TiO₂ Nanoparticles Synthesized Using Allium sativum Skin Extract for Photocatalytic Degradation of Acridine Orange: Response Surface Methodology Optimization Using R

TiO₂ Nanoparticles Synthesized Using Allium sativum Skin Extract for Photocatalytic Degradation of Acridine Orange: Response Surface Methodology Optimization Using R | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Article TiO₂ Nanoparticles Synthesized Using Allium sativum Skin Extract for Photocatalytic Degradation of Acridine Orange: Response Surface Methodology Optimization Using R Venkata Nageswara Rao Chatti, Salapu Vasavi, Dadi Sneha Latha, and 5 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-9525021/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Under Review Version 1 posted 5 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Green synthesis of Titanium dioxide nanoparticles using agricultural waste has emerged as a sustainable approach for waste water treatment applications. In the present study, garlic skin waste ( Allium Sativum ) was utilized as a natural bio-resource for the eco-friendly synthesis of TiO2 nanoparticles and their application in the photocatalytic degradation of Acridine Orange dye under ultraviolet (UV) light irradiation. The plant-derived bio-extract acted as a reducing and stabilizing agent, enabling the formation of nanoparticles without the use of hazardous chemicals. The synthesized nanoparticles were characterized using SEM, EDXA, XRD and TGA techniques, which confirmed their nanoscale size, crystalline anatase structure, elemental purity, and high thermal stability. Photocatalytic experiments demonstrated excellent degradation performance, achieving a maximum removal efficiency of approximately 94.62% under optimal operating conditions of 20 minutes contact time, 50 mg catalyst dosage, pH 9, temperature of 55 o C, and an initial dye concentration of 80 ppm. Kinetic analysis indicated that the degradation process followed pseudo-first-order behavior with a strong correlation coefficient (R 2 ≈ 0.967). Response Surface Methodology (RSM) optimization showed close agreement between predicted and experimental results, while machine learning validation using linear regression further confirmed the reliability of the developed model. Physical sciences/Chemistry Earth and environmental sciences/Environmental sciences Physical sciences/Materials science Physical sciences/Nanoscience and technology Green synthesis TiO₂ nanoparticles garlic skin extract photocatalysis Acridine Orange dye degradation sustainable nanotechnology wastewater treatment Full Text Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Under Review Version 1 posted Reviewers invited by journal 08 May, 2026 Editor invited by journal 05 May, 2026 Editor assigned by journal 27 Apr, 2026 Submission checks completed at journal 27 Apr, 2026 First submitted to journal 25 Apr, 2026 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-9525021","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":640090750,"identity":"c682d464-0db9-4626-8e66-78825446ab04","order_by":0,"name":"Venkata Nageswara Rao Chatti","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Gayatri Vidya Parishad College of Engineering","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Venkata","middleName":"Nageswara Rao","lastName":"Chatti","suffix":""},{"id":640090751,"identity":"3eb8663b-3683-4e4e-9549-d010e0e140cb","order_by":1,"name":"Salapu Vasavi","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Gayatri Vidya Parishad 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