A multi-objective optimisation retrofit design method for upper vertical window in industrial heritage building based on daylighting and energy consumption

A multi-objective optimisation retrofit design method for upper vertical window in industrial heritage building based on daylighting and energy consumption | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Article A multi-objective optimisation retrofit design method for upper vertical window in industrial heritage building based on daylighting and energy consumption Yang Yulan, Wang Yaneng, Zhong Liqiang, Liu Fuying This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-9179855/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Under Revision Version 1 posted 18 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Upper Vertical Window (UVW) is commonly found in industrial heritage buildings in South China. UVW has important impacts on the contemporary adaptability of industrial heritage building performance. Multi-Objective Optimisation (MOO) is a promising method for retrofit design of UVW aiming at a balance among energy consumption, daylighting quantity and daylight glare. MOO has not been applied to the retrofit design of industrial heritage buildings, and the application of MOO in buildings is insufficient in selection and weighting of objective metrics. A retrofit design method is proposed for UVW in industrial heritage buildings, the selection of objective metrics is validated by orthogonal experiments, entropy weights of objective metrics compensate for ranking solutions from the genetic algorithm. The reeling silk building of Zhejiang No.1 is used as a case study. Four objective metrics are selected from nine based on orthogonal experiments based on 81 calculations for the nine objective metrics respectively. The case industrial heritage building before retrofit is the baseline, the retrofit design decreases space cooling load by 10.95% whereas increases space heating load by 14.39%, improves indoor daylighting with an increase of useful daylight illuminance of 4.29% and a decreases daylight glare probability of 82.24%. The significant impact of weighting objective metrics on retrofit for UVW is validated by a comparative analysis between entropy weights and average weights. Physical sciences/Engineering Earth and environmental sciences/Environmental sciences Physical sciences/Mathematics and computing Industrial heritage Upper vertical window Daylighting Energy efficiency Multi-objective optimisation Full Text Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Under Revision Version 1 posted Editorial decision: Revision requested 20 Apr, 2026 Reviews received at journal 17 Apr, 2026 Reviews received at journal 11 Apr, 2026 Reviews received at journal 11 Apr, 2026 Reviews received at journal 09 Apr, 2026 Reviews received at journal 04 Apr, 2026 Reviews received at journal 03 Apr, 2026 Reviewers agreed at journal 03 Apr, 2026 Reviewers agreed at journal 31 Mar, 2026 Reviewers agreed at journal 31 Mar, 2026 Reviewers agreed at journal 31 Mar, 2026 Reviewers agreed at journal 31 Mar, 2026 Reviewers agreed at journal 31 Mar, 2026 Reviewers invited by journal 30 Mar, 2026 Editor invited by journal 25 Mar, 2026 Editor assigned by journal 23 Mar, 2026 Submission checks completed at journal 23 Mar, 2026 First submitted to journal 20 Mar, 2026 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-9179855","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":615548837,"identity":"25967fcc-f352-45c2-8b4b-3b3b1fa222a9","order_by":0,"name":"Yang Yulan","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Zhejiang University of Technology","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Yang","middleName":"","lastName":"Yulan","suffix":""},{"id":615548838,"identity":"379b3c01-6895-498a-b4aa-db65689af967","order_by":1,"name":"Wang Yaneng","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Zhejiang University of Technology","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Wang","middleName":"","lastName":"Yaneng","suffix":""},{"id":615548839,"identity":"2102abd5-0985-4077-8878-a45374445f10","order_by":2,"name":"Zhong Liqiang","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Zhejiang University of Technology","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Zhong","middleName":"","lastName":"Liqiang","suffix":""},{"id":615548840,"identity":"a5d7ef32-b53f-4780-8414-d1f90b6edd14","order_by":3,"name":"Liu Fuying","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAAqUlEQVRIiWNgGAWjYBACPuYDDAwPKhh4iNfCxpbAwJBwhmQtiW2kOIyNjcfwQ+K8Ohlz9gOMHz7mEKfFWCJx22Eey54EZsmZ24jRIt9jxpC47QCPwYEENmZeorSw8QC1zKnjMTj/gCQtDcw8BjeIt4WtWCLh2GGglofNxPmFn41544cPNXX2BueTD374SIwWBgYOAyiDsYEo9UDA/oBYlaNgFIyCUTBSAQD6sC2e1TzdFQAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==","orcid":"","institution":"Zhijiang College of Zhejiang University of Technology","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Liu","middleName":"","lastName":"Fuying","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2026-03-20 14:25:00","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-9179855/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-9179855/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":106401718,"identity":"67b9029a-0fe9-4466-b960-5cf005e80a25","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-04-08 09:09:15","extension":"pdf","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":1493317,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Manuscriptwithauthour20260322.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-9179855/v1_covered_53adc671-7b16-4a4f-a8cd-1e56f5cdd7bf.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"A multi-objective optimisation retrofit design method for upper vertical window in industrial heritage building based on daylighting and energy consumption","fulltext":[],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":false,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":true,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":true,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"scientific-reports","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"scirep","sideBox":"Learn more about [Scientific Reports](http://www.nature.com/srep/)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"","title":"Scientific Reports","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"stoa","reportingPortfolio":"Scientific Reports","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Industrial heritage, Upper vertical window, Daylighting, Energy efficiency, Multi-objective optimisation","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-9179855/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-9179855/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"Upper Vertical Window (UVW) is commonly found in industrial heritage buildings in South China. 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The case industrial heritage building before retrofit is the baseline, the retrofit design decreases space cooling load by 10.95% whereas increases space heating load by 14.39%, improves indoor daylighting with an increase of useful daylight illuminance of 4.29% and a decreases daylight glare probability of 82.24%. 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