreversible, and sea levels will not fall once they have risen unless an ice age occurs.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec16\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eChallenges in the practical application of the proposed approach\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe proposed approach is a remarkable attempt to solve global warming fundamentally. Even without innovative technologies, such as nuclear fusion, the SSP1-1.4 scenario: \u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\({1.4}_{-0.4}^{+0.4}℃\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e with zero CO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e emissions by 2050 can be achieved with current technologies alone. Repeated requests have been made, suggesting that leading Japanese companies, government agencies, and academia cooperate to develop and demonstrate a small-scale pilot system in equatorial waters. However, they responded, \u0026ldquo;In the past, we would have undertaken this project without hesitation if we had Japan's economic strength, but under the current circumstances, it is challenging.\u0026rdquo; Therefore, this paper is still in the conceptual stage, and not even a rough cost estimate has been made by the specialized firms.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTo deliver carbon-free energy (G-NH\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e) cheaply and stably to every corner of the globe, it is essential to reduce facility, construction, and maintenance costs for FOPV, ECSS, and LNH\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e pipeline networks. In designing and developing such facilities, considering \"economies of scale\" is essential [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e23\u003c/span\u003e]. This means that as production volume increases, fixed costs are spread over production volume, and variable costs reduce because of improvements in the efficiency of the production process. In other words, the higher the fixed costs, the higher the production volume and the faster the fall of unit costs. If production volume and variable costs are high, investing in R\u0026amp;D and production equipment to produce high-performance, long-life products using cheaper raw materials is more advantageous. Furthermore, construction and maintenance are more likely to become fixed costs using AI-powered robots. Fortunately, the proposed system has zero fuel costs, and if labor costs can be maintained low through extensive use of robots, variable costs as a percentage of equipment costs will be low, and energy prices could be much lower than current prices as production increases.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCCSs are the factor preventing lower energy costs. That is, while carbon capture, utilization, and storage (CCUS) has the potential to bring significant benefits from oil drilling and synthetic fuels, CCSs are expensive and provides no direct benefit to companies because it injects CO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e captured from the atmosphere into deep leak-free underground layers at a notable energy cost. Adding the cost of CCSs to fossil fuels as a fuel tax would also effectively promote decarbonization.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIndividual issues include (a) salt damage countermeasures for FOPVs and solar cell modules, (b) preventing marine organisms from adhering to the outside of the solar panels and inside the seawater tanks, (c) improving the performance of catalysts for low-temperature and low-pressure synthesis of NH\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e (such as La-Al-N: 200\u0026ndash;400\u0026deg;C, 10 atm [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e24\u003c/span\u003e]) to replace the Haber-Bosch process (400\u0026ndash;500℃, 100 atm or higher) developed 100 years ago, and cracking of NH\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e (Ni/h-BaTiO\u003csub\u003e3\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;x\u003c/sub\u003eN\u003csub\u003ey\u003c/sub\u003e: 580\u0026deg;C, 1 atm [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e25\u003c/span\u003e]), (d) developing a global-scale construction of an inexpensive LNH\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e pipeline transport network for operation on a global scale and establishment of stable operation technology and seismic resistance, and (e) securing storage capacity for large amounts of LNH\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e, including use of salt caverns and depleted natural gas and petroleum reservoirs.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThus, to realize this proposal, most countries worldwide must participate in its implementation. A dedicated UN body should cooperate with the UNEP, WMO, IPCC, IEA, other UN agencies, governmental bodies, and industries to gather global knowledge and promote strong technical, economic, political, social, industrial, academic, environmental, and temporal perspectives.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"CONCLUSIONS","content":"\u003cp\u003eCarbon-free energy could be obtained permanently without fossil fuels or nuclear power as well as innovative technologies such as nuclear fusion. This can be achieved through the global transportation of G-NH\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e produced from abundant renewable energy resources found in equatorial waters using pipeline networks with low energy consumption without depleting limited mineral resources. The approach can effectively overcome the challenges associated with current solar and wind power generation, such as low generating capacity, fluctuating output, difficulties in storing electrical energy, and reduced power grid inertia.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDuring the opening plenary session of the UN Climate Ambition Summit 2023 [26], the UN Secretary-General António Guterres reminded delegates that “humanity has opened the gates of hell” and that “leaving the current level of climate action unchecked is dwarfed by the scale of the challenge.” The concept proposed here responds to this warning by providing concrete measures that can save humanity from this “hell” and return as much as possible to the Earth's surface temperature as it was at the time of the Industrial Revolution.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIt is strongly recommended to immediately establish a UN organization, tentatively named the “Global Warming Action Team,” to aggressively promote the development of FOPVs, ECSSs, and LNH\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e pipeline networks and permanent CCSs from the atmosphere. The proposed system must be fully operational globally by 2050, following demonstration tests in equatorial waters and other areas, as early as possible.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"METHODS","content":"\u003ch2\u003eAnalysis of LNH\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e pipeline transportation characteristics\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eBasic pipeline characteristics\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe basic characteristics of the high-pressure carbon steel pipes [\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e17\u003c/span\u003e] used for LNH\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e transport are shown in \u003cstrong\u003eSupplementary Fig. S3.\u003c/strong\u003e As LNH\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e corrodes carbon steel pipes, coating the inner surface of a pipe with a zinc thermal spray was suggested as a preventive measure more than 30 years ago [\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e27\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eTemperature characteristics of LNH\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe following calculations for NH\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e properties were performed using FLUIDAT [\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e28\u003c/span\u003e]. NH\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e is a gas at normal temperature and pressure (20 ℃ and 0.1 MPa) and liquefies when pressurized to \u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;0.86 MPa. \u003cstrong\u003eSupplementary Fig. S4a\u003c/strong\u003e displays the vapor pressure curve of NH\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e. If the T of the buried pipe is 35 ℃, the pressure required to maintain the liquefied state, Pr, would be \u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;1.36 MPa, calculated as follows:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePr\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1.36 \u0026times; SF\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;2.05 MPa\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ewhere SF is the safety factor.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSupplementary Fig. S4a\u003c/strong\u003e shows high and low Pr values occur at T\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;35 ℃ and T\u0026thinsp;\u0026le;\u0026thinsp;35 ℃. As an example, this study assumes that the ground where the pipeline is buried near the equatorial waters has an average T of 35 ℃, and it further assumes that a pipe with the highest pressure resistance (Schedule (Sch)\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;160) is used. Therefore, for the pipeline transport of LNH\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e, the pressure, P, in the pipe should be maintained at 2.05\u0026ndash;12.9 MPa.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn \u003cstrong\u003eSupplementary Fig. S4b\u003c/strong\u003e, the dynamic viscosity \u0026sigma; of a fluid represents the resistance to movement for an object in the fluid. The kinematic viscosity \u0026nu; (\u0026sigma; divided by density \u0026rho;) represents the resistance to movement for the fluid itself. Both these factors depend on T. The lower the temperature of a liquid, the lower its ability to flow (less slippery), and vice versa. In contrast, the \u0026sigma; value of a gas increases with increasing temperature and has the opposite characteristic to that of a liquid. The \u0026rho; value of LNH\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e is 601 kg/m\u003csup\u003e3\u003c/sup\u003e (35\u0026deg;C, 12.9 MPa), whereas that of NH\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e is 0.679 kg/m\u003csup\u003e3\u003c/sup\u003e (35\u0026deg;C, 0.1 MPa), i.e., 1/855 that of LNH\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e. The \u0026nu; values of LNH\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e and NH\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e are 1.45E-07 and 1.59E-05, respectively. Thus, LNH\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e is 110 times less viscous than NH\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e. This shows that transport of LNH\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e via the pipeline allows for considerably greater density and is more efficient than that of NH\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e in its gaseous state.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAs shown in \u003cstrong\u003eSupplementary Fig. S4c\u003c/strong\u003e, the density of LNH\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e varies by 20.6% in the temperature range of \u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;40 to 60 ℃. Hence, the considerable effect of T on LNH\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e density must be considered when analyzing pipeline transport characteristics.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003ePerformance analysis of LNH\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e pipeline transportation\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTable \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e provides an example of the numerical analysis of LNH\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e pipeline transportation characteristics, performed using the goal-seeking function of Microsoft Excel. This method includes variable values that contain the analysis results and standard values referenced during the analysis.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 1.\u003c/strong\u003e Numerical analyses performed to determine LNH\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e pipeline transport performance\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg 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\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eLNH\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e pipeline transport is turbulent because of the large flow velocity (V) of the liquid, the large pipe inner diameter (ID), and the small \u0026nu;. Therefore, the Reynolds number (Re), which represents the influence of viscosity on the flow, is large. The pipe friction coefficient \u0026lambda; for turbulent flow in a rough-surface pipe can be calculated using Colebrook\u0026rsquo;s equation (Table \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e). The equation cannot be solved directly as it is an implicit equation that involves logarithms and square roots; therefore, step (I) was performed as explained below. For example, ID vs. flow rate (Qw) is plotted in \u003cstrong\u003eFig.\u0026nbsp;3a\u003c/strong\u003e, where ID is the VV:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e(I) Specify Colebrook\u0026rsquo;s formula in the formula input cell, set the target value to 0 and variable cell to \u0026lambda;, and use the goal seek function to find \u0026lambda;;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e(II) For multiple IDs, set the formula input cell (objective variable) to [Pa variable value \u0026minus; Pa standard value], the target value to 0, and change cell (SV) to V; use the goal-seeking function to find Qw; and plot ID vs. Qw (\u003cstrong\u003eFig.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e3\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ea)\u003c/strong\u003e. \u003cstrong\u003eFig.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e3\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eb\u0026ndash;h\u003c/strong\u003e can be drawn using the same procedure.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn Table \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e, Sch 160 pipelines for 2TPESw PLw\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;2,157 pipelines means that 2TPESw\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;320 PWh of electricity (equivalent to the global primary energy in 2050 produced by 56,048 FOPVs) can be converted to LNH\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e and transported by 2,157 pipelines.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe same values were applied to conditions sourced from the published literature to verify the accuracy and effectiveness of the values in Table \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e. For example, LNH\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e pipeline transport for fertilizer use began operation in 1979. It represents the world\u0026rsquo;s longest pipeline (2,471 km) and runs from Tolyatti (Russia) to Odessa (Ukraine). This pipeline can transport 2.5 million tons LNH\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e synthesized from gray hydrogen produced by reforming Russian natural gas annually [\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e29\u003c/span\u003e]. Using Table \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e, the ID of the pipe (0.253 m) was calculated based on the transport volume per day, determined by the LNH\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e flow rate per day (Qw\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;6,849 t/d); the pipe\u0026rsquo;s internal pressure P satisfied the criterion 2.05 MPa\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;12.9 MPa. Thus, the estimated nominal pipeline diameter that can transport LNH\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e is 300 (the nominal diameter of the proposed trunk pipeline is 650).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFurthermore, the US-based company NuSter lists a capacity of 26,300 t/d for its 16-inch (40.6 cm) pipe size, as detailed in the catalog titled \u0026ldquo;Pipeline Transport of Ammonia, Contributing to Bridge the Gap to a Carbon-Free Future\u0026rdquo; [\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e30\u003c/span\u003e]. It is unclear whether the 16-inch pipe size refers to the outer diameter (OD) or ID. However, if an OD is assumed, the pipe ID is 0.325 m (according to \u003cstrong\u003eSupplementary Fig. S3b\u003c/strong\u003e), and the calculated Qw is 13,284 t/d (Table \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e). Additionally, assuming an ID, the Qw is 23,684 t/d, similar to the value in the catalog. Hence, it can be concluded that the pipe size of 16 inches refers to the ID of the pipe.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe basic characteristics of the pipeline transport of LNH\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e are discussed below with reference to \u003cstrong\u003eFig.\u0026nbsp;3a\u0026ndash;h\u003c/strong\u003e and Table \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003ePerformance analysis results of LNH\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e pipeline transportation\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFigure 3a\u003c/strong\u003e shows that the Qw value of LNH\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e increased rapidly with increasing ID; as the Qw value increased, the FOPV load factor for pumping energy remained constant at \u0026micro;\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.114%. This is because the pressure pump energy (Ep) and number of FOPVs (Npv) increased at approximately the same rate and canceled each other out in the equation, \u0026micro;:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"data:image/png;base64,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\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ewhere \u0026theta; is the electricity-to-LNH\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e conversion efficiency.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn contrast, the velocity head (Hv) increased, although not as much as Ep and Npv; however, the pressure head (Hp) remained constant. As Hv \u0026laquo; Hp, the increase in Hv was not reflected in \u0026micro;. As noted earlier, once a pipeline is laid, it is used for a long period. The dotted line in \u003cstrong\u003eFig.\u0026nbsp;3a\u003c/strong\u003e indicates a case in which technological progress allows pipelines with large IDs, resulting in a mixture of backbone pipelines of different IDs. In this case, the flow rate can be increased in the section of the newly laid pipeline. However, fluid control should be flexible to maximize the resources of the pipeline network in such situations.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFigure 3b\u003c/strong\u003e shows the relationship between the pipe inner surface roughness (\u0026epsilon;), Qw, and \u0026micro;. Notably, \u0026epsilon;\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.15 mm was common for high-pressure-resistant carbon steel pipes, and Qw increased as \u0026epsilon; decreased, that is, as the pipe surface became smoother. Even when \u0026epsilon;\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.15 mm, Qw remained the same as when \u0026epsilon;\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.15 mm; Ep declined, and \u0026micro; decreased because \u0026lambda; was small. For \u0026epsilon;\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;0.15 mm, Qw decreased as \u0026lambda; increased, and Ep and Npw decreased at approximately the same rate, thereby canceling each other in the \u0026micro; formula. Thus, \u0026micro;\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.114% and remained constant. It is speculated that technological progress will lead to a mixture of pipelines with a small \u0026epsilon; value and that pipelines with increasing \u0026epsilon; will be incorporated over time.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFigure 3c\u003c/strong\u003e shows the relationship between the pipe length of relay pumps (L), Qw, and \u0026micro;. A greater amount of LNH\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e can be transported in sections where L is \u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;300 km; however, a low Ep value is required, and \u0026micro; decreases when L is short, and Qw is constant. In sections where L\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;300 km, Qw must be reduced. The same flexible control of the pipeline network is required, as described above.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAs shown in \u003cstrong\u003eSupplementary Fig. S4\u003c/strong\u003e, the properties of LNH\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e vary greatly with the ambient temperature. In \u003cstrong\u003eFig.\u0026nbsp;3d\u003c/strong\u003e, Qw can be increased because T is \u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;35\u0026deg;C, whereas Qw must be decreased for T\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;35\u0026deg;C. If Qw is constant at T\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;35\u0026deg;C, the pipeline\u0026rsquo;s transport capacity is not effectively utilized.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFigure 3e\u003c/strong\u003e shows the relationship between the difference in elevation (\u0026Delta;H) and L. A negative \u0026Delta;H value indicates a downward slope, whereas a positive value represents an upward slope. In the downward inclination, L cannot be increased but contributes to the decrease in \u0026micro; because of applying the self-weight pressurization of LNH\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e; therefore, Pa and Hp do not exceed the upper limit (Pa\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;12.9 MPa). For the upward slope, because the self-weight pressurization of LNH\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e is applied at the onset of the flow, the contribution of pump pressurization to Hp must be reduced, and Hp must be kept constant. Consequently, L is shortened but remains constant at \u0026micro;\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.114% because of the anti-weight-bearing pressure (load) on the pump.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn the LNH\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e pipeline transportation network, if LNH\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e is supplied to a storage facility in the middle of the pipeline and LNH\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e with a reduced flow rate is transported further along the pipeline, the pressure in the pipeline will decrease, causing a change in state from liquid to gas (evaporation). This may, in turn, result in the LNH\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e pressurization pump running dry, causing system failure. To avoid this eventuality, as shown in \u003cstrong\u003eFig.\u0026nbsp;3f\u003c/strong\u003e, the applied pressure (Pa) required to maintain Pr should be \u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;2.05 MPa, even when the Qw value of the trunk pipeline is reduced. For Pa to respond flexibly and immediately to this change, Pr at the far end (the inlet of the next-stage pressure pump) should be constantly monitored, and the measured value should be fed back to the compression pump side to adjust and control the pressure (in Pa). Thus, instead of changing the ID according to Qw, the output of the pressurized pump can be controlled electrically by feedback instead of incorporating a mechanical control mechanism.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe SF can guide the proportional limit, yield point, tensile and fatigue strengths, and spring limits. The guidelines used depend on the load requirements and setting conditions. Generally, the SF value is 1.5 for aircraft, 1.3 for automotive part yield and fatigue, and 2.5\u0026ndash;3.0 for steel structures (buildings). Figure\u0026nbsp;3g shows the relationship between SF and Qw, where SF is applied to Pa and Pr. For pipelines, the SF value is usually set at 1.5. However, considering the possibility of poor-quality construction work in locations where pipelines are buried, it may be necessary to set the SF value to 3, comparable to building construction work (in this case, Qw will be reduced to less than half). To avoid this, thoroughly training contractors, engineers, and craftsmen and using robots (instead of manual labor) can be considered for pipe joint (welding) work to maintain high quality.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFigure 3a\u0026ndash;g\u003c/strong\u003e reveals that L\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;300 km can be considered a standard value, whereas \u003cstrong\u003eFig.\u0026nbsp;3h\u003c/strong\u003e shows the relationship between \u0026epsilon; and Qw when L\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1,500 km. At a standard value of \u0026epsilon;\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.150 mm, Qw decreases to approximately 45% when L\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;300 km. When the inner tube surface is coated with Teflon or similar material, Qw increases to approximately 54% for \u0026epsilon;\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.004 mm. If it is difficult to relay pressurization along the path, this factor should be considered in the design process.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTable \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e presents the rate at which Qw increases when the values of SF, ID, \u0026epsilon;, L, and T are changed by 10% in the direction of increasing Qw. As shown in Table \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e, the ID exhibits the highest rate of increase, and a 10% increase can increase the Qw value by slightly less than 30%. The second highest value was 9.5% of the Pa value. Conversely, the rate of increase is the lowest for \u0026epsilon;. To transport LNH\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e to various parts of the world, including via transport ships, it is advantageous to increase the Qw value per pipe as much as possible via the pipeline network design, management, and control costs. As shown in \u003cstrong\u003eSupplementary Figures S3a and b\u003c/strong\u003e, and \u003cstrong\u003eFig.\u0026nbsp;3a\u003c/strong\u003e, the JIS standard for carbon steel pipes in high-pressure piping is expected to be expanded to include pipes with large diameters and high-pressure resistances. However, considering the difficulty of pipe transportation and burial work because of the increased weight of the pipe resulting from the greater pressure resistance, it would be beneficial to use a larger-diameter pipe even if the Pa or wall thickness is reduced. The optimization of these factors should be left to the manufacturer.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\n \u003ctable id=\"Tab2\" border=\"1\"\u003e\n \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 2\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSensitivity of the NH\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e pipeline network performance-related parameters to increases in Qw\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/caption\u003e\n \u003cthead\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eParameter\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eStandard value\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eChange: 10% of reference value\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eQw increase rate (%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/thead\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSF\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.50\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.35\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eID (m)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.532\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.585\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e27.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026Epsilon; (mm)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.150\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.135\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eL (km)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e300\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e270\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePa (MPa)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eT (K/℃)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e308.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e277.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e35.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eConsiderations\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eBased on these performance analysis results, the configuration of the LNH\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e network must be managed to maintain and distribute NH\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e in a liquid state. This includes managing the ID and L of each pipe laid, the \u0026lambda; in the pipes, and the \u0026Delta;H, P, T, Qw, V, and \u0026rho; of LNH\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e at the onset and far ends of the pipes while also accounting for fluctuations in the demand at the supply destination and the amount stored in tanks. To prevent LNH\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e evaporation and backflow in the pipeline transport network, insufficient supply at the destination facility, and leakage because of breakage accidents, factors such as three-way pressurized pumps, shutoff valves, and ECSSs must be flexibly controlled based on relevant data to maximize the use of the network. Furthermore, to increase the flow rate per pipe in the network, larger-diameter carbon steel pipes for high-pressure piping will be more effective than higher-pressure-resistant pipes.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eAssessment of limited mineral resource depletion in global energy transport\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWhile assessing the resource depletion problem, the continents were first modeled as subject to energy transportation. Subsequently, the conductor resources in the submarine cables between FOPV plants and landing stations and conductor resources in the LNH\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e pipeline and HVDC transmission networks within continents were addressed.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eModeling of the continents\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe continent to be modeled (\u003cstrong\u003eSupplementary Table S2\u003c/strong\u003e) is rectangular and extends from the equatorial waters to high latitudes. It consists of Eurasia, the Americas, and Africa, each with a population density of more than 20 individuals/km\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eFOPV plant to landing station HVDC transmission\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAs shown in \u003cstrong\u003eSupplementary Table S3\u003c/strong\u003e, copper and aluminum reserves were evaluated to determine whether they were sufficient to produce the submarine cables (a total of two wires, positive and negative) required to transmit 2TPESw generated by a number of FOPV plants located in equatorial waters to land. A voltage drop and conductor cross-sectional area formula was used for the voltage drop and wire cross-sectional area (\u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://www.kk-mitsuboshi.co.jp/product/calc/\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eEnergy transport and limited mineral resource depletion problems within modeled continents\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eEnergy consumption is the maximum at high latitudes in winter. The key is to build systems that can transport energy from equatorial waters to continental high latitudes with minimal energy consumption and without depleting construction resources. \u003cstrong\u003eSupplementary Table S4\u003c/strong\u003e shows the estimated utilization rates for key mineral resources in the HVDC and LNH\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e networks. However, as described by Kobayashi [\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e], when the FOPV plant is generating electricity, DC power is assumed to be transmitted directly from the ECSS to the HVDC power grid without NH\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e synthesis; when the FOPV plant is not generating electricity, such as at night, DC power is assumed to be generated from NH\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e and transmitted. Additionally, the trunk pipeline (LNH\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e pipeline network) and HVDC transmission line (HVDC power grid) are assumed to transport the same amount of energy. Using aluminum reserves by constructing submarine and intra-continental cables alone amounts to approximately 18%. Iron is the most abundant metal with the lowest energy losses in LNH\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e transport (\u003cstrong\u003eSupplementary Table S4)\u003c/strong\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConsiderations\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eLarge quantities of aluminum will be used in AC power grids built worldwide. Aluminum resources have long been considered abundant; however, if used in large quantities for energy transportation as an important material in the fight against global warming, aluminum may become a rare metal, similar to copper. The LNH\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e pipeline transport network is suitable for energy transportation over long distances, such as within continents, as it can store energy anywhere with minimal mineral resource depletion and energy consumption.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eHowever, as mentioned above, constructing an LNH\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e pipeline network involves enormous costs, including land rights. Thus, installing multiple subsurface pipelines in excavated trenches and using submarine pipelines, chemical tankers, and pipes with larger IDs should also be considered.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAcknowledgements\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eI would like to thank Professor Fumihiko Imamura (Tohoku University),\u0026nbsp;Professor Emeritus Shinji Sato (Tokyo University), Honorary Professor Hideo Hosono and Professor Masaaki Kitano (Tokyo Institute of Technology), Professor Soji Odabe (Kyushu Institute of Technology),\u0026nbsp;and Program Coordinator Bunro Shiozawa (Cross-ministerial Strategic Innovation Promotion [SIP] Program) for their valuable insights regarding tsunamis, sea waves,\u0026nbsp;catalysts for ammonia synthesis and decomposition, superconducting power transmission,\u0026nbsp;and hydrogen energy carriers, respectively. I would like to thank Editage (www.editage.com) for English language editing.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthor contributions\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAs noted in the Acknowledgements, numerous valuable insights were provided by prominent professors. H.K. was responsible for the conception of the study, collection of materials, analysis, and writing of the paper including figures and tables.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eData availability\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eData will be provided by the author upon reasonable request.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCompeting interests\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe author declares no competing interests.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAdditional information\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSupplementary information\u003c/strong\u003e The online version contains supplementary material available at https://\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCorrespondence and requests for materials\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eshould be addressed to Hiroshi Kobayashi.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eIPCC. 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Trade Commission, 1974). https://www.usitc.gov/publications/406/pub1051.pdf (1980)\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eAcker, M. \u0026amp; NuStar Energy. Pipeline transportation of ammonia, helping to bridge the gap to a carbon free future Ammonia Energy Conference. November 9, 2021. (2021).\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eU.S. Geological Survey. Mineral commodity summaries\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e2023\u003cem\u003e.\u003c/em\u003e https://pubs.usgs.gov/publication/mcs2023 (2023).\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":true,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"greenhouse gas emission, global warming, photovoltaic plants, equatorial waters, green fuel ammonia, carbon capture and storage","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4261445/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4261445/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eThe threat of global warming is imminent; however, fundamental solutions have yet to be presented. The current large-scale deployment of solar and wind power poses several challenges, including difficulties in storing large amounts of electricity and reduced power grid inertia. Additionally, rising surface temperatures thaw carbon-rich permafrost, glaciers, and Arctic ice, decreasing surface albedo (sunlight reflectance) and increasing atmospheric water vapor and methane, which have potent greenhouse effects. The result is a self-reinforcing cycle of rising surface temperatures, even if greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions are reduced to zero. These challenges can be overcome by (1) deploying numerous high-capacity floating offshore photovoltaic plants in equatorial waters with abundant renewable energy resources and generating sufficient electricity to meet the world\u0026rsquo;s primary energy needs; (2) using the generated electricity to synthesize green fuel ammonia, which is key to solving the challenges of renewable energy, and transporting and storing it globally via pipeline networks; and (3) continuously removing sufficient quantities of GHGs from the atmosphere to offset the self-reinforcing cycle. Upon deployment and implementation of such strategies by 2050, the Paris Agreement goals could be achieved and even return to pre-industrial levels. However, increased sea levels cannot be reversed.\u003c/b\u003e \u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Conceptualizing radical solutions to global warming via pipeline transport green fuel ammonia produced from abundant renewable energy in equatorial waters","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2024-04-18 09:52:31","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4261445/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"220f5235-24e9-4721-8403-875c956c745a","owner":[],"postedDate":"April 18th, 2024","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[{"id":30818947,"name":"Earth and environmental sciences/Environmental sciences"},{"id":30818948,"name":"Physical sciences/Energy science and technology"},{"id":30818949,"name":"Physical sciences/Engineering"}],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2024-04-22T10:14:57+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2024-04-18 09:52:31","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-4261445","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-4261445","identity":"rs-4261445","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"qtupq5eGEP_6zYnWcrvyt","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}