Ethnobotany of traditional cosmetics among the Oromo Women in Madda Walabu District, Bale Zone, Southeastern Ethiopia

Ethnobotany of traditional cosmetics among the Oromo Women in Madda Walabu District, Bale Zone, Southeastern Ethiopia | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Ethnobotany of traditional cosmetics among the Oromo Women in Madda Walabu District, Bale Zone, Southeastern Ethiopia Siraj Sultan, Habte Telila, Lemessa Kumsa This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-3876558/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Published Journal Publication published 22 Mar, 2024 Read the published version in Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine → Version 1 posted 7 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract The use of plants as natural cosmetics has been perceived as a source of welfare. However, the plants and the associated indigenous knowledge are continuously depleting globally. The study thus aimed to investigate the ethnobotany of traditional cosmetics among Oromo women in the Madda Walabu District of Bale Zone, Southeastern Oromia, Ethiopia. Ethnobotanical information such as plant species used for traditional cosmetics, method of preparation, and administration were collected among 150 Oromo women using semi-structured questionnaires. Thereafter, quantitative ethnobotanical indices, including the Informant consensus factor (ICF), and the level of fidelity (Fl) were computed to determine the most important species used by the women. A total of 48 plant species belonging to 31 families used as sources of traditional cosmetics were recorded among Oromo women in the district. The most frequent family was Fabaceae followed by Bigonaceae, Burseraceae, and Combretaceae. Most of the plants used as traditional cosmetics were trees, followed by shrubs and herbs in life forms Leaves are the most commonly used plant part in traditional cosmetics followed by barks; and maceration and decoction are the most common preparation methods applied to prepare plant-based traditional cosmetics. Traditional cosmetics are applied to various parts of the body and are mainly administered topically while oral infusions were not common. All categories had high ICF values, ranging from 0.80 to 0.98. The highest ICF value was found for skin treatment, followed by the hair, and Face mask. Overall, Commiphora habessinica,Gnidia stenophylla, Kalanchoe lanceolata, Mimusops kummel, Sesamothamnus rivae, Terminalia brownii, T. laxiflora, Acacia drepanolobium, A. mellifera and Aloe citrina were the most frequently cited plants by Oromo women for traditional cosmetic purposes in the study area. However, there will be a need to conduct laboratory-based experiments to establish the efficacy and safety of these documented plants using relevant biological assays. Maceration Madda Walabu Oromo women Skin Traditional cosmetics Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 Figure 5 Introduction Human beings have been struggling to increase their natural beauty to be more attractive using traditional cosmetics beginning thousands of years back (6000 BC) [ 1 ]. In many countries around the world, traditional societies have always used natural substances such as plant extracts for several reasons including skin protection against the sun, and skin beauty, as well as for conveying messages of tribal identity [ 2 ]. The demand for beauty products such as soaps, face washes, shampoos, conditioners, skin lotions, toners, astringents, cold creams and other moisturizing formulations, perfumes, hair colors, dyes, powders, eye and face packs, etc. has been growing globally requiring trillion-dollar investment [ 3 ]. Cosmetic-pharmaceutical products were intended to improve not only the beauty but also the health of individuals [ 4 ]. On the other hand, due to their potential negative health effects in recent years, cosmetic products of synthetic origin have been widely criticized which has increased interest in the use of traditional cosmetics as they are considered less toxic, effective, and believed to contain antioxidants [ 5 ]. Most of these cosmetics were prepared from plants. Traditional cosmetics are natural cosmetics into which no synthetic chemical ingredients are added and made locally by the members of the ethnic group. Even today, traditional cosmetics are in use in many developing countries and Ethiopia is no exception. In preparing traditional cosmetics, different ethnic groups in the world have been using different species of plants. Furthermore, cross-culturally, the use of cosmetics is more common among women than men. This arises from the potential interest of women to attract their male partners and to a rival competition [ 6 ]. Moreover, the use of cosmetics makes women appear healthier, more attractive, and more feminine [ 4 ]. In any culture, the knowledge and practices of ethnobiology vary by, ethnicity, religion, profession, educational background, social status and relations, income class, age, and gender [ 7 ]. Women are likely the most important in the management of plant biodiversity in biodiversity-rich regions including Ethiopia [ 8 , 9 ]. The indigenous knowledge of the preparation and use of traditional cosmetics has a long history. This knowledge has been transferred from generation to generation orally [ 10 ]. With the increasing development of technologies, however, the Knowledge of these traditional cosmetics has been decreasing [ 5 ]. In addition, plant diversity from which these cosmetics are believed to be made is also depleting globally due to anthropogenic factors such as the expansion of agriculture in addition to the invisibility of the environmental benefits that are derived from women's biodiversity management [ 11 ]. Furthermore, the use of plants as traditional cosmetics has only been poorly investigated in different regions including Ethiopia [ 12 , 13 ] as more emphasis was given to traditional medicines despite their important role in the economy, improvement of beauty and minimizing health risks of synthetic cosmetics. Thus, the study focused on the investigation of the ethnobotany of traditional cosmetics and associated knowledge used by Oromo women in the Madda Walabu district as cosmetics is more practiced by women who arise from their interest to attract the mates and compete with rivals [ 6 ]. Materials and methods Study area The study was conducted in Madda Walabu district, Bale Zone, Oromia National Regional State, Southeast Ethiopia located between 9º44′32″and 9º46′26″N and 39º 44′00″and 39º 47′19″E (Fig. 1 ). It is located at about 630 km from Addis Ababa and 200 km from the zone capital (Robe town) in the Southeast. The topography of the area is steep and dissected by ravines and gorges through which rivers and streams tumble down the southern escarpment. Oromo is the most dominant ethnic group in the area and is the most populous ethnic group in the country [ 14 ] accounting for approximately 40% of the currently estimated 110 million total population of the country [ 15 ]. Data collection A total of 150 informants (all of whom are women) were selected purposively to obtain high-quality and reliable information. The selection of informants was based on the recommendations of elders and local authorities. All the respondents were living in rural areas and from a variety of socio-economic strata, with knowledge of traditional cosmetics. Data including the local names of the plant species used for traditional cosmetics, their preparation, and administration methods were collected using semi-structured interviews from June to August 2021. Plant specimens collected during the field walk were identified using the Flora of Ethiopia and Eritrea. Data analysis Fidelity level The level of fidelity (Fl) was computed to determine the most important plant species used by women for traditional cosmetics employing the formula used in [ 16 ]. \(\text{\%}\text{F}\text{L}=\frac{Ip}{Iu}X100\) Where IP is the number of informants who independently suggested the use of a species for a particular use category; Iu is the total number of informants who mentioned the plant for any use category. The more the value of FL is close to 1, the higher the number of informants that used this plant species for that particular use. This index answers the question: “Which use is associated with this particular plant?” Moreover, a one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to assess the difference in traditional cosmetics among the Oromo women based on their ages, level of education, marital status, and occupation. Free R software was used for all the analyses [ 17 ]. Informant consensus factor The informant consensus factor (ICF) was calculated to assess the variability of plant usages in cosmetics within each of the ten categories using the formula as used in [ 18 ] $$\text{I}\text{C}\text{F}=\frac{\text{N}\text{u}\text{r}-\text{N}\text{t}}{\text{N}\text{u}\text{r}-1}$$ Where, Nur is the number of usages reported for a category Nt the number of plant species reported to be used in that particular category. ICF values vary between 0 and 1 and a value close to 1 indicates strong consensus among informants, that is, a large proportion of the informants use the same species for the same purpose. When close to 0, the IFC value indicates a strong disagreement among informants. Results Socio-demographic features Demographic characteristics of the informants In the study, although the age of the participants ranged from 20–75 years, most of the respondents were above 50 years old. Concerning education, the majorities of the participants were not attended formal education at all and attended primary education. Most of the respondents were married and housewives in occupation (Table 1 ). Table 1 Demographic characteristics of the female respondents (i.e. Oromo women) in Madda Walabu District, Bale Zone, Oromia, Ethiopia Demographic characteristics Frequency Proportion (%) Age 50 83 55.33 Total 150 100.00 Education No formal education 70 46.67 Primary 60 40.00 Secondary 20 13.33 Total 150 100.00 Marital status Single 10 6.67 Married 130 86.67 Divorced 5 3.33 Widowed 5 3.33 Total 150 100.00 Occupation Student 5 3.33 Housewife 125 83.33 Self employed 15 10.00 Government employed 5 3.33 Total 150 100.00 Composition of plant species used as a traditional cosmetic in Madda Walabu district A total of 48 plant species belonging to 39 genera and 31 families were recorded as a source of traditional cosmetics among Oromo women in the Madda Walabu District of Bale Zone. The most common family was Fabaceae represented by six spp. followed by Bigonaceae, Burseraceae, and Combretaceae (Table 2 : Appendix 1). Table 2 List of plant families with their frequency Family Freq. Proportion Family Freq. Proportion Aloaceae 1 2.08 Meliaceae 1 2.08 Anacardiaceae 1 2.08 Myrtaceae 1 2.08 Bignoniaceae 4 8.33 Olacaceae 1 2.08 Boraginaceae 3 6.25 Oleaceae 1 2.08 Burseraceae 4 8.33 Pedaliaceae 1 2.08 Capparidaceae 1 2.08 Rhamnaceae 1 2.08 Caricaceae 1 2.08 Rutaceae 2 4.17 Combretaceae 4 8.33 Salvadoraceae 1 4.17 Commelinaceae Crassulaceae 1 2.08 Santalaceae 1 2.08 1 2.08 Sapindaceae 1 2.08 Cupressaceae 1 2.08 Sapotaceae 1 2.08 Euphorbiaceae 3 6.25 Simaroubaceae 1 2.08 Fabaceae 6 12.50 Solanaceae 2 4.17 Lamiaceae 1 2.08 Thymelaeaceae 1 2.08 Lauraceae 1 2.08 Tiliaceae 1 2.04 Loganiaceae 1 2.08 Traditional cosmetics Plant parts and growth forms of traditional cosmetics The most common plant parts used in the preparation of traditional cosmetics were leaves followed by barks, and wood from the stem, whereas plant parts such as seeds, fruits, and resins were rarely used. Trees were found to be the most frequent source of traditional cosmetics in the study area followed by shrubs (in life forms (Fig. 2 ; Table 3 ). Methods of preparation and administration Maceration and decoction were the most common methods used to prepare plant-based traditional cosmetics (Fig. 3A; Table 3 ). These methods were usually used by the Oromo women to soften and extract materials that can be used in the production and beautification of the skin, and hair. Furthermore, smoking was also mentioned as a common method, particularly in the use of traditional cosmetics such as perfume. Traditional cosmetics are applied to different parts of the body. Moreover, these natural-based cosmetics are mainly administered topically (88%) while oral infusions were not common (12%) (Table 3 ). The participant highlighted that plants used for natural-based cosmetics may be administered as a powder (leaves, root, or wood powder) through different mechanisms depending on the need for beautification. Figure 3. Methods of preparation (A), and major use categories (B) of the plant based traditional cosmetics products among Oromo women in Madda Walabu District of Bale Zone Table 3 Plant species, parts used (PU), methods of preparation (MP), use category (UC) and application area (AP) for traditional cosmetics by Oromo women in Madda Walabu district, southeast Ethiopia Species PU MP Administration UC AP Acacia brevispica Harms Leaves Decoction Applied topically via sprinkling on wounds and pimples Perfume Skin A. drepanolobium Harms ex Sjöstedt. Fruit Maceration Oil is applied topically to repair and beautify the skin Skin care Skin A. etbaica Schweinf. Wood Directly used The trunk for brushing teeth Teeth Hygiene Teeth A. mellifera (Vahl) Benth. Flower Maceration The oil applied topically as hair cream Hair coloring Hair Aloe citrina Carter & Brandham Whole squeezing The fluid squeezed is used for skin beauty Skin care Skin Azadirachta indica A. Juss. leaves Maceration Boiling the fresh leaves Face cleaner Face Boswellia neglecta S.Moore resin Smoked Resins are dropped on fire Perfume Skin Cadaba longifolia (R. Br.) DC. Bark Smoked Pieces of barks are burned on fire Perfume Skin Carica papaya L. Leaves Decoction Bark is applied topically on burn wounds (burns). Skin care Skin Citrus aurantifolia (Christm.) Swingle Bark Maceration Bark is applied topically on burn wounds (burns). Face cleaner Face Combretum adenogonium Steud. ex A. Rich. Leaves Decoction The leaves are applied topically on wounds and sores. Face cleaner Face Commiphora baluensis Engl. Bark Maceration Bark is used for wounds and it rejuvenates the skin and is applied topically on the skin or wounds. Face mask Face Commiphora habessinica (Berg) Engl. Leaves Maceration Leaves are applied topically on wounds. Hair health Hair C.myrrha (Nees) Engl. Bark Smoked The bark is burned and vagina is fumigated Vaginal health Vagina Cordia africana Lam. Bark Maceration Barks are grinded and mixed with water Hand decorative Hand Cordia monoica Roxb. Leaves Decoction a The leaves are used to wash the vagina Vaginal health Vagina Croton dichogamus Pax Bark Maceration The oil from the bark applied topically to repair and beautify the skin Face mask Face Croton macrostachyus Del. Seeds Maceration Stimulate hair growth; it is applied topically Hair cream Hair Dalbergia commiphoroides Bak. f. Leaves Decoction The bark is grinded and used Skin care Skin Delonix elata (L.) Gamble Leaves Decoction Leaf is crushed and rubbed on the skin Skin care Skin Dobera glabra (Forssk.) Poir. Roots Maceration Roots are applied topically and orally for mouth sores and as toothpaste Teeth Hygiene Teeth Dodonaea angustifolia L. f. Wood Directly used The trunk for brushing Teeth Hygiene Teeth Ehretia cymosa Thonn. leaves Maceration Leaves are applied topically on wounds Hand decorative Hand Euphorbia tirucalli L. Leaves Directly used Applied orally and as lotion on burn skin and wounds Perfume Skin Gnidia stenophylla Gilg Leaves Maceration The leaves are burned and applied topically on the wound. Skin care Skin Grewia bicolor Juss. Bark Maceration Grinded and mixed with water Face mask Face Juniperus procera Hochst. ex Endl Wood Smoked By frightening the trunk Perfume Skin Kalanchoe lanceolata Forssk.) Pers. Whole plant Decoction Grinding of root and bark Skin care Skin Kirkia burgeri Stannard Roots Maceration The oil from the root applied topically as hair cream Skin care Skin Mimusops kummel A. DC. Leaves Decoction The sap squeezed directly on skin wounds Skin care Skin Murdannia simplex (Vahl) Brenan Roots Smoked It is taken orally as a mouthwash. Teeth Hygiene Teeth Olea europaea L. subsp. cuspidata (Wall. ex G.Don) Seeds Maceration Stimulate hair growth and applied topically. Hair cream Hair Osyris quadripartita Decn. Bark Maceration Bark is taken orally because it is believed the skin is affected from the inside. Hair health Hair Persea americana Mill. Leaves Directly used Leaves are applied topically on wounds Face mask Face Premna schimperi Engl. Leaves Decoction Put the medicine on the infected teeth Teeth Hygiene Teeth Rhamnus staddo A. Rich. leaves Decoction crushed the leaves and applied them Perfume Skin Rhus natalensis Krauss Wood Directly used A piece of trunk is cut and used Teeth Hygiene Teeth Sesamothamnus rivae Engl. Bark smoked Powder from the bark applied as paste on the mouth sores. Skin care Skin Solanum hastifolium Hochst. ex Dunal in DC. Roots Decoction The cream is applied on skin (acne) Skin care Skin Solanum lycopersicum L. Fruit Squeezed Fruit sap are administered topically as a facial wash Face cleaner Face Stereospermum kunthianum Cham. Bark Directly used A piece of bark is cut and used Teeth Hygiene Teeth Strychnos mitis S. Moore Wood Smoked A piece of wood is burned on small fire Skin care Skin Syzygium guineense (Willd.) DC Bark Smoked A piece of bark is burned on small fire Perfume Skin Terminalia brownii Fresen. Seeds Maceration Mixed with soil for cleaning teeth & orally as toothpaste Teeth Hygiene Teeth Terminalia laxiflora Engl. & Diels. Bark Maceration It is applied topically on wounds. Skin care Skin Withania somnifera L. Dunal in DC. Wood Decoction Leaves crushed and extracts applied on skin Perfume Skin Ximenia americana L. Wood Directly used The trunk for brushing teeth Teeth Hygiene Teeth Zanthoxylum chalybeum Engl. Bark Squeezed squeezed cock and applied the fluid Hair coloring Hair Main cosmetic plants of the study area Eight plant species were cited by one-third of the informants as main cosmetic plants (Table 4 ). Terminalia brownii Fresen. was the most cited traditional cosmetic plant used as hair cream followed by Aloe citrine , used for skin care, and Olea europaea L. subsp. cuspidata (Wall. ex G.Don) ( Table 4 ). However, when taking each category of usage into account, the most cited plants were different. For example, Terminalia laxiflora Engl. & Diels.were the most cited in the skincare category, Rhus natalensis Krauss in the keeping teeth hygiene, Combretum adenogonium Steud. ex A. Rich. in the face clearance, Cordia monoica Roxb. in the vaginal health, and Ehretia cymosa Thonn. in the category of hand decorative (Table 4 ; Appendix 2). Table 4 The main cosmetic plants cited by most of the informants in the study area (GF = Growth Form; No.C = Number of citations and No.C(%) = Percentages of number of citations) Species GF Local name Application area No. C No.C (%) Terminalia brownii Fresen. T birdheessa Hair 47 3.77 Aloe citrina Carter & Brandham H hargiisa Skin 45 3.61 Olea europaea L. subsp. cuspidata (Wall. ex G.Don) T ejersa Hair 45 3.61 Sesamothamnus rivae Engl. T dareessa Skin 45 3.61 Terminalia laxiflora Engl. & Diels. S dabaqqaa Skin 45 3.61 Syzygium guineense (Willd.) DC. T baddeessa Skin 43 3.45 Rhus natalensis Krauss T daboobessa Teeth 42 3.37 Combretum adenogonium Steud. ex A. Rich. T Face 41 3.29 Sum 28.35 Fidelity level of a species for a particular use In the study, greater cosmetic usage citations were exhibited in the fidelity level (FL) revealing the importance of a species for a particular use. Nineteen fidelity level values higher than 88% related to use-species associations known by more than half of the informants (Table 5 ; Appendix 1). Thus 19 species and nine cosmetic uses appeared to be particularly linked. Fidelity levels were high (> 80% of FL) for several species (Appendix 2). The highest FL score was recorded for Terminalia brownii Fresen. used for the beautification of hair followed by Terminalia laxiflora Engl. & Diels. for skin care, Sesamothamnus rivae Engl. for skin care, Olea europaea L. subsp. cuspidata (Wall. ex G.Don) for hair cream and Aloe citrina Carter & Brandham for skin care (Table 5 ; Appendix 2). Table 5 Plants with high fidelity level values (> 88%) against cosmetic use category of Oromo women in Madda Walabu district, southeast Ethiopia (FL = Fidelity Level, Ip = number of informants who independently cited the importance of a species for treating a particular use category, Iu = total number of informants who reported the plant for any given use category) No Scientific name Use category Ip Iu FL (%) 1 Terminalia brownii Fresen. Hair cream 23 24 95.83 2 Terminalia laxiflora Engl. & Diels Skin care 22 23 95.65 3 Sesamothamnus rivae Engl. Skin care 22 23 95.65 4 Olea europaea L. subsp. cuspidata (Wall. ex G.Don) Hair cream 22 23 95.65 5 Aloe citrina Carter & Brandham Skin care 22 23 95.65 6 Syzygium guineense (Willd.) DC. Perfume 21 22 95.45 7 Combretum adenogonium Steud. ex A. Rich. Face cleaner 20 21 95.24 8 Euphorbia tirucalli L. Perfume 19 20 95.00 9 Commiphora habessinica (Nees) Engl. Hair health 16 17 94.12 10 Premna schimperi Engl. Teeth 16 17 94.12 11 Murdannia simplex (Vahl) Brenan Teeth Hygiene 15 16 93.75 12 Gnidia stenophylla Gilg Skin care 15 16 93.75 13 Commiphora baluensis Engl. Face mask 13 14 92.86 14 Rhus natalensis Krauss Teeth Hygiene 20 22 90.91 15 Cordia africana Lam. Hand decorative 8 9 88.89 16 Stereospermum kunthianum Cham. Teeth Hygiene 16 18 88.89 17 Azadirachta indica A. Juss. Face cleaner 8 9 88.89 18 Cordia monoica Roxb. Vaginal health 15 17 88.24 Cosmetic use category and application areas Most of the categories (i.e. three fourth) had high mean Fidelity levels for particular use values, ranging from 72.73% to 92, 03% (Fig. 4 A). The highest mean FL value was recorded to use as hair cream, followed by hair health and hand decorative; and skin and face mask were the 4th and 5th respectively (Table 5 ). The traditional cosmetics among the Oromo women in Madda Walabu District were used for care and beautifying skin followed by teeth hygiene and face cleaning and masks (Fig. 4 B). Informant consensus factor (ICF) To compute the informant consensus factor values, cosmetic use categories of the study area were grouped into 10 categories (Table 6 ; Fig. 4 A). All categories had high informant consensus factor values, ranging from 0.92 to 0.96. Specifically, face clearance and mask scored the highest ICF value, followed by hair treatment (Table 6 ). The traditional cosmetics among the Oromo women in Madda Walabu District were thus used to care for and beautify the face, followed by hair and skin (Table 6 ). Table 6 Cosmetic use category and informant consensus factor of Oromo women in Madda Walabu district, southeast Ethiopia Use category Number of use reports in each category (Nur) Number of taxa (Nt) Informants’ consensus factor (IFC) Face cleaner 56 3 0.96 Face mask 26 2 0.96 Hair coloring 25 2 0.96 Hair cream 23 2 0.95 Hair health 109 8 0.94 Hand decorative 16 2 0.93 Perfume 171 13 0.93 Skin care 43 4 0.93 Teeth Hygiene 38 4 0.92 Vaginal health 86 8 0.92 Socio-demographic factors in the use of traditional cosmetics among Oromo women There were highly significant differences in the number of plant species used as traditional cosmetics among the Oromo women with different ages (F=, 70.6 p < 0.001), level of education, (F=, 154.0 p < 0.001), marital status (F = 68.4 p < 0.001), and occupation (F=, 45.4 p < 0.001). Older women mentioned more plant species used as traditional cosmetics than younger ones. Women who did not attend formal education were found to be retaining indigenous plant use knowledge more than educated ones. Moreover, married and housewives were found to be with extensive traditional knowledge compared to other married status-employed women in the study area (Fig. 5 ). Traditional knowledge and cultural practices The respondents made clear that traditional knowledge about natural-based cosmetics is widely spread among the Oromo women in the Madda Walabu district although they do not regularly exchange knowledge with other communities around. The Oromo women played a primary role in the preparation and administration of natural-based cosmetics. Their homemade remedies were prepared for the whole community who require different forms of preparations such as poultices or compresses. Some plant species that are used for natural-based cosmetics among the Oromo women are also used as an aspect of healing. Hence, the Oromo women who were knowledgeably articulated that natural-based cosmetics are an interdisciplinary practice that heals and promotes the beauty of the skin. Respondents mentioned that plant species are collected throughout the year, and seasonality only plays a role when plant parts such as fruits or leaves are to be collected. It was observed that the Oromo women who were knowledgeable about natural-based cosmetics harvested and carried as many plants as they could when they go out for collection. The decision to have the large collection at once is due to the long distance they had to travel for the collection and the increasing scarcity of certain plant species. Moreover, the respondents mentioned that large collections of scarce species are recently threatening the species. Despite the presence of gender divisions for different activities because of cultural restrictions, the majority of women respondents mentioned that there were no taboos associated with nature-based cosmetic plant collection and uses in the study area. Description of particular care types among Oromo Women Intimate hygiene is typical of the Oromo women in Oromia which is called qayyachuu in Afaan Oromo. Care of private parts through fumigation is very important for women, particularly for married women. These treatments are preventive actions to avoid bad smells, limit vaginal discharges, and can arouse the woman; making her ready for sexual activities. For the fumigation process, a small hole is made inside the home where wood material is placed on a fire and women cover their bodies with a cloth below their necks. The wood materials for qayyachuu are mainly prepared from the mix of the barks and branches from plant species such as Commiphora baluensis Engl., C. habessinica (Berg) Engl. and C. myrrha (Nees) Engl. These intimate care treatments are only for the female gender. Discussions Composition of plants used in traditional cosmetics in Madda Walabu district Despite the present study described and documented plants used as traditional cosmetics, sometimes it is very difficult to draw a clear line between the plants used as cosmetics and medicines and vice versa [ 19 , 20 , 21 ]. The result of this study revealed the medicinal role of the plant species in addition to their cosmetic use. For instance, the plant parts of Acacia brevispica Harms., Citrus aurantifolia (Christm.) Swingle, Carica papaya L., Commiphora baluensis Engl. C. habessinica (Berg) Engl., Dobera glabra (Forssk.) Poir., Dodonaea angustifolia L. f, Ehretia cymosa Thonn., Euphorbia tirucalli L., Gnidia stenophylla Gilg,, Mimusops kummel A. DC. is applied topically to heal wounds on the skin, and as ant-acne, and heal mouth sores (Appendix 2). Therefore, we recommend amplified research in the future and assessing multipurpose ethnobotanical use values since our study is an eye opener for the study area and aimed to mainly investigate cosmetical aspects. In various parts of the world including Ethiopia, many plant species are commonly used locally for the preparations of traditional cosmetics but have not been scientifically investigated for wider use [ 22 ]. This implies a need to collect and compile indigenous knowledge of plant-based traditional cosmetics among tribes, specifically, the Oromo (largest ethnic group in Ethiopia) women of Bale lowland in this study. Accordingly, a total of 48 plant species used as traditional cosmetics were recorded of which Fabaceae, Bigonaceae, and Burseraceae were the most frequent families. The study thus revealed that there is a great diversity of plants for cosmetic use, which could be useful documentation, contributing to preserving the knowledge about the traditional cosmetic use of plants in this region. Consequently, the ethnobotanical study of these species reveals that traditional cosmetics are still very attached to the habits of the local population, especially among the elderly, Oromo women. The study documented a relatively higher number of species specifically used as traditional cosmetics compared to other similar studies (Table 7 ). This high number of species could be attributed to the varied agroecology and climatic conditions of our study area that supported a variety of plant species. The comparison of the species number discovered in different countries is presented. Table 7 Number of plant species used as a traditional cosmetic reported in different countries Number of species Country References 27 Alexandria, Egypt [ 30 ] 13 Arab-Choa and Kotoko Ethnic Groups in the Semi-Arid Areas of Far North Cameroon [ 31 ] 47 Vhavenda women in Vhembe District Municipality, Limpopo, South Africa [ 23 ] 40 Province of Taza, Northern Morocco [ 21 ] 25 Tropical island of Mauritius [ 42 ] 16 Xhosa women in the Eastern Cape, South Africa [ 43 ] 29 Tribal women of Kashmir Himalayas. [ 2 ] Moreover, the top rank of Fabaceae which aligns with [ 23 ], as a source of local cosmetics is not surprising for several reasons. First, Fabaceae is among the most species-rich families (3rd) in the flora area of the country [ 24 , 25 ]. The same is true for the Burseraceae family since the vegetation of the study area is mainly Acacia-Commiphora woodlands [ 26 ]. The potential importance of the species as cosmetics in this family could therefore be a result of its representation in flora of the area. local flora. Second, in neighboring districts with similar agroecology such as Dallo Manna [ 27 ] and Gura Damole districts [ 28 ], Fabaceae was found to contain many medicinal plants. However, the strange thing was that Lamiaceae which contains many cosmetic and medicinal plants that are of global importance [ 29 , 30 ], was only represented by one species in the study area. The variation could be attributed to the differences in agroecology. Moreover, similar to other studies in Africa (tropical) that focused on traditional cosmetics [ 30 , 31 , 23 ]. Trees were the most commonly used plant life forms followed by shrubs and herbs. The high usage of such plant life form in Madda Walabu is also likely associated with the tropical climate region which, in turn, helps the plants to be widely available and abundant in the study area Plant Parts used and use category Among a range of plant organs used in the study area, leaves are the parts that are most commonly used in traditional cosmetics which are in line with other studies [ 27 , 30 , 23 , 28 ]. The preference for leaves as a major source of cosmetics could be asserted by the fact that they are not only easy to collect, store, and process during most of the year but also are the site of photosynthesis and sometimes the storage of bioactive ingredients responsible for the cosmetic properties of the plant helping beautification [ 32 , 33 ].The use of leaves as traditional cosmetics encourages conservation practices, unlike the extensive use of roots and barks which may cause the death of plants. However, reports from some other studies revealed that fruits were the most commonly used plant parts as cosmetics among women [ 2 , 34 ]. The difference could be attributed to the variations in indigenous knowledge on plant-based cosmetics differing across different communities and ethnic groups globally. A greater number of citations for cosmetic applications is exhibited in the fidelity level. In the current study, about 19 species were found to have FL values of greater than 88% suggesting that the state of knowledge of the informants is more or less common when it comes to the uses of such plants. The highest FL scores were recorded on the use of Terminalia brownii Fresen. (95.83%) and Olea europaea L. subsp. cuspidata (Wall. ex G.Don) (95.65%) for hair treatment and Terminalia laxiflora Engl. & Diels. (95.65%) and Sesamothamnus rivae Engl. (95.65%) for skin care of Oromo women. FL is a measure of the degree of effectiveness of the cosmetic plant for beautification. Thus, traditional cosmetic plants having high fidelity level values are speculated to be effective in their beautification potential and can be a good candidate for future further detailed investigation. Although [ 13 ] reported the FL values of some of the aforementioned species for their medicinal aspect, no literature has documented their FL scores for cosmetic uses as the present study is the first of its kind in the area and also due to variations of the use of plants from area to area. From Informant consensus factor analysis, high FIC values suggested that Oromo women in the community share knowledge about the most significant plant species of traditional cosmetics commonly used for beautification and low FIC values indicate less willingness to share knowledge of significant plant species of traditional cosmetics for beautification for women [ 35 ]. From the current study, although all the usage categories had higher values, face care has the highest FIC which further substantiates the heavy reliance of Oromo women of Madda Walabu district on plant-based traditional cosmetics. Method of preparations and mode of application As documented in other ethnobotanical studies in Bale [ 36 ], diverse methods of preparation were observed in the current study. Accordingly, maceration and decoction were the most frequently used preparation methods among the participants. This goes in line with other similar studies where decocting or concocting was mostly the more common way of preparation [ 33 ]. Furthermore, in the current study, most of the products of traditional cosmetics were administered topically which aligns with other several studies [ 37 , 38 ]. This route of administration was demonstrated with eleven different cosmetic applications. Remarkably, this proves the certainty that plant species are intensely entrenched in the cosmetic globe with different kinds of cosmetic uses. Applications of natural-based cosmetics such as a paste, powder, or sap (topically) were also in alignment with the findings [ 19 ]. Plant-based Traditional cosmetics and Oromo women's Indigenous knowledge The current study revealed significant variations in the number of plant species used as traditional cosmetics among Oromo women of different ages. Accordingly, older women mentioned and used more plant species as traditional cosmetics for beautification than younger ones. This aligns with the findings of [ 2 ] and [ 30 ] indicating that indigenous knowledge of plant-based traditional cosmetics is not equally distributed among the different age groups of women. Thus, the study revealed a well-established indigenous knowledge of plant-based cosmetics among the Oromo women but seems to decline with age which could be attributed to the low interest of the younger generation to inherit and use traditional cosmetics. The other finding of the current study is that Oromo women, who didn't attend formal education, are married, and housewives have more extensive knowledge of traditional cosmetics than students, educated and employed. This could be due to the inspiration of the younger women, educated and employed ones by intensive media campaigns and advertisements of synthetic cosmetics that might have resulted in decreasing interest in using natural cosmetics [ 2 ]. Thus, due to the declining trends of the use of plant-based traditional cosmetics in the younger generation, which was also supported by other studies [ 39 ], there is an urgent need for preserving indigenous knowledge of the Oromo women of Madda Walabu district. We suggest that the younger generation should be trained and made aware of the importance, of sustainable utilization as well as the domestication of precious plant-based traditional cosmetics. The type of occupation also plays a major role in the use of herbal cosmetics. We discovered that housewives use more cosmetic plants for their skin, face, hair, and teeth hygiene than women who work outside of the home. Housewives tend to have less income than working women, hence their higher interest in cheaper cosmetics. Similar studies in Egypt reported that herbal remedies are much more common among lower-income groups, such as students, housewives, and non-literate women [ 30 ]. On the contrary, the results of the study that took place in Finland revealed that women who had relatively high social status were the most interested in herbal remedies and cosmetics [ 40 ], suggesting that knowledge and use of herbal remedies may be context-specific. On the other hand, [ 41 ] reported that knowledge of medicinal plants was not related to age or gender in Brazil. Besides the regular application of plant-based natural cosmetics, Oromo women knowledgeable about traditional cosmetics indicated that the different types of plant species are inspired mainly by their culture, and cosmetic products are mainly used in cultural practices such as traditional healing and skin-related issues. In contrast to other studies [ 35 ], that restrict outdoor activities including plant gathering from wild to men, our study revealed that nature-based cosmetic plant collection was carried out by women which aligns with [ 23 ]. Concerning traditional knowledge and cultural practices, the Oromo women made clear that their homemade cosmetics were prepared for the whole community and required different forms of preparation. Moreover, the knowledgeable respondents articulated that natural-based cosmetics are inter-disciplinary practices that heal and promote the beauty of skin which is in line with [ 13 ]. Furthermore, the current study revealed that there was particular care for intimate hygiene which is typical of the Oromo women in the area that is called qayyachuu in Afan Oromo. It is the means of caring for private parts (vagina) through smoking and fumigation, particularly for married women which align with [ 13 ] but with a different name, woyeba chis meaning smoking bath in northern Ethiopia. The treatments are used to avoid bad smells, limit vaginal discharges, and can arouse the woman; making her ready for sexual activities. The wood materials for qayyachuu are mainly prepared from the mix of the barks and branches from the plant species such as Commiphora baluensis Engl., C.habessinica (Berg) Engl., and C. myrrha (Nees) Engl. Conclusions The study described the cosmetic flora of the Madda Walabu district of Bale Zone with its uses. The ethnobotanical study focusing on traditional cosmetics is the first of its kind to be conducted among Oromo women in Ethiopia. A total of 48 plants belonging to 31 families used in traditional cosmetics were investigated, and eight plant species were cited by one-third of the informants as the main cosmetic plants. The traditional cosmetics among the Oromo women in Madda Walabu District were thus used to care for and beautify the face, followed by hair and skin. The most frequent part of the plant used for the preparation of traditional cosmetics was the leaves followed by barks, and wood from the stem. The preparation for the cosmetics was through maceration and decoction which were used to soften and extract the production used as traditional cosmetics. Furthermore, smoking was also mentioned as a common method, particularly in the use of traditional cosmetics such as perfume. Findings from this study indicated the rich plant biodiversity in terms of the high number of plants used for traditional cosmetics among the Oromo women. Furthermore, women's‎ information‎ regarding‎ the plant used as a traditional cosmetic was highly credible. However, nowadays, knowledge transfer is partly broken, with most young Oromo women. The younger generation seemed to be involved in synthetic cosmetics inspired by intensive media campaigns and advertisements. Thus, there is an urgent need for preserving traditional knowledge and suggests that the young generation should be trained and made aware of the importance, of sustainable utilization as well as the domestication of the precious plants used as traditional cosmetics. Moreover, ethnobotanical studies with a particular reference to traditional cosmetics should be amplified to compare data from different regions of Ethiopia and to document this important cultural wealth, both for its preservation and promotion. Declarations Acknowledgments We are grateful to the local women and community leaders of Madda Walabu district who helped us to get valuable information of plants used for cosmetics and applications of traditional cosmetics Authors contributions SS, HT developed the idea of the project; SS designed the study and conducted field data collection; HT, LK conducted data analysis; SS, HT, LK wrote the manuscript. All authors have read and agreed to submit the final version of this manuscript. Funding Authors have not received any funding during this research Data availability Data available on request from the authors. Conflict of Interest Authors have no conflict of interest. References Gebelein CG. Chemistry and our world. Wm.C. 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Supplementary Files Appendices.docx Cite Share Download PDF Status: Published Journal Publication published 22 Mar, 2024 Read the published version in Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine → Version 1 posted Editorial decision: Revision requested 01 Feb, 2024 Reviews received at journal 26 Jan, 2024 Reviewers agreed at journal 22 Jan, 2024 Reviewers invited by journal 22 Jan, 2024 Submission checks completed at journal 21 Jan, 2024 Editor assigned by journal 21 Jan, 2024 First submitted to journal 18 Jan, 2024 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-3876558","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":268478442,"identity":"59a67626-5740-49d3-a0bb-48b608a4d339","order_by":0,"name":"Siraj Sultan","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Madda Walabu University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Siraj","middleName":"","lastName":"Sultan","suffix":""},{"id":268478443,"identity":"c2cd1a8e-01c0-4774-a8c8-2d12769deb5c","order_by":1,"name":"Habte Telila","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Madda Walabu 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2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":63771,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eProportion of (A) Plants parts, (B) Growth forms of plant species used as a traditional cosmetic among the Oromo women in the study area\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage2.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3876558/v1/82cfec6dd62fe8074d6a4c09.png"},{"id":50056797,"identity":"d6531393-f99a-42fb-8c33-5ecdca99dc55","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-01-23 18:06:03","extension":"png","order_by":3,"title":"Figure 3","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":115727,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eMethods of preparation (A), and major use categories (B) of the plant based traditional cosmetics products among Oromo women in Madda Walabu District of Bale Zone\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage3.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3876558/v1/aab3af17913a5a935201efc1.png"},{"id":50056799,"identity":"b4385680-0e29-4cc2-97f1-015ce138e26d","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-01-23 18:06:03","extension":"png","order_by":4,"title":"Figure 4","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":165946,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eMajor cosmetic use categories (A) and the main cosmetic body application areas (B) among the Oromo women in the study area\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage4.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3876558/v1/3b4394b4cfc4e5eb6bc8a6be.png"},{"id":50056798,"identity":"ca017052-4d83-48d1-aa1c-49f6e2ecb01f","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-01-23 18:06:03","extension":"png","order_by":5,"title":"Figure 5","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":19556,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eVariation in the use of traditional cosmetics based on (Age, (B) Level of education, (C) Marital status, and (D) Occupation among the Oromo women in Madda Walabu District, Bale Zone, Oromia Regional state, Ethiopia.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage5.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3876558/v1/6665f66bfb7e057e070aedd9.png"},{"id":53403865,"identity":"cafc60ca-5352-4c8c-9e63-6ee36cf1d613","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-03-25 15:15:44","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":938058,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3876558/v1/64a0a98a-e521-4a67-80f8-bc490def947b.pdf"},{"id":50056795,"identity":"84a9b1b4-04e5-467f-99ab-af9f0088aa25","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-01-23 18:06:02","extension":"docx","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"supplement","size":43077,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Appendices.docx","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3876558/v1/93d00c3bcb37f038d3da532a.docx"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Ethnobotany of traditional cosmetics among the Oromo Women in Madda Walabu District, Bale Zone, Southeastern Ethiopia","fulltext":[{"header":"Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eHuman beings have been struggling to increase their natural beauty to be more attractive using traditional cosmetics beginning thousands of years back (6000 BC) [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e]. In many countries around the world, traditional societies have always used natural substances such as plant extracts for several reasons including skin protection against the sun, and skin beauty, as well as for conveying messages of tribal identity [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe demand for beauty products such as soaps, face washes, shampoos, conditioners, skin lotions, toners, astringents, cold creams and other moisturizing formulations, perfumes, hair colors, dyes, powders, eye and face packs, etc. has been growing globally requiring trillion-dollar investment [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e]. Cosmetic-pharmaceutical products were intended to improve not only the beauty but also the health of individuals [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOn the other hand, due to their potential negative health effects in recent years, cosmetic products of synthetic origin have been widely criticized which has increased interest in the use of traditional cosmetics as they are considered less toxic, effective, and believed to contain antioxidants [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e]. Most of these cosmetics were prepared from plants. Traditional cosmetics are natural cosmetics into which no synthetic chemical ingredients are added and made locally by the members of the ethnic group. Even today, traditional cosmetics are in use in many developing countries and Ethiopia is no exception. In preparing traditional cosmetics, different ethnic groups in the world have been using different species of plants. Furthermore, cross-culturally, the use of cosmetics is more common among women than men. This arises from the potential interest of women to attract their male partners and to a rival competition [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e]. Moreover, the use of cosmetics makes women appear healthier, more attractive, and more feminine [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn any culture, the knowledge and practices of ethnobiology vary by, ethnicity, religion, profession, educational background, social status and relations, income class, age, and gender [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e]. Women are likely the most important in the management of plant biodiversity in biodiversity-rich regions including Ethiopia [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe indigenous knowledge of the preparation and use of traditional cosmetics has a long history. This knowledge has been transferred from generation to generation orally [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e]. With the increasing development of technologies, however, the Knowledge of these traditional cosmetics has been decreasing [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e]. In addition, plant diversity from which these cosmetics are believed to be made is also depleting globally due to anthropogenic factors such as the expansion of agriculture in addition to the invisibility of the environmental benefits that are derived from women's biodiversity management [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e]. Furthermore, the use of plants as traditional cosmetics has only been poorly investigated in different regions including Ethiopia [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e] as more emphasis was given to traditional medicines despite their important role in the economy, improvement of beauty and minimizing health risks of synthetic cosmetics. Thus, the study focused on the investigation of the ethnobotany of traditional cosmetics and associated knowledge used by Oromo women in the Madda Walabu district as cosmetics is more practiced by women who arise from their interest to attract the mates and compete with rivals [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Materials and methods","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec3\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eStudy area\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003e The study was conducted in Madda Walabu district, Bale Zone, Oromia National Regional State, Southeast Ethiopia located between 9\u0026ordm;44\u0026prime;32\u0026Prime;and 9\u0026ordm;46\u0026prime;26\u0026Prime;N and 39\u0026ordm; 44\u0026prime;00\u0026Prime;and 39\u0026ordm; 47\u0026prime;19\u0026Prime;E (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e). It is located at about 630 km from Addis Ababa and 200 km from the zone capital (Robe town) in the Southeast. The topography of the area is steep and dissected by ravines and gorges through which rivers and streams tumble down the southern escarpment. Oromo is the most dominant ethnic group in the area and is the most populous ethnic group in the country [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e] accounting for approximately 40% of the currently estimated 110\u0026nbsp;million total population of the country [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec4\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eData collection\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eA total of 150 informants (all of whom are women) were selected purposively to obtain high-quality and reliable information. The selection of informants was based on the recommendations of elders and local authorities. All the respondents were living in rural areas and from a variety of socio-economic strata, with knowledge of traditional cosmetics. Data including the local names of the plant species used for traditional cosmetics, their preparation, and administration methods were collected using semi-structured interviews from June to August 2021. Plant specimens collected during the field walk were identified using the Flora of Ethiopia and Eritrea.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec5\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eData analysis\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec6\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eFidelity level\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe level of fidelity (Fl) was computed to determine the most important plant species used by women for traditional cosmetics employing the formula used in [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e16\u003c/span\u003e].\u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\text{\\%}\\text{F}\\text{L}=\\frac{Ip}{Iu}X100\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWhere IP is the number of informants who independently suggested the use of a species for a particular use category;\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIu is the total number of informants who mentioned the plant for any use category.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe more the value of FL is close to 1, the higher the number of informants that used this plant species for that particular use. This index answers the question: \u0026ldquo;Which use is associated with this particular plant?\u0026rdquo; Moreover, a one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to assess the difference in traditional cosmetics among the Oromo women based on their ages, level of education, marital status, and occupation. Free R software was used for all the analyses [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e17\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec7\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eInformant consensus factor\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe informant consensus factor (ICF) was calculated to assess the variability of plant usages in cosmetics within each of the ten categories using the formula as used in [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e18\u003c/span\u003e]\u003cdiv id=\"Equa\" class=\"Equation\"\u003e\u003cdiv format=\"TEX\" class=\"mathdisplay\" id=\"FileID_Equa\" name=\"EquationSource\"\u003e\n$$\\text{I}\\text{C}\\text{F}=\\frac{\\text{N}\\text{u}\\text{r}-\\text{N}\\text{t}}{\\text{N}\\text{u}\\text{r}-1}$$\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWhere, Nur is the number of usages reported for a category\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNt the number of plant species reported to be used in that particular category.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eICF values vary between 0 and 1 and a value close to 1 indicates strong consensus among informants, that is, a large proportion of the informants use the same species for the same purpose. When close to 0, the IFC value indicates a strong disagreement among informants.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Results","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec9\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eSocio-demographic features\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec10\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eDemographic characteristics of the informants\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn the study, although the age of the participants ranged from 20\u0026ndash;75 years, most of the respondents were above 50 years old. Concerning education, the majorities of the participants were not attended formal education at all and attended primary education. Most of the respondents were married and housewives in occupation (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDemographic characteristics of the female respondents (i.e. Oromo women) in Madda Walabu District, Bale Zone, Oromia, Ethiopia\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"4\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDemographic characteristics\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFrequency\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eProportion (%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAge\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;30\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30 and 50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e52\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e34.67\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e83\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e55.33\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTotal\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e150\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEducation\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo formal education\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e70\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e46.67\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePrimary\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e60\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e40.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSecondary\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.33\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTotal\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e150\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMarital status\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSingle\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.67\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMarried\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e130\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e86.67\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDivorced\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.33\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWidowed\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.33\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTotal\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e150\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOccupation\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eStudent\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.33\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHousewife\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e125\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e83.33\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSelf employed\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGovernment employed\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.33\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTotal\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e150\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec11\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eComposition of plant species used as a traditional cosmetic in Madda Walabu district\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eA total of 48 plant species belonging to 39 genera and 31 families were recorded as a source of traditional cosmetics among Oromo women in the Madda Walabu District of Bale Zone. The most common family was Fabaceae represented by six spp. followed by Bigonaceae, Burseraceae, and Combretaceae (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e: Appendix 1).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab2\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 2\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eList of plant families with their frequency\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"6\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFamily\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFreq.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eProportion\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFamily\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFreq.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eProportion\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAloaceae\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.08\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMeliaceae\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.08\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAnacardiaceae\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.08\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMyrtaceae\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.08\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBignoniaceae\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.33\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOlacaceae\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.08\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBoraginaceae\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.25\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOleaceae\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.08\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBurseraceae\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.33\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePedaliaceae\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.08\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCapparidaceae\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.08\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRhamnaceae\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.08\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCaricaceae\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.08\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRutaceae\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.17\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCombretaceae\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.33\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSalvadoraceae\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.17\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCommelinaceae\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCrassulaceae\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.08\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSantalaceae\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.08\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.08\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSapindaceae\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.08\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCupressaceae\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.08\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSapotaceae\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.08\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEuphorbiaceae\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.25\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSimaroubaceae\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.08\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFabaceae\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSolanaceae\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.17\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLamiaceae\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.08\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eThymelaeaceae\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.08\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLauraceae\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.08\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTiliaceae\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.04\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLoganiaceae\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.08\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec12\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eTraditional cosmetics\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec13\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003ePlant parts and growth forms of traditional cosmetics\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003e The most common plant parts used in the preparation of traditional cosmetics were leaves followed by barks, and wood from the stem, whereas plant parts such as seeds, fruits, and resins were rarely used. Trees were found to be the most frequent source of traditional cosmetics in the study area followed by shrubs (in life forms (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e; Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec14\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eMethods of preparation and administration\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eMaceration and decoction were the most common methods used to prepare plant-based traditional cosmetics (Fig.\u0026nbsp;3A; Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e). These methods were usually used by the Oromo women to soften and extract materials that can be used in the production and beautification of the skin, and hair. Furthermore, smoking was also mentioned as a common method, particularly in the use of traditional cosmetics such as perfume. Traditional cosmetics are applied to different parts of the body. Moreover, these natural-based cosmetics are mainly administered topically (88%) while oral infusions were not common (12%) (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e). The participant highlighted that plants used for natural-based cosmetics may be administered as a powder (leaves, root, or wood powder) through different mechanisms depending on the need for beautification. \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFigure\u0026nbsp;3. Methods of preparation (A), and major use categories (B) of the plant based traditional cosmetics products among Oromo women in Madda Walabu District of Bale Zone\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab3\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 3\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePlant species, parts used (PU), methods of preparation (MP), use category (UC) and application area (AP) for traditional cosmetics by Oromo women in Madda Walabu district, southeast Ethiopia\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"8\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSpecies\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePU\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMP\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAdministration\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eUC\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAP\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAcacia brevispica\u003c/em\u003e Harms\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLeaves\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDecoction\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eApplied topically via sprinkling on wounds and pimples\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePerfume\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSkin\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eA. drepanolobium\u003c/em\u003e Harms ex Sj\u0026ouml;stedt.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFruit\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMaceration\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOil is applied topically to repair and beautify the skin\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSkin care\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSkin\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eA. etbaica\u003c/em\u003e Schweinf.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWood\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDirectly used\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe trunk for brushing teeth\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTeeth Hygiene\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTeeth\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eA. mellifera\u003c/em\u003e (Vahl) Benth.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFlower\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMaceration\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe oil applied topically as hair cream\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHair coloring\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHair\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAloe citrina\u003c/em\u003e Carter \u0026amp; Brandham\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWhole\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003esqueezing\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe fluid squeezed is used for skin beauty\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSkin care\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSkin\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAzadirachta indica\u003c/em\u003e A. Juss.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eleaves\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMaceration\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBoiling the fresh leaves\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFace cleaner\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFace\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eBoswellia neglecta\u003c/em\u003e S.Moore\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eresin\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSmoked\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eResins are dropped on fire\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePerfume\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSkin\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCadaba longifolia\u003c/em\u003e(R. Br.) DC.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBark\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSmoked\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePieces of barks are burned on fire\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePerfume\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSkin\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCarica papaya\u003c/em\u003e L.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLeaves\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDecoction\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBark is applied topically on burn wounds (burns).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSkin care\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSkin\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCitrus aurantifolia\u003c/em\u003e (Christm.) Swingle\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBark\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMaceration\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBark is applied topically on burn wounds (burns).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFace cleaner\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFace\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCombretum adenogonium\u003c/em\u003e Steud. ex A. Rich.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLeaves\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDecoction\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe leaves are applied topically on wounds and sores.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFace cleaner\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFace\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCommiphora baluensis\u003c/em\u003e Engl.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBark\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMaceration\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBark is used for wounds and it rejuvenates the skin and is applied topically on the skin or wounds.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFace mask\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFace\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCommiphora habessinica\u003c/em\u003e (Berg) Engl.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLeaves\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMaceration\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLeaves are applied topically on wounds.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHair health\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHair\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eC.myrrha\u003c/em\u003e (Nees) Engl.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBark\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSmoked\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe bark is burned and vagina is fumigated\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVaginal health\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVagina\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCordia africana\u003c/em\u003e Lam.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBark\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMaceration\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBarks are grinded and mixed with water\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHand decorative\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHand\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCordia monoica\u003c/em\u003e Roxb.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLeaves\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDecoction a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe leaves are used to wash the vagina\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVaginal health\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVagina\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCroton dichogamus\u003c/em\u003e Pax\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBark\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMaceration\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe oil from the bark applied topically to repair and beautify the skin\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFace mask\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFace\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCroton macrostachyus\u003c/em\u003e Del.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSeeds\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMaceration\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eStimulate hair growth; it is applied topically\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHair cream\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHair\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eDalbergia commiphoroides\u003c/em\u003e Bak. f.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLeaves\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDecoction\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe bark is grinded and used\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSkin care\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSkin\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eDelonix elata\u003c/em\u003e (L.) Gamble\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLeaves\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDecoction\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLeaf is crushed and rubbed on the skin\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSkin care\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSkin\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eDobera glabra\u003c/em\u003e (Forssk.) Poir.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRoots\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMaceration\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRoots are applied topically and orally for mouth sores and as toothpaste\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTeeth Hygiene\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTeeth\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eDodonaea angustifolia\u003c/em\u003e L. f.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWood\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDirectly used\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe trunk for brushing\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTeeth Hygiene\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTeeth\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eEhretia cymosa\u003c/em\u003e Thonn.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eleaves\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMaceration\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLeaves are applied topically on wounds\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHand decorative\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHand\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eEuphorbia tirucalli\u003c/em\u003e L.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLeaves\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDirectly used\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eApplied orally and as lotion on burn skin and wounds\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePerfume\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSkin\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eGnidia stenophylla\u003c/em\u003e Gilg\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLeaves\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMaceration\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe leaves are burned and applied topically on the wound.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSkin care\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSkin\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eGrewia bicolor\u003c/em\u003e Juss.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBark\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMaceration\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGrinded and mixed with water\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFace mask\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFace\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eJuniperus procera\u003c/em\u003e Hochst. ex Endl\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWood\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSmoked\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBy frightening the trunk\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePerfume\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSkin\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eKalanchoe lanceolata\u003c/em\u003e Forssk.) Pers.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWhole plant\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDecoction\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGrinding of root and bark\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSkin care\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSkin\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eKirkia burgeri\u003c/em\u003e Stannard\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRoots\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMaceration\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe oil from the root applied topically as hair cream\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSkin care\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSkin\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eMimusops kummel\u003c/em\u003e A. DC.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLeaves\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDecoction\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe sap squeezed directly on skin wounds\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSkin care\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSkin\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eMurdannia simplex\u003c/em\u003e (Vahl) Brenan\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRoots\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSmoked\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIt is taken orally as a mouthwash.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTeeth Hygiene\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTeeth\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eOlea europaea\u003c/em\u003e L. subsp. \u003cem\u003ecuspidata\u003c/em\u003e (Wall. ex G.Don)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSeeds\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMaceration\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eStimulate hair growth and applied topically.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHair cream\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHair\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eOsyris quadripartita\u003c/em\u003e Decn.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBark\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMaceration\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBark is taken orally because it is believed the skin is affected from the inside.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHair health\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHair\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ePersea americana\u003c/em\u003e Mill.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLeaves\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDirectly used\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLeaves are applied topically on wounds\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFace mask\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFace\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ePremna schimperi\u003c/em\u003e Engl.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLeaves\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDecoction\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePut the medicine on the infected teeth\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTeeth Hygiene\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTeeth\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eRhamnus staddo\u003c/em\u003e A. Rich.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eleaves\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDecoction\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ecrushed the leaves and applied them\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePerfume\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSkin\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eRhus natalensis\u003c/em\u003e Krauss\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWood\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDirectly used\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eA piece of trunk is cut and used\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTeeth Hygiene\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTeeth\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eSesamothamnus rivae\u003c/em\u003e Engl.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBark\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003esmoked\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePowder from the bark applied as paste on the mouth sores.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSkin care\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSkin\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eSolanum hastifolium\u003c/em\u003e Hochst. ex Dunal in DC.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRoots\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDecoction\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe cream is applied on skin (acne)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSkin care\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSkin\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eSolanum lycopersicum\u003c/em\u003e L.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFruit\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSqueezed\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFruit sap are administered topically as a facial wash\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFace cleaner\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFace\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eStereospermum kunthianum\u003c/em\u003e Cham.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBark\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDirectly used\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eA piece of bark is cut and used\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTeeth Hygiene\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTeeth\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eStrychnos mitis\u003c/em\u003e S. Moore\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWood\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSmoked\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eA piece of wood is burned on small fire\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSkin care\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSkin\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eSyzygium guineense\u003c/em\u003e (Willd.) DC\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBark\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSmoked\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eA piece of bark is burned on small fire\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePerfume\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSkin\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eTerminalia brownii\u003c/em\u003e Fresen.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSeeds\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMaceration\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMixed with soil for cleaning teeth \u0026amp; orally as toothpaste\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTeeth Hygiene\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTeeth\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eTerminalia laxiflora\u003c/em\u003e Engl. \u0026amp; Diels.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBark\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMaceration\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIt is applied topically on wounds.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSkin care\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSkin\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eWithania somnifera\u003c/em\u003e L. Dunal in DC.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWood\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDecoction\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLeaves crushed and extracts applied on skin\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePerfume\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSkin\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eXimenia americana\u003c/em\u003e L.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWood\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDirectly used\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe trunk for brushing teeth\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTeeth Hygiene\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTeeth\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eZanthoxylum chalybeum\u003c/em\u003e Engl.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBark\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSqueezed\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003esqueezed cock and applied the fluid\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHair coloring\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHair\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec15\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eMain cosmetic plants of the study area\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eEight plant species were cited by one-third of the informants as main cosmetic plants (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e). \u003cem\u003eTerminalia brownii\u003c/em\u003e Fresen. was the most cited traditional cosmetic plant used as hair cream followed by \u003cem\u003eAloe citrine\u003c/em\u003e, used for skin care, and \u003cem\u003eOlea europaea\u003c/em\u003e L. subsp. \u003cem\u003ecuspidata\u003c/em\u003e (Wall. ex G.Don) \u003cem\u003e(\u003c/em\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e). However, when taking each category of usage into account, the most cited plants were different. For example, \u003cem\u003eTerminalia laxiflora\u003c/em\u003e Engl. \u0026amp; Diels.were the most cited in the skincare category, \u003cem\u003eRhus natalensis\u003c/em\u003e Krauss in the keeping teeth hygiene, \u003cem\u003eCombretum adenogonium\u003c/em\u003e Steud. ex A. Rich. in the face clearance, \u003cem\u003eCordia monoica\u003c/em\u003e Roxb. in the vaginal health, and \u003cem\u003eEhretia cymosa\u003c/em\u003e Thonn. in the category of hand decorative (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e; Appendix 2).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab4\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 4\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe main cosmetic plants cited by most of the informants in the study area (GF\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Growth Form; No.C\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Number of citations and No.C(%)\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Percentages of number of citations)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"6\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSpecies\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGF\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLocal name\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eApplication area\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo. C\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo.C (%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eTerminalia brownii\u003c/em\u003e Fresen.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eT\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ebirdheessa\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHair\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e47\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.77\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAloe citrina\u003c/em\u003e Carter \u0026amp; Brandham\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eH\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ehargiisa\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSkin\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e45\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.61\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eOlea europaea\u003c/em\u003e L. subsp. \u003cem\u003ecuspidata\u003c/em\u003e (Wall. ex G.Don)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eT\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eejersa\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHair\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e45\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.61\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eSesamothamnus rivae\u003c/em\u003e Engl.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eT\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003edareessa\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSkin\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e45\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.61\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eTerminalia laxiflora\u003c/em\u003e Engl. \u0026amp; Diels.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003edabaqqaa\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSkin\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e45\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.61\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eSyzygium guineense\u003c/em\u003e (Willd.) DC.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eT\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ebaddeessa\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSkin\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e43\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.45\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eRhus natalensis\u003c/em\u003e Krauss\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eT\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003edaboobessa\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTeeth\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e42\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.37\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCombretum adenogonium\u003c/em\u003e Steud. ex A. Rich.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eT\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFace\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e41\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.29\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSum\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e28.35\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec16\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eFidelity level of a species for a particular use\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn the study, greater cosmetic usage citations were exhibited in the fidelity level (FL) revealing the importance of a species for a particular use. Nineteen fidelity level values higher than 88% related to use-species associations known by more than half of the informants (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e; Appendix 1). Thus 19 species and nine cosmetic uses appeared to be particularly linked. Fidelity levels were high (\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;80% of FL) for several species (Appendix 2). The highest FL score was recorded for \u003cem\u003eTerminalia brownii\u003c/em\u003e Fresen. used for the beautification of hair followed by \u003cem\u003eTerminalia laxiflora\u003c/em\u003e Engl. \u0026amp; Diels. for skin care, \u003cem\u003eSesamothamnus rivae\u003c/em\u003e Engl. for skin care, \u003cem\u003eOlea europaea\u003c/em\u003e L. subsp. \u003cem\u003ecuspidata\u003c/em\u003e (Wall. ex G.Don) for hair cream and \u003cem\u003eAloe citrina\u003c/em\u003e Carter \u0026amp; Brandham for skin care (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e; Appendix 2).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab5\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 5\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePlants with high fidelity level values (\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;88%) against cosmetic use category of Oromo women in Madda Walabu district, southeast Ethiopia (FL\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Fidelity Level, Ip\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;number of informants who independently cited the importance of a species for treating a particular use category, Iu\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;total number of informants who reported the plant for any given use category)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"6\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eScientific name\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eUse category\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIp\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIu\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFL (%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eTerminalia brownii\u003c/em\u003e Fresen.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHair cream\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e23\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e95.83\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eTerminalia laxiflora\u003c/em\u003e Engl. \u0026amp; Diels\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSkin care\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e23\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e95.65\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eSesamothamnus rivae\u003c/em\u003e Engl.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSkin care\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e23\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e95.65\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eOlea europaea\u003c/em\u003e L. subsp. \u003cem\u003ecuspidata\u003c/em\u003e (Wall. ex G.Don)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHair cream\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e23\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e95.65\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAloe citrina\u003c/em\u003e Carter \u0026amp; Brandham\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSkin care\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e23\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e95.65\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eSyzygium guineense\u003c/em\u003e (Willd.) DC.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePerfume\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e21\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e95.45\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCombretum adenogonium\u003c/em\u003e Steud. ex A. Rich.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFace cleaner\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e21\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e95.24\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eEuphorbia tirucalli\u003c/em\u003e L.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePerfume\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e95.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCommiphora habessinica\u003c/em\u003e (Nees) Engl.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHair health\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e94.12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ePremna schimperi\u003c/em\u003e Engl.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTeeth\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e94.12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eMurdannia simplex\u003c/em\u003e (Vahl) Brenan\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTeeth Hygiene\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e93.75\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eGnidia stenophylla\u003c/em\u003e Gilg\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSkin care\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e93.75\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCommiphora baluensis\u003c/em\u003e Engl.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFace mask\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e92.86\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eRhus natalensis\u003c/em\u003e Krauss\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTeeth Hygiene\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e90.91\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCordia africana\u003c/em\u003e Lam.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHand decorative\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e88.89\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eStereospermum kunthianum\u003c/em\u003e Cham.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTeeth Hygiene\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e88.89\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAzadirachta indica\u003c/em\u003e A. Juss.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFace cleaner\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e88.89\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCordia monoica\u003c/em\u003e Roxb.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVaginal health\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e88.24\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec17\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eCosmetic use category and application areas\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eMost of the categories (i.e. three fourth) had high mean Fidelity levels for particular use values, ranging from 72.73% to 92, 03% (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003eA). The highest mean FL value was recorded to use as hair cream, followed by hair health and hand decorative; and skin and face mask were the 4th and 5th respectively (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e). The traditional cosmetics among the Oromo women in Madda Walabu District were used for care and beautifying skin followed by teeth hygiene and face cleaning and masks (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003eB).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec18\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eInformant consensus factor (ICF)\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eTo compute the informant consensus factor values, cosmetic use categories of the study area were grouped into 10 categories (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab6\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e; Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003eA). All categories had high informant consensus factor values, ranging from 0.92 to 0.96. Specifically, face clearance and mask scored the highest ICF value, followed by hair treatment (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab6\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e). The traditional cosmetics among the Oromo women in Madda Walabu District were thus used to care for and beautify the face, followed by hair and skin (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab6\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab6\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 6\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCosmetic use category and informant consensus factor of Oromo women in Madda Walabu district, southeast Ethiopia\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"4\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eUse category\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNumber of use reports in each category (Nur)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNumber of taxa (Nt)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eInformants\u0026rsquo; consensus factor (IFC)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFace cleaner\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e56\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.96\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFace mask\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e26\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.96\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHair coloring\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.96\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHair cream\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e23\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.95\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHair health\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e109\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.94\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHand decorative\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.93\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePerfume\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e171\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.93\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSkin care\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e43\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.93\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTeeth Hygiene\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e38\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.92\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVaginal health\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e86\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.92\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec19\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eSocio-demographic factors in the use of traditional cosmetics among Oromo women\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThere were highly significant differences in the number of plant species used as traditional cosmetics among the Oromo women with different ages (F=, 70.6 p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001), level of education, (F=, 154.0 p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001), marital status (F\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;68.4 p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001), and occupation (F=, 45.4 p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001). Older women mentioned more plant species used as traditional cosmetics than younger ones. Women who did not attend formal education were found to be retaining indigenous plant use knowledge more than educated ones. Moreover, married and housewives were found to be with extensive traditional knowledge compared to other married status-employed women in the study area (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec20\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eTraditional knowledge and cultural practices\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe respondents made clear that traditional knowledge about natural-based cosmetics is widely spread among the Oromo women in the Madda Walabu district although they do not regularly exchange knowledge with other communities around. The Oromo women played a primary role in the preparation and administration of natural-based cosmetics. Their homemade remedies were prepared for the whole community who require different forms of preparations such as poultices or compresses. Some plant species that are used for natural-based cosmetics among the Oromo women are also used as an aspect of healing. Hence, the Oromo women who were knowledgeably articulated that natural-based cosmetics are an interdisciplinary practice that heals and promotes the beauty of the skin. Respondents mentioned that plant species are collected throughout the year, and seasonality only plays a role when plant parts such as fruits or leaves are to be collected. It was observed that the Oromo women who were knowledgeable about natural-based cosmetics harvested and carried as many plants as they could when they go out for collection. The decision to have the large collection at once is due to the long distance they had to travel for the collection and the increasing scarcity of certain plant species. Moreover, the respondents mentioned that large collections of scarce species are recently threatening the species. Despite the presence of gender divisions for different activities because of cultural restrictions, the majority of women respondents mentioned that there were no taboos associated with nature-based cosmetic plant collection and uses in the study area.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec21\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eDescription of particular care types among Oromo Women\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eIntimate hygiene is typical of the Oromo women in Oromia which is called \u003cb\u003eqayyachuu\u003c/b\u003e in Afaan Oromo. Care of private parts through fumigation is very important for women, particularly for married women. These treatments are preventive actions to avoid bad smells, limit vaginal discharges, and can arouse the woman; making her ready for sexual activities. For the fumigation process, a small hole is made inside the home where wood material is placed on a fire and women cover their bodies with a cloth below their necks. The wood materials for \u003cb\u003eqayyachuu\u003c/b\u003e are mainly prepared from the mix of the barks and branches from plant species such as \u003cem\u003eCommiphora baluensis\u003c/em\u003e Engl., \u003cem\u003eC. habessinica\u003c/em\u003e (Berg) Engl. and \u003cem\u003eC. myrrha\u003c/em\u003e (Nees) Engl. These intimate care treatments are only for the female gender.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Discussions","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec23\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eComposition of plants used in traditional cosmetics in Madda Walabu district\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eDespite the present study described and documented plants used as traditional cosmetics, sometimes it is very difficult to draw a clear line between the plants used as cosmetics and medicines and vice versa [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e19\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e20\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e21\u003c/span\u003e]. The result of this study revealed the medicinal role of the plant species in addition to their cosmetic use. For instance, the plant parts of \u003cem\u003eAcacia brevispica\u003c/em\u003e Harms., \u003cem\u003eCitrus aurantifolia\u003c/em\u003e (Christm.) Swingle, \u003cem\u003eCarica papaya\u003c/em\u003e L., \u003cem\u003eCommiphora baluensis\u003c/em\u003e Engl. \u003cem\u003eC. habessinica\u003c/em\u003e (Berg) Engl., \u003cem\u003eDobera glabra\u003c/em\u003e (Forssk.) Poir., \u003cem\u003eDodonaea angustifolia\u003c/em\u003e L. f, \u003cem\u003eEhretia cymosa\u003c/em\u003e Thonn., \u003cem\u003eEuphorbia tirucalli\u003c/em\u003e L., \u003cem\u003eGnidia stenophylla\u003c/em\u003e Gilg,, \u003cem\u003eMimusops kummel\u003c/em\u003e A. DC. is applied topically to heal wounds on the skin, and as ant-acne, and heal mouth sores (Appendix 2). Therefore, we recommend amplified research in the future and assessing multipurpose ethnobotanical use values since our study is an eye opener for the study area and aimed to mainly investigate cosmetical aspects.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn various parts of the world including Ethiopia, many plant species are commonly used locally for the preparations of traditional cosmetics but have not been scientifically investigated for wider use [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e22\u003c/span\u003e]. This implies a need to collect and compile indigenous knowledge of plant-based traditional cosmetics among tribes, specifically, the Oromo (largest ethnic group in Ethiopia) women of Bale lowland in this study. Accordingly, a total of 48 plant species used as traditional cosmetics were recorded of which Fabaceae, Bigonaceae, and Burseraceae were the most frequent families. The study thus revealed that there is a great diversity of plants for cosmetic use, which could be useful documentation, contributing to preserving the knowledge about the traditional cosmetic use of plants in this region. Consequently, the ethnobotanical study of these species reveals that traditional cosmetics are still very attached to the habits of the local population, especially among the elderly, Oromo women.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe study documented a relatively higher number of species specifically used as traditional cosmetics compared to other similar studies (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab7\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e). This high number of species could be attributed to the varied agroecology and climatic conditions of our study area that supported a variety of plant species. The comparison of the species number discovered in different countries is presented.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab7\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 7\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNumber of plant species used as a traditional cosmetic reported in different countries\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"3\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNumber of species\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCountry\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e27\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAlexandria, Egypt\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR30\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e30\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eArab-Choa and Kotoko Ethnic Groups in the Semi-Arid Areas of Far North Cameroon\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR31\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e31\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e47\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVhavenda women in Vhembe District Municipality, Limpopo, South Africa\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e23\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e40\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eProvince of Taza, Northern Morocco\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e21\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTropical island of Mauritius\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR42\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e42\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eXhosa women in the Eastern Cape, South Africa\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR43\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e43\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e29\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTribal women of Kashmir Himalayas.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMoreover, the top rank of Fabaceae which aligns with [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e23\u003c/span\u003e], as a source of local cosmetics is not surprising for several reasons. First, Fabaceae is among the most species-rich families (3rd) in the flora area of the country [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e24\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e25\u003c/span\u003e]. The same is true for the Burseraceae family since the vegetation of the study area is mainly \u003cem\u003eAcacia-Commiphora\u003c/em\u003e woodlands [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e26\u003c/span\u003e]. The potential importance of the species as cosmetics in this family could therefore be a result of its representation in flora of the area. local flora. Second, in neighboring districts with similar agroecology such as Dallo Manna [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e27\u003c/span\u003e] and Gura Damole districts [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR28\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e28\u003c/span\u003e], Fabaceae was found to contain many medicinal plants. However, the strange thing was that Lamiaceae which contains many cosmetic and medicinal plants that are of global importance [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e29\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR30\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e30\u003c/span\u003e], was only represented by one species in the study area. The variation could be attributed to the differences in agroecology. Moreover, similar to other studies in Africa (tropical) that focused on traditional cosmetics [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR30\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e30\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR31\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e31\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e23\u003c/span\u003e]. Trees were the most commonly used plant life forms followed by shrubs and herbs. The high usage of such plant life form in Madda Walabu is also likely associated with the tropical climate region which, in turn, helps the plants to be widely available and abundant in the study area\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec24\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003ePlant Parts used and use category\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eAmong a range of plant organs used in the study area, leaves are the parts that are most commonly used in traditional cosmetics which are in line with other studies [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e27\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR30\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e30\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e23\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR28\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e28\u003c/span\u003e]. The preference for leaves as a major source of cosmetics could be asserted by the fact that they are not only easy to collect, store, and process during most of the year but also are the site of photosynthesis and sometimes the storage of bioactive ingredients responsible for the cosmetic properties of the plant helping beautification [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR32\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e32\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR33\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e33\u003c/span\u003e].The use of leaves as traditional cosmetics encourages conservation practices, unlike the extensive use of roots and barks which may cause the death of plants. However, reports from some other studies revealed that fruits were the most commonly used plant parts as cosmetics among women [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR34\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e34\u003c/span\u003e]. The difference could be attributed to the variations in indigenous knowledge on plant-based cosmetics differing across different communities and ethnic groups globally.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eA greater number of citations for cosmetic applications is exhibited in the fidelity level. In the current study, about 19 species were found to have FL values of greater than 88% suggesting that the state of knowledge of the informants is more or less common when it comes to the uses of such plants. The highest FL scores were recorded on the use of \u003cem\u003eTerminalia brownii\u003c/em\u003e Fresen. (95.83%) and \u003cem\u003eOlea europaea\u003c/em\u003e L. subsp. \u003cem\u003ecuspidata\u003c/em\u003e (Wall. ex G.Don) (95.65%) for hair treatment and \u003cem\u003eTerminalia laxiflora\u003c/em\u003e Engl. \u0026amp; Diels. (95.65%) and \u003cem\u003eSesamothamnus rivae\u003c/em\u003e Engl. (95.65%) for skin care of Oromo women. FL is a measure of the degree of effectiveness of the cosmetic plant for beautification. Thus, traditional cosmetic plants having high fidelity level values are speculated to be effective in their beautification potential and can be a good candidate for future further detailed investigation. Although [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e] reported the FL values of some of the aforementioned species for their medicinal aspect, no literature has documented their FL scores for cosmetic uses as the present study is the first of its kind in the area and also due to variations of the use of plants from area to area.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFrom Informant consensus factor analysis, high FIC values suggested that Oromo women in the community share knowledge about the most significant plant species of traditional cosmetics commonly used for beautification and low FIC values indicate less willingness to share knowledge of significant plant species of traditional cosmetics for beautification for women [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR35\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e35\u003c/span\u003e]. From the current study, although all the usage categories had higher values, face care has the highest FIC which further substantiates the heavy reliance of Oromo women of Madda Walabu district on plant-based traditional cosmetics.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec25\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eMethod of preparations and mode of application\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eAs documented in other ethnobotanical studies in Bale [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR36\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e36\u003c/span\u003e], diverse methods of preparation were observed in the current study. Accordingly, maceration and decoction were the most frequently used preparation methods among the participants. This goes in line with other similar studies where decocting or concocting was mostly the more common way of preparation [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR33\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e33\u003c/span\u003e]. Furthermore, in the current study, most of the products of traditional cosmetics were administered topically which aligns with other several studies [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR37\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e37\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR38\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e38\u003c/span\u003e]. This route of administration was demonstrated with eleven different cosmetic applications. Remarkably, this proves the certainty that plant species are intensely entrenched in the cosmetic globe with different kinds of cosmetic uses. Applications of natural-based cosmetics such as a paste, powder, or sap (topically) were also in alignment with the findings [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e19\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec26\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003ePlant-based Traditional cosmetics and Oromo women's Indigenous knowledge\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe current study revealed significant variations in the number of plant species used as traditional cosmetics among Oromo women of different ages. Accordingly, older women mentioned and used more plant species as traditional cosmetics for beautification than younger ones. This aligns with the findings of [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e] and [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR30\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e30\u003c/span\u003e] indicating that indigenous knowledge of plant-based traditional cosmetics is not equally distributed among the different age groups of women. Thus, the study revealed a well-established indigenous knowledge of plant-based cosmetics among the Oromo women but seems to decline with age which could be attributed to the low interest of the younger generation to inherit and use traditional cosmetics. The other finding of the current study is that Oromo women, who didn't attend formal education, are married, and housewives have more extensive knowledge of traditional cosmetics than students, educated and employed. This could be due to the inspiration of the younger women, educated and employed ones by intensive media campaigns and advertisements of synthetic cosmetics that might have resulted in decreasing interest in using natural cosmetics [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e]. Thus, due to the declining trends of the use of plant-based traditional cosmetics in the younger generation, which was also supported by other studies [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR39\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e39\u003c/span\u003e], there is an urgent need for preserving indigenous knowledge of the Oromo women of Madda Walabu district. We suggest that the younger generation should be trained and made aware of the importance, of sustainable utilization as well as the domestication of precious plant-based traditional cosmetics.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe type of occupation also plays a major role in the use of herbal cosmetics. We discovered that housewives use more cosmetic plants for their skin, face, hair, and teeth hygiene than women who work outside of the home. Housewives tend to have less income than working women, hence their higher interest in cheaper cosmetics. Similar studies in Egypt reported that herbal remedies are much more common among lower-income groups, such as students, housewives, and non-literate women [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR30\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e30\u003c/span\u003e]. On the contrary, the results of the study that took place in Finland revealed that women who had relatively high social status were the most interested in herbal remedies and cosmetics [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR40\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e40\u003c/span\u003e], suggesting that knowledge and use of herbal remedies may be context-specific. On the other hand, [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR41\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e41\u003c/span\u003e] reported that knowledge of medicinal plants was not related to age or gender in Brazil.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBesides the regular application of plant-based natural cosmetics, Oromo women knowledgeable about traditional cosmetics indicated that the different types of plant species are inspired mainly by their culture, and cosmetic products are mainly used in cultural practices such as traditional healing and skin-related issues. In contrast to other studies [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR35\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e35\u003c/span\u003e], that restrict outdoor activities including plant gathering from wild to men, our study revealed that nature-based cosmetic plant collection was carried out by women which aligns with [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e23\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eConcerning traditional knowledge and cultural practices, the Oromo women made clear that their homemade cosmetics were prepared for the whole community and required different forms of preparation. Moreover, the knowledgeable respondents articulated that natural-based cosmetics are inter-disciplinary practices that heal and promote the beauty of skin which is in line with [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFurthermore, the current study revealed that there was particular care for intimate hygiene which is typical of the Oromo women in the area that is called \u003cb\u003eqayyachuu\u003c/b\u003e in Afan Oromo. It is the means of caring for private parts (vagina) through smoking and fumigation, particularly for married women which align with [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e] but with a different name, \u003cb\u003ewoyeba chis\u003c/b\u003e meaning smoking bath in northern Ethiopia. The treatments are used to avoid bad smells, limit vaginal discharges, and can arouse the woman; making her ready for sexual activities. The wood materials for \u003cb\u003eqayyachuu\u003c/b\u003e are mainly prepared from the mix of the barks and branches from the plant species such as \u003cem\u003eCommiphora baluensis\u003c/em\u003e Engl., \u003cem\u003eC.habessinica\u003c/em\u003e (Berg) Engl., \u003cem\u003eand C. myrrha\u003c/em\u003e (Nees) Engl.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Conclusions","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe study described the cosmetic flora of the Madda Walabu district of Bale Zone with its uses. The ethnobotanical study focusing on traditional cosmetics is the first of its kind to be conducted among Oromo women in Ethiopia. A total of 48 plants belonging to 31 families used in traditional cosmetics were investigated, and eight plant species were cited by one-third of the informants as the main cosmetic plants. The traditional cosmetics among the Oromo women in Madda Walabu District were thus used to care for and beautify the face, followed by hair and skin. The most frequent part of the plant used for the preparation of traditional cosmetics was the leaves followed by barks, and wood from the stem. The preparation for the cosmetics was through maceration and decoction which were used to soften and extract the production used as traditional cosmetics. Furthermore, smoking was also mentioned as a common method, particularly in the use of traditional cosmetics such as perfume.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFindings from this study indicated the rich plant biodiversity in terms of the high number of plants used for traditional cosmetics among the Oromo women. Furthermore, women's\u0026lrm; information\u0026lrm; regarding\u0026lrm; the plant used as a traditional cosmetic was highly credible. However, nowadays, knowledge transfer is partly broken, with most young Oromo women. The younger generation seemed to be involved in synthetic cosmetics inspired by intensive media campaigns and advertisements. Thus, there is an urgent need for preserving traditional knowledge and suggests that the young generation should be trained and made aware of the importance, of sustainable utilization as well as the domestication of the precious plants used as traditional cosmetics. Moreover, ethnobotanical studies with a particular reference to traditional cosmetics should be amplified to compare data from different regions of Ethiopia and to document this important cultural wealth, both for its preservation and promotion.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAcknowledgments\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWe are grateful to the local women and community leaders of Madda Walabu district who helped us to get valuable information of plants used for cosmetics and applications of traditional cosmetics\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthors contributions\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSS, HT developed the idea of the project; SS designed the study and conducted field data collection; HT, LK conducted data analysis; SS, HT, LK wrote the manuscript. All authors have read and agreed to submit the final version of this manuscript.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFunding\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAuthors have not received any funding during this research\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eData availability\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eData available on request from the authors.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConflict of Interest\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAuthors have no conflict of interest.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eGebelein CG. Chemistry and our world. Wm.C. Brown Publishers, Dubuque; 1997.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eShaheen H, Nazir J, Firdous SS, Khalid AUR. Cosmetic ethnobotany practiced by tribal women of Kashmir Himalayas. A J P. 2014; 4:239\u0026ndash;250. 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S Afr J Bot. 126: 4\u0026ndash;10. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.sajb.2019.03.038\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1016/j.sajb.2019.03.038\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":true,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"journal-of-ethnobiology-and-ethnomedicine","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"jeet","sideBox":"Learn more about [Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine](http://ethnobiomed.biomedcentral.com/)","snPcode":"13002","submissionUrl":"https://submission.nature.com/new-submission/13002/3","title":"Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine","twitterHandle":"@ethnobiomed","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"BMC/SO AJ","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Maceration, Madda Walabu, Oromo women, Skin, Traditional cosmetics","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-3876558/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-3876558/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eThe use of plants as natural cosmetics has been perceived as a source of welfare. However, the plants and the associated indigenous knowledge are continuously depleting globally. The study thus aimed to investigate the ethnobotany of traditional cosmetics among Oromo women in the Madda Walabu District of Bale Zone, Southeastern Oromia, Ethiopia. Ethnobotanical information such as plant species used for traditional cosmetics, method of preparation, and administration were collected among 150 Oromo women using semi-structured questionnaires. Thereafter, quantitative ethnobotanical indices, including the Informant consensus factor (ICF), and the level of fidelity (Fl) were computed to determine the most important species used by the women. A total of 48 plant species belonging to 31 families used as sources of traditional cosmetics were recorded among Oromo women in the district. The most frequent family was Fabaceae followed by Bigonaceae, Burseraceae, and Combretaceae. Most of the plants used as traditional cosmetics were trees, followed by shrubs and herbs in life forms Leaves are the most commonly used plant part in traditional cosmetics followed by barks; and maceration and decoction are the most common preparation methods applied to prepare plant-based traditional cosmetics. Traditional cosmetics are applied to various parts of the body and are mainly administered topically while oral infusions were not common. All categories had high ICF values, ranging from 0.80 to 0.98. The highest ICF value was found for skin treatment, followed by the hair, and Face mask. Overall, Commiphora habessinica,Gnidia stenophylla, Kalanchoe lanceolata, Mimusops kummel, Sesamothamnus rivae, Terminalia brownii, T. laxiflora, Acacia drepanolobium, A. mellifera and Aloe citrina were the most frequently cited plants by Oromo women for traditional cosmetic purposes in the study area. However, there will be a need to conduct laboratory-based experiments to establish the efficacy and safety of these documented plants using relevant biological assays.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Ethnobotany of traditional cosmetics among the Oromo Women in Madda Walabu District, Bale Zone, Southeastern Ethiopia","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2024-01-23 18:05:58","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-3876558/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"decision","content":"Revision requested","date":"2024-02-01T09:54:48+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2024-01-26T10:38:06+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"50eaa601-dbd1-4da1-af7d-8e3b77255b95_SNPRID","date":"2024-01-22T06:14:46+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2024-01-22T06:12:41+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"checksComplete","content":"","date":"2024-01-21T22:49:51+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2024-01-21T22:49:51+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine","date":"2024-01-18T18:03:53+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"journal-of-ethnobiology-and-ethnomedicine","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"jeet","sideBox":"Learn more about [Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine](http://ethnobiomed.biomedcentral.com/)","snPcode":"13002","submissionUrl":"https://submission.nature.com/new-submission/13002/3","title":"Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine","twitterHandle":"@ethnobiomed","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"BMC/SO AJ","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"0a32990d-e25e-4d64-a5f2-b6f18949556b","owner":[],"postedDate":"January 23rd, 2024","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"published-in-journal","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2024-03-25T15:10:55+00:00","versionOfRecord":{"articleIdentity":"rs-3876558","link":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s13002-024-00673-0","journal":{"identity":"journal-of-ethnobiology-and-ethnomedicine","isVorOnly":false,"title":"Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine"},"publishedOn":"2024-03-22 15:01:18","publishedOnDateReadable":"March 22nd, 2024"},"versionCreatedAt":"2024-01-23 18:05:58","video":"","vorDoi":"10.1186/s13002-024-00673-0","vorDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s13002-024-00673-0","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-3876558","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-3876558","identity":"rs-3876558","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"qtupq5eGEP_6zYnWcrvyt","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}