BiTreatment of Pediatric Lung Diseasesbliometric Analysis of the Application of Nanomaterials in the Treatment of Lung Diseases

BiTreatment of Pediatric Lung Diseasesbliometric Analysis of the Application of Nanomaterials in the Treatment of Lung Diseases | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article BiTreatment of Pediatric Lung Diseasesbliometric Analysis of the Application of Nanomaterials in the Treatment of Lung Diseases Zhou Jie, Yun Zhou, Dong Liu, Xiaohong Wan, Jialin Zou, Geng Xiong This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-8703989/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Objective: To analyze the development trends in the field of nanomaterials for pediatric lung disease treatment from 2007 to 2024 based on bibliometrics. Methods: A total of 428 articles were extracted from the Web of Science database, and Citespace, VOSviewer, and R language were utilized for collaboration network analysis, keyword co-occurrence analysis, and burst analysis. Results: ① The annual publication volume has increased significantly since 2011, with the United States and China being the most productive countries, accounting for 65% of the total international collaborations; ② Research hotspots focus on nanomaterial-mediated immune modulation, targeted antibacterial therapy, and intelligent drug delivery systems; ③ Current breakthroughs are centered on optimizing the biocompatibility of materials and their applications in pediatric asthma and pneumonia, with future trends pointing towards nano-immune combination therapy, AI-assisted sensing, and remote monitoring technologies. Conclusions: The results indicate the need to establish an innovative system integrating nanomaterials, bioengineering, and intelligent monitoring, with a focus on enhancing the accuracy of targeted delivery, real-time efficacy assessment, and individualized treatment design to address the bottlenecks of delivery efficiency and long-term monitoring in traditional treatments. This study provides scientific guidance for optimizing nanomaterial-based therapeutic strategies for pediatric lung diseases and integrating interdisciplinary technologies. Nanomaterials Pediatric lung diseases Bibliometric analysis Drug delivery system Immunotherapy Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 Figure 5 Figure 6 Figure 7 1. Introduction Lung diseases are one of the major threats to children's health, with complex pathogenic mechanisms. Air pollution has become a key factor affecting children's lung function, posing a severe challenge to their healthy growth [ 1 ] . Asthma and pneumonia are the most common pediatric lung diseases [ 2 ] . According to statistics, approximately 300 million people worldwide suffer from asthma, with the number of child patients increasing year by year [ 3 ] . The total prevalence of asthma among Chinese children is 4.90% [ 4 ] . In addition, about 156 million children under 5 years old develop pneumonia globally each year, of which approximately 95% (151 million) are from developing countries, and around 21 million are from China annually [ 5 ] . With the advancement of medical technology, therapeutic methods such as inhalation devices, aerosols, and antibacterial drugs have been applied in the treatment of pediatric lung diseases. However, most of these methods are designed based on adults, and drugs or devices specifically developed for children are relatively scarce, leading to limited therapeutic effects and increased difficulty in disease control [ 6 ] . There are significant physiological differences between children and adults, so adult doses or doses adjusted proportionally cannot be simply applied to children [ 7 ] . In this context, the treatment of pediatric lung diseases faces unprecedented challenges. There is an urgent need to develop drugs that are tailored to children's characteristics, can effectively treat the diseases, ensure precise delivery, and balance efficacy and safety. The emergence of nanomaterials provides a new solution to this problem. Nanomaterials encapsulate therapeutic drugs through carriers such as polymers, lipids, or metals to achieve nanonization of drugs, which improves drug solubility and bioavailability, increases the contact area with tissues, enhances efficacy, and may reduce dosage and adverse reactions [ 8 ] . By surface modification of nanomaterials or designing microenvironment-responsive mechanisms, it is possible to further enhance the targeting of drugs, enabling efficient accumulation at the site of action, while reducing the systemic exposure of free/active drugs, thereby lowering the risk of adverse reactions [ 9 ] . Therefore, drug delivery systems based on nanomaterials have shown broad application prospects in the diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of pediatric lung diseases, and are expected to bring revolutionary breakthroughs to the treatment of these diseases [ 10 ] . In recent years, the application of nanomaterials in pediatric lung diseases has received widespread attention, and relevant literatures have gradually increased. As a literature and information mining method based on mathematical statistics, bibliometric analysis can reflect research trends and hotspots by analyzing the clustering relationship of keywords in literatures, identify and quantify research impacts, and track the spread and influence of research over time [ 11 ] . This study collects and analyzes literatures on the application of nanomaterials in pediatric lung diseases, evaluates the current research status, trends, and future directions of existing nanomaterials in related aspects of pediatric lung diseases, aiming to provide references for researchers and medical workers on the application of nanomaterials in pediatric lung diseases. 2. Materials and Methods 2.1 Data Source and Search Strategy The core dataset in Web of Science was used as the database to ensure the completeness and academic quality of the included literatures. The search strategy was: (TS=(nano-drug) OR TS=(nanomaterials) OR TS=(nanoparticles) OR TS=(nano*)) AND (TS=(respiratory syncytial virus) OR TS=(lower respiratory tract infection) OR TS=(cystic fibrosis) OR TS=(ventilator-associated pneumonia) OR TS=(Pneumonia*) OR TS=(Lung*) OR TS=(Hemoptysis*) OR TS=(Hepatopulmonary Syndrome) OR TS=(Blastomycosis*) OR TS=(Pulmonary Aspergillosis) OR TS=(Pulmonary ) OR TS=(Bronchopulmonary Aspergillosis) OR TS=(Bronchopulmonary) OR TS=(Acute Chest Syndrome) OR TS=(alpha 1-Antitrypsin Deficiency) OR TS=(Alveolitis, Extrinsic Allergic) OR TS=(Silo Filler's Disease) OR TS=(Anti-Glomerular Basement Membrane Disease) OR TS=(Pneumoconiosis*) OR TS=(Asthma*) OR TS=(Bronchitis*) OR TS=(Meconium Aspiration Syndrome) OR TS=(Carcinoma, Bronchogenic) OR TS=(Respiratory Distress Syndrome) OR TS=(Silicotuberculosis*)) AND (TS=(Child*) OR TS=(Adult Children*) OR TS=(children*)). The search date was up to November 6, 2024. To further analyze the literature content, we selected articles in English, then extracted complete records and cited references from relevant publications and saved them in plain text format for further research. 2.2 Data Collection and Collation All literatures were independently collected by two researchers and screened based on the relevance of abstract content to the theme. Disputes were resolved by a third person. As of November 6, 2024, a total of 436 articles were retrieved, and 428 literatures were finally included for analysis after screening. The specific screening process is shown in Fig. 1 . 2.3 Data Analysis and Visualization In this study, the bibliometrix package in R4.2.3, VOSviewer, and CiteSpace software were used for bibliometric analysis. The bibliometrix package was used to calculate the number of publications and the frequency of cooperation between countries; VOSviewer was used to calculate keyword frequency, analyze and visualize cooperation among countries, institutions, and authors; CiteSpace was used to calculate and identify highly cited literatures and keywords in specific periods; the exponential growth function in Excel was used to analyze the number of papers published. 3. Results 3.1 Trends in Literature Development A total of 428 literatures on the application of nanomaterials in pediatric lung diseases were included. Figure 2 B shows that from 2007 to November 6, 2024, the number of literatures in this field grew slowly in the early stage and increased rapidly after 2011. Evaluation by the exponential growth function showed a high correlation between cumulative publications and publication years (R²=0.944), indicating that the field of nanomaterials in pediatric lung diseases has experienced significant growth and development. 3.2 Analysis of Countries/Institutions and Authors 3.2.1 Country Analysis This study involved 68 countries, among which 39 countries conducted cooperation. Figure 3 A shows that the United States and Australia were among the early entrants in the research on the application of nanomaterials in the treatment of pediatric lung diseases, while China, although starting late, has a large number of literatures. Among the top 10 countries in terms of publication count, the United States led with 114 publications, followed by China, India, France, and Australia (Fig. 3 B). Figure 3 B also reveals the cooperation between countries and regions: the United States collaborated most frequently with China (12 times), followed by the United States and the United Kingdom (8 times). These data indicate that the United States occupies a leading position in research in this field. 3.2.2 Institution and Author Analysis A total of 2914 authors from 993 institutions worldwide participated in the research on the application of nanomaterials in pediatric lung diseases. Among them, the University of California System led with 24 articles, and 22 institutions had at least 5 papers (Fig. 4 A). Early research was mainly dominated by Baylor College of Medicine and Emory University, and since 2021, many Chinese institutions such as Huazhong University of Science and Technology and Zhejiang University have gradually joined (Fig. 4 B). Lu HX was the most productive author, with 9 articles published and an H-index of 7; SMITH G followed closely with 8 articles and an H-index of 7 (Table 1 ). Co-authorship analysis of authors with ≥ 2 publications showed that 195 authors published 2 or more articles, forming 45 clusters, of which 16 clusters consisted of 5 or more authors. Early research teams included James R Baker Jr from Seattle Children's Research Institute in the United States, Jürg Barben from the Swiss Pediatric Respiratory Research Group, and Koya Ariyoshi from the Department of Clinical Medicine, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University in Japan. Emerging researchers include Hart K, Chen R, Adeleke OA, etc. (Fig. 4 C). In addition, 4 teams with significant contributions in this field were observed, among which the teams led by Lu HX from Novavax in the United States, Detalle L from Late Clinical Biopharmaceuticals, and Narasimhan B from Iowa State University were prominent. These 4 teams have close connections, while the rest are relatively scattered, indicating that future cooperation between research teams/laboratories related to the application of nanomaterials in pediatric lung diseases needs to be strengthened. Figure 4 D shows that there are significant cross-links among the top 10 institutions, authors, and countries, and the United States is the main research force, indicating that the United States has significant advantages in research in this field. Table 1 Top 10 Authors in the Field of Nanomaterials in Pediatric Lung Diseases Authors Number of Publications H-index G-index Total Citations First Publication Year Lu HX 9 7 8 525 2012 SMITH G 8 7 8 414 2012 ELÉOUËT JF 7 6 6 114 2010 NARASIMHAN B 6 4 6 129 2018 PIEDRA PA 6 7 7 713 2013 RIFFAULT S 6 6 6 114 2010 ELLINGSWORTH L 5 5 5 74 2018 MCLELLAN JS 5 4 6 413 2017 BARBEN J 4 4 5 99 2007 DETALLE L 4 4 4 278 2016 3.3 Journal/Co-cited Journal and Co-cited Literature Analysis 3.3.1 Journal/Co-cited Journal Analysis A total of 266 journals participated in publishing literatures in the field of nanomaterials in pediatric lung diseases. Figure 5 A and Table 2 show the top 10 journals by number of published papers, among which 《Plos One》 and 《Vaccine》 tied for first place with 14 papers each, followed by 《Scientific Reports》 (n = 12). Figure 5 B is a density map of co-cited journals. All top 10 journals are in the JCR Q1 partition, with 1 publisher from the United States, 5 from the United Kingdom, and the remaining 4 from Switzerland. Table 2 Top 10 Journals in the Field of Nanomaterials in Pediatric Lung Diseases Journals Number of Publications First Publication Year H-index G-index JCR IF(2024) Country Total Citations Plos One 14 2010 12 14 Q1 2.9 USA 825 Vaccine 14 2010 10 14 Q1 4.5 England 599 Scientific Reports 12 2017 8 12 Q1 3.8 England 230 Vaccines 7 2020 6 7 Q1 5.2 Switzerland 181 Frontiers In Cellular And Infection Microbiology 6 2019 4 6 Q1 4.6 Switzerland 55 Frontiers In Immunology 6 2018 3 6 Q1 5.7 Switzerland 45 Journal of Virology 6 2016 4 6 Q1 4 England 56 Expert Review of Vaccines 5 2016 4 5 Q1 5.5 England 92 International Journal of Molecular Sciences 5 2013 3 5 Q1 4.9 Switzerland 96 Journal of Nanobiotechnology 5 2014 5 5 Q1 10.6 England 262 3.3.2 Co-cited Literature Analysis Co-cited literature analysis expresses the relationship between literatures. Considering the number of cited references, the minimum number of citations for references was set to 9, and a total of 51 retrieved literatures were analyzed. It can be seen from Fig. 6 A that Ting Shi and Harish Nair from the Institute of Population Health Sciences and Informatics, University of Edinburgh have important influence in this field. Burst refers to a publication whose number of citations is significantly higher than usual and lasts for at least two years. The blue line represents the observation period, and the red line represents the burst time. During the observation period from 2007 to 2024, in the research on nanomaterials in pediatric lung diseases, several highly cited literatures emerged (Fig. 6 B). Among them, the article published in 《The Lancet》 entitled "Global, regional, and national disease burden estimates of acute lower respiratory infections due to respiratory syncytial virus in young children in 2015: a systematic review and modelling study" [12] pointed out that globally, respiratory syncytial virus is a common cause of acute lower respiratory tract infections in children and a major cause of hospitalization in young children, and effective RSV vaccines or monoclonal antibodies may reduce their healthcare burden, thus obtaining the highest citation burst value (6.8). In addition, "The respiratory syncytial virus vaccine landscape: lessons from the graveyard and promising candidates" [13] published in 《The Lancet Infectious Diseases》 also attracted much attention because it introduced new methods for RSV vaccine design and provided a comprehensive overview of RSV candidate vaccines and monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) in clinical development. These studies not only demonstrate the great potential of nanomaterials in the management of pediatric lung diseases but also indicate that this field may continue to be a frontier and hotspot in pediatric lung disease research in the future. 3.4 Keyword Analysis 3.4.1 Keyword Co-occurrence Keywords are a high condensation of article content. The higher the co-occurrence frequency of a keyword in a field, the more likely it is a research hotspot in that field. Taking keywords as nodes, visualization analysis was performed on the literature data, and 2980 keywords were obtained through data analysis. Subsequently, using VOSviewer tool, we conducted co-occurrence analysis on keywords with an occurrence frequency of no less than 5 times, and showed the correlation and trend of these keywords through visualization (Fig. 7 A). In the visualization results, the size of the circle directly reflects the number and frequency of keywords appearing in the articles. For example, keywords such as children, asthma, and respiratory syncytial virus have large circles due to their high frequency of occurrence, highlighting their important position in related research. In addition, VOSviewer also shows the development context of keywords over time through color changes. Keywords that appeared early are marked in purple, such as lung function, size, analyzer, and sweat test, which reflect the early research focus of this field. In recent years, with the deepening and expansion of research, new keywords such as allergy, antigen, antibacterial activity, and delivery have gradually emerged, marked in yellow, which represent the latest international research hotspots. Based on the above analysis, we can see that current international research hotspots in this field mainly focus on allergy and immune regulation, antibacterial therapy, drug delivery systems, and biosafety during the treatment of pediatric lung diseases using nanomaterials. These hotspots not only reflect the latest research progress but also provide useful enlightenment for future research directions. 3.4.2 Keyword Clustering Analysis Clustering analysis can help further understand the different research contents of this topic. Keywords were numbered and clustered by Citespace, which were divided into 14 categories. The two values Q = 0.65 and S = 0.87 in Fig. 7 B both meet the standards, indicating that this data analysis is reasonable and effective, and the clustering results have high credibility. The results show that 14 hot research fields have been formed currently: #0: respiratory syncytial virus; #1: epitope; #2: graphene; #3: osteosarcoma; #4: cystic fibrosis; #5: targeted delivery; #6: carbon nanotube; #7: children; #8: doxorubicin; #9: immune response; #10: behavior; #11: viral disease; #12: inhalation therapy; #13: haemophilus influenzae. There are overlapping areas among some clusters, indicating the similarity of their contents. Analyzing the clustered keywords from a timeline perspective, we can see the research situation of each keyword in its year and draw the trajectory of research development (Fig. 7 C). For example, from the timeline analysis, the early research focus was mainly on diseases and treatments related to #0 respiratory syncytial virus, #4 cystic fibrosis, and #7 children. These keywords appeared frequently in earlier years, showing the high attention paid to pediatric respiratory diseases in this field. In addition, with the rise of nanomaterials, fields such as #2 graphene, #6 carbon nanotube, and #5 targeted delivery have begun to emerge, marking that the innovative application of materials science in the treatment of lung diseases has gradually become a new research trend and revealing the in-depth research of precision medicine in the treatment of lung diseases. At the same time, the rise of fields such as #9 immune response and #12 inhalation therapy also reflects the researchers' enthusiasm for exploring the immune mechanism of lung diseases and inhalation therapy. It is worth noting that although #3 osteosarcoma and #8 doxorubicin belong to different disease categories, their prominent positions in the clustering analysis reveal the potential impact of malignant tumors such as osteosarcoma on children's lung function. These impacts include not only the decreased immunity and susceptibility to lung infections caused by the disease itself but also the potential toxic effects of chemotherapeutic drugs such as doxorubicin on organs such as the lungs, thereby further increasing the risk of pulmonary complications. This finding emphasizes the importance of interdisciplinary cooperation and comprehensive treatment strategies in addressing pediatric malignant tumors and their pulmonary complications, and also provides new enlightenment and challenges for future research directions. The development of fields such as #11 viral disease and #13 haemophilus influenzae has further enriched the research content, showing the diversity and complexity of lung disease research. In addition, timeline analysis also reveals that the trajectory of research development is not static but constantly evolving with the advancement of science and technology and changes in clinical needs. For example, the rise of the #10 behavior field in recent years may indicate that researchers have begun to pay more attention to the impact of patients' psychological behavior on the treatment of lung diseases, reflecting the penetration of humanized and comprehensive medical concepts. 3.4.3 Keyword Burst Analysis Keyword burst can reflect the emerging or continuously concerned research hotspots in a time period and the changes and trends of hotspots in the research field by identifying keywords with a sharp increase in frequency in a short time. Figure 7 D shows the top 25 keywords with burst intensity. Among them, the keywords "expression" and "streptococcus pneumoniae" have received the most sustained attention, which may be closely related to their key roles in the pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment of pediatric lung diseases. At the same time, the sustained attention to these two keywords also reflects the researchers' in-depth research and continuous attention to basic pathological mechanisms and traditional pathogens. On the other hand, keywords such as "cell" and "haemophilus influenzae" are in the citation burst stage, which indicates that current research is investing more energy in these aspects. Especially in the context of the application of nanomaterials, the burst of the term "cell" may mean that researchers are exploring the mechanism of interaction between nanomaterials and cells, and how to use these mechanisms to develop new treatment methods. As a common respiratory pathogen in children, the burst of the keyword "haemophilus influenzae" may indicate breakthroughs in nanomaterials in new vaccines or treatment strategies targeting this pathogen. 4. Discussion and Prospects 4.1 Analysis of Current Research Status Using bibliometric analysis, the research growth of nanomaterials in the application of pediatric diseases from 2007 to 2024 can be divided into two stages: slow growth before 2010, with annual paper publications not exceeding 10; rapid growth after 2011, with annual paper publications exceeding 10, reaching 44 by the end of 2023. The United States dominates research in this field with frequent institutional cooperation, which reflects the key contribution of the United States to the application of nanomaterials in pediatric diseases, possibly due to high demand. In addition, the top 10 journals in terms of publication quantity are all Q1 core journals, but the proportion of Asian publishers is insufficient. Therefore, in the future, Asia needs to establish and develop internationally influential journals to enhance the international influence of research results. At the same time, with the deepening of research on the application of nanomaterials in pediatric lung diseases, it is expected that more researchers will pay attention to this direction, promoting the continuous development and innovation of this field. 4.2 Analysis of Research Hotspots Through in-depth analysis of literature co-citations and highly cited literatures, it is concluded that there are three major hotspots in the field of nanomaterials in pediatric lung diseases, including allergy and immune regulation, antibacterial therapy, and drug delivery systems. These hotspots not only promote the technological progress of this field but also provide new possibilities for clinical applications. First, in terms of allergy and immune regulation, nanomaterials achieve precise intervention in the immune system microenvironment by accurately regulating the size, shape, and surface properties of nanoparticles. Literatures show that active and precise regulation of the surface biointerface protein corona can be achieved by regulating the properties of nanocarriers, and the composition and characteristics of the protein corona can be used to efficiently hijack endogenous circulating neutrophils, thereby using the inflammatory chemotactic effect of neutrophils to efficiently deliver nanomaterials to inflamed lung tissues [ 14 ] . In addition, in the lung parenchyma, neutrophils carrying nanomaterials release nanomaterials in the form of extracellular traps in response to inflammatory stimuli. This progress not only deepens our understanding of the response mechanism of pediatric lung diseases but also provides strong technical support for the development of personalized immunotherapies. Second, the application of nanomaterials in antibacterial therapy, especially for refractory pathogens in pediatric lung infections, has shown great potential. By designing nanomaterials with excellent antibacterial properties and biocompatibility, such as silver nanoparticles and nano-antibacterial polymers, researchers have successfully improved the targeting efficiency and bactericidal effect of antibiotics while reducing side effects [ 15 ] . These innovative strategies not only help solve the problem of antibiotic resistance but also bring new hope for the treatment of pediatric lung infections. Finally, in the field of drug delivery systems, nanomaterials achieve precise release and efficient absorption of drugs in lung tissues by constructing intelligent responsive nanocarriers. Such carriers can regulate drug release according to specific physiological conditions (such as pH value, redox state) or external stimuli (such as light, magnetism), thereby improving therapeutic effects and reducing systemic toxicity [ 16 – 19 ] . Literature reviews indicate that these advanced drug delivery systems are gradually being applied in the treatment of pediatric lung diseases, such as cystic fibrosis and respiratory syncytial virus infection, which greatly improve the quality of life of patients [ 20 ] . 4.3 Analysis of Research Frontiers Keyword analysis not only reveals the core content of research but also provides important clues for researchers to quickly grasp research frontiers. In the field of children's health, especially in the research on pediatric lung diseases, the three keywords "children", "asthma", and "respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)" appear frequently (as shown in Fig. 7 B), highlighting their status as major focus areas. At the same time, according to the keyword burst and timeline analysis in recent years, "respiratory syncytial virus", "targeted delivery", "carbon nanotube", "behavior", "haemophilus influenzae", and "cell" have become important development directions of nanomaterials in the application of pediatric lung diseases in the past two years. In this context, researchers are actively exploring the potential of nanomaterials in addressing children's lung health challenges [ 21 ] . For childhood asthma, a common and serious disease, researchers have designed novel inhalable lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) that can penetrate deep into the lungs and target inflammatory areas by precisely controlling the size, shape, and surface properties of nanoparticles, significantly improving the effectiveness and safety of asthma treatment drugs [ 22 ] . This breakthrough not only brings benefits to children with asthma but also provides new ideas for the treatment of other pediatric lung diseases. At the same time, as one of the main causes of acute respiratory infections in children, RSV has also attracted widespread attention from nanomaterial researchers. Scientists are committed to developing vaccines and antiviral drugs based on nanomaterials [ 23 – 26 ] , aiming to effectively intervene in the early stage of RSV infection, thereby reducing the severity of the disease, lowering the risk of complications, and providing long-term protection. These nanomaterial platforms not only have enhanced immunogenicity but also can achieve sustained and controlled drug release through intelligent release mechanisms, providing new possibilities for the treatment of RSV infection. In addition, researchers are also paying great attention to the potential of nanomaterials in improving the diagnosis of pediatric lung diseases [ 27 – 29 ] . They are developing high-sensitivity nanosensors and imaging technologies to achieve real-time monitoring and accurate evaluation of lung pathological changes. The emergence of these technologies will provide timely and accurate information support for clinical decision-making, helping doctors judge the condition more accurately, formulate treatment plans, and thus improve treatment effects and patients' quality of life. Therefore, in future research, researchers can continue to optimize the design of nanoparticles to achieve more precise and efficient targeted delivery. In addition, researchers can develop new vaccines and antiviral drugs based on nanomaterials, and prepare more sensitive and specific nanosensors and imaging technologies to provide timely and accurate information support for clinical diagnosis and treatment [ 30 , 31 ] . With the rapid development of artificial intelligence (AI) technology, the application of nanomaterials in the treatment and diagnosis of pediatric lung diseases is undergoing a revolutionary transformation. The integration of this interdisciplinary field not only greatly expands the application scope of nanomaterials but also improves their efficiency and accuracy in addressing children's lung health challenges. The use of AI algorithms to optimize the design of nanoparticles can achieve more precise drug delivery [ 32 ] . By simulating and analyzing the behavior of nanoparticles in the complex lung environment, AI technology can predict and adjust the size, shape, and surface properties of particles, ensuring that they can efficiently penetrate the lung barrier and accurately reach inflammatory or infected areas. This intelligent design strategy not only improves the bioavailability of drugs but also reduces potential side effects. Zhu X et al. discussed how to more effectively integrate artificial intelligence algorithms into the three stages of material development [ 33 ] . Jessica Marcandalli et al. used computer technology to predict and analyze the antigen structure of pathogens such as RSV, designing nano-vaccines with higher immunogenicity and lower toxicity [ 34 ] . This nanoparticle RSV vaccine provides a better candidate vaccine, and its two-component nature enables it to produce highly ordered monodisperse immunogens, inducing higher neutralizing antibody levels in mice and non-human primates than trimeric full-valent nanoparticles. The introduction of computer technology has greatly shortened the vaccine development cycle and improved the safety and effectiveness of vaccines. In addition, Zhang S et al. also discussed the application of AI in nanosensors and imaging technologies [ 35 ] . By combining AI algorithms with nanomaterials, researchers have developed high-sensitivity and high-specificity nanosensors that can real-time monitor lung pathological changes, such as inflammation and fibrosis. These sensors not only improve the accuracy of diagnosis but also provide doctors with richer clinical information, helping to formulate more personalized treatment plans. In short, the combination of AI and nanomaterials opens up new paths for the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of pediatric lung diseases through intelligent design, optimized drug delivery, accelerated vaccine development, and improved diagnostic technologies. In the future, with the continuous in-depth exploration of this interdisciplinary field, more innovative solutions will continue to emerge, making greater contributions to children's health. 4.4 Challenges Faced by Nanomaterials in the Treatment of Pediatric Lung Diseases Although nanomaterials have shown great potential and application prospects in the field of pediatric lung diseases and brought revolutionary changes to clinical practice, they still face a series of challenges at this stage [ 36 – 38 ] . For example, the behavior, metabolism, and potential toxicity of nanomaterials in organisms, and whether nanoparticles can accurately reach lung lesions and effectively release drugs under specific conditions. In addition, the complex preparation process and high cost of nanomaterials limit their large-scale production and wide application. Furthermore, individual differences among patients lead to varying disease conditions, requiring personalized treatment plans for the application of nanomaterials. Finally, the long-term effect evaluation system of nanomaterials in pediatric lung diseases is not yet perfect, and a more systematic monitoring and evaluation method needs to be established. Therefore, to promote the wide application of nanomaterials in pediatric lung diseases, it is necessary to further optimize the preparation process, reduce costs, improve stability and safety, and explore personalized treatment plans and long-term effect evaluation systems in the future to comprehensively evaluate their actual effects in the care of pediatric lung diseases. 4.5 Analysis of Advantages and Limitations Based on bibliometrics, this study provides the most intuitive, objective, accurate, and comprehensive systematic analysis of the publications and development trends of nanomaterials in the application of pediatric lung diseases, providing comprehensive guidance for clinicians and scholars. However, this study also has the following limitations. First, the literatures included in our study may not be exhaustive. Our study only analyzed data from the Web of Science database, and the inclusion time was up to November 6. Second, this study adopted machine algorithms for analysis, which inevitably led to insufficient human intervention. 5. Conclusions The application of nanomaterials in pediatric lung diseases is an important new direction, which helps to address challenges such as high demand and high expenditure costs in the wound management market. Based on bibliometric surveys, the significant increase in annual publications indicates the growing importance of this research field. The United States and China have made significant contributions to this field, with closer cooperation and more concentrated publications. In addition, this study identified top researchers and institutions worldwide involved in research on nanomaterials in pediatric lung diseases. “Plos One” is the most active journal, and Liu HX is the most influential author. 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Nanotechnology and nanomedicine: a promising avenue for lung cancer diagnosis and therapy[J]. Engineering, 2021, 7(11): 1577-1585. Lei L, Pan W, Shou X, et al. Nanomaterials-assisted gene editing and synthetic biology for optimizing the treatment of pulmonary diseases[J]. Journal of Nanobiotechnology, 2024, 22(1): 343. Ding H, Huang B, Li Y, et al. Nanovaccines and Nanomaterials for Vaccines[J]. Science China (Life Sciences), 2021, 51(1): 40–55. Li R, Zhao Y, Fan H, et al. Versatile nanorobot hand biosensor for specific capture and ultrasensitive quantification of viral nanoparticles[J]. Materials Today Bio, 2022, 16: 100444. Gokcekuyu Y, Ekinci F, Guzel M S, et al. Artificial Intelligence in Biomaterials: A Comprehensive Review[J]. Applied Sciences, 2024, 14(15): 6590. Zhu X, Li Y, Gu N. Application of Artificial Intelligence in the Exploration and Optimization of Biomedical Nanomaterials[J]. Nano Biomedicine & Engineering, 2023, 15(3). Marcandalli J, Fiala B, Ols S, et al. 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Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-8703989","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":587539417,"identity":"f1dc258f-7717-4100-8987-506ffe51b678","order_by":0,"name":"Zhou Jie","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Gastroenterology and Endocrinology, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Zhou","middleName":"","lastName":"Jie","suffix":""},{"id":587539419,"identity":"f090cdee-c8a9-4891-9510-98306cbfa4ef","order_by":1,"name":"Yun Zhou","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Gastroenterology and Endocrinology, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Yun","middleName":"","lastName":"Zhou","suffix":""},{"id":587539430,"identity":"d478cf0d-4423-459e-bab9-f5d75f6723bf","order_by":2,"name":"Dong Liu","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Gastroenterology and Endocrinology, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Dong","middleName":"","lastName":"Liu","suffix":""},{"id":587539432,"identity":"a1c7d47e-8edd-46db-8bc9-8eec906dbd5f","order_by":3,"name":"Xiaohong Wan","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Gastroenterology and Endocrinology, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Xiaohong","middleName":"","lastName":"Wan","suffix":""},{"id":587539434,"identity":"36e6c4ae-6071-4a5d-bcee-b2910e52c6a7","order_by":4,"name":"Jialin Zou","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Gastroenterology and Endocrinology, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Jialin","middleName":"","lastName":"Zou","suffix":""},{"id":587539435,"identity":"0ccae9d2-c94a-4d0f-a670-915dd6ea6f66","order_by":5,"name":"Geng Xiong","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA/0lEQVRIiWNgGAWjYDACZhiDvfngAyjTgEgtPMeSYUoJaIEDiRwzCaK0GBxnPvbwyy+bPPmIHLPKn23bEhvYm7dJMNTcwalFspkt3Vi2L63Y8Myzstu8bbcTG3iOlUkwHHuGUws/M4+ZtGTP4cSN7cnbbjNuA2oBuZCx4TBOLWwQLf8TNzYkmBX+BGmRf4NfC8gWyQ8/DiTO50gxY+AF28KDXwvQL2nSjA3JiRuAgSzN+++2cRtPWrFFwjHcWgzOHz4m+eOPXeL89uaDH3+cuS3bz354440PNbi1gAAzbxtQ7wGY70BEAl4NDAyMP/4wMMg3EFA1CkbBKBgFIxcAAMr4WUZ9I+uIAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC","orcid":"","institution":"Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Gastroenterology and Endocrinology, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Geng","middleName":"","lastName":"Xiong","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2026-01-26 21:53:21","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-8703989/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-8703989/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":102310774,"identity":"b50e40c7-94a1-4e7b-99ff-cd75e8300f2e","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-02-10 11:56:10","extension":"jpeg","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":93132,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eFlowchart of literature screening and data analysis\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage1.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8703989/v1/9bc160b1438a987c45c0b1b7.jpeg"},{"id":102311720,"identity":"93793029-ccf4-4c9e-8904-7ba169737f9e","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-02-10 11:58:44","extension":"png","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":279167,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e(A) Overview of research literatures in the field of nanomaterials in pediatric lung diseases; (B) Publication trend from 2007 to 2024\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage2.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8703989/v1/d05314427708e65ff23e8000.png"},{"id":102311705,"identity":"1c339cd3-543d-4482-9333-aa02dd801538","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-02-10 11:58:39","extension":"png","order_by":3,"title":"Figure 3","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":316540,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e(A) Temporal evolution visualization map of countries; (B) Top 10 countries by number of publications; (C) National co-authorship network map.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage3.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8703989/v1/93a547781de15ad22feba4c3.png"},{"id":102310755,"identity":"f2dfc53a-e1ae-4bf9-b9a4-0d44c4f1f8fe","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-02-10 11:55:59","extension":"png","order_by":4,"title":"Figure 4","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":449958,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e(A) Top 10 institutions by number of publications; (B) Temporal evolution visualization map of institutions; (C) Temporal evolution visualization map of authors; (D) Connection map of top 10 countries/regions, institutions, and authors\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage4.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8703989/v1/bf2c42ebd1de84c6f19a6db3.png"},{"id":102310616,"identity":"1a6e854e-ed2b-4eba-a5b9-44d935d5b522","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-02-10 11:55:27","extension":"png","order_by":5,"title":"Figure 5","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":305044,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e(A) Top 10 journals by number of publications in the field of nanomaterials in pediatric lung diseases; (B) Density map of co-cited journals\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage5.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8703989/v1/caf5890c6b73d5b39af53178.png"},{"id":102310644,"identity":"f7ef1ad1-e957-4e5f-8de4-bf422d35ac62","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-02-10 11:55:39","extension":"png","order_by":6,"title":"Figure 6","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":766534,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e(A) Co-cited literature co-authorship map in the field of nanomaterials in pediatric lung diseases; (B) Burst map of co-cited literatures in the field of nanomaterials in pediatric lung diseases\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage6.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8703989/v1/a924ad4932c60b1cd07f8496.png"},{"id":102310752,"identity":"e610bf92-6a37-4e28-9052-47bd6958abc5","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-02-10 11:55:58","extension":"png","order_by":7,"title":"Figure 7","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":890532,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e(A) Keyword time evolution diagram of papers in the field of nanomaterials in pediatric lung diseases; (B) Keyword clustering diagram of papers in the field of nanomaterials in pediatric lung diseases; (C) Keyword clustering timeline diagram of papers in the field of nanomaterials in pediatric lung diseases; (D) Topic word burst timeline diagram of papers in the field of nanomaterials in pediatric lung diseases.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage7.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8703989/v1/0508bb1fd1cc9ced6afaeb80.png"},{"id":102747995,"identity":"8a6f3a41-3919-49f2-9434-b2d0eded498b","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-02-16 09:05:43","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":3705564,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8703989/v1/f9f4073a-915f-4a0d-bbeb-541d658124e1.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"BiTreatment of Pediatric Lung Diseasesbliometric Analysis of the Application of Nanomaterials in the Treatment of Lung Diseases","fulltext":[{"header":"1. Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eLung diseases are one of the major threats to children's health, with complex pathogenic mechanisms. Air pollution has become a key factor affecting children's lung function, posing a severe challenge to their healthy growth\u003csup\u003e[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/sup\u003e. Asthma and pneumonia are the most common pediatric lung diseases\u003csup\u003e[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/sup\u003e. According to statistics, approximately 300\u0026nbsp;million people worldwide suffer from asthma, with the number of child patients increasing year by year\u003csup\u003e[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/sup\u003e. The total prevalence of asthma among Chinese children is 4.90%\u003csup\u003e[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/sup\u003e. In addition, about 156\u0026nbsp;million children under 5 years old develop pneumonia globally each year, of which approximately 95% (151\u0026nbsp;million) are from developing countries, and around 21\u0026nbsp;million are from China annually\u003csup\u003e[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/sup\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWith the advancement of medical technology, therapeutic methods such as inhalation devices, aerosols, and antibacterial drugs have been applied in the treatment of pediatric lung diseases. However, most of these methods are designed based on adults, and drugs or devices specifically developed for children are relatively scarce, leading to limited therapeutic effects and increased difficulty in disease control\u003csup\u003e[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/sup\u003e. There are significant physiological differences between children and adults, so adult doses or doses adjusted proportionally cannot be simply applied to children\u003csup\u003e[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/sup\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn this context, the treatment of pediatric lung diseases faces unprecedented challenges. There is an urgent need to develop drugs that are tailored to children's characteristics, can effectively treat the diseases, ensure precise delivery, and balance efficacy and safety. The emergence of nanomaterials provides a new solution to this problem. Nanomaterials encapsulate therapeutic drugs through carriers such as polymers, lipids, or metals to achieve nanonization of drugs, which improves drug solubility and bioavailability, increases the contact area with tissues, enhances efficacy, and may reduce dosage and adverse reactions\u003csup\u003e[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/sup\u003e. By surface modification of nanomaterials or designing microenvironment-responsive mechanisms, it is possible to further enhance the targeting of drugs, enabling efficient accumulation at the site of action, while reducing the systemic exposure of free/active drugs, thereby lowering the risk of adverse reactions\u003csup\u003e[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/sup\u003e. Therefore, drug delivery systems based on nanomaterials have shown broad application prospects in the diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of pediatric lung diseases, and are expected to bring revolutionary breakthroughs to the treatment of these diseases\u003csup\u003e[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/sup\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn recent years, the application of nanomaterials in pediatric lung diseases has received widespread attention, and relevant literatures have gradually increased. As a literature and information mining method based on mathematical statistics, bibliometric analysis can reflect research trends and hotspots by analyzing the clustering relationship of keywords in literatures, identify and quantify research impacts, and track the spread and influence of research over time\u003csup\u003e[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/sup\u003e. This study collects and analyzes literatures on the application of nanomaterials in pediatric lung diseases, evaluates the current research status, trends, and future directions of existing nanomaterials in related aspects of pediatric lung diseases, aiming to provide references for researchers and medical workers on the application of nanomaterials in pediatric lung diseases.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"2. Materials and Methods","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec3\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.1 Data Source and Search Strategy\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe core dataset in Web of Science was used as the database to ensure the completeness and academic quality of the included literatures. The search strategy was: (TS=(nano-drug) OR TS=(nanomaterials) OR TS=(nanoparticles) OR TS=(nano*)) AND (TS=(respiratory syncytial virus) OR TS=(lower respiratory tract infection) OR TS=(cystic fibrosis) OR TS=(ventilator-associated pneumonia) OR TS=(Pneumonia*) OR TS=(Lung*) OR TS=(Hemoptysis*) OR TS=(Hepatopulmonary Syndrome) OR TS=(Blastomycosis*) OR TS=(Pulmonary Aspergillosis) OR TS=(Pulmonary ) OR TS=(Bronchopulmonary Aspergillosis) OR TS=(Bronchopulmonary) OR TS=(Acute Chest Syndrome) OR TS=(alpha 1-Antitrypsin Deficiency) OR TS=(Alveolitis, Extrinsic Allergic) OR TS=(Silo Filler's Disease) OR TS=(Anti-Glomerular Basement Membrane Disease) OR TS=(Pneumoconiosis*) OR TS=(Asthma*) OR TS=(Bronchitis*) OR TS=(Meconium Aspiration Syndrome) OR TS=(Carcinoma, Bronchogenic) OR TS=(Respiratory Distress Syndrome) OR TS=(Silicotuberculosis*)) AND (TS=(Child*) OR TS=(Adult Children*) OR TS=(children*)). The search date was up to November 6, 2024. To further analyze the literature content, we selected articles in English, then extracted complete records and cited references from relevant publications and saved them in plain text format for further research.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec4\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.2 Data Collection and Collation\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eAll literatures were independently collected by two researchers and screened based on the relevance of abstract content to the theme. Disputes were resolved by a third person. As of November 6, 2024, a total of 436 articles were retrieved, and 428 literatures were finally included for analysis after screening. The specific screening process is shown in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec5\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.3 Data Analysis and Visualization\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn this study, the bibliometrix package in R4.2.3, VOSviewer, and CiteSpace software were used for bibliometric analysis. The bibliometrix package was used to calculate the number of publications and the frequency of cooperation between countries; VOSviewer was used to calculate keyword frequency, analyze and visualize cooperation among countries, institutions, and authors; CiteSpace was used to calculate and identify highly cited literatures and keywords in specific periods; the exponential growth function in Excel was used to analyze the number of papers published.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"3. Results","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec7\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e3.1 Trends in Literature Development\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eA total of 428 literatures on the application of nanomaterials in pediatric lung diseases were included. Figure\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003eB shows that from 2007 to November 6, 2024, the number of literatures in this field grew slowly in the early stage and increased rapidly after 2011. Evaluation by the exponential growth function showed a high correlation between cumulative publications and publication years (R\u0026sup2;=0.944), indicating that the field of nanomaterials in pediatric lung diseases has experienced significant growth and development.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec8\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e3.2 Analysis of Countries/Institutions and Authors\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec9\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e3.2.1 Country Analysis\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis study involved 68 countries, among which 39 countries conducted cooperation. Figure\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003eA shows that the United States and Australia were among the early entrants in the research on the application of nanomaterials in the treatment of pediatric lung diseases, while China, although starting late, has a large number of literatures. Among the top 10 countries in terms of publication count, the United States led with 114 publications, followed by China, India, France, and Australia (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003eB). Figure\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003eB also reveals the cooperation between countries and regions: the United States collaborated most frequently with China (12 times), followed by the United States and the United Kingdom (8 times). These data indicate that the United States occupies a leading position in research in this field.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec10\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e3.2.2 Institution and Author Analysis\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eA total of 2914 authors from 993 institutions worldwide participated in the research on the application of nanomaterials in pediatric lung diseases. Among them, the University of California System led with 24 articles, and 22 institutions had at least 5 papers (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003eA). Early research was mainly dominated by Baylor College of Medicine and Emory University, and since 2021, many Chinese institutions such as Huazhong University of Science and Technology and Zhejiang University have gradually joined (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003eB). Lu HX was the most productive author, with 9 articles published and an H-index of 7; SMITH G followed closely with 8 articles and an H-index of 7 (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e). Co-authorship analysis of authors with \u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;2 publications showed that 195 authors published 2 or more articles, forming 45 clusters, of which 16 clusters consisted of 5 or more authors. Early research teams included James R Baker Jr from Seattle Children's Research Institute in the United States, J\u0026uuml;rg Barben from the Swiss Pediatric Respiratory Research Group, and Koya Ariyoshi from the Department of Clinical Medicine, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University in Japan. Emerging researchers include Hart K, Chen R, Adeleke OA, etc. (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003eC). In addition, 4 teams with significant contributions in this field were observed, among which the teams led by Lu HX from Novavax in the United States, Detalle L from Late Clinical Biopharmaceuticals, and Narasimhan B from Iowa State University were prominent. These 4 teams have close connections, while the rest are relatively scattered, indicating that future cooperation between research teams/laboratories related to the application of nanomaterials in pediatric lung diseases needs to be strengthened. Figure\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003eD shows that there are significant cross-links among the top 10 institutions, authors, and countries, and the United States is the main research force, indicating that the United States has significant advantages in research in this field.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTop 10 Authors in the Field of Nanomaterials in Pediatric Lung Diseases\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"6\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAuthors\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNumber of Publications\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eH-index\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eG-index\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTotal Citations\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFirst Publication Year\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLu HX\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e525\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2012\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSMITH G\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e414\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2012\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEL\u0026Eacute;OU\u0026Euml;T JF\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e114\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2010\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNARASIMHAN B\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e129\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2018\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePIEDRA PA\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e713\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2013\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRIFFAULT S\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e114\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2010\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eELLINGSWORTH L\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e74\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2018\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMCLELLAN JS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e413\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2017\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBARBEN J\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e99\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2007\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDETALLE L\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e278\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2016\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec11\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e3.3 Journal/Co-cited Journal and Co-cited Literature Analysis\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec12\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e3.3.1 Journal/Co-cited Journal Analysis\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eA total of 266 journals participated in publishing literatures in the field of nanomaterials in pediatric lung diseases. Figure\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003eA and Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e show the top 10 journals by number of published papers, among which 《Plos One》 and 《Vaccine》 tied for first place with 14 papers each, followed by 《Scientific Reports》 (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;12). Figure\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003eB is a density map of co-cited journals. All top 10 journals are in the JCR Q1 partition, with 1 publisher from the United States, 5 from the United Kingdom, and the remaining 4 from Switzerland.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab2\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 2\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTop 10 Journals in the Field of Nanomaterials in Pediatric Lung Diseases\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"9\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c9\" colnum=\"9\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eJournals\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNumber of Publications\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFirst Publication Year\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eH-index\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eG-index\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eJCR\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIF(2024)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCountry\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTotal Citations\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePlos One\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2010\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eQ1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eUSA\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e825\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVaccine\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2010\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eQ1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEngland\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e599\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eScientific Reports\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2017\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eQ1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEngland\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e230\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVaccines\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2020\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eQ1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSwitzerland\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e181\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFrontiers In Cellular And Infection Microbiology\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2019\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eQ1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSwitzerland\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e55\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFrontiers In Immunology\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2018\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eQ1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSwitzerland\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e45\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eJournal of Virology\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2016\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eQ1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEngland\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e56\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eExpert Review of Vaccines\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2016\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eQ1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEngland\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e92\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eInternational Journal of Molecular Sciences\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2013\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eQ1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSwitzerland\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e96\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eJournal of Nanobiotechnology\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2014\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eQ1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEngland\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e262\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec13\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e3.3.2 Co-cited Literature Analysis\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eCo-cited literature analysis expresses the relationship between literatures. Considering the number of cited references, the minimum number of citations for references was set to 9, and a total of 51 retrieved literatures were analyzed. It can be seen from Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig6\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003eA that Ting Shi and Harish Nair from the Institute of Population Health Sciences and Informatics, University of Edinburgh have important influence in this field. Burst refers to a publication whose number of citations is significantly higher than usual and lasts for at least two years. The blue line represents the observation period, and the red line represents the burst time. During the observation period from 2007 to 2024, in the research on nanomaterials in pediatric lung diseases, several highly cited literatures emerged (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig6\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003eB). Among them, the article published in 《The Lancet》 entitled \"Global, regional, and national disease burden estimates of acute lower respiratory infections due to respiratory syncytial virus in young children in 2015: a systematic review and modelling study\" [12] pointed out that globally, respiratory syncytial virus is a common cause of acute lower respiratory tract infections in children and a major cause of hospitalization in young children, and effective RSV vaccines or monoclonal antibodies may reduce their healthcare burden, thus obtaining the highest citation burst value (6.8). In addition, \"The respiratory syncytial virus vaccine landscape: lessons from the graveyard and promising candidates\" [13] published in 《The Lancet Infectious Diseases》 also attracted much attention because it introduced new methods for RSV vaccine design and provided a comprehensive overview of RSV candidate vaccines and monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) in clinical development. These studies not only demonstrate the great potential of nanomaterials in the management of pediatric lung diseases but also indicate that this field may continue to be a frontier and hotspot in pediatric lung disease research in the future.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003e3.4 Keyword Analysis\u003c/b\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec14\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e3.4.1 Keyword Co-occurrence\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eKeywords are a high condensation of article content. The higher the co-occurrence frequency of a keyword in a field, the more likely it is a research hotspot in that field. Taking keywords as nodes, visualization analysis was performed on the literature data, and 2980 keywords were obtained through data analysis. Subsequently, using VOSviewer tool, we conducted co-occurrence analysis on keywords with an occurrence frequency of no less than 5 times, and showed the correlation and trend of these keywords through visualization (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig7\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003eA). In the visualization results, the size of the circle directly reflects the number and frequency of keywords appearing in the articles. For example, keywords such as children, asthma, and respiratory syncytial virus have large circles due to their high frequency of occurrence, highlighting their important position in related research. In addition, VOSviewer also shows the development context of keywords over time through color changes. Keywords that appeared early are marked in purple, such as lung function, size, analyzer, and sweat test, which reflect the early research focus of this field. In recent years, with the deepening and expansion of research, new keywords such as allergy, antigen, antibacterial activity, and delivery have gradually emerged, marked in yellow, which represent the latest international research hotspots.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBased on the above analysis, we can see that current international research hotspots in this field mainly focus on allergy and immune regulation, antibacterial therapy, drug delivery systems, and biosafety during the treatment of pediatric lung diseases using nanomaterials. These hotspots not only reflect the latest research progress but also provide useful enlightenment for future research directions.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec15\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e3.4.2 Keyword Clustering Analysis\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eClustering analysis can help further understand the different research contents of this topic. Keywords were numbered and clustered by Citespace, which were divided into 14 categories. The two values Q\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.65 and S\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.87 in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig7\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003eB both meet the standards, indicating that this data analysis is reasonable and effective, and the clustering results have high credibility. The results show that 14 hot research fields have been formed currently: #0: respiratory syncytial virus; #1: epitope; #2: graphene; #3: osteosarcoma; #4: cystic fibrosis; #5: targeted delivery; #6: carbon nanotube; #7: children; #8: doxorubicin; #9: immune response; #10: behavior; #11: viral disease; #12: inhalation therapy; #13: haemophilus influenzae. There are overlapping areas among some clusters, indicating the similarity of their contents.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAnalyzing the clustered keywords from a timeline perspective, we can see the research situation of each keyword in its year and draw the trajectory of research development (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig7\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003eC). For example, from the timeline analysis, the early research focus was mainly on diseases and treatments related to #0 respiratory syncytial virus, #4 cystic fibrosis, and #7 children. These keywords appeared frequently in earlier years, showing the high attention paid to pediatric respiratory diseases in this field. In addition, with the rise of nanomaterials, fields such as #2 graphene, #6 carbon nanotube, and #5 targeted delivery have begun to emerge, marking that the innovative application of materials science in the treatment of lung diseases has gradually become a new research trend and revealing the in-depth research of precision medicine in the treatment of lung diseases. At the same time, the rise of fields such as #9 immune response and #12 inhalation therapy also reflects the researchers' enthusiasm for exploring the immune mechanism of lung diseases and inhalation therapy. It is worth noting that although #3 osteosarcoma and #8 doxorubicin belong to different disease categories, their prominent positions in the clustering analysis reveal the potential impact of malignant tumors such as osteosarcoma on children's lung function. These impacts include not only the decreased immunity and susceptibility to lung infections caused by the disease itself but also the potential toxic effects of chemotherapeutic drugs such as doxorubicin on organs such as the lungs, thereby further increasing the risk of pulmonary complications. This finding emphasizes the importance of interdisciplinary cooperation and comprehensive treatment strategies in addressing pediatric malignant tumors and their pulmonary complications, and also provides new enlightenment and challenges for future research directions. The development of fields such as #11 viral disease and #13 haemophilus influenzae has further enriched the research content, showing the diversity and complexity of lung disease research. In addition, timeline analysis also reveals that the trajectory of research development is not static but constantly evolving with the advancement of science and technology and changes in clinical needs. For example, the rise of the #10 behavior field in recent years may indicate that researchers have begun to pay more attention to the impact of patients' psychological behavior on the treatment of lung diseases, reflecting the penetration of humanized and comprehensive medical concepts.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec16\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e3.4.3 Keyword Burst Analysis\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eKeyword burst can reflect the emerging or continuously concerned research hotspots in a time period and the changes and trends of hotspots in the research field by identifying keywords with a sharp increase in frequency in a short time. Figure\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig7\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003eD shows the top 25 keywords with burst intensity. Among them, the keywords \"expression\" and \"streptococcus pneumoniae\" have received the most sustained attention, which may be closely related to their key roles in the pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment of pediatric lung diseases. At the same time, the sustained attention to these two keywords also reflects the researchers' in-depth research and continuous attention to basic pathological mechanisms and traditional pathogens. On the other hand, keywords such as \"cell\" and \"haemophilus influenzae\" are in the citation burst stage, which indicates that current research is investing more energy in these aspects. Especially in the context of the application of nanomaterials, the burst of the term \"cell\" may mean that researchers are exploring the mechanism of interaction between nanomaterials and cells, and how to use these mechanisms to develop new treatment methods. As a common respiratory pathogen in children, the burst of the keyword \"haemophilus influenzae\" may indicate breakthroughs in nanomaterials in new vaccines or treatment strategies targeting this pathogen.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"4. Discussion and Prospects","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec18\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e4.1 Analysis of Current Research Status\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eUsing bibliometric analysis, the research growth of nanomaterials in the application of pediatric diseases from 2007 to 2024 can be divided into two stages: slow growth before 2010, with annual paper publications not exceeding 10; rapid growth after 2011, with annual paper publications exceeding 10, reaching 44 by the end of 2023. The United States dominates research in this field with frequent institutional cooperation, which reflects the key contribution of the United States to the application of nanomaterials in pediatric diseases, possibly due to high demand. In addition, the top 10 journals in terms of publication quantity are all Q1 core journals, but the proportion of Asian publishers is insufficient. Therefore, in the future, Asia needs to establish and develop internationally influential journals to enhance the international influence of research results. At the same time, with the deepening of research on the application of nanomaterials in pediatric lung diseases, it is expected that more researchers will pay attention to this direction, promoting the continuous development and innovation of this field.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec19\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e4.2 Analysis of Research Hotspots\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThrough in-depth analysis of literature co-citations and highly cited literatures, it is concluded that there are three major hotspots in the field of nanomaterials in pediatric lung diseases, including allergy and immune regulation, antibacterial therapy, and drug delivery systems. These hotspots not only promote the technological progress of this field but also provide new possibilities for clinical applications. First, in terms of allergy and immune regulation, nanomaterials achieve precise intervention in the immune system microenvironment by accurately regulating the size, shape, and surface properties of nanoparticles. Literatures show that active and precise regulation of the surface biointerface protein corona can be achieved by regulating the properties of nanocarriers, and the composition and characteristics of the protein corona can be used to efficiently hijack endogenous circulating neutrophils, thereby using the inflammatory chemotactic effect of neutrophils to efficiently deliver nanomaterials to inflamed lung tissues\u003csup\u003e[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/sup\u003e. In addition, in the lung parenchyma, neutrophils carrying nanomaterials release nanomaterials in the form of extracellular traps in response to inflammatory stimuli. This progress not only deepens our understanding of the response mechanism of pediatric lung diseases but also provides strong technical support for the development of personalized immunotherapies. Second, the application of nanomaterials in antibacterial therapy, especially for refractory pathogens in pediatric lung infections, has shown great potential. By designing nanomaterials with excellent antibacterial properties and biocompatibility, such as silver nanoparticles and nano-antibacterial polymers, researchers have successfully improved the targeting efficiency and bactericidal effect of antibiotics while reducing side effects\u003csup\u003e[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/sup\u003e. These innovative strategies not only help solve the problem of antibiotic resistance but also bring new hope for the treatment of pediatric lung infections. Finally, in the field of drug delivery systems, nanomaterials achieve precise release and efficient absorption of drugs in lung tissues by constructing intelligent responsive nanocarriers. Such carriers can regulate drug release according to specific physiological conditions (such as pH value, redox state) or external stimuli (such as light, magnetism), thereby improving therapeutic effects and reducing systemic toxicity\u003csup\u003e[\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR17 CR18\" citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e16\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e19\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/sup\u003e. Literature reviews indicate that these advanced drug delivery systems are gradually being applied in the treatment of pediatric lung diseases, such as cystic fibrosis and respiratory syncytial virus infection, which greatly improve the quality of life of patients\u003csup\u003e[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e20\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/sup\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec20\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e4.3 Analysis of Research Frontiers\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eKeyword analysis not only reveals the core content of research but also provides important clues for researchers to quickly grasp research frontiers. In the field of children's health, especially in the research on pediatric lung diseases, the three keywords \"children\", \"asthma\", and \"respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)\" appear frequently (as shown in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig7\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003eB), highlighting their status as major focus areas. At the same time, according to the keyword burst and timeline analysis in recent years, \"respiratory syncytial virus\", \"targeted delivery\", \"carbon nanotube\", \"behavior\", \"haemophilus influenzae\", and \"cell\" have become important development directions of nanomaterials in the application of pediatric lung diseases in the past two years.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn this context, researchers are actively exploring the potential of nanomaterials in addressing children's lung health challenges\u003csup\u003e[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e21\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/sup\u003e. For childhood asthma, a common and serious disease, researchers have designed novel inhalable lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) that can penetrate deep into the lungs and target inflammatory areas by precisely controlling the size, shape, and surface properties of nanoparticles, significantly improving the effectiveness and safety of asthma treatment drugs\u003csup\u003e[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e22\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/sup\u003e. This breakthrough not only brings benefits to children with asthma but also provides new ideas for the treatment of other pediatric lung diseases. At the same time, as one of the main causes of acute respiratory infections in children, RSV has also attracted widespread attention from nanomaterial researchers. Scientists are committed to developing vaccines and antiviral drugs based on nanomaterials\u003csup\u003e[\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR24 CR25\" citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e23\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e26\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/sup\u003e, aiming to effectively intervene in the early stage of RSV infection, thereby reducing the severity of the disease, lowering the risk of complications, and providing long-term protection. These nanomaterial platforms not only have enhanced immunogenicity but also can achieve sustained and controlled drug release through intelligent release mechanisms, providing new possibilities for the treatment of RSV infection.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn addition, researchers are also paying great attention to the potential of nanomaterials in improving the diagnosis of pediatric lung diseases\u003csup\u003e[\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR28\" citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e27\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e29\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/sup\u003e. They are developing high-sensitivity nanosensors and imaging technologies to achieve real-time monitoring and accurate evaluation of lung pathological changes. The emergence of these technologies will provide timely and accurate information support for clinical decision-making, helping doctors judge the condition more accurately, formulate treatment plans, and thus improve treatment effects and patients' quality of life. Therefore, in future research, researchers can continue to optimize the design of nanoparticles to achieve more precise and efficient targeted delivery. In addition, researchers can develop new vaccines and antiviral drugs based on nanomaterials, and prepare more sensitive and specific nanosensors and imaging technologies to provide timely and accurate information support for clinical diagnosis and treatment\u003csup\u003e[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR30\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e30\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR31\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e31\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/sup\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWith the rapid development of artificial intelligence (AI) technology, the application of nanomaterials in the treatment and diagnosis of pediatric lung diseases is undergoing a revolutionary transformation. The integration of this interdisciplinary field not only greatly expands the application scope of nanomaterials but also improves their efficiency and accuracy in addressing children's lung health challenges. The use of AI algorithms to optimize the design of nanoparticles can achieve more precise drug delivery\u003csup\u003e[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR32\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e32\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/sup\u003e. By simulating and analyzing the behavior of nanoparticles in the complex lung environment, AI technology can predict and adjust the size, shape, and surface properties of particles, ensuring that they can efficiently penetrate the lung barrier and accurately reach inflammatory or infected areas. This intelligent design strategy not only improves the bioavailability of drugs but also reduces potential side effects. Zhu X et al. discussed how to more effectively integrate artificial intelligence algorithms into the three stages of material development\u003csup\u003e[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR33\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e33\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/sup\u003e. Jessica Marcandalli et al. used computer technology to predict and analyze the antigen structure of pathogens such as RSV, designing nano-vaccines with higher immunogenicity and lower toxicity\u003csup\u003e[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR34\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e34\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/sup\u003e. This nanoparticle RSV vaccine provides a better candidate vaccine, and its two-component nature enables it to produce highly ordered monodisperse immunogens, inducing higher neutralizing antibody levels in mice and non-human primates than trimeric full-valent nanoparticles. The introduction of computer technology has greatly shortened the vaccine development cycle and improved the safety and effectiveness of vaccines. In addition, Zhang S et al. also discussed the application of AI in nanosensors and imaging technologies\u003csup\u003e[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR35\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e35\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/sup\u003e. By combining AI algorithms with nanomaterials, researchers have developed high-sensitivity and high-specificity nanosensors that can real-time monitor lung pathological changes, such as inflammation and fibrosis. These sensors not only improve the accuracy of diagnosis but also provide doctors with richer clinical information, helping to formulate more personalized treatment plans. In short, the combination of AI and nanomaterials opens up new paths for the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of pediatric lung diseases through intelligent design, optimized drug delivery, accelerated vaccine development, and improved diagnostic technologies. In the future, with the continuous in-depth exploration of this interdisciplinary field, more innovative solutions will continue to emerge, making greater contributions to children's health.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec21\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e4.4 Challenges Faced by Nanomaterials in the Treatment of Pediatric Lung Diseases\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eAlthough nanomaterials have shown great potential and application prospects in the field of pediatric lung diseases and brought revolutionary changes to clinical practice, they still face a series of challenges at this stage\u003csup\u003e[\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR37\" citationid=\"CR36\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e36\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR38\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e38\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/sup\u003e. For example, the behavior, metabolism, and potential toxicity of nanomaterials in organisms, and whether nanoparticles can accurately reach lung lesions and effectively release drugs under specific conditions. In addition, the complex preparation process and high cost of nanomaterials limit their large-scale production and wide application. Furthermore, individual differences among patients lead to varying disease conditions, requiring personalized treatment plans for the application of nanomaterials. Finally, the long-term effect evaluation system of nanomaterials in pediatric lung diseases is not yet perfect, and a more systematic monitoring and evaluation method needs to be established. Therefore, to promote the wide application of nanomaterials in pediatric lung diseases, it is necessary to further optimize the preparation process, reduce costs, improve stability and safety, and explore personalized treatment plans and long-term effect evaluation systems in the future to comprehensively evaluate their actual effects in the care of pediatric lung diseases.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec22\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e4.5 Analysis of Advantages and Limitations\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eBased on bibliometrics, this study provides the most intuitive, objective, accurate, and comprehensive systematic analysis of the publications and development trends of nanomaterials in the application of pediatric lung diseases, providing comprehensive guidance for clinicians and scholars. However, this study also has the following limitations. First, the literatures included in our study may not be exhaustive. Our study only analyzed data from the Web of Science database, and the inclusion time was up to November 6. Second, this study adopted machine algorithms for analysis, which inevitably led to insufficient human intervention.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"5. Conclusions","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe application of nanomaterials in pediatric lung diseases is an important new direction, which helps to address challenges such as high demand and high expenditure costs in the wound management market. Based on bibliometric surveys, the significant increase in annual publications indicates the growing importance of this research field. The United States and China have made significant contributions to this field, with closer cooperation and more concentrated publications. In addition, this study identified top researchers and institutions worldwide involved in research on nanomaterials in pediatric lung diseases. \u0026ldquo;Plos One\u0026rdquo; is the most active journal, and Liu HX is the most influential author. In summary, this information can help clinicians and researchers understand the research hotspots of nanomaterials in pediatric lung diseases and provide references for future research directions.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003ch2\u003eFundings\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThere was no funding support for this article\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eClinical numbers are not applicable\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eAuthor Contribution\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eEach author contributed\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eEverard M L. Paediatric respiratory infections[J]. 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Application of Artificial Intelligence in the Exploration and Optimization of Biomedical Nanomaterials[J]. Nano Biomedicine \u0026amp; Engineering, 2023, 15(3).\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eMarcandalli J, Fiala B, Ols S, et al. Induction of potent neutralizing antibody responses by a designed protein nanoparticle vaccine for respiratory syncytial virus[J]. Cell, 2019, 176(6): 1420-1431. e17.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eZhang S, Wei S, Liu Z, et al. The rise of AI optoelectronic sensors: From nanomaterial synthesis, device design to practical application[J]. Materials Today Physics, 2022, 27: 100812.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eMahamuni-Badiger P, Dhanavade M J. Challenges and toxicity assessment of inorganic nanomaterials in biomedical applications: Current status and future roadmaps[J]. Journal of Drug Delivery Science and Technology, 2023: 104806.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eZhang A, Meng K, Liu Y, et al. Absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion of nanocarriers in vivo and their influences[J]. Advances in Colloid and Interface Science, 2020, 284: 102261.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eLi X, Wang B, Zhou S, et al. Surface chemistry governs the sub-organ transfer, clearance and toxicity of functional gold nanoparticles in the liver and kidney[J]. Journal of nanobiotechnology, 2020, 18: 1-16.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Nanomaterials, Pediatric lung diseases, Bibliometric analysis, Drug delivery system, Immunotherapy","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-8703989/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-8703989/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eObjective: To analyze the development trends in the field of nanomaterials for pediatric lung disease treatment from 2007 to 2024 based on bibliometrics. Methods: A total of 428 articles were extracted from the Web of Science database, and Citespace, VOSviewer, and R language were utilized for collaboration network analysis, keyword co-occurrence analysis, and burst analysis. Results: ① The annual publication volume has increased significantly since 2011, with the United States and China being the most productive countries, accounting for 65% of the total international collaborations; ② Research hotspots focus on nanomaterial-mediated immune modulation, targeted antibacterial therapy, and intelligent drug delivery systems; ③ Current breakthroughs are centered on optimizing the biocompatibility of materials and their applications in pediatric asthma and pneumonia, with future trends pointing towards nano-immune combination therapy, AI-assisted sensing, and remote monitoring technologies. Conclusions: The results indicate the need to establish an innovative system integrating nanomaterials, bioengineering, and intelligent monitoring, with a focus on enhancing the accuracy of targeted delivery, real-time efficacy assessment, and individualized treatment design to address the bottlenecks of delivery efficiency and long-term monitoring in traditional treatments. This study provides scientific guidance for optimizing nanomaterial-based therapeutic strategies for pediatric lung diseases and integrating interdisciplinary technologies.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"BiTreatment of Pediatric Lung Diseasesbliometric Analysis of the Application of Nanomaterials in the Treatment of Lung Diseases","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2026-02-10 11:45:50","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-8703989/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"8ba5b2f4-6cf5-44a7-80aa-abe1a7625059","owner":[],"postedDate":"February 10th, 2026","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2026-02-14T06:09:28+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2026-02-10 11:45:50","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-8703989","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-8703989","identity":"rs-8703989","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"XKTyCvWXoU3ODBz1xrDgd","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}