Quest for good vision without peripheries - behavioral and fMRI evidence

Quest for good vision without peripheries - behavioral and fMRI evidence | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Article Quest for good vision without peripheries - behavioral and fMRI evidence Marco Ninghetto, Anna Kozak, Tomasz Gałecki, Kamil Szulborski, and 4 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-4252067/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Published Journal Publication published 01 Nov, 2024 Read the published version in Scientific Reports → Version 1 posted 10 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract In healthy vision, bright slow-motion stimuli are primarily processed by regions of the visual system receiving input from the central part of the scene, while processing of the dark fast-motion stimuli is more dependent on the peripheral visual input. We tested 31 retinitis pigmentosa patients (RP) with long-term loss of peripheral photoreceptors and healthy controls with temporarily limited peripheral vision. We measured motion-based acuity, using random-dot kinematograms, establishing individual thresholds for differentiating circle from an ellipse. fMRI session with the task difficulty set at the constant level followed. We showed that limiting vision in controls does not affect the motion-acuity thresholds, but results in brain activations, different from RP patients, indicating prompt implementation of the perceptually successful strategy. Impaired motion-acuity in RP patients led to decreased brain activations compared to controls with full and limited vision and included strong response within peripheral primary visual areas V1-3. Importantly, lower activations in MT+/V5, in salience-processing cortices and in superior temporal cortex in RP patients were also detected in controls with limited peripheral vision, revealing brain networks which compensate for loss of peripheral vision. Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 Figure 5 Figure 6 Introduction Visual processing, object recognition, and reading depend on sharp vision and the ability to distinguish dark elements in the scenery from the light ones. This separation between negative contrast and positive contrast bits of the visual scene starts already at the eye and is maintained at the level of the primary visual cortex 1 . Resembling bird watching, when the dark birds on the brighter sky are separated by luminance contrast. Most natural visual scenes have a similar luminance structure: at the top, the large bright region, the sky, and below the darker regions with complicated textures and details 2 . In natural environments, the detailed information about objects is predominantly carried by dark parts of the visual scene, which is reflected by the neuronal activity of the visual system up to the primary visual cortex (V1), which responds preferentially to the darks, when examined within the central 10 visual degrees 3 , 4 . The processing of lights and darks is segregated not only at the retina, but this segregation is maintained at the cortical level, where the processing of darks dominates the processing of lights, however these assumptions are based on stationary stimuli examination of the central V1 5,6,7,8 . Less is known about responsiveness to the specific visual stimulation of the peripheral vision, outside the sharp central 10 visual degrees 9 . So far, it is accepted that low acuity and sensitivity to the fast motion velocities clearly differentiates peripheral from central visual processing 10 . In the deprived animals, which could model congenital cataract, we showed that visual deprivation solely halts maturation of the cortical representation of the peripheral visual field in V1 11,12 . Furthermore, when tested in adulthood, animals with early visual impairment show deficiencies in discrimination of the motion signal in high velocity or motion signal carried by dark dots presented on the bright background 13 . Surprisingly these findings are close to the description of the retinitis pigmentosa (RP) patients, who suffer from malfunction of the peripheral vision due to the photoreceptor degeneration of the peripheral regions of the retina. Therefore, we aimed at exploring the behavioral and cortical functions of the central and peripheral visual field. We modeled the loss of the visual periphery in the control group by mechanically limiting peripheral visual field, using in-house developed narrowing goggles. Using this novel approach, we aimed to differentiate the behavioral and cortical responses to short-time limiting of the peripheral visual field, in comparison with the long-time loss of peripheral input in RP patients. Retinitis pigmentosa affects approximately 1 in 5000 individuals worldwide and is associated with mutations in about 90 different genes 14 . Long-term retinal peripheral loss results in tunnel vision, impairing the patient’s daily life due to various visual dysfunctions, not yet fully described 14 . The retinal thinning due to photoreceptor degeneration has been proven to be significantly correlated with lower visual acuity scores 15 and with lower ability to distinguish shapes and details even when wearing corrective lenses 16 . At the level of the visual cortex, functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) studies show reduced cortical activity in V1, V2 and V3 in RP patients with the presentation of bright flashes and checkerboard patterns 17 . Masuda and colleagues 18 , 19 exploring cortical responses to visual stimuli consisting of checkerboards and scrambled or intact faces, showed that when RP patients were asked to passively look at the stimuli, they exhibited either large unresponsive zones of V1 or responsive zones with reduced brain responses. Studies aimed at clinically assessing visual field loss in RP used automated static perimetry test 20 , 21 together with a wide range of clinical tests, separately examining central and peripheral vision 22 . In the clinical context, ophthalmological tests of central and peripheral vision deficiencies are separated and acuity assessment is based exclusively on perception of stationary black stimuli on a white board, as in the Snellen letter chart. Taking into account these limitations, we aimed to simultaneously explore motion and shape perception at the central and peripheral vision in healthy cohorts and in RP patients using a motion-acuity task developed by us 23 , 24 . We measured acuity thresholds and motion perception simultaneously, using high and slow velocities and dark or light motion signals. Our novel approach permits assessing acuity thresholds using centrally located shapes in an active discrimination task and activating at the same time the peripheral vision with motion stimulation. We used discrimination of Efron shapes consisting of surface-matched shapes, previously used to describe developmental visual deficits 25 . The motion-test is based on discrimination of centrally-located shapes, an ellipse and circle with matching surfaces built from random dot kinematograms (RDK), in negative or positive contrast (dark or light moving dots) separated from the same RDK background by velocity. The behavioral assessment of individual motion-acuity thresholds was followed by an fMRI session with the same stimuli at the individual threshold level. We modeled functions of the central and peripheral visual field in RP patients and in healthy controls with controlled peripheral stimulation of the retina by mechanically limiting the visual field with goggles. The control group was tested twice, in full unrestricted vision and with 15-minute prior testing limiting of visual peripheries by goggles. We tested in full vision, a genetically described group of 37 RP patients, with long-lasting loss of peripheral retina. The motion-acuity thresholds together with distinct cortical activations exhibited differences between RP patients and controls in full vision and limited peripheral vision conditions. Results Motion-acuity assessment. The stationary baseline threshold (Fig. 1 C) did not differ between the controls in full and limited vision and the RP patients. For controls the stationary baseline threshold did not differ from any final motion-acuity thresholds. In contrast, for the RP patients the baseline threshold (values reported as mean ± standard deviation; 0.159 ± 0.09) was significantly lower compared to all tasks: in negative contrast in fast velocity (p < 0.001; 0.969 ± 0.47) and in slow velocity (p < 0.001; 0.879 ± 0.53) and in positive contrast in fast velocity (p = 0.001; 0.600 ± 0.43) and in slow velocity (p = 0.002; 0.582 ± 0.40). The motion-acuity thresholds performed outside the scanner and the accuracy of the motion-acuity task performed during the fMRI procedure were analyzed using the same statistical approach. On Fig. 2 the significant main effects of the Bonferroni corrected post-hocs for separate motion-acuity tasks (Fig. 1 D) are shown. The individual motion-acuity threshold differentiated RP patients. For the comparison between controls in full and limited vision conditions, we found the main effect for the task (F (3,239) = 8.4032, p = 0.00002), but not for the vision condition. Motion-acuity thresholds between tasks were significantly higher for the negative contrast in fast velocity (0.36 ± 0.22) than the positive contrast in slow velocity (0.18 ± 0.13; p = 0.00006). The comparison between controls in full vision and RP patients was significant for the task (F (3,224) = 5.8143, p = 0.0007) and for the group (F (1,224) = 71.3216, p < 0.001). For the tasks, the motion-acuity thresholds were significantly higher for the RP patients in negative contrast (Fig. 2 A) in fast velocity (p = 0.00009; controls 0.37 ± 0.25, RP 0.96 ± 0.61) and in slow velocity (p = 0.0001; controls 0.30 ± 0.30, RP 0.88 ± 0.68). Motion-acuity thresholds were also significantly higher for the RP patients in the positive contrast, but only for the slow velocity (Fig. 2 B; p = 0.009, controls 0.17 ± 0.15, RP 0.58 ± 0.53). The comparison between controls in limited vision and RP patients showed significant differences for the task (F (3,223) = 4.7058, p = 0.003) and for the group (F (1,223) = 74.3877, p < 0.001). Similarly to the comparison between control full and RP patients the motion-acuity thresholds were significantly higher for the RP patients in negative contrast (Fig. 2 A) in fast velocity (p < 0.001; limited 0.35 ± 0.19, RP 0.96 ± 0.61) and in slow velocity (p = 0.0001; limited 0.25 ± 0.13, RP 0.87 ± 0.68) and in positive contrast in the slow velocity (Fig. 2 B; p = 0.017; limited 0.20 ± 0.12, RP 0.58 ± 0.53). Behavior during fMRI session - lowered accuracy in RP patients. The accuracy of the motion-acuity task performed at constant stimuli level during the fMRI procedure calculated as the percentage of correct responses did not differ between controls in full and limited vision. The comparison between controls in full vision and RP patients revealed significant differences for task (F (3,240) = 2.918, p = 0.034) and group (F (1,240) = 111.388, p < 0.001). The RP patients had lower percentage of correct responses in all motion-acuity tasks: negative contrast in fast velocity condition (p < 0.001: controls 99.03% ± 3.96, RP 48.06% ± 46.50) and slow velocity condition (p < 0.001: controls 97.41% ± 5.14, RP 46.77% ± 43.15); positive contrast in fast velocity condition (p = 0.003: controls 96.45% ± 6.60, RP 67.09% ± 39.42) and in slow velocity condition (p = 0.005: controls 99.67% ± 1.79, RP 71.29% ± 37.39). Similarly, for the controls in limited vision and RP patients, we found significant differences for task (F (3,240) = 3.009, p = 0.030) and group (F (1,240) = 104.905, p < 0.001). The RP patients also had lower percentage of correct responses in all motion-acuity tasks: negative contrast in fast velocity condition (p < 0.001: controls 98.06% ± 5.42; RP 48.06% ± 46.50) and slow velocity condition (p < 0.001: controls 96.12% ± 13.08; RP 46.77% ± 43.15), positive contrast in fast velocity condition (p = 0.003: controls 96.77% ± 5.99; RP 67.09% ± 39.42) and slow velocity condition (p = 0.011: controls 98.70% ± 4.27; RP 71.29% ± 37.39). Whole-brain neuroimaging results Firstly, analyses were computed for all tasks. The comparisons have been performed using t contrasts , i.e., both directions have been investigated for the comparisons between: 1. controls in full and in limited vision, 2. controls in full vision and RP and 3. controls in limited vision and RP. The results for the t contrasts for the separate motion-acuity tasks are presented in Supplementary Fig. 1. For easier interpretation of the visual cortical activations, we show the cortical retinotopic map of the V1-3 areas in controls during full (Fig. 3 A) and in limited (Fig. 3 B) vision conditions, and in RP patients (Fig. 3 C). Controls in limited vision differ from full vision in both directions, with significant differences for the group: full > limited (Fig. 3 D, k = 127, p corr = 0.003) and limited > full (Fig. 3 E, k = 159, p corr = 0.001), all significant clusters are listed in Table 1 . There were no significant differences established for V1-3 areas. For the full > limited shown in Fig. 3 D, the significant clusters contained, bilateral: middle temporal gyrus (MT), putamen, anterior insular cortex (aIC), frontal operculum (FO) and right superior temporal gyrus (supTG). For the opposite comparison, limited > full, the significant clusters were detected only in the right hemisphere (Fig. 3 E): dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (dACC) and posterior central gyrus (postCG). Activations from the single tasks (fast negative contrast, slow negative contrast, fast positive contrast, slow positive contrast) did not differ between controls in full and limited vision. Table 1 Local maxima for motion-acuity tasks for control full versus control limited MNI coordinates Contrast Region Cluster size T x y z Full > limited (all tasks) left middle temporal gyrus 127 7.05 -46 -56 8 left middle temporal gyrus 4.56 -38 -52 14 left middle temporal gyrus 3.57 -36 -60 16 left putamen 1394 7.05 -32 4 2 left frontal operculum 6.52 -44 22 8 left frontal operculum 6.38 -38 16 8 right putamen 887 6.76 20 6 0 right insular cortex 5.88 38 0 12 right insular cortex 5.71 36 -2 4 right precentral gyrus 135 5.56 52 4 18 right frontal operculum 4.59 50 16 0 left frontal operculum 4.32 50 10 8 right middle occipital gyrus 161 5.41 36 -78 0 right middle temporal gyrus 4.59 40 -70 10 right middle temporal gyrus 4.17 48 -64 10 left insular cortex 153 5.23 -30 -28 20 left insular cortex 4.66 -32 -20 20 left insular cortex 4.22 -38 -18 14 right cuneus 234 5.03 18 -84 34 right cuneus 4.84 26 -80 36 right superior temporal gyrus 259 4.89 60 -12 10 right middle temporal gyrus 4.82 50 -44 8 right superior temporal gyrus 4.80 52 -36 20 left hippocampus 464 4.82 -14 -26 -14 left hippocampus 4.77 -14 -34 8 left hippocampus 4.67 -22 -48 2 Limited > full (all tasks) right anterior cingulate cortex 216 5.72 6 28 14 right anterior cingulate cortex 5.13 14 38 12 right anterior cingulate cortex 4.15 12 42 22 right postcentral gyrus 159 4.36 50 -12 54 right postcentral gyrus 4.27 44 -16 48 right postcentral gyrus 3.65 42 -18 58 RP patients exhibited reduced cortical responses compared to controls in full vision , with significant differences for full vision controls > RP (k = 139, p corr = 0.003), all significant clusters are listed in Table 2 . The V1-3 areas differed in RP patients from controls in full (Fig. 3 F), however the foveal representation in V1-3 remained unchanged. The significant clusters for full > RP (Fig. 4 A) also contained bilateral: posterior/dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (PCC and dACC), precentral gyrus (preCG); left: mid-superior frontal gyrus (mid/supFG), MT, FO and aIC and right supTG. The t-tests for separate motion-acuity tasks showed significantly higher activations in the controls in full vision as compared to RP patients for the negative contrast in fast velocity (k = 1675, p corr < 0.001), in slow velocity (k = 188, p corr = 0.003) and for the positive contrast in fast velocity (k = 153, p corr = 0.013) and in slow velocity (k = 169, p corr = 0.009). Overall the results showed differences with the controls in full vision only within the visual areas V1-3, outside central visual field representation and, for the negative contrast in slow velocity also in the left preCG (Supplementary Fig. 1). The tasks in negative contrast resulted in larger clusters of activation compared to tasks in positive contrast (Supplementary Table 1). Table 2 Local maxima for motion-acuity tasks for control full versus RP patients MNI coordinates Contrast Region Cluster size T x y z Controls > RP (all tasks) right V1 5729 10.28 12 -88 12 right V1 9.89 10 -84 2 left V1 9.50 -8 -80 0 right superior frontal gyrus 139 7.68 32 56 24 right anterior cingulate cortex 4.32 24 58 10 left frontal operculum 992 7.46 -44 22 6 left insular cortex 5.63 -34 30 6 left insular cortex 5.45 -34 0 10 left middle frontal gyrus 1424 7.07 -42 2 54 left precentral gyrus 7.06 -36 -14 64 left supplementary motor area 6.78 -10 18 68 right superior frontal gyrus 532 6.43 16 26 62 right superior frontal gyrus 5.65 16 14 62 right middle frontal gyrus 5.40 30 28 54 right anterior cingulate cortex 395 6.42 6 30 30 right anterior cingulate cortex 5.40 14 28 28 right anterior cingulate cortex 5.03 4 44 28 left superior frontal gyrus 203 5.79 -22 52 30 left middle frontal gyrus 4.91 -30 50 20 left middle frontal gyrus 3.61 -28 44 12 right superior temporal gyrus 467 5.64 66 -36 20 right superior temporal gyrus 5.47 64 -46 20 right superior temporal gyrus 5.13 54 -38 26 right frontal operculum 397 5.55 54 24 14 right insular cortex 5.40 34 12 -2 right insular cortex 4.77 30 20 -12 left posterior cingulate cortex 1263 5.45 -8 -44 20 left posterior cingulate cortex 5.30 -10 -34 36 left posterior cingulate cortex 5.07 -10 -46 40 right precentral gyrus 398 5.43 54 2 42 right precentral gyrus 5.06 40 0 48 right precentral gyrus 5.02 42 0 40 left middle temporal gyrus 148 5.33 -42 -54 14 left middle temporal gyrus 5.11 -46 -58 8 left middle temporal gyrus 3.76 -52 -56 2 right precuneus 154 5.13 10 -54 58 right precuneus 4.38 8 -54 66 right precuneus 4.38 28 -56 44 left middle temporal gyrus 148 4.96 -54 -12 -18 left middle temporal gyrus 4.17 -60 -28 -8 left middle temporal gyrus 3.85 -60 -24 -16 left postcentral gyrus 172 4.58 -40 -34 44 left postcentral gyrus 4.06 -36 -34 36 left postcentral gyrus 3.94 -28 -44 42 right supplementary motor cortex 153 4.53 4 12 52 left supplementary motor cortex 3.99 -2 -2 58 left supplementary motor cortex 3.81 -60 14 42 Table 3 Local maxima for motion-acuity tasks for control limited versus RP patients MNI coordinates Contrast Region Cluster size T x y z Limited > RP (all tasks) right V2 1374 8.16 8 -92 12 left V1 6.45 -14 -88 4 right V1 6.33 10 -84 4 right superior frontal gyrus 3542 6.78 26 10 64 right anterior cingulate cortex 6.44 4 26 18 right superior frontal gyrus 5.97 6 52 36 left precentral gyrus 1021 6.31 -34 -14 66 left postcentral gyrus 5.65 -42 -26 64 left postcentral gyrus 5.62 -46 -20 56 left superior frontal gyrus 1009 5.80 -24 30 52 left middle frontal gyrus 5.68 -34 4 60 left middle frontal gyrus 5.65 -30 20 54 left superior frontal gyrus 217 5.60 -16 26 62 left supplementary motor area 5.20 -8 18 68 left supplementary motor area 4.38 -18 8 58 left V1 201 4.90 -26 -64 6 left fusiform gyrus 4.29 -36 -64 -6 left V1 4.23 -26 -66 -2 lobule IV-V of vermis 252 4.55 0 -62 -12 left lobule VI of cerebellum 4.25 -20 -68 -20 right lobule of vermis 4.22 4 -54 -10 right posterior cingulate gyrus 507 4.51 8 -44 18 left middle cingulate gyrus 4.25 -12 -26 44 left middle cingulate gyrus 4.20 -18 -40 44 RP > limited (all tasks) left frontal operculum 330 6.19 -34 16 14 left putamen 5.56 -26 4 10 left putamen 5.21 -30 4 0 right putamen 295 5.43 22 0 8 right frontal operculum 5.12 46 12 6 right putamen 4.98 22 8 2 RP patients differ from controls in limited vision in both directions , with significant differences for the group for the limited > RP (k = 201, p corr = 0.004), and also for RP > limited (k = 295, p corr = 0.001), all significant clusters are listed in Table 3 . Similarly to the comparison with controls in full vision, the peripheral parts of V1-3 areas differed bilaterally in RP patients; however, the cluster size for the limited > RP was smaller (Fig. 3 G). Higher activations for the limited > RP (Fig. 4 B) included: bilateral clusters for midFG, postCG, SMA and dACC and right: supFG and PCC. Separate t-tests for each task (Supplementary Table 1) showed higher activation in V1-2 for the control limited group only in motion acuity tasks in the negative contrast in fast velocity (k = 175, p corr = 0.001) and slow (k = 152, p corr = 0.002). These small V1-2 significant clusters outside central visual field representation were only found in the right hemisphere (Supplementary Fig. 2). Matching activations Bilateral lower activations in peripheral visual field representation in the V1-3 areas and in dACC of RP patients were matched in both comparisons with controls in full vision condition marked by yellow, and with controls in limited vision condition marked by pink, as shown in Figs. 5 and 6 . The motion and spatial processing brain regions. Controls in limited vision and RP patients showed matched overlaid lower activations compared to controls in the full vision condition bilaterally in the motion-processing area MT (Fig. 5 A, blue and pink respectively), with a smaller cluster for the right MT in RP patients (k = 78, T stats = 4.35, pink Fig. 5 A) and in the spatial-processing right supTG (Fig. 5 B). We found overlapping lower activation in the RP patients compared to controls in full and limited vision conditions in the right PCC (Fig. 5 C, yellow and pink). The salience network brain regions. Surprisingly, controls in limited vision compared with the RP patients exhibited lower bilateral activation in the bilateral putamen (green, Fig. 6 A) matching with also lower activation compared with controls in full vision (larger cluster size, light blue, Fig. 6 A). The matching lower activations in the RP patients, compared to the controls in full and limited vision, were found in the bilateral dACC (Fig. 6 B pink and yellow respectively, compare Fig. 5 C). In contrast, the right dACC in controls in limited vision showed significant increase in activation compared to controls in full vision and RP patients (insert in the lower row in Fig. 6 B, dark blue and yellow respectively). Matching lower activations in RP patients and in controls in limited vision as compared to controls in full vision were also found bilaterally in the areas aIC and FO (Fig. 6 C, pink and blue respectively). Controls in limited vision had higher activation in the right postCG compared to both controls in full vision and RP patients (Fig. 6 D, dark blue and yellow respectively). Discussion We aimed to explore the consequences of limiting the peripheral visual field input, either due to the long-term progression of photoreceptor degeneration in RP or due to the transient limiting of peripheral vision in healthy controls. We showed that limiting vision in controls does not affect the motion-acuity thresholds, but results in different brain activations, revealing prompt implementation of the perceptually successful strategy. The RP patients had impaired motion-acuity thresholds and a distinct pattern of brain activations compared to controls in full vision with vastly decreased response within peripheral primary visual areas V1-3. The processing of lights and darks is segregated not only at the retina, but this segregation is maintained at the cortical level, where the processing of darks dominates processing of lights. These assumptions are based on stationary stimuli stimulation and examining the representation of the central visual field within the V1 5,6,7,8 . For the contrast-dependent motion stimulation we know much less: previously the behavioral best accuracy was shown for positive contrast slow velocity bar detection 26 . Here we apply the motion-acuity task in two contrasts engaging both stationary and motion perception 23 , 24 . In line with facilitation for positive contrast slow motion 26 , we show that the easiest task for healthy controls was the slow velocity positive contrast motion-acuity task compared to the high-velocity negative contrast motion-acuity task, irrespective of full or limited visual condition. Shown here impaired motion-acuity negative contrast processing in RP patients is in line with their retinal deficiencies. Patients with RP suffer from dysregulation between central and peripheral retina due to photoreceptor degeneration. Photoreceptor not only affects the whole peripheral retina dominated by rod photoreceptors highly sensitive to blacks and whites 27 , 28 , but also specifically the rods within the central retina 29 . RP patients also suffer from night blindness and deficits in dark adaptation 30 . The visual acuity of RP patients measured by high-contrast black letter discrimination depends on overall luminance and is significantly lowered by the presence of a strong peripheral illumination source 31 . RP patients, as confirmed here within early visual areas V1-3 and by Ferreira and colleagues 32 in V1, exhibit lower activations within cortical representation of the peripheral visual field in V1-3. RP patients show less sensitivity to fast velocity for negative contrast motion-acuity thresholds. It is accepted that sensitivity to fast velocity is a feature which clearly differentiates peripheral visual processing from central 33 . In RP patients, exploratory motor behavior and saccadic movements are impaired 34 , 35 which may be reflected by their lower activation in the preCG compared to controls in full vision. Higher preCG gray matter volume was found to be correlated with efficient antisaccade behavior and maintenance of the saccadic motor behavior plan in healthy participants 3 , which is disorganized in RP patients. On the contrary, RP patients, as well as controls in full vision had higher activation of the bilateral putamen compared to controls in limited vision. The basal ganglia, of which the putamen is part, are involved in the cortico-basal ganglia-thalamocortical circuit 36 with a pivotal role in motor 37 and oculomotor functions 38 , 39 , 40 , 41 (rev. Alexander et al., 1990; rev. Harting and Updyke, 2006; Phillips and Everling, 2012; Kunimatsu et al., 2019). It is likely that, since the disorganized saccadic behavior in RP patients, the putamen requires higher activation to achieve exploratory control. Cohen and colleagues 42 (2021) described how in the corticostriatal loop, the putamen and dACC have complementary roles during learning behavior in a visual classification task, using single-unit recordings in the macaque brain. They showed the engagement of the dACC when new behavioral strategies were adopted, followed by activation of the putamen after a series of successful trials, linked to higher confidence and reinforcement of the learned behavior. We found such a relation between the dACC and putamen for controls in the limited vision condition: higher activation for the dACC and lower for the putamen. The highly engaged right dACC for the controls in limited vision reflects adapting to new strategies, while the lower activation of the putamen possibly reflects lack of confidence in solving the task during the transient loss of periphery 42 (Cohen et al., 2021). However, for the long-term RP patients, the bilateral lower activation of the dACC compared to controls possibly reflects their adjustment to the high-conflict cognitive demanding environment of the progressive low vision illness. In fact, the dACC is also engaged in tasks involving high-conflict trials such as Stroop test 43 (David et al., 2005) and in tasks with cognitive interference, such as identifying the position of a target digit in an array of three numbers 44 (Sheth et al., 2013). Possibly this decrease in activation during highly demanding and known motion-acuity tasks is similar to the decrease reported for procrastinating subjects under pressure of punishment, in contrast to the increase of dACC activity in low procrastinating subjects 45 (Wypych et. al., 2019). Furthermore, the increased activation for the limited controls within the dACC and postCG was specific to the right hemisphere, likely linked to a general mobilization of the right hemisphere attention network in the demanding visual condition 46 (Weintraub and Mesulam, 1987). RP patients and controls in limited vision shared a similar pattern of activations compared with controls in full vision. Both cohorts showed bilaterally decreased activations in the motion sensitive area MT 47 , 48 , 49 (Tootell et al., 1995; Huk et al., 2002; Gao et al., 2020) and right spatial processing supTG area. Lesioned right supTG has been shown to affect spatial processing and awareness in patients suffering from hemispatial neglect 50 , 51 (Karnath et al., 2001; visual search Gharabaghi et al., 2006). Moreover, transcranial magnetic stimulation of the right supTG impairs stimulus-centered spatial processing leading to lowered accuracy 52 (Shah-Basak et al., 2018). It is likely that generally narrowing the visual field leads to deficitary spatial processing reflected by the lower activation of the right supTG in RP patients and controls in limited vision. The similar pattern of decreased activations for loss of peripheral vision in RP patients and controls was also observed in FO and aIC. The aIC, together with the dACC are the major nodes in processing salient stimuli and they present connectivity with limbic structures involved in reward and motivation 53 , 54 , 55 (rev. Menon and Uddin, 2010; Seeley et al., 2007; Uddin 2015). An fMRI study aiming to investigate the neural correlates of performance monitoring on 18 healthy participants in a virtual reality-based setting, where they had to perform repetitive grasp actions paced by the size changes of the fixation cross, showed activation in FO during goal-directed hands movement involved in attentional control 56 (Quirmbach and Limanowski, 2022). The recruitment of the FO has also been analyzed for visual images, nonwords and abstract letter-like symbols during tasks of visual or semantic classification, timing, naming and visual search. The FO is likely to have a role in goal-directed tasks that overlap between task modalities 57 (Dosenbach et al., 2006). We know that introducing rehabilitation procedures is challenging, as RP patients become aware of the presence of blind spots in the peripheral visual field only at the late stages of disease progression 58 (Hamel, 2006). Until now, successful rehabilitation procedures have been directed towards parts of the retina unaffected by RP, for example diode micropulse laser monocular treatment applied at the foveal region of the retina 59 (Luttrull, 2018). The V1 cortical representation of the peripheral retina is the target of the multimodal response described in blindness 60 , 61 , 62 (Eckert et al., 2008; Striem-Amit et al., 2015; Sabbah et al., 2016). In RP patients, the multimodal response can be detrimental for the visual functions of the peripheral vision, therefore strengthening the healthy strategies revealed in controls in limited vision may potentially help to halt such response, leading to a better functional compensation for the visual impairments. Materials and Methods 1. Participants We tested thirty-seven RP patients (16 males, 21 females) aged 28–62 (mean age = 43.83 ± 9.66) and forty-six healthy participants (control group; 21 males, 25 females) aged 20–63 (mean age = 36.67 ± 12.38). From the cohort of RP patients we analyzed only data from participants who performed both behavioral and neuroimaging sessions. After finishing the data collection, we matched controls with the RP patients group using gender and age. Final analyses were conducted on 31 RP patients (13 males, 18 females; age 43.13 ± 9.75) and 31 controls (14 males, 17 females; age 41.77 ± 10.91). Genetic probands for all RP patients were sequenced with RP-LCA smMIPs platform. The final diagnosis was established after ophthalmological examination and with OCT (optical coherence tomography), FA (fluorescein angiography) and electrophysiological testing (flash electroretinography, FERG). Patient clinical and genetic data are listed in Supplementary Table 2. The control group had normal or corrected-to-normal visual acuity. All participants reported no history of psychiatric or neurological disorders. Written consent was obtained from all participants, ensuring that they understood the general purpose of the experiment and the potential risks associated with the MRI procedures. All procedures were performed in accordance with the relevant guidelines and regulations, and approval was obtained by the Bioethical Committee at the Medical University of Warsaw granted to J. Szaflik, KB/157/2017. 2. Procedure The experiment conducted at the Laboratory of Brain Imaging (Neurobiology Center, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Warsaw) consisted of two parts performed on the same day: first behavioral measurement of motion-acuity thresholds conducted outside the MRI scanner and a subsequent neuroimaging session (Fig. 1 A,B). In controls, to transiently limit the peripheral visual field, we developed a narrowing system using swimming goggles, with transparent lenses replaced with white opaque ones 24 (Ninghetto et al., 2024). These opaque lenses had an aperture of 1.4 mm that limited the visual field to the central 10 deg. To make the goggles suitable for every subject and to account for the natural individual interocular distance, we made 14 pairs of goggles with holes spaced from 58 mm to 72 mm (with a step of 1 mm between each pair of goggles). After the behavioral part repeated in goggles, participants underwent an fMRI procedure (Fig. 1 B), where, similarly, the control group first performed the scanning session in an unrestricted vision condition. Afterwards, for 15 minutes before the second scanning in goggles, subjects walked freely wearing goggles, and the procedure was then repeated. The RP patients underwent the fMRI session only once, without goggles. The entire experimental session lasted approximately one and a half hours for the control group and approximately one hour for the RP patients. 3. Motion-acuity task First, individual baseline thresholds were measured using stationary, solid gray figures (Fig. 1 C). The subjects were asked to choose the circle from the surface-matched ellipse. The ellipse aspect ratio changed according to the individual performance from elongated to circular. These individual baseline thresholds were used to set the baseline difficulty for the following motion-acuity measurements and fMRI sessions. We used a motion-acuity test 23 , 24 (Kozak et al., 2021; Ninghetto et al., 2024) in which participants had to discriminate between a circle (S+) and a vertically oriented ellipse (S-), composed of an RDK separated from the RDK background by the dots’ velocity. S+, S- and the background consisted of dots moving coherently upward; dots within S+/- moved slower than the background dots. We tested velocity in two velocity conditions: fast, 10/20 deg/s. and slow, 1/5 deg/s. The motion-acuity test was performed in two contrast conditions: positive, bright dots on a dark background and negative, dark dots on a bright background. S + and S- were simultaneously displayed within the central 10 deg. Depending on the position of S + relatively to the central fixation, the participants had to press the left or right button on the response pad. Each subsequent trial started after the subject responded, or after 10 seconds if no response was given. The difficulty of the test increased as the ellipse became more circular until the acuity threshold was reached. The individual threshold assessment was performed with an adaptive staircase procedure 24 (Ninghetto et al., 2024). During the following fMRI procedure, the motion-acuity tasks were performed at the constant individual difficulty, based on the baseline threshold acquired at the beginning of the procedure (Fig. 1 C). The fMRI motion-acuity estimate consisted of six blocks of 10 trials per task (10 s stimulation, 20 s interstimulus interval) with dots moving coherently upward at slow and high velocity in negative or in positive contrast. During the 20 seconds interstimulus interval, a plain gray screen was displayed. The participants were requested to use the response pad to show the position of the circle (S+), while the ellipse length/width ratio remained constant. 4. fMRI acquisition and preprocessing Acquisition was performed using a 3-Tesla MRI Scanner (Siemens Magnetom Trio TIM, Erlangen, Germany), with a 12-channel phased-array head coil. A structural T1-weighted image (repetition time = 2530 ms, echo time = 3.32 ms) was acquired for each participant. Evoked blood oxygenation level-dependent (BOLD) responses were obtained using a T2*-weighted gradient echo-planar-imaging sequence with the following parameters: repetition time = 2500 ms, echo time = 28 ms, flip angle = 80°, field of view = 504 × 504, and 72 axial slices with 3 mm slice thickness and no gap between slices. Each functional run comprised 92 volumes. Motion-acuity stimuli were presented on a 32'' LCD rear-projection screen with a resolution of 1920 x 1080 pixels, an active area of 69.8 x 39.3 cm, and a refresh rate of 120 Hz (BOLD Screen 32, Cambridge Research Systems). Standard preprocessing was performed using SPM12 (Wellcome Trust Center for Neuroimaging, London, UK), including distortion correction for magnetic field inhomogeneities, motion correction through realignment to the first acquired image, coregistration of the anatomical image to the mean functional image, segmentation of the coregistered structural image using default tissue probability maps, and normalization to the MNI space with voxel size 2x2x2. Movement regressors were incorporated into the design matrix using the ART toolbox to identify and exclude motion-affected volumes exceeding a threshold of 3 mm and a rotation threshold of 0.05 radians. 5. Statistical analysis To investigate the differences between individual motion-acuity thresholds measured in behavioral procedure we performed three separated full factorial GLM analyses for the comparisons:1 controls in full vision with controls in limited vision, 2. the RP patients with controls in full vision and 3. the RP patients with controls in limited vision. We included the tasks (4 levels: fast negative contrast, slow negative contrast, fast positive contrast, slow positive contrast) and the group (control in full and limited vision; control in full vision and RP; control in limited vision and RP) as factors. We examined post hoc results using Bonferroni correction. Using the same GLM design, we also investigated the percentage of correct responses to the constant motion-acuity task in fMRI. For investigating the differences in whole brain cortical responses to the motion-acuity tasks as a main factor, we computed three separate t-tests using the SPM12 toolbox, on matched groups for 1. controls in full versus limited vision condition, 2. controls in full vision versus the RP patients and, 3. controls in limited vision versus RP patients. Further separate t-tests for each motion-acuity task (fast velocity in negative contrast, slow velocity in negative contrast, fast velocity in positive contrast and slow velocity in positive contrast) were performed. The t-tests were performed using t contrasts to investigate differences in both directions. The significance level for all analyses was set at p < 0.05. Family-Wise Error (FWE) correction was applied with a significance threshold of FWE-corrected p < 0.001 to address multiple comparisons. 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Supplementary Files SupplementaryFigure1withLegend.pdf SupplementaryFigure2withLegend.pdf SupplementaryTable1.xlsx SupplementaryTable2.xlsx Cite Share Download PDF Status: Published Journal Publication published 01 Nov, 2024 Read the published version in Scientific Reports → Version 1 posted Editorial decision: Revision requested 12 Jul, 2024 Reviews received at journal 05 Jul, 2024 Reviews received at journal 17 Jun, 2024 Reviewers agreed at journal 31 May, 2024 Reviewers agreed at journal 27 May, 2024 Reviewers invited by journal 15 May, 2024 Editor assigned by journal 02 May, 2024 Editor invited by journal 23 Apr, 2024 Submission checks completed at journal 23 Apr, 2024 First submitted to journal 11 Apr, 2024 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-4252067","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":294897620,"identity":"f37b398f-4ccc-406b-bdad-02c611e01a80","order_by":0,"name":"Marco Ninghetto","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Laboratory of Brain Imaging, Neurobiology Center, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Marco","middleName":"","lastName":"Ninghetto","suffix":""},{"id":294897621,"identity":"9f75f6fe-2bdb-4d0a-9f79-f401b4194a64","order_by":1,"name":"Anna Kozak","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Laboratory of Brain Imaging, Neurobiology Center, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Anna","middleName":"","lastName":"Kozak","suffix":""},{"id":294897622,"identity":"6d1b522f-ee1c-4aad-af00-6e50f99ffeed","order_by":2,"name":"Tomasz Gałecki","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Department of Ophthalmology, Medical University of Warsaw","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Tomasz","middleName":"","lastName":"Gałecki","suffix":""},{"id":294897623,"identity":"85e3f911-ab2f-4cd4-8fab-ba729303344b","order_by":3,"name":"Kamil Szulborski","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Department of Ophthalmology, Medical University of Warsaw","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Kamil","middleName":"","lastName":"Szulborski","suffix":""},{"id":294897624,"identity":"78805fa9-a7d1-4512-bf47-b369bb22beff","order_by":4,"name":"Jacek P Szaflik","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Department of Ophthalmology, Medical University of Warsaw","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Jacek","middleName":"P","lastName":"Szaflik","suffix":""},{"id":294897625,"identity":"c2006865-4ddb-4746-ae1f-a9aacdf143dc","order_by":5,"name":"Monika Ołdak","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Department of Histology and Embryology, Medical University of Warsaw","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Monika","middleName":"","lastName":"Ołdak","suffix":""},{"id":294897626,"identity":"c7c3d76f-e6dd-4829-8a31-05b1c82f93f6","order_by":6,"name":"Artur Marchewka","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Laboratory of Brain Imaging, Neurobiology Center, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Artur","middleName":"","lastName":"Marchewka","suffix":""},{"id":294897627,"identity":"ec8b05e5-8c7e-489f-9a17-21ee67319233","order_by":7,"name":"Kalina Burnat","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA6ElEQVRIiWNgGAWjYBACCQYeCIMfTB6QABIJQFxAWIuEZAOKFgMitBgcAGthIKxFsoH3mHTlDrs649vNxx78OGPBwM+eY8BcgEeLNANfmuTZM8kSZneOpRv23JBgkOx5Y8A8A48WOQYeM8nGNmYJsxs5ZtIMHyQYDG4AbeEhrKVewnhG/jewFntCWqQhWg5LGEjksEkzAB0GZODXItnMl2zZ2HZccsaNNDPJnjMSPBJnnhUcxucXieO9B282tlXz889Ifibx41idHH978sbHBRW4tTAwo/HB0XQYjwYizRkFo2AUjIKRDQBv90SI9vxtrgAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==","orcid":"","institution":"Laboratory of Brain Imaging, Neurobiology Center, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Kalina","middleName":"","lastName":"Burnat","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2024-04-11 11:15:46","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4252067/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4252067/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[{"content":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-76879-9","type":"published","date":"2024-11-01T16:05:06+00:00"}],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":55552851,"identity":"0c1af67e-3a7a-4803-93a5-b224b10a30d9","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-04-29 22:18:14","extension":"png","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":74259,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eProcedure and motion-acuity task. \u003c/strong\u003e(\u003cstrong\u003eA\u003c/strong\u003e) The behavioral assessment of motion-acuity threshold lasted 40 minutes with a staircase procedure for both controls and RP patients; next, the controls repeated the task wearing the narrowing goggles for 40 minutes. (\u003cstrong\u003eB\u003c/strong\u003e) The fMRI protocol lasted 20 minutes with constant threshold presentation of motion-acuity tasks for both groups. Afterwards, for 15 minutes before the second scanning in goggles, the controls walked freely wearing goggles, and the procedure was then repeated in limited vision. The RP patients underwent the fMRI session only once, without goggles. (\u003cstrong\u003eC\u003c/strong\u003e) Stationary stimuli used for defining the baseline threshold. Gray circle and ellipse were shown on a white background. Note the difference between the initial staircase level and the final staircase level: on the initial one, the two shapes are clearly different; the more correct responses the participants gave, the more similar the shapes became, reaching the final threshold. (\u003cstrong\u003eD\u003c/strong\u003e) The motion-acuity tasks in two contrasts, negative (black dots on a white background) and positive (white dots on a black background) at two velocities, fast (dots in shapes moving at 10 deg/s while dots on the background moving at 20 deg/s) and slow (dots in shapes moving at 1 deg/s while dots on the background moving at 2 deg/s).\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"Figure1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4252067/v1/a659cefa0ac052b65a07f077.png"},{"id":55552850,"identity":"14c516d3-7dc3-4b55-904a-6f572691cc16","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-04-29 22:18:14","extension":"png","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":54897,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eIn the RP patients, positive contrast at slow velocity does not significantly impair motion acuity. \u003c/strong\u003eIndividual thresholds for minimal perceived differences between circle and ellipse dimensions in visual degrees for the control group in full vision, in limited vision and for the RP patients. (\u003cstrong\u003eA\u003c/strong\u003e) Negative contrast motion-acuity task: each black circle represents the individual threshold. (\u003cstrong\u003eB\u003c/strong\u003e) Positive contrast motion-acuity task: each white circle represents the individual threshold. Left panels, tasks in high velocity (10/20 degs), right panels, tasks in slow velocity (1/2 deg/s). Note that the thresholds in positive contrast tasks for the fast velocity do not reveal significant differences between RP patients and controls. The dark gray rectangles denote 0.15 degrees = 20/60, as measured by the Snellen letter chart. Asterisks indicate significance: **p\u0026lt;0.005, ****p\u0026lt;0.00005; mean value and standard error.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"Figure2.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4252067/v1/ac493f1ddccbeb30be7a2287.png"},{"id":55553311,"identity":"f604398b-dfc1-4fea-91e1-c0afd916b13d","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-04-29 22:26:14","extension":"png","order_by":3,"title":"Figure 3","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":185066,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eThe difference between RP patients and the control group in full and limited vision. The exemplificatory retinotopic maps and whole-brain activations. \u003c/strong\u003eThe retinotopic eccentricity map for V1-3 for a control in (\u003cstrong\u003eA\u003c/strong\u003e) full and (\u003cstrong\u003eB\u003c/strong\u003e) limited vision conditions (subject #33) and for (\u003cstrong\u003eC\u003c/strong\u003e) an RP patient (patient #13) for the left and right hemisphere. The eccentricity is color-coded from red, representing the foveal position, to blue, representing the peripheral position. Note the characteristic lack of blue color depicting the peripheral location within the visual field in RP patients, compared to the slight difference between controls in full and limited vision. Statistical maps show whole-brain activations for (\u003cstrong\u003eD\u003c/strong\u003e) controls: full \u0026gt; limited and for (\u003cstrong\u003eE\u003c/strong\u003e) controls: limited \u0026gt; full. Note the lack of differences in the V1-3 areas. Statistical maps for V1-3 visual areas for (\u003cstrong\u003eF\u003c/strong\u003e) full \u0026gt; RP and (\u003cstrong\u003eG\u003c/strong\u003e) limited \u0026gt; RP contrasts. Note how V1-3 activations differ only for the peripheral representation of the visual field, while the foveal representation (i.e., occipital pole) is not different. FWE cluster corrected at p\u0026lt;0.05. Medial and lateral views of the left (labeled as L) and right (labeled as R) hemispheres are shown. Anterior Insular Cortex (aIC), Frontal Operculum (FO), Putamen, Middle Temporal Gyrus (MT), Superior Temporal Gyrus (supTG); Limited \u0026gt; full (\u003cstrong\u003eE\u003c/strong\u003e): dorsal Anterior Cingulate Cortex (dACC), Postcentral Gyrus (postCG). On (\u003cstrong\u003eF\u003c/strong\u003e) and (\u003cstrong\u003eG\u003c/strong\u003e) the dashed line depicts the position of the calcarine sulcus and divides dorsal and ventral visual areas V1-3, the curved vertical black line indicates the cortical representation of the central visual field which is not different between groups and black horizontal lines depict the border of the visual areas. The scale depicts the percent of BOLD change.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"Figure3.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4252067/v1/2c08b746cb9e210f113b64d0.png"},{"id":55552855,"identity":"1da73d8e-1251-40a3-8e19-de9c87f2d863","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-04-29 22:18:14","extension":"png","order_by":4,"title":"Figure 4","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":153595,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eWhole-brain activations\u003c/strong\u003e \u003cstrong\u003eof RP patients show lower activations than controls in full and limited vision. \u003c/strong\u003e(\u003cstrong\u003eA\u003c/strong\u003e)\u003cstrong\u003e \u003c/strong\u003eStatistical maps for full \u0026gt; RP contrast and (\u003cstrong\u003eB\u003c/strong\u003e) for limited \u0026gt; RP. Precentral Gyrus (preCG), middle-superior frontal gyrus (mid/supFG), Anterior Insular Cortex (aIC), Frontal Operculum (FO), Middle Temporal Gyrus (MT), Superior Temporal Gyrus (supTG), Posterior Cingulate Cortex (PCC), dorsal Anterior Cingulate Cortex (dACC), postcentral Gyrus (postCG), Supplementary Motor Area (SMA). Other denotations as in Figure 3. All significant clusters for the contrasts full \u0026gt; limited and full \u0026gt; RP are reported in Tables 2 and 3.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"Figure4.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4252067/v1/79301509d695531ba8e5437f.png"},{"id":55552858,"identity":"3f45d8cd-3446-4518-9129-ecf09212d43d","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-04-29 22:18:14","extension":"png","order_by":5,"title":"Figure 5","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":175914,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMotion and spatial processing brain regions with matching activations to the loss of the peripheral visual field in RP patients and controls in limited vision.\u003c/strong\u003e \u003cstrong\u003e(A)\u003c/strong\u003e The peripheral loss in RP patients and controls in limited vision leads to similar lower activations in the medial temporal gyrus (MT) associated with motion processing and \u003cstrong\u003e(B)\u003c/strong\u003e in the right superior temporal gyrus (supTG), engaged in spatial processing. \u003cstrong\u003e(C)\u003c/strong\u003e The lower activations of the right posterior cingulate cortex (PCC) for RP compared to controls in full and limited vision. Note the overlay marked by white arrows for the right dorsal Anterior Cingulate Cortex (dACC) and for the V1-3 areas. Top and middle sections show activations for motion-acuity tasks shown also inflated brains in Figures 3 and 4. The bottom sections show their overlays depicted by the white circles. The significant activations are marked for the contrasts: magenta for RP less than full, yellow for RP less than limited, and light blue for limited less than full.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"Figure5.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4252067/v1/9680e9505f0e0e8bb9dbccd6.png"},{"id":55552856,"identity":"28c38187-0821-409b-9894-52226e189753","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-04-29 22:18:14","extension":"png","order_by":6,"title":"Figure 6","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":223832,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eThe salience network brain regions with matching activations in RP patients and controls in limited vision as compared to the controls in full vision.\u003c/strong\u003e(\u003cstrong\u003eA\u003c/strong\u003e) The lower activations in the bilateral putamen in the controls in limited vision as compared to full vision and RP patients. (\u003cstrong\u003eB\u003c/strong\u003e) The RP patients exhibit lower activations in the left and right dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (dACC) as compared to the controls in full and limited vision. The zoomed-in rectangle insert on the bottom line for the right dACC shows the increased right dACC activation of controls in limited vision as compared to full. (\u003cstrong\u003eC\u003c/strong\u003e) The matched lower activation in bilateral anterior insular cortex (aIC) and frontal operculum (FO) in peripheral loss in controls in limited vision and RP patients. (\u003cstrong\u003eD\u003c/strong\u003e) Controls in limited vision had higher activation in the right postcentral gyrus (postCG) as compared to both controls in full vision and RP patients.\u003cstrong\u003e \u003c/strong\u003eOther denotations as in Figure 5.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"Figure6.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4252067/v1/801ecf57b4c3c41c48b30181.png"},{"id":68207414,"identity":"b640f183-d2fb-439c-a372-a33f833bc82e","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-11-04 16:37:14","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":2407531,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4252067/v1/366c93e7-9993-4d90-8941-f866f64310d0.pdf"},{"id":55552857,"identity":"86128b53-9084-45aa-b210-1fd6ac70863b","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-04-29 22:18:14","extension":"pdf","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"supplement","size":184699,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"SupplementaryFigure1withLegend.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4252067/v1/c95606d8ebed95a660a74609.pdf"},{"id":55552852,"identity":"435375ca-a48c-4e8e-8022-91fd7a1bf78e","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-04-29 22:18:14","extension":"pdf","order_by":2,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"supplement","size":80763,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"SupplementaryFigure2withLegend.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4252067/v1/dca73b3da414ba963bc822a8.pdf"},{"id":55552853,"identity":"9de2251b-03ec-458a-b38b-41d77c42b04b","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-04-29 22:18:14","extension":"xlsx","order_by":3,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"supplement","size":9521,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"SupplementaryTable1.xlsx","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4252067/v1/d631aa728fafb419fa136507.xlsx"},{"id":55553312,"identity":"e604cc84-8395-4969-ab5a-43d96b73d31e","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-04-29 22:26:14","extension":"xlsx","order_by":4,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"supplement","size":13767,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"SupplementaryTable2.xlsx","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4252067/v1/878fd3997a969bcda4ba5034.xlsx"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Quest for good vision without peripheries - behavioral and fMRI evidence","fulltext":[{"header":"Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eVisual processing, object recognition, and reading depend on sharp vision and the ability to distinguish dark elements in the scenery from the light ones. This separation between negative contrast and positive contrast bits of the visual scene starts already at the eye and is maintained at the level of the primary visual cortex\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. Resembling bird watching, when the dark birds on the brighter sky are separated by luminance contrast. Most natural visual scenes have a similar luminance structure: at the top, the large bright region, the sky, and below the darker regions with complicated textures and details\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. In natural environments, the detailed information about objects is predominantly carried by dark parts of the visual scene, which is reflected by the neuronal activity of the visual system up to the primary visual cortex (V1), which responds preferentially to the darks, when examined within the central 10 visual degrees\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e,\u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. The processing of lights and darks is segregated not only at the retina, but this segregation is maintained at the cortical level, where the processing of darks dominates the processing of lights, however these assumptions are based on stationary stimuli examination of the central V1\u003csup\u003e5,6,7,8\u003c/sup\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eLess is known about responsiveness to the specific visual stimulation of the peripheral vision, outside the sharp central 10 visual degrees\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. So far, it is accepted that low acuity and sensitivity to the fast motion velocities clearly differentiates peripheral from central visual processing\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. In the deprived animals, which could model congenital cataract, we showed that visual deprivation solely halts maturation of the cortical representation of the peripheral visual field in V1\u003csup\u003e11,12\u003c/sup\u003e. Furthermore, when tested in adulthood, animals with early visual impairment show deficiencies in discrimination of the motion signal in high velocity or motion signal carried by dark dots presented on the bright background\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. Surprisingly these findings are close to the description of the retinitis pigmentosa (RP) patients, who suffer from malfunction of the peripheral vision due to the photoreceptor degeneration of the peripheral regions of the retina. Therefore, we aimed at exploring the behavioral and cortical functions of the central and peripheral visual field. We modeled the loss of the visual periphery in the control group by mechanically limiting peripheral visual field, using in-house developed narrowing goggles. Using this novel approach, we aimed to differentiate the behavioral and cortical responses to short-time limiting of the peripheral visual field, in comparison with the long-time loss of peripheral input in RP patients.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRetinitis pigmentosa affects approximately 1 in 5000 individuals worldwide and is associated with mutations in about 90 different genes\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. Long-term retinal peripheral loss results in tunnel vision, impairing the patient\u0026rsquo;s daily life due to various visual dysfunctions, not yet fully described\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. The retinal thinning due to photoreceptor degeneration has been proven to be significantly correlated with lower visual acuity scores\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e and with lower ability to distinguish shapes and details even when wearing corrective lenses\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e16\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. At the level of the visual cortex, functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) studies show reduced cortical activity in V1, V2 and V3 in RP patients with the presentation of bright flashes and checkerboard patterns\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e17\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. Masuda and colleagues\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e18\u003c/span\u003e,\u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e19\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e exploring cortical responses to visual stimuli consisting of checkerboards and scrambled or intact faces, showed that when RP patients were asked to passively look at the stimuli, they exhibited either large unresponsive zones of V1 or responsive zones with reduced brain responses. Studies aimed at clinically assessing visual field loss in RP used automated static perimetry test\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e20\u003c/span\u003e,\u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e21\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e together with a wide range of clinical tests, separately examining central and peripheral vision\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e22\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. In the clinical context, ophthalmological tests of central and peripheral vision deficiencies are separated and acuity assessment is based exclusively on perception of stationary black stimuli on a white board, as in the Snellen letter chart.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTaking into account these limitations, we aimed to simultaneously explore motion and shape perception at the central and peripheral vision in healthy cohorts and in RP patients using a motion-acuity task developed by us\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e23\u003c/span\u003e,\u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e24\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. We measured acuity thresholds and motion perception simultaneously, using high and slow velocities and dark or light motion signals. Our novel approach permits assessing acuity thresholds using centrally located shapes in an active discrimination task and activating at the same time the peripheral vision with motion stimulation. We used discrimination of Efron shapes consisting of surface-matched shapes, previously used to describe developmental visual deficits\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e25\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. The motion-test is based on discrimination of centrally-located shapes, an ellipse and circle with matching surfaces built from random dot kinematograms (RDK), in negative or positive contrast (dark or light moving dots) separated from the same RDK background by velocity. The behavioral assessment of individual motion-acuity thresholds was followed by an fMRI session with the same stimuli at the individual threshold level. We modeled functions of the central and peripheral visual field in RP patients and in healthy controls with controlled peripheral stimulation of the retina by mechanically limiting the visual field with goggles. The control group was tested twice, in full unrestricted vision and with 15-minute prior testing limiting of visual peripheries by goggles. We tested in full vision, a genetically described group of 37 RP patients, with long-lasting loss of peripheral retina. The motion-acuity thresholds together with distinct cortical activations exhibited differences between RP patients and controls in full vision and limited peripheral vision conditions.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Results","content":"\u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eMotion-acuity assessment.\u003c/b\u003e The stationary baseline threshold (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003eC) did not differ between the controls in full and limited vision and the RP patients. For controls the stationary baseline threshold did not differ from any final motion-acuity thresholds. In contrast, for the RP patients the baseline threshold (values reported as mean\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;standard deviation; 0.159\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.09) was significantly lower compared to all tasks: in negative contrast in fast velocity (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001; 0.969\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.47) and in slow velocity (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001; 0.879\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.53) and in positive contrast in fast velocity (p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.001; 0.600\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.43) and in slow velocity (p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.002; 0.582\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.40).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe motion-acuity thresholds performed outside the scanner and the accuracy of the motion-acuity task performed during the fMRI procedure were analyzed using the same statistical approach. On Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e the significant main effects of the Bonferroni corrected post-hocs for separate motion-acuity tasks (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003eD) are shown.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eThe individual motion-acuity threshold differentiated RP patients.\u003c/b\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFor the comparison between controls in full and limited vision conditions, we found the main effect for the task (F\u003csub\u003e(3,239)\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;8.4032, p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.00002), but not for the vision condition. Motion-acuity thresholds between tasks were significantly higher for the negative contrast in fast velocity (0.36\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.22) than the positive contrast in slow velocity (0.18\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.13; p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.00006).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe comparison between controls in full vision and RP patients was significant for the task (F\u003csub\u003e(3,224)\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;5.8143, p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.0007) and for the group (F\u003csub\u003e(1,224)\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;71.3216, p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001). For the tasks, the motion-acuity thresholds were significantly higher for the RP patients in negative contrast (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003eA) in fast velocity (p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.00009; controls 0.37\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.25, RP 0.96\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.61) and in slow velocity (p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.0001; controls 0.30\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.30, RP 0.88\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.68). Motion-acuity thresholds were also significantly higher for the RP patients in the positive contrast, but only for the slow velocity (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003eB; p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.009, controls 0.17\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.15, RP 0.58\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.53).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe comparison between controls in limited vision and RP patients showed significant differences for the task (F\u003csub\u003e(3,223)\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;4.7058, p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.003) and for the group (F\u003csub\u003e(1,223)\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;74.3877, p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001). Similarly to the comparison between control full and RP patients the motion-acuity thresholds were significantly higher for the RP patients in negative contrast (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003eA) in fast velocity (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001; limited 0.35\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.19, RP 0.96\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.61) and in slow velocity (p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.0001; limited 0.25\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.13, RP 0.87\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.68) and in positive contrast in the slow velocity (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003eB; p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.017; limited 0.20\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.12, RP 0.58\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.53).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eBehavior during fMRI session - lowered accuracy in RP patients.\u003c/b\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe accuracy of the motion-acuity task performed at constant stimuli level during the fMRI procedure calculated as the percentage of correct responses did not differ between controls in full and limited vision.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe comparison between controls in full vision and RP patients revealed significant differences for task (F\u003csub\u003e(3,240)\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;2.918, p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.034) and group (F\u003csub\u003e(1,240)\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;111.388, p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001). The RP patients had lower percentage of correct responses in all motion-acuity tasks: negative contrast in fast velocity condition (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001: controls 99.03% \u0026plusmn; 3.96, RP 48.06% \u0026plusmn; 46.50) and slow velocity condition (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001: controls 97.41% \u0026plusmn; 5.14, RP 46.77% \u0026plusmn; 43.15); positive contrast in fast velocity condition (p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.003: controls 96.45% \u0026plusmn; 6.60, RP 67.09% \u0026plusmn; 39.42) and in slow velocity condition (p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.005: controls 99.67% \u0026plusmn; 1.79, RP 71.29% \u0026plusmn; 37.39). Similarly, for the controls in limited vision and RP patients, we found significant differences for task (F\u003csub\u003e(3,240)\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;3.009, p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.030) and group (F\u003csub\u003e(1,240)\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;104.905, p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001). The RP patients also had lower percentage of correct responses in all motion-acuity tasks: negative contrast in fast velocity condition (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001: controls 98.06% \u0026plusmn; 5.42; RP 48.06% \u0026plusmn; 46.50) and slow velocity condition (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001: controls 96.12% \u0026plusmn; 13.08; RP 46.77% \u0026plusmn; 43.15), positive contrast in fast velocity condition (p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.003: controls 96.77% \u0026plusmn; 5.99; RP 67.09% \u0026plusmn; 39.42) and slow velocity condition (p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.011: controls 98.70% \u0026plusmn; 4.27; RP 71.29% \u0026plusmn; 37.39).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eWhole-brain neuroimaging results\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFirstly, analyses were computed for all tasks. The comparisons have been performed using \u003cem\u003et contrasts\u003c/em\u003e, i.e., both directions have been investigated for the comparisons between: 1. controls in full and in limited vision, 2. controls in full vision and RP and 3. controls in limited vision and RP. The results for the \u003cem\u003et contrasts\u003c/em\u003e for the separate motion-acuity tasks are presented in Supplementary Fig.\u0026nbsp;1. For easier interpretation of the visual cortical activations, we show the cortical retinotopic map of the V1-3 areas in controls during full (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003eA) and in limited (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003eB) vision conditions, and in RP patients (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003eC).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eControls in limited vision differ from full vision\u003c/b\u003e in both directions, with significant differences for the group: full\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;limited (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003eD, k\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;127, p\u003csub\u003ecorr\u003c/sub\u003e= 0.003) and limited\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;full (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003eE, k\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;159, p\u003csub\u003ecorr\u003c/sub\u003e= 0.001), all significant clusters are listed in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e. There were no significant differences established for V1-3 areas. For the full\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;limited shown in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003eD, the significant clusters contained, bilateral: middle temporal gyrus (MT), putamen, anterior insular cortex (aIC), frontal operculum (FO) and right superior temporal gyrus (supTG). For the opposite comparison, limited\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;full, the significant clusters were detected only in the right hemisphere (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003eE): dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (dACC) and posterior central gyrus (postCG). Activations from the single tasks (fast negative contrast, slow negative contrast, fast positive contrast, slow positive contrast) did not differ between controls in full and limited vision.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLocal maxima for motion-acuity tasks for control full versus control limited\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"7\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMNI coordinates\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eContrast\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRegion\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCluster size\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eT\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ex\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ey\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ez\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFull\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;limited (all tasks)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eleft middle temporal gyrus\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e127\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.05\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-46\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-56\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eleft middle temporal gyrus\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.56\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-38\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-52\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eleft middle temporal gyrus\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.57\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-36\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-60\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eleft putamen\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1394\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.05\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-32\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eleft frontal operculum\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.52\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-44\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eleft frontal operculum\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.38\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-38\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eright putamen\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e887\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.76\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eright insular cortex\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.88\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e38\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eright insular cortex\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.71\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e36\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eright precentral gyrus\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e135\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.56\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e52\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eright frontal operculum\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.59\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eleft frontal operculum\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.32\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eright middle occipital gyrus\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e161\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.41\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e36\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-78\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eright middle temporal gyrus\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.59\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e40\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-70\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eright middle temporal gyrus\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.17\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e48\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-64\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eleft insular cortex\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e153\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.23\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-30\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-28\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eleft insular cortex\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.66\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-32\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eleft insular cortex\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.22\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-38\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-18\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eright cuneus\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e234\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.03\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-84\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e34\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eright cuneus\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.84\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e26\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-80\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e36\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eright superior temporal gyrus\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e259\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.89\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e60\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eright middle temporal gyrus\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.82\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-44\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eright superior temporal gyrus\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.80\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e52\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-36\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eleft hippocampus\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e464\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.82\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-14\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-26\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-14\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eleft hippocampus\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.77\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-14\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-34\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eleft hippocampus\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.67\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-22\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-48\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLimited\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;full (all tasks)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eright anterior cingulate cortex\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e216\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.72\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e28\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eright anterior cingulate cortex\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.13\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e38\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eright anterior cingulate cortex\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e42\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eright postcentral gyrus\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e159\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.36\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e54\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eright postcentral gyrus\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.27\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e44\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-16\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e48\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eright postcentral gyrus\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.65\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e42\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-18\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e58\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eRP patients exhibited reduced cortical responses compared to controls in full vision\u003c/b\u003e, with significant differences for full vision controls\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;RP (k\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;139, p\u003csub\u003ecorr\u003c/sub\u003e= 0.003), all significant clusters are listed in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e. The V1-3 areas differed in RP patients from controls in full (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003eF), however the foveal representation in V1-3 remained unchanged. The significant clusters for full\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;RP (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003eA) also contained bilateral: posterior/dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (PCC and dACC), precentral gyrus (preCG); left: mid-superior frontal gyrus (mid/supFG), MT, FO and aIC and right supTG. The t-tests for separate motion-acuity tasks showed significantly higher activations in the controls in full vision as compared to RP patients for the negative contrast in fast velocity (k\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1675, p\u003csub\u003ecorr\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026lt; 0.001), in slow velocity (k\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;188, p\u003csub\u003ecorr\u003c/sub\u003e= 0.003) and for the positive contrast in fast velocity (k\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;153, p\u003csub\u003ecorr\u003c/sub\u003e= 0.013) and in slow velocity (k\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;169, p\u003csub\u003ecorr\u003c/sub\u003e= 0.009). Overall the results showed differences with the controls in full vision only within the visual areas V1-3, outside central visual field representation and, for the negative contrast in slow velocity also in the left preCG (Supplementary Fig.\u0026nbsp;1). The tasks in negative contrast resulted in larger clusters of activation compared to tasks in positive contrast (Supplementary Table\u0026nbsp;1).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab2\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 2\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLocal maxima for motion-acuity tasks for control full versus RP patients\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"7\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMNI coordinates\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eContrast\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRegion\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCluster size\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eT\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ex\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ey\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ez\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eControls\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;RP (all tasks)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eright V1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5729\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.28\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-88\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eright V1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.89\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-84\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eleft V1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-80\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eright superior frontal gyrus\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e139\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.68\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e32\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e56\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eright anterior cingulate cortex\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.32\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e58\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eleft frontal operculum\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e992\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.46\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-44\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eleft insular cortex\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.63\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-34\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eleft insular cortex\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.45\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-34\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eleft middle frontal gyrus\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1424\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.07\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-42\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e54\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eleft precentral gyrus\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.06\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-36\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-14\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e64\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eleft supplementary motor area\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.78\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e68\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eright superior frontal gyrus\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e532\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.43\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e26\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e62\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eright superior frontal gyrus\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.65\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e62\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eright middle frontal gyrus\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.40\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e28\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e54\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eright anterior cingulate cortex\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e395\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.42\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eright anterior cingulate cortex\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.40\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e28\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e28\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eright anterior cingulate cortex\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.03\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e44\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e28\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eleft superior frontal gyrus\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e203\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.79\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-22\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e52\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eleft middle frontal gyrus\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.91\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-30\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eleft middle frontal gyrus\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.61\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-28\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e44\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eright superior temporal gyrus\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e467\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.64\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e66\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-36\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eright superior temporal gyrus\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.47\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e64\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-46\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eright superior temporal gyrus\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.13\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e54\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-38\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e26\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eright frontal operculum\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e397\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.55\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e54\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eright insular cortex\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.40\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e34\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eright insular cortex\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.77\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eleft posterior cingulate cortex\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1263\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.45\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-44\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eleft posterior cingulate cortex\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.30\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-34\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e36\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eleft posterior cingulate cortex\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.07\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-46\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e40\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eright precentral gyrus\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e398\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.43\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e54\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e42\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eright precentral gyrus\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.06\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e40\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e48\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eright precentral gyrus\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.02\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e42\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e40\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eleft middle temporal gyrus\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e148\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.33\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-42\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-54\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eleft middle temporal gyrus\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-46\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-58\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eleft middle temporal gyrus\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.76\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-52\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-56\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eright precuneus\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e154\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.13\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-54\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e58\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eright precuneus\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.38\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-54\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e66\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eright precuneus\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.38\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e28\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-56\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e44\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eleft middle temporal gyrus\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e148\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.96\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-54\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-18\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eleft middle temporal gyrus\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.17\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-60\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-28\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eleft middle temporal gyrus\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.85\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-60\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-24\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-16\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eleft postcentral gyrus\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e172\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.58\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-40\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-34\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e44\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eleft postcentral gyrus\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.06\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-36\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-34\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e36\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eleft postcentral gyrus\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.94\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-28\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-44\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e42\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eright supplementary motor cortex\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e153\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.53\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e52\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eleft supplementary motor cortex\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.99\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e58\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eleft supplementary motor cortex\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.81\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-60\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e42\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab3\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 3\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLocal maxima for motion-acuity tasks for control limited versus RP patients\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"7\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMNI coordinates\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eContrast\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRegion\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCluster size\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eT\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ex\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ey\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ez\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLimited\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;RP (all tasks)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eright V2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1374\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.16\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-92\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eleft V1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.45\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-14\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-88\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eright V1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.33\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-84\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eright superior frontal gyrus\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3542\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.78\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e26\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e64\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eright anterior cingulate cortex\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.44\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e26\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eright superior frontal gyrus\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.97\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e52\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e36\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eleft precentral gyrus\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1021\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.31\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-34\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-14\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e66\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eleft postcentral gyrus\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.65\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-42\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-26\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e64\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eleft postcentral gyrus\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.62\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-46\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e56\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eleft superior frontal gyrus\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1009\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.80\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-24\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e52\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eleft middle frontal gyrus\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.68\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-34\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e60\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eleft middle frontal gyrus\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.65\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-30\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e54\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eleft superior frontal gyrus\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e217\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.60\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-16\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e26\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e62\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eleft supplementary motor area\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e68\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eleft supplementary motor area\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.38\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-18\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e58\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eleft V1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e201\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.90\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-26\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-64\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eleft fusiform gyrus\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.29\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-36\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-64\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eleft V1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.23\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-26\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-66\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003elobule IV-V of vermis\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e252\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.55\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-62\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eleft lobule VI of cerebellum\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.25\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-68\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eright lobule of vermis\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.22\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-54\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eright posterior cingulate gyrus\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e507\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.51\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-44\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eleft middle cingulate gyrus\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.25\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-26\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e44\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eleft middle cingulate gyrus\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-18\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-40\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e44\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRP\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;limited (all tasks)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eleft frontal operculum\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e330\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.19\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-34\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eleft putamen\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.56\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-26\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eleft putamen\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.21\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-30\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eright putamen\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e295\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.43\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eright frontal operculum\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e46\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eright putamen\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.98\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eRP patients differ from controls in limited vision in both directions\u003c/b\u003e, with significant differences for the group for the limited\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;RP (k\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;201, p\u003csub\u003ecorr\u003c/sub\u003e= 0.004), and also for RP\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;limited (k\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;295, p\u003csub\u003ecorr\u003c/sub\u003e= 0.001), all significant clusters are listed in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e. Similarly to the comparison with controls in full vision, the peripheral parts of V1-3 areas differed bilaterally in RP patients; however, the cluster size for the limited\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;RP was smaller (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003eG).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHigher activations for the limited\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;RP (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003eB) included: bilateral clusters for midFG, postCG, SMA and dACC and right: supFG and PCC. Separate t-tests for each task (Supplementary Table\u0026nbsp;1) showed higher activation in V1-2 for the control limited group only in motion acuity tasks in the negative contrast in fast velocity (k\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;175, p\u003csub\u003ecorr\u003c/sub\u003e= 0.001) and slow (k\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;152, p\u003csub\u003ecorr\u003c/sub\u003e= 0.002). These small V1-2 significant clusters outside central visual field representation were only found in the right hemisphere (Supplementary Fig.\u0026nbsp;2).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec4\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eMatching activations\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eBilateral lower activations in peripheral visual field representation in the V1-3 areas and in dACC of RP patients were matched in both comparisons with controls in full vision condition marked by yellow, and with controls in limited vision condition marked by pink, as shown in Figs.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e and \u003cspan refid=\"Fig6\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eThe motion and spatial processing brain regions.\u003c/b\u003e Controls in limited vision and RP patients showed matched overlaid lower activations compared to controls in the full vision condition bilaterally in the motion-processing area MT (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003eA, blue and pink respectively), with a smaller cluster for the right MT in RP patients (k\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;78, T stats\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;4.35, pink Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003eA) and in the spatial-processing right supTG (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003eB). We found overlapping lower activation in the RP patients compared to controls in full and limited vision conditions in the right PCC (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003eC, yellow and pink).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eThe salience network brain regions.\u003c/b\u003e Surprisingly, controls in limited vision compared with the RP patients exhibited lower bilateral activation in the bilateral putamen (green, Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig6\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003eA) matching with also lower activation compared with controls in full vision (larger cluster size, light blue, Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig6\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003eA). The matching lower activations in the RP patients, compared to the controls in full and limited vision, were found in the bilateral dACC (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig6\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003eB pink and yellow respectively, compare Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003eC). In contrast, the right dACC in controls in limited vision showed significant increase in activation compared to controls in full vision and RP patients (insert in the lower row in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig6\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003eB, dark blue and yellow respectively). Matching lower activations in RP patients and in controls in limited vision as compared to controls in full vision were also found bilaterally in the areas aIC and FO (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig6\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003eC, pink and blue respectively). Controls in limited vision had higher activation in the right postCG compared to both controls in full vision and RP patients (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig6\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003eD, dark blue and yellow respectively).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003eWe aimed to explore the consequences of limiting the peripheral visual field input, either due to the long-term progression of photoreceptor degeneration in RP or due to the transient limiting of peripheral vision in healthy controls. We showed that limiting vision in controls does not affect the motion-acuity thresholds, but results in different brain activations, revealing prompt implementation of the perceptually successful strategy. The RP patients had impaired motion-acuity thresholds and a distinct pattern of brain activations compared to controls in full vision with vastly decreased response within peripheral primary visual areas V1-3.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe processing of lights and darks is segregated not only at the retina, but this segregation is maintained at the cortical level, where the processing of darks dominates processing of lights. These assumptions are based on stationary stimuli stimulation and examining the representation of the central visual field within the V1\u003csup\u003e5,6,7,8\u003c/sup\u003e. For the contrast-dependent motion stimulation we know much less: previously the behavioral best accuracy was shown for positive contrast slow velocity bar detection\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e26\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. Here we apply the motion-acuity task in two contrasts engaging both stationary and motion perception\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e23\u003c/span\u003e,\u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e24\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. In line with facilitation for positive contrast slow motion\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e26\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e, we show that the easiest task for healthy controls was the slow velocity positive contrast motion-acuity task compared to the high-velocity negative contrast motion-acuity task, irrespective of full or limited visual condition. Shown here impaired motion-acuity negative contrast processing in RP patients is in line with their retinal deficiencies. Patients with RP suffer from dysregulation between central and peripheral retina due to photoreceptor degeneration. Photoreceptor not only affects the whole peripheral retina dominated by rod photoreceptors highly sensitive to blacks and whites\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e27\u003c/span\u003e,\u003cspan citationid=\"CR28\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e28\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e, but also specifically the rods within the central retina\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e29\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. RP patients also suffer from night blindness and deficits in dark adaptation\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR30\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e30\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. The visual acuity of RP patients measured by high-contrast black letter discrimination depends on overall luminance and is significantly lowered by the presence of a strong peripheral illumination source\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR31\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e31\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRP patients, as confirmed here within early visual areas V1-3 and by Ferreira and colleagues\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR32\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e32\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e in V1, exhibit lower activations within cortical representation of the peripheral visual field in V1-3. RP patients show less sensitivity to fast velocity for negative contrast motion-acuity thresholds. It is accepted that sensitivity to fast velocity is a feature which clearly differentiates peripheral visual processing from central\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR33\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e33\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn RP patients, exploratory motor behavior and saccadic movements are impaired\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR34\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e34\u003c/span\u003e,\u003cspan citationid=\"CR35\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e35\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e which may be reflected by their lower activation in the preCG compared to controls in full vision. Higher preCG gray matter volume was found to be correlated with efficient antisaccade behavior and maintenance of the saccadic motor behavior plan in healthy participants\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e, which is disorganized in RP patients. On the contrary, RP patients, as well as controls in full vision had higher activation of the bilateral putamen compared to controls in limited vision. The basal ganglia, of which the putamen is part, are involved in the cortico-basal ganglia-thalamocortical circuit\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR36\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e36\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e with a pivotal role in motor\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR37\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e37\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e and oculomotor functions\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR38\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e38\u003c/span\u003e,\u003cspan citationid=\"CR39\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e39\u003c/span\u003e,\u003cspan citationid=\"CR40\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e40\u003c/span\u003e,\u003cspan citationid=\"CR41\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e41\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e (rev. Alexander et al., 1990; rev. Harting and Updyke, 2006; Phillips and Everling, 2012; Kunimatsu et al., 2019). It is likely that, since the disorganized saccadic behavior in RP patients, the putamen requires higher activation to achieve exploratory control.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCohen and colleagues\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR42\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e42\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e (2021) described how in the corticostriatal loop, the putamen and dACC have complementary roles during learning behavior in a visual classification task, using single-unit recordings in the macaque brain. They showed the engagement of the dACC when new behavioral strategies were adopted, followed by activation of the putamen after a series of successful trials, linked to higher confidence and reinforcement of the learned behavior. We found such a relation between the dACC and putamen for controls in the limited vision condition: higher activation for the dACC and lower for the putamen. The highly engaged right dACC for the controls in limited vision reflects adapting to new strategies, while the lower activation of the putamen possibly reflects lack of confidence in solving the task during the transient loss of periphery\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR42\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e42\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e (Cohen et al., 2021). However, for the long-term RP patients, the bilateral lower activation of the dACC compared to controls possibly reflects their adjustment to the high-conflict cognitive demanding environment of the progressive low vision illness. In fact, the dACC is also engaged in tasks involving high-conflict trials such as Stroop test\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR43\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e43\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e (David et al., 2005) and in tasks with cognitive interference, such as identifying the position of a target digit in an array of three numbers\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR44\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e44\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e (Sheth et al., 2013). Possibly this decrease in activation during highly demanding and known motion-acuity tasks is similar to the decrease reported for procrastinating subjects under pressure of punishment, in contrast to the increase of dACC activity in low procrastinating subjects\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR45\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e45\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e (Wypych et. al., 2019).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFurthermore, the increased activation for the limited controls within the dACC and postCG was specific to the right hemisphere, likely linked to a general mobilization of the right hemisphere attention network in the demanding visual condition\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR46\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e46\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e (Weintraub and Mesulam, 1987).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRP patients and controls in limited vision shared a similar pattern of activations compared with controls in full vision. Both cohorts showed bilaterally decreased activations in the motion sensitive area MT\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR47\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e47\u003c/span\u003e,\u003cspan citationid=\"CR48\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e48\u003c/span\u003e,\u003cspan citationid=\"CR49\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e49\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e (Tootell et al., 1995; Huk et al., 2002; Gao et al., 2020) and right spatial processing supTG area. Lesioned right supTG has been shown to affect spatial processing and awareness in patients suffering from hemispatial neglect\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR50\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e50\u003c/span\u003e,\u003cspan citationid=\"CR51\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e51\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e (Karnath et al., 2001; visual search Gharabaghi et al., 2006). Moreover, transcranial magnetic stimulation of the right supTG impairs stimulus-centered spatial processing leading to lowered accuracy\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR52\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e52\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e (Shah-Basak et al., 2018). It is likely that generally narrowing the visual field leads to deficitary spatial processing reflected by the lower activation of the right supTG in RP patients and controls in limited vision. The similar pattern of decreased activations for loss of peripheral vision in RP patients and controls was also observed in FO and aIC. The aIC, together with the dACC are the major nodes in processing salient stimuli and they present connectivity with limbic structures involved in reward and motivation\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR53\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e53\u003c/span\u003e,\u003cspan citationid=\"CR54\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e54\u003c/span\u003e,\u003cspan citationid=\"CR55\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e55\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e (rev. Menon and Uddin, 2010; Seeley et al., 2007; Uddin 2015). An fMRI study aiming to investigate the neural correlates of performance monitoring on 18 healthy participants in a virtual reality-based setting, where they had to perform repetitive grasp actions paced by the size changes of the fixation cross, showed activation in FO during goal-directed hands movement involved in attentional control\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR56\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e56\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e (Quirmbach and Limanowski, 2022). The recruitment of the FO has also been analyzed for visual images, nonwords and abstract letter-like symbols during tasks of visual or semantic classification, timing, naming and visual search. The FO is likely to have a role in goal-directed tasks that overlap between task modalities\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR57\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e57\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e (Dosenbach et al., 2006).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWe know that introducing rehabilitation procedures is challenging, as RP patients become aware of the presence of blind spots in the peripheral visual field only at the late stages of disease progression\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR58\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e58\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e (Hamel, 2006). Until now, successful rehabilitation procedures have been directed towards parts of the retina unaffected by RP, for example diode micropulse laser monocular treatment applied at the foveal region of the retina\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR59\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e59\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e (Luttrull, 2018). The V1 cortical representation of the peripheral retina is the target of the multimodal response described in blindness\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR60\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e60\u003c/span\u003e,\u003cspan citationid=\"CR61\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e61\u003c/span\u003e,\u003cspan citationid=\"CR62\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e62\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e (Eckert et al., 2008; Striem-Amit et al., 2015; Sabbah et al., 2016). In RP patients, the multimodal response can be detrimental for the visual functions of the peripheral vision, therefore strengthening the healthy strategies revealed in controls in limited vision may potentially help to halt such response, leading to a better functional compensation for the visual impairments.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Materials and Methods","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec7\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e1. Participants\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eWe tested thirty-seven RP patients (16 males, 21 females) aged 28–62 (mean age = 43.83 ± 9.66) and forty-six healthy participants (control group; 21 males, 25 females) aged 20–63 (mean age = 36.67 ± 12.38). From the cohort of RP patients we analyzed only data from participants who performed both behavioral and neuroimaging sessions. After finishing the data collection, we matched controls with the RP patients group using gender and age. Final analyses were conducted on 31 RP patients (13 males, 18 females; age 43.13 ± 9.75) and 31 controls (14 males, 17 females; age 41.77 ± 10.91). Genetic probands for all RP patients were sequenced with RP-LCA smMIPs platform. The final diagnosis was established after ophthalmological examination and with OCT (optical coherence tomography), FA (fluorescein angiography) and electrophysiological testing (flash electroretinography, FERG). Patient clinical and genetic data are listed in Supplementary Table\u0026nbsp;2. The control group had normal or corrected-to-normal visual acuity. All participants reported no history of psychiatric or neurological disorders. Written consent was obtained from all participants, ensuring that they understood the general purpose of the experiment and the potential risks associated with the MRI procedures. All procedures were performed in accordance with the relevant guidelines and regulations, and approval was obtained by the Bioethical Committee at the Medical University of Warsaw granted to J. Szaflik, KB/157/2017.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec8\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2. Procedure\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe experiment conducted at the Laboratory of Brain Imaging (Neurobiology Center, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Warsaw) consisted of two parts performed on the same day: first behavioral measurement of motion-acuity thresholds conducted outside the MRI scanner and a subsequent neuroimaging session (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003eA,B). In controls, to transiently limit the peripheral visual field, we developed a narrowing system using swimming goggles, with transparent lenses replaced with white opaque ones\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e24\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e (Ninghetto et al., 2024). These opaque lenses had an aperture of 1.4 mm that limited the visual field to the central 10 deg. To make the goggles suitable for every subject and to account for the natural individual interocular distance, we made 14 pairs of goggles with holes spaced from 58 mm to 72 mm (with a step of 1 mm between each pair of goggles). After the behavioral part repeated in goggles, participants underwent an fMRI procedure (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003eB), where, similarly, the control group first performed the scanning session in an unrestricted vision condition. Afterwards, for 15 minutes before the second scanning in goggles, subjects walked freely wearing goggles, and the procedure was then repeated. The RP patients underwent the fMRI session only once, without goggles. The entire experimental session lasted approximately one and a half hours for the control group and approximately one hour for the RP patients.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec9\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e3. Motion-acuity task\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eFirst, individual baseline thresholds were measured using stationary, solid gray figures (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003eC). The subjects were asked to choose the circle from the surface-matched ellipse. The ellipse aspect ratio changed according to the individual performance from elongated to circular. These individual baseline thresholds were used to set the baseline difficulty for the following motion-acuity measurements and fMRI sessions.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWe used a motion-acuity test\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e23\u003c/span\u003e,\u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e24\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e (Kozak et al., 2021; Ninghetto et al., 2024) in which participants had to discriminate between a circle (S+) and a vertically oriented ellipse (S-), composed of an RDK separated from the RDK background by the dots’ velocity. S+, S- and the background consisted of dots moving coherently upward; dots within S+/- moved slower than the background dots. We tested velocity in two velocity conditions: fast, 10/20 deg/s. and slow, 1/5 deg/s. The motion-acuity test was performed in two contrast conditions: positive, bright dots on a dark background and negative, dark dots on a bright background. S + and S- were simultaneously displayed within the central 10 deg. Depending on the position of S + relatively to the central fixation, the participants had to press the left or right button on the response pad. Each subsequent trial started after the subject responded, or after 10 seconds if no response was given. The difficulty of the test increased as the ellipse became more circular until the acuity threshold was reached. The individual threshold assessment was performed with an adaptive staircase procedure\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e24\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e (Ninghetto et al., 2024).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDuring the following fMRI procedure, the motion-acuity tasks were performed at the constant individual difficulty, based on the baseline threshold acquired at the beginning of the procedure (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003eC). The fMRI motion-acuity estimate consisted of six blocks of 10 trials per task (10 s stimulation, 20 s interstimulus interval) with dots moving coherently upward at slow and high velocity in negative or in positive contrast. During the 20 seconds interstimulus interval, a plain gray screen was displayed. The participants were requested to use the response pad to show the position of the circle (S+), while the ellipse length/width ratio remained constant.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec10\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e4. fMRI acquisition and preprocessing\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcquisition was performed using a 3-Tesla MRI Scanner (Siemens Magnetom Trio TIM, Erlangen, Germany), with a 12-channel phased-array head coil. A structural T1-weighted image (repetition time = 2530 ms, echo time = 3.32 ms) was acquired for each participant. Evoked blood oxygenation level-dependent (BOLD) responses were obtained using a T2*-weighted gradient echo-planar-imaging sequence with the following parameters: repetition time = 2500 ms, echo time = 28 ms, flip angle = 80°, field of view = 504 × 504, and 72 axial slices with 3 mm slice thickness and no gap between slices. Each functional run comprised 92 volumes. Motion-acuity stimuli were presented on a 32'' LCD rear-projection screen with a resolution of 1920 x 1080 pixels, an active area of 69.8 x 39.3 cm, and a refresh rate of 120 Hz (BOLD Screen 32, Cambridge Research Systems).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eStandard preprocessing was performed using SPM12 (Wellcome Trust Center for Neuroimaging, London, UK), including distortion correction for magnetic field inhomogeneities, motion correction through realignment to the first acquired image, coregistration of the anatomical image to the mean functional image, segmentation of the coregistered structural image using default tissue probability maps, and normalization to the MNI space with voxel size 2x2x2. Movement regressors were incorporated into the design matrix using the ART toolbox to identify and exclude motion-affected volumes exceeding a threshold of 3 mm and a rotation threshold of 0.05 radians.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec11\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e5. Statistical analysis\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eTo investigate the differences between individual motion-acuity thresholds measured in behavioral procedure we performed three separated full factorial GLM analyses for the comparisons:1 controls in full vision with controls in limited vision, 2. the RP patients with controls in full vision and 3. the RP patients with controls in limited vision. We included the tasks (4 levels: fast negative contrast, slow negative contrast, fast positive contrast, slow positive contrast) and the group (control in full and limited vision; control in full vision and RP; control in limited vision and RP) as factors. We examined post hoc results using Bonferroni correction. Using the same GLM design, we also investigated the percentage of correct responses to the constant motion-acuity task in fMRI.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFor investigating the differences in whole brain cortical responses to the motion-acuity tasks as a main factor, we computed three separate t-tests using the SPM12 toolbox, on matched groups for 1. controls in full versus limited vision condition, 2. controls in full vision versus the RP patients and, 3. controls in limited vision versus RP patients. Further separate t-tests for each motion-acuity task (fast velocity in negative contrast, slow velocity in negative contrast, fast velocity in positive contrast and slow velocity in positive contrast) were performed. The t-tests were performed using \u003cem\u003et contrasts\u003c/em\u003e to investigate differences in both directions. The significance level for all analyses was set at p \u0026lt; 0.05. Family-Wise Error (FWE) correction was applied with a significance threshold of FWE-corrected p \u0026lt; 0.001 to address multiple comparisons.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e "},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eData Availability/ Availability of Data and Materials\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eOphthalmological, behavioral results, and fMRI data analysis will be made available to clinicians or researchers that request it within the formal bounds of ethics and what might otherwise be considered ethically appropriate.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eKremkow, J., Jin, J., Wang, Y., \u0026amp; Alonso, J. M. (2016). 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Increased functional connectivity between language and visually deprived areas in late and partial blindness. \u003cem\u003eNeuroImage, \u003c/em\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e136, \u003c/strong\u003e162\u0026ndash;173. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2016.04.056\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":true,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"scientific-reports","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"scirep","sideBox":"Learn more about [Scientific Reports](http://www.nature.com/srep/)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"","title":"Scientific Reports","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"stoa","reportingPortfolio":"Scientific Reports","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4252067/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4252067/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eIn healthy vision, bright slow-motion stimuli are primarily processed by regions of the visual system receiving input from the central part of the scene, while processing of the dark fast-motion stimuli is more dependent on the peripheral visual input. We tested 31 retinitis pigmentosa patients (RP) with long-term loss of peripheral photoreceptors and healthy controls with temporarily limited peripheral vision. We measured motion-based acuity, using random-dot kinematograms, establishing individual thresholds for differentiating circle from an ellipse. fMRI session with the task difficulty set at the constant level followed. We showed that limiting vision in controls does not affect the motion-acuity thresholds, but results in brain activations, different from RP patients, indicating prompt implementation of the perceptually successful strategy. Impaired motion-acuity in RP patients led to decreased brain activations compared to controls with full and limited vision and included strong response within peripheral primary visual areas V1-3. Importantly, lower activations in MT+/V5, in salience-processing cortices and in superior temporal cortex in RP patients were also detected in controls with limited peripheral vision, revealing brain networks which compensate for loss of peripheral vision.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Quest for good vision without peripheries - behavioral and fMRI evidence","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2024-04-29 22:18:09","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4252067/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"decision","content":"Revision requested","date":"2024-07-12T04:15:40+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2024-07-05T13:38:35+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2024-06-17T15:36:52+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"281518299462553054427675513184958142197","date":"2024-05-31T15:10:02+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"131834413484469592011637529925423389071","date":"2024-05-27T10:55:24+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2024-05-15T13:50:50+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2024-05-02T08:15:50+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvited","content":"","date":"2024-04-23T09:25:11+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"checksComplete","content":"","date":"2024-04-23T09:02:00+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"Scientific Reports","date":"2024-04-11T11:14:31+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"scientific-reports","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"scirep","sideBox":"Learn more about [Scientific Reports](http://www.nature.com/srep/)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"","title":"Scientific Reports","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"stoa","reportingPortfolio":"Scientific Reports","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"bad841e8-7401-46a3-81f8-3f80e15ec92d","owner":[],"postedDate":"April 29th, 2024","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"published-in-journal","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2024-11-04T16:30:32+00:00","versionOfRecord":{"articleIdentity":"rs-4252067","link":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-76879-9","journal":{"identity":"scientific-reports","isVorOnly":false,"title":"Scientific Reports"},"publishedOn":"2024-11-01 16:05:06","publishedOnDateReadable":"November 1st, 2024"},"versionCreatedAt":"2024-04-29 22:18:09","video":"","vorDoi":"10.1038/s41598-024-76879-9","vorDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-76879-9","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-4252067","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-4252067","identity":"rs-4252067","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"qtupq5eGEP_6zYnWcrvyt","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}