Variation in phenotypic plasticity of metabolic and performance traits along a latitudinal gradient in Woodland Strawberry

Summary Phenotypic plasticity and local adaptation jointly determine plant responses to environmental variation, yet their relative contributions and evolutionary interactions remain poorly understood. We grew fifteen woodland strawberry ( Fragaria vesca ) genotypes from a European latitudinal gradient in four common gardens for two years, quantifying primary metabolites and biomass, reproduction and herbivore damage-related traits. Considering all measured traits combined, environment explained the largest variance (30%), followed by genotype-by-environment interactions (18%) and genotype effects (9%), indicating substantial heritable plasticity. However, plasticity was not uniform: northern genotypes showed greater plasticity in stress metabolites like succinic acid but more canalized growth traits, whereas southern genotypes maintained constitutively high protective metabolite levels. Latitude explained 4.4% of plasticity profile variation. Phenotypic variation was consistently better explained by long-term temperature than precipitation at the site of origin across all trait groups under study. Our results indicate that plasticity itself is an evolved, trait-specific characteristic shaped by climatic gradients, challenging simple hierarchies of trait lability. Significance Statement We studied wild strawberries from across Europe and discovered that populations from different regions have evolved distinct adaptive strategies to cope with their local cli-mates. These differences highlight the remarkable diversity of plant solutions to environmental challenges. Understanding these natural adaptations could help us breed strawberries or other plant organisms better suited to future climate conditions.