Mother-to-child transmission rates and associated factors: Results from an impact evaluation of the Uganda national PMTCT program, 2017-2019

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Nabitaka, Augustina Delaney, Phoebe M. Namukanja, Fred Nalugoda, and 18 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-6204200/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Published Journal Publication published 08 Jul, 2025 Read the published version in Scientific Reports → Version 1 posted 11 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Background: Uganda is consistently one of the highest burden countries for mother-to-child transmission of HIV (MTCT). This study assessed Uganda’s progress toward elimination of MTCT and factors associated with MTCT. Methods: Mother-infant pairs (MIP) were recruited at immunization clinics at randomly sampled public and private health facilities in Uganda during 2017-2019. Using a multistage sampling method, a national representative sample of MIP aged 4-12 weeks were recruited and followed longitudinally for 18 months or until the infant acquired HIV. Early MTCT was defined as an infant with confirmed HIV infection at enrollment and was calculated using logistic regression to estimate adjusted odds ratios (aOR) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) for associated factors. Poisson regression was used to estimate incidence rate and incidence rate ratio (IRR) for infants acquiring HIV at any time during the study after enrollment (late MTCT) and associated factors. Results: Early MTCT was 2.2% (95% CI: 1.3–3.6) and late MTCT rate was 5.2 per 1000 person-years (95% CI: 2.5-10.9). In the adjusted model, only detectable maternal HIV viral load (≥1,000 copies/mL) was significantly associated with early MTCT (aOR: 6.8, 95% CI: 2.3-19.9). Similarly, ever having a detectable viral load (at any visit) was significantly associated with late MTCT (IRR: 6.2, 95% CI: 1.2-31.7). Conclusion: Uganda’s program has made large strides to eliminate MTCT. Identifying and addressing elevated maternal HIV viral load, especially during pregnancy and the early breastfeeding period could further reduce the number of new childhood infections in Uganda. Health sciences/Medical research/Epidemiology Health sciences/Health care/Public health HIV PMTCT pregnancy breastfeeding INTRODUCTION Mother-to-child transmission (MTCT) of HIV continues to be a challenge to achieving HIV epidemic control. Without intervention, the risk of an infant acquiring HIV is 25–45%, with risk of transmission during pregnancy, birth, and breastfeeding being 5–10%, 10–20%, and 5–20%, respectively. 1 Maternal antiretroviral therapy (ART) can prevent MTCT. 2 In 2021, an estimated 160,000 infants worldwide were born with or acquired HIV in the first 18 months postpartum. 3 The primary reasons for MTCT are new HIV infections in mothers, mothers not receiving ART, mothers discontinuing ART, and mothers on ART with viral load non-suppression (> 1,000 copies/mL). 4 The UNAIDS 2030 goals and the WHO Triple Elimination Initiative set a MTCT rate benchmark of less than 5%. 5 In Uganda, the prevention of mother-to-child transmission (PMTCT) program started in 2002, 6 after the HIVNET 012 trial found nevirapine could prevent MTCT. 7 In 2013, Option B+, which expanded ART to all pregnant and breastfeeding women with HIV regardless of CD4 count, was rolled out in Uganda. 8 By 2016, UNAIDS reported that Uganda reduced HIV infections among children by 86% since 2009 and provided ART access to 95% of women living with HIV to prevent MTCT. 9 Despite progress, Uganda is ranked among the countries with the highest burden of MTCT with an estimated 6,000 infants born with or acquiring HIV after birth. 10 , 11 To systematically investigate the impact of the Uganda national PMTCT program, the National PMTCT Impact Evaluation Study was conducted to assess the program’s performance and identify gaps in PMTCT services. The survey enrolled mother-infant pairs at enrollment and prospectively followed them from 18 months. The purpose of this analysis was to assess early and late MTCT for women living with HIV in the Uganda PMTCT program and identify factors associated with MTCT. METHODS Sampling Frame The facility sampling frame included all private and public facilities and utilized the 2015 infant first DPT vaccination coverage. In Uganda, infant DPT coverage in Uganda is high (> 98% nationally in 2015) and first and second DPT are scheduled at 6 and 14 weeks postpartum, recruiting infants at DPT visits which aligns with national guidelines for early infant HIV testing making it a useful proxy for a nationally representative sample. 12 Facilities with < 360 first DPT visits reported during July 2014–June 2015, representing 7% of total first DPT, were excluded from the facility sampling frame to ensure adequate recruitment with available resources. Included facilities had ≥ 360 first DPT visits and were stratified into four categories by volume of reported visits during July 2014–June 2015: low (360–566 visits), medium (567–853 visits), high (854–1343 visits), and highest (≥ 1,344 visits). The resultant sampling frame had 2,611 public and private facilities (low = 650; medium = 656; high = 652; highest = 653). Based on a desired precision of 1.0 and available resources, we randomly selected 5.7% of all facilities within each stratum for each of the 12 regions serviced by MOH regional referral hospitals (Arua, Kampala, Fort Portal, Gulu, Hoima, Jinja, Lira, Masaka, Mbale, Mbarara, Moroto and Soroti) using the random without replacement approach. A total of 152 facilities were selected (low = 37; medium = 39; high = 31; and highest = 45). Study design During September 2017–March 2018, infants aged 4–12 weeks and their biological mothers (mothers) or non-biological caregivers (caregivers) receiving routine health care at selected facilities were screened. Trained research assistants obtained written informed consent from mother/caregiver-infant pairs before enrolment. Mother/caregiver-infant pairs were excluded if the infant or mother was severely ill, the caregiver was aged < 18 years, or the mother or caregiver did not consent to infant HIV testing. Mothers and caregivers were interviewed to collect demographic and clinical characteristics (e.g., maternal age, ART status, ANC attendance, maternal viral load test results). All methods were carried out in accordance with relevant guidelines and regulations. Among participating mothers, HIV infection was either confirmed by documented receipt of ART (e.g., ANC card, mother’s medical record, infant’s health card) or positive HIV antibody testing following the Uganda MoH national testing algorithm. 12 Viral load testing was performed for biological mothers with HIV infection. Infants were tested for HIV-1/2 antibodies using heel stick on dried blood sample (DBS) cards to determine maternal HIV status as well as infant HIV exposure status if the infant was accompanied by a caregiver. Confirmatory polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was performed for reactive infant results. Infants identified with HIV were linked to HIV ART care services and were not included in prospective follow up. All eligible mother-infant pairs (MIP) were asked to return one month after the enrollment visit to receive test results a subset of returning mothers were enrolled for longitudinal follow-up. For longitudinal follow-up, all mothers living with HIV and their HIV negative infants were consented to participate in the 18-months post-partum prospective follow-up (cohort I). After a mother living with HIV and her infant were enrolled, the next five mothers without HIV and their infants at the facility were recruited (cohort II) for prospective follow-up. Among the five recruited mothers, the first four mothers could be of any age, but the fifth mother was aged 15–24 years to provide an adequate sample of adolescent girls and young women. MIPs had follow-up visits at 6, 9, 12, 15, and 18 months postpartum with a ± 6 weeks allowance for follow-up visits. Interviews were conducted at each visit to collect information, including infant feeding status, immunization, illnesses or hospitalizations, antenatal and postnatal care services, malaria infection, and interpersonal/intimate partner violence. For mothers living with HIV, additional information was collected on receipt and adherence to infant HIV prophylaxis and maternal ART. All infants were assessed for HIV at follow-up visits. For infants aged < 18 months, HIV infection was assessed by PCR testing; for infants aged ≥ 18 months, HIV infection was identified through on-site rapid antibody testing. Infants identified with HIV infection were linked to HIV ART care and exited from the study. In addition, mothers living with HIV had maternal viral load testing at the 6- and 12-month follow-up visits. At each visit, mothers living without HIV were screened for new HIV infection using on-site rapid antibody testing, following the MoH algorithm. 12 If during any visit the mother was newly identified to have HIV, the mother and her infant received the same care as pairs in cohort I. For infants brought to follow-up visits by a caregiver, only interview questions pertaining to the infant were administered. HIV testing was only conducted if the mother provided prior written informed consent, and results were released only to mothers. If the mother was deceased, results were released to the primary caregiver, and the infant was exited from the study. Laboratory Testing Tests were performed at the Central Public Health Laboratory in Kampala. Infants of mothers with HIV were tested for presence of HIV RNA by PCR using COBAS AmpliPrep/TaqMan HIV-1 Qualitative assay, version 2.0 (Roche Diagnostics, Branchburg, New Jersey) utilizing infant dried blood samples (iDBS) on Guthrie cards. All first positive or indeterminate results were confirmed by a second PCR test (Amplicor HIV-1 DNA, version 1.5, Roche Diagnostics). For maternal viral load measurement, maternal dried blood spots (mDBS) on Guthrie cards were tested using the Abbott real-time 1.0ml HIV RNA DBS version 2.00 protocol. DBS samples were transported to the Central Public Health Laboratory within 2 weeks of collection. Left over iDBS and mDBS were stored at -80℃ at Central Public Health Laboratory after testing. Viral load non-suppression was defined as results ≥ 1,000 copies/mL. Data Analysis Only MIP with infant HIV test results available in cohort I at enrollment were included in this analysis; caregiver-infant pairs and pairs where the mother acquired HIV after enrollment were excluded. To correct for unequal probabilities of selection, a sampling weight was constructed using the reciprocal of a health facility’s probability of selection and adjusting for non-response rate. Weighted early and late MTCT and 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) were estimated. Early MTCT was calculated as the number of infants identified with HIV infection over the total number of infants tested (e.g., PCR) at enrollment. We used multiple imputation by chained equation (MICE) for missing data values. MICE utilizes a separate condition distribution for each imputed variable and replaces the missing value with a set of plausible values that represent the uncertainty about the value to impute. The level of missingness for each imputed variable was < 20% (0.3% − 16.1%) and all were categorical variables. These included age of the mother, number of pregnancies, birthplace, whether mother was on HAART during pregnancy, nevirapine use after birth and viral suppression. Bivariate analysis was performed and variables with a p-value ≤ 0.2 were included in multivariate logistic regression. Logistic regression was used to obtain odds ration using the 20 multiply imputed data sets that were created. Confidence intervals were calculated using the STATA proportions command. Late MTCT was calculated as the number of infants identified with HIV infection at follow-up visits (failures) divided by the person-years of observation. Bivariate analysis was performed to identify factors with p-values ≤ 0.2 for the regression model. For late MTCT, Poisson regression was used for the calculation of incidence rate and incidence rate ratios, respectively. All analyses accounted for stratification and weighting explicitly by using the svyset function. Statistical analyses were performed using STATA® version 15 (Stata Corp LP, Texas, USA). Ethical Approvals This study was reviewed and approved by the Uganda Virus Research Institute (UVRI) (FWA No.00001354) and the Uganda National Council for Science and Technology (FWA No. 00001293) IRBs (see 45 C.F.R. part 46.114; 21 C.F.R. part 56.114). RESULTS Characteristics at Enrollment In total, 12,627 MIP were screened for inclusion and 12,075 (95.6%) were enrolled (Table 1 a). A total of 1,290 MIP were enrolled in cohort I (mothers living with HIV) and 1,177 MIP were included in this analysis (Tables 1 b). The mean maternal age was 24.9 years (range = 15–51 years). Only 24.8% of mothers reported having a secondary education or higher. Almost all mothers (97.3%) attended antenatal care, with the largest proportion (43.9%) receiving care at health center II (HCII). ART information was available for 987 mothers of which 98.7% were on ART (Table 2 ). The maternal viral load suppression rate at enrollment for those with viral load test results was 87.1% (914/1,049). Table 1 a: Characteristics of study participants at enrollment for both cohorts, Uganda 2017–2019 Maternal Characteristics Mother living with HIV n (col %) Mother living without HIV n (col %) Maternal age (years) at enrollment 15–19 78 (6.1%) 1990 (18.5%) 20–24 334 (25.9%) 4387 (40.7%) 25 and older Missing 872 (67.6%) 6 (0.5%) 4368 (40.5%) 40 (0.4%) Highest education level Tertiary/technical/university Secondary, 5–6 Secondary, 1–4 Primary, 1–7 No education DK 26 (2.0%) 18 (1.4%) 274 (21.2%) 830 (64.3%) 141 (10.9%) 1 (0.1%) 365 (3.4%) 191 (1.8%) 2707 (25.1%) 6368 (59.0%) 1148 (10.6) 6 (0.1%) Marital status Never married 138 (10.7%) 748 (6.9%) Married 947 (73.4%) 8712 (80.8%) Co-habitating 125 (9.7%) 1082 (10.0%) Missing 80 (6.2%) 243 (2.3%) Health facility level Hospital (general and regional referral hospital) 128 (9.9%) 648 (6.0%) Health center IV 212 (16.4%) 996 (9.2%) Health center III 367 (28.5%) 3327 (30.9%) Health center II 566 (43.9%) 5582 (51.8%) Clinic 17(1.3%) 232 (2.2%) Number of pregnancies 1 145 (11.2%) 2987 (27.7%) 2–3 504 (39.1%) 4210 (39.0%) 4–5 356 (27.6%) 1913 (17.7%) 6 or more Missing 219 (17.0%) 66 (5.1%) 1221 (11.3%) 454 (4.2%) Mother attended antenatal care No 33 (2.6%) 582 (5.4%) Yes 1257 (97.4%) 10203 (94.6%) Infant characteristics (n = 1,303) (n = 10,885) Infant age at enrollment * Less than 8 weeks 584 (44.8%) 4448 (40.9%) 8 weeks or older Missing 714 (54.8%) 5 (0.4%) 6393 (58.7%) 44 (0.4%) Infant birth weight Less than 2.5kg 82 (6.3%) 570 (5.2%) 2.5kg or more Missing 913 (70.1%) 308 (23.6%) 7042 (64.7%) 3273 (30.1%) Documented infant receipt of BCG vaccine Yes 981 (89.7%) 7893 (91.4%) No 113 (10.3%) 740 (8.6%) Infant feeding method last 7 days Exclusively breastfed 1149 (88.2%) 9243 (84.9%) Mixed feeding 134 (10.3%) 1465 (13.5%) Replacement feeding Missing 7 (0.5%) 13 (1.0%) 17 (0.2%) 160 (1.5%) * Infants were enrolled from age 3 weeks 4 days to 12 weeks 3 days Table 1 b: Characteristics of cohort I mother and infants enrolled in prospective follow-up, Uganda 2017–2019 HIV-infected infants (col %) HIV-uninfected infants (col %) Total (col %) Maternal Characteristics Maternal age (years) at enrollment 15–19 0 (0.0) 55 (5.2) 55 (5.2) 20–24 3 (42.9) 266 (25.1) 269 (25.2) 25 years and older 4 (57.1) 734 (69.3) 738 (69.2) Missing 0 (0.0) 4 (0.4) 4 (0.4) Highest education level Tertiary/technical/university 0 (0.0) 23 (2.2) 23 (2.2) Secondary, 5–6 0 (0.0) 15 (1.4) 15 (1.4) Secondary, 1–4 1 (14.3) 224 (21.2) 225 (21.1) Primary, 1–7 5 (71.4) 674 (63.6) 679 (63.7) No education 1 (14.3) 122 (11.5) 123 (11.5) Missing/unknown 0 (0.0) 1 (0.1) 1 (0.1) Marital status Never married 1 (14.3) 112 (10.6) 113 (10.6) Married 5 (71.4) 775 (73.2) 780 (73.2) Co-habitating 0 (0.0) 105 (9.9) 105 (9.9) Missing 1 (14.3) 67 (6.3) 68 (6.4) Health facility level Hospital (general and regional referral hospital) 1 (14.3) 84 (7.9) 85 (8.0) Health center IV 1 (14.3) 175 (16.5) 176 (16.5) Health center III 1 (14.3) 311 (29.4) 312 (29.3) Health center II 4 (57.1) 472 (44.6) 476 (44.7) Clinic 0 (0.0) 17 (1.6) 17 (1.6) Number of pregnancies 1 0 (0.0) 113 (10.7) 113 (10.6) 2–3 4 (57.1) 404 (38.2) 408 (38.3) 4–5 1 (14.3) 308 (29.1) 309 (29.0) 6 or more 2 (28.6) 192 (18.1) 194 (18.2) Missing 0 (0.0) 42 (4.0) 42 (3.9) Mother attended ANC No 1 (14.3) 26 (2.5) 27 (2.5) Yes 6 (85.7) 1033 (97.5) 1039 (97.5) Place of delivery Public facility 6 (85.7) 702 (66.3) 708 (66.4) Private facility 1 (14.3) 216 (20.4) 217 (20.4) Home 0 (0.0) 116 (11.0) 116 (10.9) Missing 0 (0.0) 25 (2.4) 25 (2.4) Birth attendee Non-skilled 0 (0.0) 121 (11.4) 121 (11.4) Skilled 7 (100) 938 (88.6) 945 (88.7) Mother on ART No 0 (0.0) 9 (0.9) 9 (0.8) Yes 5 (71.4) 885 (83.6) 890 (83.5) Missing 2 (28.6) 165 (15.6) 167 (15.7) Ever virally non-suppressed (VL ≥ 1,000 copies/ml) during enrollment or follow-up Yes 4 (57.1) 176 (16.6) 180 (16.9) No 3 (42.9) 866 (81.8) 869 (81.5) Missing 0 (0.0) 17 (1.6) 17 (1.6) Infant characteristics Age at enrollment Less than 8 weeks 3 (42.9) 471 (44.5) 474 (44.5) 8 weeks or older 4 (57.1) 585 (55.2) 589 (55.3) Missing 0 (0.0) 3 (0.3) 3 (0.3) Birth weight Less than 2.5kg 0 (0.0) 67 (6.3) 67 (6.3) 2.5kg or more 6 (85.7) 741 (70.0) 747 (70.1) Missing 1 (14.3) 251 (23.7) 252 (23.6) Nevirapine after birth Yes 5 (71.4) 913 (86.2) 918 (86.1) No 2 (28.6) 144 (13.6) 146 (13.7) Missing 0 (0.0) 2 (0.2) 2 (0.2) Infant feeding method last 7 days Exclusively breastfed 4 (57.1) 941 (88.9) 945 (88.7) Mixed feeding 3 (42.9) 104 (9.8) 107 (10.0) Replacement feeding 0 (0.0) 6 (0.6) 6 (0.6) Missing 0 (0.0) 8 (0.8) 8 (0.8) Table 2 Characteristics of cohort I mothers by HIV status of infants at enrollment, national sample, Uganda 2017–2019 Characteristic HIV-infected infants (col %) HIV-uninfected infants (col %) Total (col %) Maternal Characteristics Maternal age (years) at enrollment 15–19 3 (12.0) 65 (5.6) 68 (5.8) 20–24 11 (44.0) 293 (25.4) 304 (25.8) 25 years and above 11 (44.0) 790 (68.6) 801 (68.1) Missing 0 (0.0) 4 (0.4) 4 (0.3) Highest education level Tertiary/technical/university 1 (4) 24 (2.1) 25 (2.1) Secondary, 5–6 0 (0.0) 17 (1.5) 17 (1.4) Secondary, 1–4 5 (20.0) 246 (21.4) 251 (21.3) Primary, 1–7 16 (64.0) 736 (63.9) 752 (63.9) No education 3 (12.0) 128 (11.1) 131 (11.1) Missing/unknown 0 (0.0) 1 (0.1) 1 (0.1) Marital status Never married 3 (12.0) 120 (10.4) 123 (10.5) Married 21 (84.0) 837 (72.7) 858 (72.9) Co-habitating 1 (4.0) 119 (10.3) 120 (10.2) Missing 0 (0.0) 76 (6.6) 76 (6.5) Health facility level Hospital (general and regional referral hospital) 1 (4.0) 98 (8.5) 99 (8.4) HC IV 4 (16.0) 192 (16.7) 196 (16.7) HC III 10 (40.0) 334 (29.0) 344 (29.2) HC II 10 (40.0) 510 (44.3) 520 (44.2) Clinic 0 (0.0) 18 (1.6) 18 (1.5) Number of pregnancies 1 3 (12.0) 127 (11.0) 130 (11.1) 2–3 14 (56.0) 446 (38.7) 460 (39.1) 4–5 4 (16.0) 329 (28.6) 333 (28.3) 6 or more 2 (8.0) 200 (17.4) 202 (17.2) Missing 2 (8.0) 50 (4.3) 52 (4.4) Mother attended ANC No 3 (12.0) 29 (2.5) 32 (2.7) Yes 22 (88.0) 1123 (97.5) 1145 (97.3) Place of delivery Public facility 10 (40.0) 768 (66.7) 778 (66.1) Private facility 9 (36.0) 234 (20.3) 243 (20.7) Home 6 (24.0) 124 (10.8) 130 (11.1) Missing 0 (0.0) 26 (2.3) 26 (2.2) Birth attendant Non-skilled 6 (24.0) 130 (11.3) 136 (11.6) Skilled 19 (76.0) 1022 (88.7) 1041 (88.5) Mother on ART No 2 (8.0) 11 (1.0) 13 (1.1) Yes 16 (64.0) 958 (83.2) 974 (82.8) Missing 7 (28.0) 183 (15.9) 190 (16.1) Virally suppressed (VL < 1,000 copies/mL) Yes 7 (28.0) 907 (78.7) 914 (77.7) No 13 (52.0) 122 (10.6) 135 (11.5) Missing 5 (20.0) 123 (10.7) 128 (10.9) Infant characteristics Age at enrollment Less than 8 weeks 12 (48.0) 514 (44.6) 526(44.7) 8 weeks or older 13 (52.0) 635 (55.1) 648 (55.1) Missing 0 (0.0) 3 (0.3) 3 (0.3) Birth weight Less than 2.5kg 2 (8.0) 74 (6.4) 76 (6.5) 2.5kg or more 15 (60.0) 804 (69.8) 819 (69.6) Missing 8 (32.0) 274 (23.8) 282 (24.0) Nevirapine after birth Yes 14 (56.0) 987 (85.7) 1001 (85.1) No 11 (44.0) 163 (14.2) 174 (14.8) Missing 0 (0.0) 2 (0.2) 2 (0.2) Infant feeding method last 7 days Exclusively breastfed 24 (96.0) 1018 (88.4) 1042 (88.5) Mixed feeding 0 (0.0) 118 (10.2) 118 (10.0) Replacement feeding 1 (4.0) 6 (0.5) 7 (0.6) Missing 0 (0.0) 10 (0.9) 10 (0.9) The mean age of infants at enrollment was 8.0 weeks (range = 3.7–12.4 weeks) and 49.5% were male infants. The majority (85.1%) of infants received nevirapine prophylaxis and 88.5% were exclusively breastfed at enrollment. Early Mother-to-Child Transmission of HIV Twenty-five infants were identified with HIV infection at enrollment, corresponding to an early MTCT of 2.2% (95% CI: 1.3–3.6). Maternal ANC attendance during pregnancy (OR: 0.2, 95% CI: 0.1–0.8) was associated with decreased risk of early MTCT. Delivering the infant in a private facility (OR: 3.2, 95% CI: 1.2–8.6) or at home (OR: 3.5, 95% CI: 1.1–10.6) increased the likelihood of early MTCT compared to delivering in a public facility. Detectable maternal viral load at enrollment (OR: 10.1, 95% CI: 3.9–26.1), and infant not receiving nevirapine prophylaxis (OR: 5.7, 95% CI: 2.5–13.0) were also associated with early MTCT. Mother on ART (OR: 0.1, 95% CI: 0.0-0.4) reduced the likelihood of early MTCT. In the adjusted model, only having a detectable viral load (≥ 1,000 copies/mL) at enrollment significantly increased the odds of early MTCT (aOR:6.8, 95% CI: 2.3–19.9). Late Mother-to-Child Transmission of HIV Of the 1,177 MIP enrolled at baseline, a total of 1,066 were enrolled for prospective follow-up and had infant testing data available. A total of seven infants (0.7%; 95% CI: 0.3–1.5%) were identified with HIV infection during prospective follow-up. The late MTCT rate was 5.2 per 1000 person-years (95% CI: 2.5–10.9). Due to the small number of infants that acquired HIV during prospective follow-up, analysis of factors was limited (Table 4 ). In Poisson regression, only a detectable maternal viral load at any time (enrollment, 6-month follow up visit, and/or 12-month follow-up visit) was significantly associated with late MTCT (IRR: 6.2, 95% CI: 1.2–31.7) (Table 3 ). Table 3 Factors associated with early mother to child transmission of HIV, Uganda 2017–2019 Characteristic Unadjusted Adjusted (n = 1177) OR 95% CI p-values OR 95% CI p-values Maternal age (years) at enrollment 15–19 1 1 20–24 1.1 0.2–5.7 0.89 1.3 0.1–10.6 0.83 25 and older 0.4 0.1–1.7 0.21 0.8 0.1–7.0 0.83 Number of pregnancies 1 1 1 2–3 1.4 0.5–4.1 0.58 1.5 0.4 − 5.9 0.53 4–5 0.4 0.1–1.5 0.17 0.6 0.1–3.4 0.53 6 or more 0.4 0.1–1.8 0.22 0.5 0.1–4.5 0.58 Mother attended antenatal care No 1 1 Yes 0.2 0.1–0.8 0.02 0.4 0.1–1.7 0.25 Place of delivery Public facility 1 1 Private facility 3.2 1.2–8.6 0.03 2.9 1.0–8.6 0.06 Home 3.5 1.1–10.6 0.03 2.5 0.8–7.7 0.12 Birth attendee Non-skilled 1 1 Skilled 0.4 0.2–1.1 0.07 0.9 0.3–2.7 0.86 Mother on ART No 1 1 Yes 0.1 0.0–0.4 < 0.01 0.7 0.1–3.7 0.71 Virally Suppressed Yes 1 1 No 10.1 3.9–26.1 < 0.001 6.8 2.3–19.9 < 0.001 Nevirapine after birth Yes 1 1 No 5.7 2.5–13.0 < 0.001 2.9 1.0–8.6 0.06 Table 4 Factors associated with late mother to child transmission of HIV, Uganda 2017–2019 (Poisson model) characteristic Unadjusted Adjusted n IRR 95% CI IRR 95% CI Mother attended antenatal care No 27 1 1 Yes 1039 0.2 0.0–1.3 0.2 0.0–1.9 Mother virally suppressed (VL < 1,000 copies/mL) at all testing points Yes 869 1 1 No 180 6.4 1.5–28.3 6.2 1.2–31.7 Nevirapine after birth Yes 918 1 1 No 146 2.6 0.5–13.0 1.6 0.2–11.3 DISCUSSION This was the first national evaluation of the PMTCT program in Uganda. The early MTCT of 2.2% and late MTCT of 0.7% demonstrate that Uganda’s PMTCT program has made large strides in reducing MTCT of HIV and achieving well below the WHO target of 5%. 5 In this evaluation, the proportion observed for early MTCT was higher than the late MTCT rate. Continued engagement in maternal and child healthcare during pregnancy and the early breastfeeding period and efforts to keep mothers in care until breastfeeding cessation could be critical areas of focus to achieve elimination of MTCT of HIV. Overall, maternal viral load non-suppression was the only risk factor associated with both early and late MTCT. These findings are consistent with literature documenting the relationship between non-suppressed viral load and MTCT. 13 , 14 Of note, rates of maternal ART use in this study were high, but approximately 1 in 10 mothers were not virally suppressed at some point during the study. This suggests that viral non-suppression is likely due to maternal non-adherence to ART. However, it should be noted that during the study time period, pregnant and breastfeeding women had limited access to optimal ART regimens containing dolutegravir. 12 These findings highlight the need for consistent viral load testing and prompt response to elevated viral load. Rates of viral load coverage remain suboptimal for pregnant women and even lower for women newly diagnosed in pregnancy, who are more likely to have non-suppressed viral load. 15 , 16 With such a small number of mothers with non-suppressed viral load, a more intensive, patient-centered focus on optimization of ART regimen, identification of barriers to ART adherence, and age appropriate enhanced adherence counseling could be considered to close the final gap for elimination of MTCT. 17 Of note, infant non-receipt of nevirapine was only significantly associated with early MTCT in bivariate analysis, but not in the adjusted model. Infant receipt of nevirapine prophylaxis is recommended to reduce the risk of MTCT and in Uganda all HIV-exposed infants should receive nevirapine prophylaxis from birth to 6 weeks of age and high-risk infants up to 12 weeks of age. 12 Our analysis was not able to include factors such as timing of initiation and adherence to prophylaxis which could assess efficacy of nevirapine. 18 , 19 Non-adherence to ARVs, including infant prophylaxis, remains a challenge in preventing MTCT especially for mothers new to ART, younger mothers, and those with no available viral load test results. 19 In this analysis, the majority of new childhood infections were identified in infants who acquired HIV during pregnancy or the early breastfeeding period. These findings differ from the 2023 UNAIDS Spectrum estimates that suggest that almost half of new child infections occur during the breastfeeding period. 11 These differences could be related to the population included for this survey. Women who acquired HIV during prospective follow-up were not included in this analysis, but can contribute significantly to new child infections. 11 It should also be noted that because MIP were recruited when the infant was 4–12 weeks old, new child infections would be captured under early MTCT. Lastly, MIPs in the study were followed to 18 months, so mothers may have received additional support to continue adhering to ART through the breastfeeding period. There were at least four limitations in this study. First, the total number of infants identified with HIV at enrollment and the prospective studies was low, limiting the regression analysis and inclusion of infant feeding method as a factor in the adjusted model and resulting in wide confidence intervals. Second, the study was not able to actively follow-up MIP that transferred to areas outside of the 152 study sites. As a result, transient MIP may have been lost to follow-up. Third, MIP were recruited from child immunization clinics, thus creating selection bias in the sample. While immunization rates in Uganda are high, MIP not engaging in early childhood care or engaging outside the enrollment age would not have been screened for participation in the study. Lastly, test results for some infants and maternal viral load tests were not available due to sample quality, missing results, and data entry errors. Overall, the findings of this study highlight that a focused, country-wide effort to provide PMTCT programming has reduced MTCT of HIV in areas of high- and low- prevalence for all age groups. While rates of ART linkage have continued to rise, this may not be sufficient to achieve elimination of MTCT. An increased focus on addressing viral load non-suppression, including regular viral load testing, throughout pregnancy and breastfeeding could further reduce the burden of new childhood infections in Uganda. Declarations Disclaimer The findings and conclusions in this manuscript are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily represent the official position of the funding agencies. Source of Funding This project and publication has been supported by the President's Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief (PEPFAR) through the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) under the terms of 1U2GGH00817-4. Competing interests The authors declare that they have no competing interests Author Contribution LN, PN, FN, FM, DO, DT, MA, HA, EB, and TL contributed to conceptualization and design of the study and research question. JK, IS, and JO contributed to the acquisition of data. TM conducted the statistical analysis with contributions from FM, DT, SS, and RN. LN and AD were primarily responsible for drafting of the manuscript. All authors made substantial contributions to interpretation of the data and review of the manuscript. All authors provided final approval of the manuscript to be published and agreed to be held accountable for all aspects of the work. Acknowledgments We acknowledge the Rakai Health Sciences Program (RHSP) data collectors, Steve Okokwu, Laurie Gulaid, Doreen Agasha, Jackie Calnan, Daniel Idipo, Philip Kasibante, Ivan Lukabwe, Alfred Lutaaya, Christina Mwangi, Godfrey Kigozi, Gertrude Nakigozi, Bernadette Ng’eno, Tamara Nyombi, Margaret Okwero, Vamsi Vasireddy, Rakai Health Sciences Program (RHSP) data collectors, the health care workers at participating study sites, and study participants and their families. We also acknowledge the invaluable contributions of Dr. Joshua Musinguzi (Deceased), former Program Manager, Ministry of Health, AIDS Control Programme to this research. Data Availability The datasets used and analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on request but can not be disclosed openly due to confidentiality issues. References WHO. PMTCT Strategic Vision 2010–2015: Preventing Mother-to-Child Transmission of HIV to Reach The UNGASS and Millenium Development Goals. (2010). Siegfried, N., van der Merwe, L., Brocklehurst, P. & Sint, T. T. Antiretrovirals for reducing the risk of mother-to-child transmission of HIV infection. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev. Cd003510 https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD003510.pub3 (2011). UNAIDS & Global HIV & AIDS satistics - Fact sheet. (2023). UNAIDS. UPDATE: One hundred and fifty thousand preventable new HIV infections among children in 2020 , (2021). https://www.unaids.org/en/resources/presscentre/featurestories/2022/january/20220131_preventable-new-HIV-infections-among-children Committee, E. G. V. A. Global Guidance on Criteria and Process for Validation: Elimination of Mother-to-Child Transmission of HIV, Syphilis, and Hepatitis B Virus. (2021). Namara-Lugolobi, E. et al. Twenty years of Prevention of Mother to Child HIV Transmission: research to implementation at a national referral hospital in Uganda. Afr. Health Sci. 22 , 22–33 (2022). Marseille, E. et al. Cost effectiveness of single-dose nevirapine regimen for mothers and babies to decrease vertical HIV-1 transmission in sub-Saharan Africa. Lancet 354 , 803–809. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(99)80009-9 (1999). Ministry of Health, U. Annual Health Sector Performance Report 2012/13. (2013). UNAIDS. Global Plan country fact sheets , (2016). https://www.unaids.org/en/resources/campaigns/globalplan/factsheets Start & Free Stay Free, AIDS Free: Final report on 2020 targets. (2021). UNAIDS. AIDSinfo: Global data on HIV epidemiology and response , (2020). https://aidsinfo.unaids.org/ Health, T. R. o. U. M. o. (2016). Mandelbrot, L. et al. No perinatal HIV-1 transmission from women with effective antiretroviral therapy starting before conception. Clin. Infect. Dis. 61 , 1715–1725. https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/civ578 (2015). Myer, L. et al. HIV viraemia and mother-to-child transmission risk after antiretroviral therapy initiation in pregnancy in Cape Town, South Africa. HIV Med. 18 , 80–88. https://doi.org/10.1111/hiv.12397 (2017). Woldesenbet, S. A. et al. Coverage of maternal viral load monitoring during pregnancy in South Africa: Results from the 2019 national Antenatal HIV Sentinel Survey. HIV Med. 22 , 805–815. https://doi.org/10.1111/hiv.13126 (2021). Dirlikov, E. et al. Scale-Up of HIV Antiretroviral Therapy and Estimation of Averted Infections and HIV-Related Deaths - Uganda, 2004–2022. MMWR Morb Mortal. Wkly. Rep. 72 , 90–94. https://doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.mm7204a2 (2023). WHO. Consolidated guidelines on HIV prevention, testing, treatment, service delivery and monitoring: recommendations for a public health approach (WHO, 2021). Alemu, A., Molla, W., Yinges, K. & Mihret, M. S. Determinants of HIV infection among children born to HIV positive mothers on prevention of mother to child transmission program at referral hospitals in west Amhara, Ethiopia; case control study. Ital. J. Pediatr. 48 , 17. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13052-022-01220-x (2022). Napyo, A. et al. Barriers and enablers of adherence to infant nevirapine prophylaxis against HIV 1 transmission among 6-week-old HIV exposed infants: A prospective cohort study in Northern Uganda. PLoS One . 15 , e0240529. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0240529 (2020). Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Published Journal Publication published 08 Jul, 2025 Read the published version in Scientific Reports → Version 1 posted Editorial decision: Revision requested 07 May, 2025 Reviews received at journal 04 May, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 17 Apr, 2025 Reviews received at journal 14 Apr, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 14 Apr, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 11 Apr, 2025 Reviewers invited by journal 04 Apr, 2025 Editor assigned by journal 04 Apr, 2025 Editor invited by journal 25 Mar, 2025 Submission checks completed at journal 25 Mar, 2025 First submitted to journal 11 Mar, 2025 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-6204200","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":444168223,"identity":"35470d90-da78-429a-9b23-8145f22fce61","order_by":0,"name":"Linda K. 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Without intervention, the risk of an infant acquiring HIV is 25\u0026ndash;45%, with risk of transmission during pregnancy, birth, and breastfeeding being 5\u0026ndash;10%, 10\u0026ndash;20%, and 5\u0026ndash;20%, respectively.\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e Maternal antiretroviral therapy (ART) can prevent MTCT.\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e In 2021, an estimated 160,000 infants worldwide were born with or acquired HIV in the first 18 months postpartum.\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e The primary reasons for MTCT are new HIV infections in mothers, mothers not receiving ART, mothers discontinuing ART, and mothers on ART with viral load non-suppression (\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;1,000 copies/mL).\u003csup\u003e4\u003c/sup\u003e The UNAIDS 2030 goals and the WHO Triple Elimination Initiative set a MTCT rate benchmark of less than 5%.\u003csup\u003e5\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn Uganda, the prevention of mother-to-child transmission (PMTCT) program started in 2002,\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e after the HIVNET 012 trial found nevirapine could prevent MTCT.\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e In 2013, Option B+, which expanded ART to all pregnant and breastfeeding women with HIV regardless of CD4 count, was rolled out in Uganda.\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e By 2016, UNAIDS reported that Uganda reduced HIV infections among children by 86% since 2009 and provided ART access to 95% of women living with HIV to prevent MTCT.\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e Despite progress, Uganda is ranked among the countries with the highest burden of MTCT with an estimated 6,000 infants born with or acquiring HIV after birth. \u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e,\u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTo systematically investigate the impact of the Uganda national PMTCT program, the National PMTCT Impact Evaluation Study was conducted to assess the program\u0026rsquo;s performance and identify gaps in PMTCT services. The survey enrolled mother-infant pairs at enrollment and prospectively followed them from 18 months. The purpose of this analysis was to assess early and late MTCT for women living with HIV in the Uganda PMTCT program and identify factors associated with MTCT.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"METHODS","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec3\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eSampling Frame\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe facility sampling frame included all private and public facilities and utilized the 2015 infant first DPT vaccination coverage. In Uganda, infant DPT coverage in Uganda is high (\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;98% nationally in 2015) and first and second DPT are scheduled at 6 and 14 weeks postpartum, recruiting infants at DPT visits which aligns with national guidelines for early infant HIV testing making it a useful proxy for a nationally representative sample.\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e Facilities with \u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;360 first DPT visits reported during July 2014\u0026ndash;June 2015, representing 7% of total first DPT, were excluded from the facility sampling frame to ensure adequate recruitment with available resources. Included facilities had\u0026thinsp;\u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;360 first DPT visits and were stratified into four categories by volume of reported visits during July 2014\u0026ndash;June 2015: low (360\u0026ndash;566 visits), medium (567\u0026ndash;853 visits), high (854\u0026ndash;1343 visits), and highest (\u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;1,344 visits). The resultant sampling frame had 2,611 public and private facilities (low\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;650; medium\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;656; high\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;652; highest\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;653). Based on a desired precision of 1.0 and available resources, we randomly selected 5.7% of all facilities within each stratum for each of the 12 regions serviced by MOH regional referral hospitals (Arua, Kampala, Fort Portal, Gulu, Hoima, Jinja, Lira, Masaka, Mbale, Mbarara, Moroto and Soroti) using the random without replacement approach. A total of 152 facilities were selected (low\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;37; medium\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;39; high\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;31; and highest\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;45).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eStudy design\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDuring September 2017\u0026ndash;March 2018, infants aged 4\u0026ndash;12 weeks and their biological mothers (mothers) or non-biological caregivers (caregivers) receiving routine health care at selected facilities were screened. Trained research assistants obtained written informed consent from mother/caregiver-infant pairs before enrolment. Mother/caregiver-infant pairs were excluded if the infant or mother was severely ill, the caregiver was aged\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;18 years, or the mother or caregiver did not consent to infant HIV testing. Mothers and caregivers were interviewed to collect demographic and clinical characteristics (e.g., maternal age, ART status, ANC attendance, maternal viral load test results). All methods were carried out in accordance with relevant guidelines and regulations.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAmong participating mothers, HIV infection was either confirmed by documented receipt of ART (e.g., ANC card, mother\u0026rsquo;s medical record, infant\u0026rsquo;s health card) or positive HIV antibody testing following the Uganda MoH national testing algorithm.\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e Viral load testing was performed for biological mothers with HIV infection.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eInfants were tested for HIV-1/2 antibodies using heel stick on dried blood sample (DBS) cards to determine maternal HIV status as well as infant HIV exposure status if the infant was accompanied by a caregiver. Confirmatory polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was performed for reactive infant results. Infants identified with HIV were linked to HIV ART care services and were not included in prospective follow up.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAll eligible mother-infant pairs (MIP) were asked to return one month after the enrollment visit to receive test results a subset of returning mothers were enrolled for longitudinal follow-up. For longitudinal follow-up, all mothers living with HIV and their HIV negative infants were consented to participate in the 18-months post-partum prospective follow-up (cohort I). After a mother living with HIV and her infant were enrolled, the next five mothers without HIV and their infants at the facility were recruited (cohort II) for prospective follow-up. Among the five recruited mothers, the first four mothers could be of any age, but the fifth mother was aged 15\u0026ndash;24 years to provide an adequate sample of adolescent girls and young women.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMIPs had follow-up visits at 6, 9, 12, 15, and 18 months postpartum with a\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;6 weeks allowance for follow-up visits. Interviews were conducted at each visit to collect information, including infant feeding status, immunization, illnesses or hospitalizations, antenatal and postnatal care services, malaria infection, and interpersonal/intimate partner violence. For mothers living with HIV, additional information was collected on receipt and adherence to infant HIV prophylaxis and maternal ART.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAll infants were assessed for HIV at follow-up visits. For infants aged\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;18 months, HIV infection was assessed by PCR testing; for infants aged\u0026thinsp;\u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;18 months, HIV infection was identified through on-site rapid antibody testing. Infants identified with HIV infection were linked to HIV ART care and exited from the study. In addition, mothers living with HIV had maternal viral load testing at the 6- and 12-month follow-up visits. At each visit, mothers living without HIV were screened for new HIV infection using on-site rapid antibody testing, following the MoH algorithm.\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e If during any visit the mother was newly identified to have HIV, the mother and her infant received the same care as pairs in cohort I.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFor infants brought to follow-up visits by a caregiver, only interview questions pertaining to the infant were administered. HIV testing was only conducted if the mother provided prior written informed consent, and results were released only to mothers. If the mother was deceased, results were released to the primary caregiver, and the infant was exited from the study.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eLaboratory Testing\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTests were performed at the Central Public Health Laboratory in Kampala. Infants of mothers with HIV were tested for presence of HIV RNA by PCR using COBAS AmpliPrep/TaqMan HIV-1 Qualitative assay, version 2.0 (Roche Diagnostics, Branchburg, New Jersey) utilizing infant dried blood samples (iDBS) on Guthrie cards. All first positive or indeterminate results were confirmed by a second PCR test (Amplicor HIV-1 DNA, version 1.5, Roche Diagnostics). For maternal viral load measurement, maternal dried blood spots (mDBS) on Guthrie cards were tested using the Abbott real-time 1.0ml HIV RNA DBS version 2.00 protocol. DBS samples were transported to the Central Public Health Laboratory within 2 weeks of collection. Left over iDBS and mDBS were stored at -80℃ at Central Public Health Laboratory after testing. Viral load non-suppression was defined as results\u0026thinsp;\u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;1,000 copies/mL.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec6\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eData Analysis\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003e Only MIP with infant HIV test results available in cohort I at enrollment were included in this analysis; caregiver-infant pairs and pairs where the mother acquired HIV after enrollment were excluded. To correct for unequal probabilities of selection, a sampling weight was constructed using the reciprocal of a health facility\u0026rsquo;s probability of selection and adjusting for non-response rate. Weighted early and late MTCT and 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) were estimated.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEarly MTCT was calculated as the number of infants identified with HIV infection over the total number of infants tested (e.g., PCR) at enrollment. We used multiple imputation by chained equation (MICE) for missing data values. MICE utilizes a separate condition distribution for each imputed variable and replaces the missing value with a set of plausible values that represent the uncertainty about the value to impute. The level of missingness for each imputed variable was \u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;20% (0.3% \u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;16.1%) and all were categorical variables. These included age of the mother, number of pregnancies, birthplace, whether mother was on HAART during pregnancy, nevirapine use after birth and viral suppression. Bivariate analysis was performed and variables with a p-value\u0026thinsp;\u0026le;\u0026thinsp;0.2 were included in multivariate logistic regression. Logistic regression was used to obtain odds ration using the 20 multiply imputed data sets that were created. Confidence intervals were calculated using the STATA proportions command.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eLate MTCT was calculated as the number of infants identified with HIV infection at follow-up visits (failures) divided by the person-years of observation. Bivariate analysis was performed to identify factors with p-values\u0026thinsp;\u0026le;\u0026thinsp;0.2 for the regression model. For late MTCT, Poisson regression was used for the calculation of incidence rate and incidence rate ratios, respectively.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAll analyses accounted for stratification and weighting explicitly by using the svyset function. Statistical analyses were performed using STATA\u0026reg; version 15 (Stata Corp LP, Texas, USA).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eEthical Approvals\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis study was reviewed and approved by the Uganda Virus Research Institute (UVRI) (FWA No.00001354) and the Uganda National Council for Science and Technology (FWA No. 00001293) IRBs (see 45 C.F.R. part 46.114; 21 C.F.R. part 56.114).\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"RESULTS","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec9\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003eCharacteristics at Enrollment\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIn total, 12,627 MIP were screened for inclusion and 12,075 (95.6%) were enrolled (Table \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003ea). A total of 1,290 MIP were enrolled in cohort I (mothers living with HIV) and 1,177 MIP were included in this analysis (Tables \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003eb). The mean maternal age was 24.9 years (range\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;15\u0026ndash;51 years). Only 24.8% of mothers reported having a secondary education or higher. Almost all mothers (97.3%) attended antenatal care, with the largest proportion (43.9%) receiving care at health center II (HCII). ART information was available for 987 mothers of which 98.7% were on ART (Table \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e). The maternal viral load suppression rate at enrollment for those with viral load test results was 87.1% (914/1,049).\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003ctable id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e\n \u003ccaption\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ea: Characteristics of study participants at enrollment for both cohorts, Uganda 2017\u0026ndash;2019\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/caption\u003e\n \u003cthead\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMaternal Characteristics\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMother living with HIV\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003en (col %)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMother living without HIV\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003en (col %)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/thead\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eMaternal age (years) at enrollment\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15\u0026ndash;19\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e78 (6.1%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1990 (18.5%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20\u0026ndash;24\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e334 (25.9%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4387 (40.7%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25 and older\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMissing\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e872 (67.6%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6 (0.5%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4368 (40.5%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e40 (0.4%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eHighest education level\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTertiary/technical/university\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSecondary, 5\u0026ndash;6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSecondary, 1\u0026ndash;4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePrimary, 1\u0026ndash;7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo education\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDK\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e26 (2.0%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18 (1.4%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e274 (21.2%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e830 (64.3%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e141 (10.9%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1 (0.1%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e365 (3.4%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e191 (1.8%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2707 (25.1%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6368 (59.0%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1148 (10.6)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6 (0.1%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eMarital status\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNever married\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e138 (10.7%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e748 (6.9%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMarried\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e947 (73.4%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8712 (80.8%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCo-habitating\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e125 (9.7%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1082 (10.0%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMissing\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e80 (6.2%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e243 (2.3%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eHealth facility level\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHospital (general and regional referral hospital)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e128 (9.9%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e648 (6.0%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHealth center IV\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e212 (16.4%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e996 (9.2%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHealth center III\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e367 (28.5%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3327 (30.9%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHealth center II\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e566 (43.9%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5582 (51.8%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eClinic\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17(1.3%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e232 (2.2%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eNumber of pregnancies\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e145 (11.2%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2987 (27.7%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u0026ndash;3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e504 (39.1%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4210 (39.0%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u0026ndash;5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e356 (27.6%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1913 (17.7%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6 or more\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMissing\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e219 (17.0%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e66 (5.1%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1221 (11.3%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e454 (4.2%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eMother attended antenatal care\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e33 (2.6%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e582 (5.4%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1257 (97.4%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10203 (94.6%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eInfant characteristics\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1,303)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;10,885)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eInfant age at enrollment\u003c/em\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cem\u003e*\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLess than 8 weeks\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e584 (44.8%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4448 (40.9%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8 weeks or older\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMissing\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e714 (54.8%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5 (0.4%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6393 (58.7%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e44 (0.4%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eInfant birth weight\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLess than 2.5kg\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e82 (6.3%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e570 (5.2%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.5kg or more\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMissing\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e913 (70.1%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e308 (23.6%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7042 (64.7%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3273 (30.1%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eDocumented infant receipt of BCG vaccine\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e981 (89.7%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7893 (91.4%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e113 (10.3%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e740 (8.6%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eInfant feeding method last 7 days\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eExclusively breastfed\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1149 (88.2%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9243 (84.9%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMixed feeding\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e134 (10.3%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1465 (13.5%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eReplacement feeding\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMissing\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7 (0.5%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13 (1.0%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17 (0.2%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e160 (1.5%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003ctfoot\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"3\"\u003e* Infants were enrolled from age 3 weeks 4 days to 12 weeks 3 days\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tfoot\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"colspec\" align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003ctable id=\"Tab2\" border=\"1\"\u003e\n \u003ccaption\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eb: Characteristics of cohort I mother and infants enrolled in prospective follow-up, Uganda 2017\u0026ndash;2019\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/caption\u003e\n \u003cthead\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHIV-infected infants (col %)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHIV-uninfected infants (col %)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTotal (col %)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/thead\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMaternal Characteristics\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eMaternal age (years) at enrollment\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15\u0026ndash;19\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0 (0.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e55 (5.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e55 (5.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20\u0026ndash;24\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3 (42.9)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e266 (25.1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e269 (25.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25 years and older\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4 (57.1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e734 (69.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e738 (69.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMissing\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0 (0.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4 (0.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4 (0.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eHighest education level\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTertiary/technical/university\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0 (0.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e23 (2.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e23 (2.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSecondary, 5\u0026ndash;6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0 (0.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15 (1.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15 (1.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSecondary, 1\u0026ndash;4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1 (14.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e224 (21.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e225 (21.1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePrimary, 1\u0026ndash;7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5 (71.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e674 (63.6)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e679 (63.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo education\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1 (14.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e122 (11.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e123 (11.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMissing/unknown\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0 (0.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1 (0.1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1 (0.1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eMarital status\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNever married\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1 (14.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e112 (10.6)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e113 (10.6)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMarried\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5 (71.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e775 (73.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e780 (73.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCo-habitating\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0 (0.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e105 (9.9)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e105 (9.9)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMissing\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1 (14.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e67 (6.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e68 (6.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eHealth facility level\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHospital (general and regional referral hospital)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1 (14.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e84 (7.9)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e85 (8.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHealth center IV\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1 (14.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e175 (16.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e176 (16.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHealth center III\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1 (14.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e311 (29.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e312 (29.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHealth center II\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4 (57.1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e472 (44.6)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e476 (44.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eClinic\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0 (0.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17 (1.6)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17 (1.6)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eNumber of pregnancies\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0 (0.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e113 (10.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e113 (10.6)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u0026ndash;3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4 (57.1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e404 (38.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e408 (38.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u0026ndash;5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1 (14.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e308 (29.1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e309 (29.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6 or more\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2 (28.6)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e192 (18.1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e194 (18.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMissing\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0 (0.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e42 (4.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e42 (3.9)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eMother attended ANC\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1 (14.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e26 (2.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e27 (2.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6 (85.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1033 (97.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1039 (97.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ePlace of delivery\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePublic facility\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6 (85.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e702 (66.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e708 (66.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePrivate facility\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1 (14.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e216 (20.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e217 (20.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHome\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0 (0.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e116 (11.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e116 (10.9)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMissing\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0 (0.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25 (2.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25 (2.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eBirth attendee\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNon-skilled\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0 (0.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e121 (11.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e121 (11.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSkilled\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7 (100)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e938 (88.6)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e945 (88.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eMother on ART\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0 (0.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9 (0.9)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9 (0.8)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5 (71.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e885 (83.6)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e890 (83.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMissing\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2 (28.6)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e165 (15.6)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e167 (15.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eEver virally non-suppressed (VL\u0026thinsp;\u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;1,000 copies/ml) during enrollment or follow-up\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4 (57.1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e176 (16.6)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e180 (16.9)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3 (42.9)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e866 (81.8)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e869 (81.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMissing\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0 (0.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17 (1.6)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17 (1.6)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eInfant characteristics\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAge at enrollment\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLess than 8 weeks\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3 (42.9)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e471 (44.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e474 (44.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8 weeks or older\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4 (57.1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e585 (55.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e589 (55.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMissing\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0 (0.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3 (0.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3 (0.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eBirth weight\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLess than 2.5kg\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0 (0.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e67 (6.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e67 (6.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.5kg or more\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6 (85.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e741 (70.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e747 (70.1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMissing\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1 (14.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e251 (23.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e252 (23.6)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eNevirapine after birth\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5 (71.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e913 (86.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e918 (86.1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2 (28.6)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e144 (13.6)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e146 (13.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMissing\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0 (0.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2 (0.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2 (0.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eInfant feeding method last 7 days\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eExclusively breastfed\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4 (57.1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e941 (88.9)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e945 (88.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMixed feeding\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3 (42.9)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e104 (9.8)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e107 (10.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eReplacement feeding\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0 (0.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6 (0.6)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6 (0.6)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMissing\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0 (0.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8 (0.8)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8 (0.8)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"colspec\" align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"colspec\" align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"colspec\" align=\"char\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003ctable id=\"Tab3\" border=\"1\"\u003e\n \u003ccaption\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 2\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCharacteristics of cohort I mothers by HIV status of infants at enrollment, national sample, Uganda 2017\u0026ndash;2019\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/caption\u003e\n \u003cthead\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCharacteristic\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHIV-infected infants (col %)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHIV-uninfected infants (col %)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTotal (col %)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMaternal Characteristics\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/thead\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eMaternal age (years) at enrollment\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15\u0026ndash;19\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3 (12.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e65 (5.6)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e68 (5.8)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20\u0026ndash;24\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11 (44.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e293 (25.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e304 (25.8)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25 years and above\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11 (44.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e790 (68.6)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e801 (68.1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMissing\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0 (0.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4 (0.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4 (0.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eHighest education level\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTertiary/technical/university\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1 (4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e24 (2.1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25 (2.1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSecondary, 5\u0026ndash;6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0 (0.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17 (1.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17 (1.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSecondary, 1\u0026ndash;4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5 (20.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e246 (21.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e251 (21.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePrimary, 1\u0026ndash;7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16 (64.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e736 (63.9)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e752 (63.9)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo education\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3 (12.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e128 (11.1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e131 (11.1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMissing/unknown\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0 (0.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1 (0.1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1 (0.1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eMarital status\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNever married\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3 (12.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e120 (10.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e123 (10.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMarried\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e21 (84.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e837 (72.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e858 (72.9)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCo-habitating\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1 (4.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e119 (10.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e120 (10.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMissing\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0 (0.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e76 (6.6)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e76 (6.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eHealth facility level\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHospital (general and regional referral hospital)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1 (4.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e98 (8.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e99 (8.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHC IV\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4 (16.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e192 (16.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e196 (16.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHC III\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10 (40.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e334 (29.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e344 (29.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHC II\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10 (40.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e510 (44.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e520 (44.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eClinic\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0 (0.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18 (1.6)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18 (1.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eNumber of pregnancies\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3 (12.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e127 (11.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e130 (11.1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u0026ndash;3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14 (56.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e446 (38.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e460 (39.1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u0026ndash;5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4 (16.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e329 (28.6)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e333 (28.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6 or more\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2 (8.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e200 (17.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e202 (17.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMissing\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2 (8.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e50 (4.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e52 (4.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eMother attended ANC\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3 (12.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e29 (2.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e32 (2.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e22 (88.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1123 (97.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1145 (97.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ePlace of delivery\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePublic facility\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10 (40.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e768 (66.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e778 (66.1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePrivate facility\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9 (36.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e234 (20.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e243 (20.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHome\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6 (24.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e124 (10.8)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e130 (11.1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMissing\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0 (0.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e26 (2.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e26 (2.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eBirth attendant\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNon-skilled\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6 (24.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e130 (11.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e136 (11.6)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSkilled\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e19 (76.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1022 (88.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1041 (88.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eMother on ART\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2 (8.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11 (1.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13 (1.1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16 (64.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e958 (83.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e974 (82.8)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMissing\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7 (28.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e183 (15.9)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e190 (16.1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eVirally suppressed (VL\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;1,000 copies/mL)\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7 (28.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e907 (78.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e914 (77.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13 (52.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e122 (10.6)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e135 (11.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMissing\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5 (20.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e123 (10.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e128 (10.9)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eInfant characteristics\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAge at enrollment\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLess than 8 weeks\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12 (48.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e514 (44.6)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e526(44.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8 weeks or older\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13 (52.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e635 (55.1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e648 (55.1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMissing\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0 (0.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3 (0.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3 (0.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eBirth weight\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLess than 2.5kg\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2 (8.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e74 (6.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e76 (6.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.5kg or more\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15 (60.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e804 (69.8)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e819 (69.6)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMissing\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8 (32.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e274 (23.8)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e282 (24.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eNevirapine after birth\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14 (56.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e987 (85.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1001 (85.1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11 (44.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e163 (14.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e174 (14.8)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMissing\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0 (0.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2 (0.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2 (0.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eInfant feeding method last 7 days\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eExclusively breastfed\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e24 (96.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1018 (88.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1042 (88.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMixed feeding\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0 (0.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e118 (10.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e118 (10.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eReplacement feeding\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1 (4.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6 (0.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7 (0.6)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMissing\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0 (0.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10 (0.9)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10 (0.9)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe mean age of infants at enrollment was 8.0 weeks (range\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;3.7\u0026ndash;12.4 weeks) and 49.5% were male infants. The majority (85.1%) of infants received nevirapine prophylaxis and 88.5% were exclusively breastfed at enrollment.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eEarly Mother-to-Child Transmission of HIV\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTwenty-five infants were identified with HIV infection at enrollment, corresponding to an early MTCT of 2.2% (95% CI: 1.3\u0026ndash;3.6). Maternal ANC attendance during pregnancy (OR: 0.2, 95% CI: 0.1\u0026ndash;0.8) was associated with decreased risk of early MTCT. Delivering the infant in a private facility (OR: 3.2, 95% CI: 1.2\u0026ndash;8.6) or at home (OR: 3.5, 95% CI: 1.1\u0026ndash;10.6) increased the likelihood of early MTCT compared to delivering in a public facility. Detectable maternal viral load at enrollment (OR: 10.1, 95% CI: 3.9\u0026ndash;26.1), and infant not receiving nevirapine prophylaxis (OR: 5.7, 95% CI: 2.5\u0026ndash;13.0) were also associated with early MTCT. Mother on ART (OR: 0.1, 95% CI: 0.0-0.4) reduced the likelihood of early MTCT.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn the adjusted model, only having a detectable viral load (\u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;1,000 copies/mL) at enrollment significantly increased the odds of early MTCT (aOR:6.8, 95% CI: 2.3\u0026ndash;19.9).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec11\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003eLate Mother-to-Child Transmission of HIV\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOf the 1,177 MIP enrolled at baseline, a total of 1,066 were enrolled for prospective follow-up and had infant testing data available. A total of seven infants (0.7%; 95% CI: 0.3\u0026ndash;1.5%) were identified with HIV infection during prospective follow-up. The late MTCT rate was 5.2 per 1000 person-years (95% CI: 2.5\u0026ndash;10.9). Due to the small number of infants that acquired HIV during prospective follow-up, analysis of factors was limited (Table \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e). In Poisson regression, only a detectable maternal viral load at any time (enrollment, 6-month follow up visit, and/or 12-month follow-up visit) was significantly associated with late MTCT (IRR: 6.2, 95% CI: 1.2\u0026ndash;31.7) (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"colspec\" align=\"char\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"colspec\" align=\"char\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003ctable id=\"Tab5\" border=\"1\"\u003e\n \u003ccaption\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 3\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFactors associated with early mother to child transmission of HIV, Uganda 2017\u0026ndash;2019\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/caption\u003e\n \u003cthead\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCharacteristic\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth colspan=\"3\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUnadjusted\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth colspan=\"3\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAdjusted (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1177)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOR\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e95% CI\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ep-values\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOR\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e95% CI\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ep-values\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/thead\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eMaternal age (years) at enrollment\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15\u0026ndash;19\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20\u0026ndash;24\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.2\u0026ndash;5.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.89\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.1\u0026ndash;10.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.83\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25 and older\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.1\u0026ndash;1.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.21\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.1\u0026ndash;7.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.83\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eNumber of pregnancies\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u0026ndash;3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.5\u0026ndash;4.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.58\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.4 \u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;5.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.53\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u0026ndash;5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.1\u0026ndash;1.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.17\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.1\u0026ndash;3.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.53\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6 or more\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.1\u0026ndash;1.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.22\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.1\u0026ndash;4.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.58\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eMother attended antenatal care\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.1\u0026ndash;0.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.02\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.1\u0026ndash;1.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.25\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ePlace of delivery\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePublic facility\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePrivate facility\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.2\u0026ndash;8.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.03\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.0\u0026ndash;8.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.06\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHome\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.1\u0026ndash;10.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.03\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.8\u0026ndash;7.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eBirth attendee\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNon-skilled\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSkilled\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.2\u0026ndash;1.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.07\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.3\u0026ndash;2.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.86\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eMother on ART\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0\u0026ndash;0.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.1\u0026ndash;3.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.71\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eVirally Suppressed\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.9\u0026ndash;26.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.3\u0026ndash;19.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eNevirapine after birth\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.5\u0026ndash;13.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.0\u0026ndash;8.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.06\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\n \u003ctable id=\"Tab4\" border=\"1\"\u003e\n \u003ccaption\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 4\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFactors associated with late mother to child transmission of HIV, Uganda 2017\u0026ndash;2019 (Poisson model)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/caption\u003e\n \u003cthead\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003echaracteristic\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUnadjusted\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAdjusted\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003en\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIRR\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e95% CI\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIRR\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e95% CI\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/thead\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eMother attended antenatal care\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e27\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1039\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0\u0026ndash;1.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0\u0026ndash;1.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eMother virally suppressed (VL\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;1,000 copies/mL) at all testing points\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e869\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e180\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.5\u0026ndash;28.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.2\u0026ndash;31.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eNevirapine after birth\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e918\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e146\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.5\u0026ndash;13.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.2\u0026ndash;11.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"colspec\" align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"DISCUSSION","content":"\u003cp\u003eThis was the first national evaluation of the PMTCT program in Uganda. The early MTCT of 2.2% and late MTCT of 0.7% demonstrate that Uganda\u0026rsquo;s PMTCT program has made large strides in reducing MTCT of HIV and achieving well below the WHO target of 5%.\u003csup\u003e5\u003c/sup\u003e In this evaluation, the proportion observed for early MTCT was higher than the late MTCT rate. Continued engagement in maternal and child healthcare during pregnancy and the early breastfeeding period and efforts to keep mothers in care until breastfeeding cessation could be critical areas of focus to achieve elimination of MTCT of HIV.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOverall, maternal viral load non-suppression was the only risk factor associated with both early and late MTCT. These findings are consistent with literature documenting the relationship between non-suppressed viral load and MTCT. \u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e,\u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e Of note, rates of maternal ART use in this study were high, but approximately 1 in 10 mothers were not virally suppressed at some point during the study. This suggests that viral non-suppression is likely due to maternal non-adherence to ART. However, it should be noted that during the study time period, pregnant and breastfeeding women had limited access to optimal ART regimens containing dolutegravir.\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e These findings highlight the need for consistent viral load testing and prompt response to elevated viral load. Rates of viral load coverage remain suboptimal for pregnant women and even lower for women newly diagnosed in pregnancy, who are more likely to have non-suppressed viral load.\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e,\u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e16\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e With such a small number of mothers with non-suppressed viral load, a more intensive, patient-centered focus on optimization of ART regimen, identification of barriers to ART adherence, and age appropriate enhanced adherence counseling could be considered to close the final gap for elimination of MTCT.\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e17\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOf note, infant non-receipt of nevirapine was only significantly associated with early MTCT in bivariate analysis, but not in the adjusted model. Infant receipt of nevirapine prophylaxis is recommended to reduce the risk of MTCT and in Uganda all HIV-exposed infants should receive nevirapine prophylaxis from birth to 6 weeks of age and high-risk infants up to 12 weeks of age.\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e Our analysis was not able to include factors such as timing of initiation and adherence to prophylaxis which could assess efficacy of nevirapine.\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e18\u003c/span\u003e,\u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e19\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e Non-adherence to ARVs, including infant prophylaxis, remains a challenge in preventing MTCT especially for mothers new to ART, younger mothers, and those with no available viral load test results.\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e19\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn this analysis, the majority of new childhood infections were identified in infants who acquired HIV during pregnancy or the early breastfeeding period. These findings differ from the 2023 UNAIDS Spectrum estimates that suggest that almost half of new child infections occur during the breastfeeding period.\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e These differences could be related to the population included for this survey. Women who acquired HIV during prospective follow-up were not included in this analysis, but can contribute significantly to new child infections.\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e It should also be noted that because MIP were recruited when the infant was 4\u0026ndash;12 weeks old, new child infections would be captured under early MTCT. Lastly, MIPs in the study were followed to 18 months, so mothers may have received additional support to continue adhering to ART through the breastfeeding period.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThere were at least four limitations in this study. First, the total number of infants identified with HIV at enrollment and the prospective studies was low, limiting the regression analysis and inclusion of infant feeding method as a factor in the adjusted model and resulting in wide confidence intervals. Second, the study was not able to actively follow-up MIP that transferred to areas outside of the 152 study sites. As a result, transient MIP may have been lost to follow-up. Third, MIP were recruited from child immunization clinics, thus creating selection bias in the sample. While immunization rates in Uganda are high, MIP not engaging in early childhood care or engaging outside the enrollment age would not have been screened for participation in the study. Lastly, test results for some infants and maternal viral load tests were not available due to sample quality, missing results, and data entry errors.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOverall, the findings of this study highlight that a focused, country-wide effort to provide PMTCT programming has reduced MTCT of HIV in areas of high- and low- prevalence for all age groups. While rates of ART linkage have continued to rise, this may not be sufficient to achieve elimination of MTCT. An increased focus on addressing viral load non-suppression, including regular viral load testing, throughout pregnancy and breastfeeding could further reduce the burden of new childhood infections in Uganda.\u003c/p\u003e "},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e \u003ch2\u003eDisclaimer\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe findings and conclusions in this manuscript are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily represent the official position of the funding agencies.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cstrong\u003eSource of Funding\u003c/strong\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis project and publication has been supported by the President's Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief (PEPFAR) through the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) under the terms of 1U2GGH00817-4.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e \u003ch2\u003eCompeting interests\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe authors declare that they have no competing interests\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eAuthor Contribution\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eLN, PN, FN, FM, DO, DT, MA, HA, EB, and TL contributed to conceptualization and design of the study and research question. JK, IS, and JO contributed to the acquisition of data. TM conducted the statistical analysis with contributions from FM, DT, SS, and RN. LN and AD were primarily responsible for drafting of the manuscript. All authors made substantial contributions to interpretation of the data and review of the manuscript. All authors provided final approval of the manuscript to be published and agreed to be held accountable for all aspects of the work.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eAcknowledgments\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003e We acknowledge the Rakai Health Sciences Program (RHSP) data collectors, Steve Okokwu, Laurie Gulaid, Doreen Agasha, Jackie Calnan, Daniel Idipo, Philip Kasibante, Ivan Lukabwe, Alfred Lutaaya, Christina Mwangi, Godfrey Kigozi, Gertrude Nakigozi, Bernadette Ng\u0026rsquo;eno, Tamara Nyombi, Margaret Okwero, Vamsi Vasireddy, Rakai Health Sciences Program (RHSP) data collectors, the health care workers at participating study sites, and study participants and their families. We also acknowledge the invaluable contributions of Dr. Joshua Musinguzi (Deceased), former Program Manager, Ministry of Health, AIDS Control Programme to this research.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eData Availability\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe datasets used and analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on request but can not be disclosed openly due to confidentiality issues.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eWHO. PMTCT Strategic Vision 2010\u0026ndash;2015: Preventing Mother-to-Child Transmission of HIV to Reach The UNGASS and Millenium Development Goals. (2010).\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eSiegfried, N., van der Merwe, L., Brocklehurst, P. \u0026amp; Sint, T. T. Antiretrovirals for reducing the risk of mother-to-child transmission of HIV infection. \u003cem\u003eCochrane Database Syst. Rev.\u003c/em\u003e \u003cb\u003eCd003510\u003c/b\u003e \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD003510.pub3\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1002/14651858.CD003510.pub3\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e (2011).\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eUNAIDS \u0026amp; Global HIV \u0026amp; AIDS satistics - Fact sheet. 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(2013).\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eUNAIDS. \u003cem\u003eGlobal Plan country fact sheets\u003c/em\u003e, (2016). \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://www.unaids.org/en/resources/campaigns/globalplan/factsheets\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"https://www.unaids.org/en/resources/campaigns/globalplan/factsheets\" targettype=\"URL\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eStart \u0026amp; Free Stay Free, AIDS Free: Final report on 2020 targets. (2021).\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eUNAIDS. \u003cem\u003eAIDSinfo: Global data on HIV epidemiology and response\u003c/em\u003e, (2020). \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://aidsinfo.unaids.org/\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"https://aidsinfo.unaids.org/\" targettype=\"URL\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eHealth, T. R. o. U. M. o. (2016).\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eMandelbrot, L. et al. No perinatal HIV-1 transmission from women with effective antiretroviral therapy starting before conception. \u003cem\u003eClin. Infect. Dis.\u003c/em\u003e \u003cb\u003e61\u003c/b\u003e, 1715\u0026ndash;1725. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1093/cid/civ578\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1093/cid/civ578\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e (2015).\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eMyer, L. et al. HIV viraemia and mother-to-child transmission risk after antiretroviral therapy initiation in pregnancy in Cape Town, South Africa. \u003cem\u003eHIV Med.\u003c/em\u003e \u003cb\u003e18\u003c/b\u003e, 80\u0026ndash;88. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1111/hiv.12397\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1111/hiv.12397\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e (2017).\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eWoldesenbet, S. A. et al. Coverage of maternal viral load monitoring during pregnancy in South Africa: Results from the 2019 national Antenatal HIV Sentinel Survey. \u003cem\u003eHIV Med.\u003c/em\u003e \u003cb\u003e22\u003c/b\u003e, 805\u0026ndash;815. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1111/hiv.13126\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1111/hiv.13126\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e (2021).\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eDirlikov, E. et al. Scale-Up of HIV Antiretroviral Therapy and Estimation of Averted Infections and HIV-Related Deaths - Uganda, 2004\u0026ndash;2022. \u003cem\u003eMMWR Morb Mortal. Wkly. Rep.\u003c/em\u003e \u003cb\u003e72\u003c/b\u003e, 90\u0026ndash;94. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.mm7204a2\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.15585/mmwr.mm7204a2\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e (2023).\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eWHO. \u003cem\u003eConsolidated guidelines on HIV prevention, testing, treatment, service delivery and monitoring: recommendations for a public health approach\u003c/em\u003e (WHO, 2021).\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eAlemu, A., Molla, W., Yinges, K. \u0026amp; Mihret, M. S. Determinants of HIV infection among children born to HIV positive mothers on prevention of mother to child transmission program at referral hospitals in west Amhara, Ethiopia; case control study. \u003cem\u003eItal. J. Pediatr.\u003c/em\u003e \u003cb\u003e48\u003c/b\u003e, 17. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1186/s13052-022-01220-x\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1186/s13052-022-01220-x\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e (2022).\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eNapyo, A. et al. Barriers and enablers of adherence to infant nevirapine prophylaxis against HIV 1 transmission among 6-week-old HIV exposed infants: A prospective cohort study in Northern Uganda. \u003cem\u003ePLoS One\u003c/em\u003e. \u003cb\u003e15\u003c/b\u003e, e0240529. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0240529\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1371/journal.pone.0240529\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e (2020).\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":true,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"scientific-reports","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"scirep","sideBox":"Learn more about [Scientific Reports](http://www.nature.com/srep/)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"","title":"Scientific Reports","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"stoa","reportingPortfolio":"Scientific Reports","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"HIV, PMTCT, pregnancy, breastfeeding","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6204200/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-6204200/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBackground:\u003c/strong\u003eUganda is consistently one of the highest burden countries for mother-to-child transmission of HIV (MTCT). This study assessed Uganda’s progress toward elimination of MTCT and factors associated with MTCT.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMethods:\u003c/strong\u003eMother-infant pairs (MIP) were recruited at immunization clinics at randomly sampled public and private health facilities in Uganda during 2017-2019. Using a multistage sampling method, a national representative sample of MIP aged 4-12 weeks were recruited and followed longitudinally for 18 months or until the infant acquired HIV. Early MTCT was defined as an infant with confirmed HIV infection at enrollment and was calculated using logistic regression to estimate adjusted odds ratios (aOR) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) for associated factors. Poisson regression was used to estimate incidence rate and incidence rate ratio (IRR) for infants acquiring HIV at any time during the study after enrollment (late MTCT) and associated factors.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eResults:\u003c/strong\u003eEarly MTCT was 2.2% (95% CI: 1.3–3.6) and late MTCT rate was 5.2 per 1000 person-years (95% CI: 2.5-10.9). In the adjusted model, only detectable maternal HIV viral load (≥1,000 copies/mL) was significantly associated with early MTCT (aOR: 6.8, 95% CI: 2.3-19.9). Similarly, ever having a detectable viral load (at any visit) was significantly associated with late MTCT (IRR: 6.2, 95% CI: 1.2-31.7).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConclusion:\u003c/strong\u003eUganda’s program has made large strides to eliminate MTCT. Identifying and addressing elevated maternal HIV viral load, especially during pregnancy and the early breastfeeding period could further reduce the number of new childhood infections in Uganda.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Mother-to-child transmission rates and associated factors: Results from an impact evaluation of the Uganda national PMTCT program, 2017-2019","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-04-25 09:45:48","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6204200/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"decision","content":"Revision requested","date":"2025-05-07T11:09:29+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2025-05-04T08:52:05+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"94710470013980205928491304046016975944","date":"2025-04-17T05:31:02+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2025-04-14T11:36:15+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"325278494632584676590620100135655932457","date":"2025-04-14T04:41:02+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"310044548940099812020167830972596497657","date":"2025-04-11T15:01:09+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2025-04-04T11:06:34+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2025-04-04T06:08:42+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvited","content":"","date":"2025-03-25T06:16:17+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"checksComplete","content":"","date":"2025-03-25T05:22:44+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"Scientific Reports","date":"2025-03-11T14:46:10+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"scientific-reports","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"scirep","sideBox":"Learn more about [Scientific Reports](http://www.nature.com/srep/)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"","title":"Scientific Reports","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"stoa","reportingPortfolio":"Scientific Reports","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"0d990197-6814-4656-85b2-4cc2d28d61e7","owner":[],"postedDate":"April 25th, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"published-in-journal","subjectAreas":[{"id":47289319,"name":"Health sciences/Medical research/Epidemiology"},{"id":47289320,"name":"Health sciences/Health care/Public health"}],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2025-07-14T15:59:44+00:00","versionOfRecord":{"articleIdentity":"rs-6204200","link":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-09511-z","journal":{"identity":"scientific-reports","isVorOnly":false,"title":"Scientific Reports"},"publishedOn":"2025-07-08 15:57:10","publishedOnDateReadable":"July 8th, 2025"},"versionCreatedAt":"2025-04-25 09:45:48","video":"","vorDoi":"10.1038/s41598-025-09511-z","vorDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-09511-z","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-6204200","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-6204200","identity":"rs-6204200","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}