Comprehensive assessment of Saprolegniaceae in two Brazilian trout farms

Comprehensive assessment of Saprolegniaceae in two Brazilian trout farms | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Comprehensive assessment of Saprolegniaceae in two Brazilian trout farms Sarah Cristina Oliveira da Paixão, Marco Thines, Gustavo Henrique Jerônimo, and 1 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-7951886/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Under Review Version 1 posted 5 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Members of the family Saprolegniaceae are widely recognized as pathogens in salmonid aquaculture worldwide. In the present study, we investigated the presence and diversity of Saprolegniaceae in two trout farms located in Campos do Jordão, São Paulo State, Brazil. Sampling included the water supply, rearing tanks across various developmental stages of trout, as well as trout eggs and deceased fish. A total of 167 isolates were obtained using a baiting technique. These isolates were identified through both morphological and molecular analyses and were assigned to the genera Cokeria , Newbya , and Saprolegnia . Cokeria radiosa was the most frequently isolated species across the two farms. Notably, Newbya oblongata was sequenced for the first time and is here reported for the first time in Brazil. All species identified in this study have previously been reported in association with trout and trout eggs in other regions of the world. This study represents the first comprehensive assessment of Saprolegniaceae diversity in Brazilian trout farming systems. The findings contribute to a better understanding of the distribution and ecology of these zoosporic organisms in aquaculture environments and support future efforts in monitoring and managing potential pathogenic species in fish farming operations. diversity Oomycota phylogeny Saprolegniales taxonomy Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Introduction Members of the family Saprolegniaceae ( Saprolegniales , Oomycota , Straminipila ) are heterotrophic zoosporic organisms that act as saprobes and/or facultative parasites in different types of aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems (Beakes & Thines, 2017 ). Several species within this family are known to cause infections in fish and their eggs (Phillips et al., 2008 ; Sarowar et al., 2014 ; Mastan, 2015 ; Duan et al., 2018 ; Dzyuba et al., 2020 ; Markovskaja et al., 2023 ; Eszterbauer et al., 2025 ). The genera Achlya , Aphanomyces , and Saprolegnia are the most commonly associated with salmonid infections, particularly in salmon and trout (Alvarez et al., 1988 ; Thoen et al., 2011 ; Rezinciuc et al., 2014 ; Czeczuga et al., 2015a , 2015b ; Thoen et al., 2016 ; Lau et al., 2018 ; Markovskaja et al., 2023 ; Egblom et al., 2023 ). Among these, Saprolegnia is the most extensively studied genus and is the principal causal agent of saprolegniasis, a disease that affects freshwater fish (Hussein & Hatai, 2002 ; van West, 2006 ; Noga, 2010 ; Fadaeifard et al., 2011 ; Kiziewicz et al., 2013 ; Rezinciuc et al., 2014 ; Sandoval-Sierra et al., 2014 ; Markovskaja et al., 2023 ; Egblom et al., 2023 ). The species most frequently implicated in saprolegniasis include Saprolegnia diclina , S. ferax , and S. parasitica (Gieseker et al., 2006 ; Cao et al., 2012 ; van den Berg et al., 2013 ; Sangyeop et al., 2017; Lone & Manohar, 2018 ; Egblom et al., 2023 ; Eszterbauer et al., 2025 ). Recent molecular studies have led to the reclassification of the order Saprolegniales into three distinct families: Achlyaceae , Verrucalvaceae , and Saprolegniaceae (Beakes et al., 2014 ; Rocha et al., 2018 ; Pires-Zottarelli et al., 2024 ). Prior to this taxonomic revision, several species previously assigned to the genus Achlya were transferred to Newbya , based on phylogenetic analyses of the small subunit (SSU) region of ribosomal DNA, as well as morphological characteristics, particularly oospore organization (Spencer et al., 2002 ). Currently, Achlya sensu stricto , comprising species that produce exclusively eccentric oospores, is placed within Achlyaceae , whereas Newbya is assigned to Saprolegniaceae (Rocha et al., 2018 ; Pires-Zottarelli et al., 2024 ). However, the taxonomic placement of some species also reported to affect fish, such as Newbya oblongata , was based solely on comparative morphological traits (Spencer et al., 2002 ), due to the absence of molecular data at the time. While S. parasitica and S. diclina are the primary causative agents, Achlya species also contribute to infection outbreaks (Sandoval-Sierra & Diéguez-Uribeondo, 2015; Shreves et al., 2024 ). The pathogens affect all developmental stages from eggs to adult fish, but infections have often been considered secondary to stress, handling, or environmental factors. However, primary infections are increasingly documented (Steciow et al., 2014; Shreves et al., 2024 ). Despite their critical importance in aquaculture, a significant knowledge gap exists in the reliable molecular identification of these species in trout farm settings. Traditional morphological identification methods are frequently insufficient due to the high occurrence of sterile isolates lacking sexual structures, overlapping morphological features between species, and the difficulty in distinguishing closely related taxa (Sandoval-Sierra & Diéguez-Uribeondo, 2015; Steciow et al., 2014). The lack of standardized molecular protocols, combined with taxonomic inconsistencies and misidentified strains in public databases, hampers effective species-level identification. This knowledge gap is particularly problematic given that different species may exhibit varying pathogenicity levels and treatment responses, making accurate identification essential for targeted disease management strategies in intensive trout farming operations. To address this knowledge gap, the current study was conducted at two trout farms in Brazil, with the aim to isolate and identify species in these systems based on both morphological characteristics and molecular data. Materials and methods Study area and trout production This study was performed in two trout farms, Particular Unit - UP (22°46'56.6"S and 45°36'05.5"W) and Research and Development Unit - UPD (24º44'10''S and 45º34'34''W) of the “Agência Paulista de Tecnologia dos Agronegócios” (APTA), both located at Campos do Jordão, São Paulo State, Brazil. In these trout farms, the production occurs with growing juvenile and adult fishes in masonry tanks with running water. Fertilization is artificial with hatchery production. There are two different water bodies for the systems in each trout farming. In UPD the surface water that supplies the tanks comes from the “Ribeirão Galharada”, while the hatchery lab is supplied with spring water. In UP, surface water from the tanks comes from the “Ribeirão Lajeado” and hatchery lab gets supplied with spring water. Sampling and laboratory analyses Four samplings were carried out in August/November 2016 and March/June 2017 in these two trout farms (UP and UPD). For both trout farms, water samples were collected, in triplicate, at the entrance of the systems (1), in three aleatory juvenile fish tanks (2, 3 and 4) and three adult tanks (5, 6 and 7), and in the outflow of the systems (8). In addition, we collected water of the laboratory inlet (spring) (9), that bathed the eggs (10) of the fingerlings (11), as well as laboratory outflow (12). Dead fish and colonized eggs trout were collected, when present. In the laboratory, aliquots (30 mL) of water samples were plated and baited with cellulosic ( Sorghum spp. seeds, onion skin and corn leaves) and keratinous (snake skin) substrates according to Milanez ( 1989 ). The plates were incubated at room temperature (around 22º C) and the baits were examined after 5-7d of incubation in order to isolate Saprolegniaceae species. Isolation and purification of the isolates were made onto solid MP 5 media (4 g maltose, 1 g peptone, 15 g agar and 1000 mL reverse-osmosis water). Taxonomic placement of the obtained genera and species followed Beakes and Thines ( 2017 ) and Pires-Zottarelli et al. ( 2024 ). The specimens were deposited in the CCIBt (“Coleção de Culturas de Algas, Fungos e Cianobactérias do Instituto de Botânica”) culture collection. DNA extraction, PCR amplification and sequencing The mycelia of the isolated specimens for DNA extraction were obtained by cultivating each isolate in falcon tubes containing 20 mL of liquid MP 5 . After incubation for 3-5d at 21ºC, the mycelia were centrifuged at 13000 rpm for 15 min in order to obtain mycelial pellets. The supernatants were discarded and 1 mL of sterile reverse-osmosis water was added to the tubes followed by vortexing at 2500 rpm. The tubes were again centrifuged and the supernatant discarded. The pellets were treated according to the protocol described in the PureLink Genomic DNA kit (Invitrogen®). The ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 region was amplified using the primers UN-up18S42/UN-1o28S22 (Robideau et al. 2011 ). DNA was amplified with the PCR Super Mix kit (Invitrogen®) for a final volume of 25 µL in a C1000 Touch™ Thermal Cycler Bio-Rad following the conditions described in Marano et al. ( 2014 ). Amplicons were purified using protocol described in Schmitz and Riesner ( 2006 ). Sequencing was performed using the same PCR primers and also using the same primers in macrogen™ in Korea. Assembly of contigs and correction of ambiguous bases were performed manually using Sequencher 4.1.4. program. Phylogenetic analysis For phylogenetic analysis, the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) rDNA sequences obtained from each specimen were compared to publicly available sequences in GenBank that exhibited high molecular similarity. Phylogenetic reconstruction of the Saprolegniales was conducted based on ITS sequences, using Apodachlya brachynema CBS 557.69 and A. minima CBS 185.82 as outgroup taxa. Sequence alignment was performed in MEGA7 using the Clustal alignment algorithm, applying a gap opening penalty of 10 and a gap extension penalty of 0.2 for pairwise alignments. Following the removal of leading and trailing gaps, Maximum Likelihood (ML) and Bayesian inferences were conducted using RAxML and MrBayes, respectively, with default parameters, implemented via the TrEase web server (Mishra et al. 2023 ). In addition, phylogenetic trees were also reconstructed using the Minimum Evolution (ME) method in MEGA7 with 1,000 bootstrap replicates. The analysis employed the Tamura–Nei substitution model and pairwise deletion of gaps/missing data, while all other parameters were maintained at default settings. Results Diversity of species found in the trout farms A total of 280 water samples, three deceased fish, and five colonized eggs were analyzed. From these, 171 isolates belonging to the family Saprolegniaceae were identified, encompassing eight species: Cokeria radiosa , Newbya apiculata , N. oblongata , Saprolegnia aenigmatica , S. diclina , S. ferax , S. parasitica , and S. terrestris (Table 1 ). Cokeria radiosa represented the most frequently isolated species, with 65 isolates distributed across all sampling sites, followed by Saprolegnia diclina , with 38 isolates. Deceased fish colonized by Cokeria radiosa , Newbya apiculata , Saprolegnia aenigmatica and S . diclina were recorded exclusively at the UP, while colonized eggs, with Cokeria radiosa , Saprolegnia diclina and S . terrestris , were observed only at the UPD. All identified species represent the first documented occurrence in trout farming environments in Brazil. Notably, Newbya oblongata is reported here for the first time in the country. Table 1 Occurrence of Saprolegniaceae species recorded in different water sample, dead fish and colonized eggs in both trout farms studied. 1 : entrance of the systems; 2, 3, 4 : juvenile fish tanks water; 5, 6, 7 : adult tanks; 8 : outflow of the systems; 9 : water of the laboratory inlet (spring); 10 : water that bathed the eggs; 11 : water of the fingerlings; 12 : laboratory outflow. UP : Particular Unit; UPD : Research and Development Unit Cokeria radiosa Newbya apiculata Newbya oblongata Saprolegnia aenigmatica Saprolegnia diclina Saprolegnia ferax Saprolegnia parasitica Saprolegnia terrestris Total Unit/Locations UP UPD UP UPD UP UPD UP UPD UP UPD UP UPD UP UPD UP UPD 1 7 4 2 1 14 2 3 4 2 2 4 1 16 3 5 3 2 6 3 19 4 4 1 1 2 2 1 11 5 2 1 1 4 3 11 6 3 2 3 2 1 11 7 4 2 2 2 2 1 3 16 8 1 1 4 1 7 9 1 2 1 1 1 1 7 10 2 1 3 6 2 1 15 11 4 2 2 3 11 12 5 4 2 8 1 2 22 Colonized eggs 1 2 2 5 Dead fish 2 1 2 1 6 Taxa occurrence 65 13 13 12 38 6 19 5 171 First record of Newbya oblonga for Brazil Newbya oblongata (de Bary) Mark A. Spencer 2002 Basionym: Achlya oblongata de Bary, Bot. Ztg. 46(40): 645 (1888) Synonymy: Achlya oblongata var. globosa Humphrey, Trans. Am. phil. Soc., New Series 17(3): 122 (1893) Achlya oblongata var. gigantica E.J. Forbes, Trans. Br. mycol. Soc. 19(3): 231 (1935) Newbya oblongata var. gigantea (E.J. Forbes) Mark A. Spencer [as 'gigantica'], in Spencer, Vick & Dick, Mycol. Res. 106(5): 559 (2002) Figure 1 a-e Description Monoecious. Mycelium dense; hyphae slender, branched. Sporangia present; terminal, fusiform, 80,0 − 200,0 × 30,0 − 50,0 µm; renewed cymosely or sympodially. Discharge and behavior of the zoospores from primary sporangia achlyoid; zoospore cysts, 10,0 − 15,0 µm diam. Gemmae present. Oogonia lateral and terminal, some branched, obovate or obpyriform, 80,0 − 175,0 × 62,5 − 125,0 µm, occasionally spherical, wall smooth, unpitted; oogonial stalks simple, 1–6 times the diameter of the oogonium. Oospheres generally not maturing and never filling it. Antheridial branches diclinous; slender; frequently branched. Antheridial cell simple, attached apically and laterally; sometimes hyphae attached on the hyphae and peduncle; fertilization tube present. Oospores, when mature, subcentric, spherical, 17,5 − 40,0 µm diam., 4–18 per oogonium. Specimens examined: BRASIL, Campos do Jordão, Research and Development Unit - UPD, water sample in trout ( Oncorhynchus mykiss Walbaum) farm with juvenile fish tank water, on corn leaves, 16 Aug 2016, SCO da Paixão and CLA Pires-Zottarelli, s.n ., (CCIBt 4299); Particular Unit - UP, outflow of the system, on Sorghum spp. seed, 06 Jun 2017, SCO da Paixão and CLA Pires-Zottarelli s.n. (SCP70). Comments: Newbya oblongata is characterized by the presence of obovate and obpyriform oogonia, oospores subcentric with oospheres generally not maturing and never filling the oogonium, and antheridial branches diclinous. The original colony presented oogonia in abundance. However, observations of the colony after cultivation on medium culture showed only few oogonia with some immature oospheres and persistentntheridia. The sexual stage disappeared after cultivation in culture medium after several transfers. Phylogenetic analysis The sequences of selected isolates obtained in the present study, along with reference sequences retrieved from the GenBank database and included in the phylogenetic analyses, are listed in Table 2 . Phylogenetic reconstruction based on the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region (Fig. 2 ) revealed three major lineages within the order Saprolegniales : Achlyaceae , Saprolegniaceae , and Verrucalvaceae , consistent with Pires-Zottarelli et al. ( 2024 ). The clade corresponding to Saprolegniaceae was supported with bootstrap and posterior probability values of 92%, 74%, and 1 in Maximum Evolution (ME), Maximum Likelihood (ML), and Bayesian Inference (BI) analyses, respectively. Within this family, the genera Aplanopsis , Cokeria , Leptolegnia , Newbya , Protoachlya , Pythiopsis , and Saprolegnia were represented. The phylogenetic tree supported the morphological identification of the Saprolegniaceae isolates examined in this study. Specifically, the genera Cokeria , Newbya , and Saprolegnia formed well-supported and distinct clades, with the Saprolegnia clade receiving strong support in the ML analysis (100%). The sequences of Newbya apiculata and N. oblongata obtained herein were placed with high confidence within the Newbya clade, in accordance with the generic concept proposed by Spencer et al. ( 2002 ). Notably, these sequences represent the first entries for these species in the GenBank database. The isolates identified as N. apiculata exhibited morphological traits characteristic of the species, including achlyoid zoospore discharge, apiculate oogonia, and peduncles that are coiled and twisted (Fig. 3 a–d), consistent with the descriptions provided by Johnson et al. ( 2002 ). It is important to note that the GenBank sequence labeled as Achlya oblongata (LC149928) appears to be misidentified, as it is placed within the genus Achlya . Table 2 GenBank number of the sequences inserted in our phlylogenetic analysis. SCP: Sarah da Paixão isolates sequence. Isolates from this study are indicated in boldface Taxa Strain Number GenBank accession number ITS Achlya aquatica CBS10367 HQ643085 Achlya ambisexualis CBS10150 HQ643083 Achlya ambisexualis CBS38379 HQ643082 Achlya americana CBS10052 HQ643084 Achlya bisexualis CBS10042 HQ643088 Achlya bisexualis BHU-BOT-MMT-148 MH685199 Achlya caroliniana CBS54467 HQ643089 Achlya caroliniana CCIBt3870 KP006458 Achlya caroliniana CCIBt1258 OK270972 Achlya diffusa CCIBt4396 OK270977 Achlya diffusa CCIBt4405 OK270979 Achlya flagellata CCIBt4425 OK270980 Achlya flagellata CCIBt4400 OK270982 Achlya klebsiana CCIBt4339 OK270983 Achlya oblongata IPMB1403 LC149928 Achlya orion CCIBt3984 KT213550 Achlya orion CCIBt4384 OK270988 Achlya primoachlya AVM7 KX580959 Achlya primoachlya CCIBt3982 KM058757 Achlya prolifera F1533 EU849169 Achlya prolifera GHJ39 MK818528 Achlya proliferoides CCIBt4418 OK270989 Achlya proliferoides CCIBt4419 OK270990 Achlya recurva CBS10850 HQ643107 Achlya recurva BHU-BOT-MMT-147 MH685195 Aphanomyces helicoides CCIBt4331 MK513781 Aphanomyces laevis CBS127282 HQ111469 Aphanomyces stellatus CCIBt3994 KP006462 Aplanopsis terrestris CCIBt4037 KM058756 Apodachlya brachynema CBS55769 HQ643125 Apodachlya minima CBS18582 HQ643126 Beakesia catenulata CCIBt4029 KP006455 Beakesia catenulata CCIBt4030 KP006456 Brevilegnia longicaulis CCIBt3989 KM245940 Brevilegnia longicaulis CCIBt4356 OK270994 Cokeria racemosa CCIBt10338 HQ643105 Cokeria radiosa CCIBt2309 KT935274 Cokeria radiosa CCIBt4039 KT935273 Cokeria radiosa CCIBt4296 MN879848 Cokeria radiosa CCIBt4687 MN879849 Cokeria radiosa CCIBt4688 MN879850 Cokeria radiosa CBS54767 HQ643106 Cokeria sparrowii VKMF-2217 KP098344 Dictyuchus pseudodictyon CCIBt4378 OK271003 Dictyuchus pseudodictyon CCIBt4108 KT935276 Leptolegnia chapmanii CEP010 KT935277 Leptolegnia chapmanii CEP433 KT935278 Leptolegnia caudata CBS68069 KP098340 Newbya androgyna CCIBt3993 KP006459 Newbya androgyna CCIBt4306 MN880074 Newbya apiculata CCIBt4313 MN879853 Newbya apiculata SCP53 MN879854 Newbya dichotoma MB808617 KP098345 Newbya oblongata CCIBt4299 MN879855 Newbya oblongata SCP70 MN879856 Newbya pascuicola CBS57667 KP098347 Phragmosporangium uniseriatum CCIBt4107 KT935286 Phragmosporangium uniseriatum CCIBt3986 KT213554 Plectospira gemmifer a GHJ01 KX084705 Protoachlya paradoxa CBS15845 DQ393553 Protoachlya paradoxa ATCC44892 DQ393555 Pythiopsis cymosa CBS110.055 AB219381 Pythiopsis irregularis CCIBt3985 KT935284 Pythiopsis irregularis CCIBt4311 OK271009 Pythiopsis terrestris CBS110.058 KP098350 Saprolegnia aenigmatica RJBC0028 KR872872 Saprolegnia aenigmatica CCIBt4324 MN879858 Saprolegnia aenigmatica CCIBt4300 MN879859 Saprolegnia aenigmatica SCP76 MN879860 Saprolegnia diclina ABDN252 KM061644 Saprolegnia diclina SAP0229 KF717744 Saprolegnia diclina CCIBt4301 MN747438 Saprolegnia diclina CCIBt4671 MN879863 Saprolegnia diclina SCP47 MN879864 Saprolegnia diclina SCP101 MN879865 Saprolegnia diclina SCP121 MN879867 Saprolegnia diclina SCP122 MN879868 Saprolegnia ferax CCIBt4099 KT964708 Saprolegnia ferax CCIBt4681 MN747440 Saprolegnia ferax SAP0255 KF717884 Saprolegnia parasitica 684F2 KP189430 Saprolegnia parasitica CCIBt4701 MN747446 Saprolegnia parasitica SCP62 MN879869 Saprolegnia parasitica SCP75 MN879870 Saprolegnia terrestris SAP1327 KF718138 Saprolegnia terrestris CCIBt4680 MN879862 Thraustotheca clavata CBS34333 HQ644018 Thraustotheca clavata CBS55767 HQ644017 Thraustotheca terrestris * CBS109851 HQ665057 Discussion In the present study, we recorded Saprolegniaceae species in trout farm systems in Brazil, including species commonly related to fish disease (Cao et al. 2012 ; Sarowar et al. 2014 ; Mastan 2015 ; Egblom et al. 2023 ; Markovskaja et al. 2023 ; Eszterbauer et al. 2025 ). Our phylogenetic analysis using ITS region corroborated the morphological identification of these species. All of them have been reported in trout farms worldwide (Carballo et al.1992; Hussein and Hatai 2002 ; Mousavi et al. 2009 ; Vega-Ramirez et al. 2013 ; Sandoval-Sierra et al. 2014 ; Czeczuga et al 2015a ; Markovskaja et al. 2023 ; Eszterbauer et al. 2025 ), where problems with oomycetes are routine, especially in eggs, with the predominance of Saprolegniaceae species. Cokeria radiosa was more prevalent in the analysed samples, having a wide distribution, including the presence in colonized eggs and dead fish, followed by Saprolegnia diclina , which in previou studies has been found associated with the early embryonic stages of some fish (Kiziewicz et al. 2013 ; van den Berg et al. 2013 ) and colonized eggs (Czeczuga et al. 2015a ). Cokeria radiosa was positioned into Saprolegniaceae in our phylogenetic analysis, agreeing with Pires-Zottarelli et al. ( 2024 ). Based on our phylogenetic analysis, we confirm the taxonomic transfer of Achlya oblongata to the genus Newbya , as proposed by Spencer et al. ( 2002 ). Currently, two sequences labeled as A. oblongata are available in the GenBank database. However, one of these sequences (DQ324365) is of poor quality and lacks associated metadata or publication, while the other (LC149928), which was included in the present study, is of questionable identity. Lau et al. ( 2018 ) reported an oomycete infection in Lates calcarifer and identified the isolate (IPMB 1403) as A. oblongata based on morphological features, particularly the achlyoid type of zoospore discharge. Notably, the isolate did not exhibit sexual reproductive structures, limiting the reliability of morphological identification. In their phylogenetic analysis, the sequence clustered with DQ324365 (unpublished), as well as with other Achlya species exhibiting eccentric oospores, showing closest affinity to A. bissexualis . As reported by Choi et al. ( 2019 ), A. bissexualis possesses eccentric oospores, which is a diagnostic feature of species within Achlya sensu stricto ( Achlyaceae ) (Rocha et al. 2018 ). Our results, in conjunction with the analysis presented by Lau et al. ( 2018 ), suggest that both GenBank sequences currently labeled as A. oblongata are likely misidentified. The present study provides the first reliable sequences of Newbya oblongata , based on well-characterized specimens, which include detailed morphological observations and phylogenetic placement. Historically, morphological variation observed in Newbya oblongata led to the recognition of intraspecific forms at the variety level (Johnson et al. 2002 ). Upon transferring the species to the genus Newbya , Spencer et al. ( 2002 ) retained the two previously recognized varieties. The specimens examined in the present study correspond to Newbya oblongata var. oblongata , based on the size and shape of the oogonia, the size and number of oospores, and the presence of antheridia, which are consistent with the original description. In contrast, the specimen described as Achlya oblongata var. gigantica by Forbes ( 1935 ) was reported to be parasitized in the original material, as noted by Johnson et al. ( 2002 ), which raises concerns regarding the validity of its morphological features. In light of this, and given the lack of supporting data, we have chosen not to adopt varietal distinctions in the current study until further research can clarify the taxonomic relevance of this intraspecific variation. The detection of these oomycetes in the studied trout farms underscores the need for ongoing monitoring, given the well-documented pathogenicity of several Saprolegniaceae species and their potential to cause severe disease outbreaks in aquaculture settings. Declarations Financial interests: The authors declare they have no financial interests. Conflict of interest: The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest. Ethics approval: Not applicable. Consent to participate and consent for publication: All authors have participated of this manuscript and they have accepted its publication in Mycological Progress. This manuscript represents original work that is not being considered for publication, in whole or in part, in another journal, book, conference, proceedings, or government publication with a substantial circulation. Funding We wish to thank “Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo” (FAPESP) - (Process nº 2016/18787-5), “Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico” (CNPq) - (Process nº 152741/2016) and “Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior” (CAPES) for the financial support given to Sarah Cristina de Oliveira da Paixão through her post-graduation program. Marco Thines is funded by the excellence initiative of the government of Hesse in the framework of the LOEWE Centre for Translational Biodiversity Genomics (TBG). Authors Contributions: All authors have contributed to this manuscript. Sample collection, strain isolation and morphological characterization of the isolates were performed by Sarah C.O. Paixão and Carmen Lidia A. Pires-Zottarelli. The DNA extraction, sequencing and fasta were performed by Sarah C.O. Paixão, Gustavo Henrique Jerônimo and Carmen Lidia A. Pires-Zottarelli. Phylogenetic analysis was performed by Marco Thines. The authors have also commented on previous versions of the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final version of this manuscript. Acknowledgements We would like to thank the owners of the two trout farms involved in this study and Dr. Yara A. Tabata from the “Instituto de Pesca” for her valuable contribution to this research. 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1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":319646,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ea-e. \u003c/strong\u003eMorphology of \u003cem\u003eNewbya oblongata\u003c/em\u003e. \u003cstrong\u003ea.\u003c/strong\u003e Sporangia with discharge of the primary zoospores achlyoid. \u003cstrong\u003eb.\u003c/strong\u003eOogonium with oospheres and diclinous antheridium. \u003cstrong\u003ec, d \u003c/strong\u003eOogonium with subcentric oospores, not filling it. \u003cstrong\u003ee.\u003c/strong\u003eObovate oogonia with oospheres in formation and antheridia.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"Fig1.tif.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7951886/v1/e2025f7a89af104aa013b12c.jpg"},{"id":96591118,"identity":"77d5a4a9-6ea7-4919-b008-837bdcdbf926","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-24 06:28:04","extension":"jpg","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":688964,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003ePhylogenetic reconstruction in Minimum Evolution (ME) method based on the complete internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of ribosomal DNA. Bootstrap support values are indicated at each node in the following order: Minimum Evolution (ME), Maximum Likelihood (ML), and Bayesian Inference (BI). A minus sign (–) denotes either the absence of support for the corresponding topology or the presence of a conflicting topology in the respective analysis. An \"x\" indicates that the corresponding method supports an alternative, conflicting topology. Sequences newly generated in this study are highlighted in bold.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"Fig2.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7951886/v1/a9463472da7546e63d91f2de.jpg"},{"id":96591117,"identity":"16ef81f9-7775-4c89-97bc-5af222fc98f1","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-24 06:28:04","extension":"jpg","order_by":3,"title":"Figure 3","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":280389,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ea-d.\u003c/strong\u003e Morphology of \u003cem\u003eNewbya apiculata\u003c/em\u003e. \u003cstrong\u003ea.\u003c/strong\u003e Zoospore discharge of the zoosporangium. \u003cstrong\u003eb.\u003c/strong\u003e Apiculated oogonium with oospheres and twisted peduncle. \u003cstrong\u003ec.\u003c/strong\u003e Oogonium with subcentric oospores. \u003cstrong\u003ed.\u003c/strong\u003e Oogonia with oospheres, twisted and contorted penduncle and monoclinous and diclinous antheridia.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"Fig3.tif.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7951886/v1/eb50d3925be98fb4f9ea3144.jpg"},{"id":96608470,"identity":"d27e431b-8756-40dc-96e8-07edcd43fdd3","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-24 09:28:36","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":2714660,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7951886/v1/738d9a61-6e02-4497-91c3-9b965163b2f2.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"","formattedTitle":"Comprehensive assessment of Saprolegniaceae in two Brazilian trout farms","fulltext":[{"header":"Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eMembers of the family \u003cem\u003eSaprolegniaceae\u003c/em\u003e (\u003cem\u003eSaprolegniales\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eOomycota\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eStraminipila\u003c/em\u003e) are heterotrophic zoosporic organisms that act as saprobes and/or facultative parasites in different types of aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems (Beakes \u0026amp; Thines, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e). Several species within this family are known to cause infections in fish and their eggs (Phillips et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR28\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2008\u003c/span\u003e; Sarowar et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR36\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e; Mastan, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e; Duan et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e; Dzyuba et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e; Markovskaja et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e; Eszterbauer et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2025\u003c/span\u003e). The genera \u003cem\u003eAchlya\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eAphanomyces\u003c/em\u003e, and \u003cem\u003eSaprolegnia\u003c/em\u003e are the most commonly associated with salmonid infections, particularly in salmon and trout (Alvarez et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1988\u003c/span\u003e; Thoen et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR40\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2011\u003c/span\u003e; Rezinciuc et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR30\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e; Czeczuga et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015a\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015b\u003c/span\u003e; Thoen et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR41\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e; Lau et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e; Markovskaja et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e; Egblom et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e). Among these, \u003cem\u003eSaprolegnia\u003c/em\u003e is the most extensively studied genus and is the principal causal agent of saprolegniasis, a disease that affects freshwater fish (Hussein \u0026amp; Hatai, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2002\u003c/span\u003e; van West, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR43\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2006\u003c/span\u003e; Noga, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2010\u003c/span\u003e; Fadaeifard et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2011\u003c/span\u003e; Kiziewicz et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2013\u003c/span\u003e; Rezinciuc et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR30\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e; Sandoval-Sierra et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR33\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e; Markovskaja et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e; Egblom et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e). The species most frequently implicated in saprolegniasis include \u003cem\u003eSaprolegnia diclina\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eS. ferax\u003c/em\u003e, and \u003cem\u003eS. parasitica\u003c/em\u003e (Gieseker et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2006\u003c/span\u003e; Cao et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2012\u003c/span\u003e; van den Berg et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR42\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2013\u003c/span\u003e; Sangyeop et al., 2017; Lone \u0026amp; Manohar, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e; Egblom et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e; Eszterbauer et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2025\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eRecent molecular studies have led to the reclassification of the order \u003cem\u003eSaprolegniales\u003c/em\u003e into three distinct families: \u003cem\u003eAchlyaceae\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eVerrucalvaceae\u003c/em\u003e, and \u003cem\u003eSaprolegniaceae\u003c/em\u003e (Beakes et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e; Rocha et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR32\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e; Pires-Zottarelli et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e). Prior to this taxonomic revision, several species previously assigned to the genus \u003cem\u003eAchlya\u003c/em\u003e were transferred to \u003cem\u003eNewbya\u003c/em\u003e, based on phylogenetic analyses of the small subunit (SSU) region of ribosomal DNA, as well as morphological characteristics, particularly oospore organization (Spencer et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR39\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2002\u003c/span\u003e). Currently, \u003cem\u003eAchlya sensu stricto\u003c/em\u003e, comprising species that produce exclusively eccentric oospores, is placed within \u003cem\u003eAchlyaceae\u003c/em\u003e, whereas \u003cem\u003eNewbya\u003c/em\u003e is assigned to \u003cem\u003eSaprolegniaceae\u003c/em\u003e (Rocha et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR32\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e; Pires-Zottarelli et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e). However, the taxonomic placement of some species also reported to affect fish, such as \u003cem\u003eNewbya oblongata\u003c/em\u003e, was based solely on comparative morphological traits (Spencer et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR39\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2002\u003c/span\u003e), due to the absence of molecular data at the time.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eWhile \u003cem\u003eS. parasitica\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eS. diclina\u003c/em\u003e are the primary causative agents, \u003cem\u003eAchlya\u003c/em\u003e species also contribute to infection outbreaks (Sandoval-Sierra \u0026amp; Di\u0026eacute;guez-Uribeondo, 2015; Shreves et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR38\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e). The pathogens affect all developmental stages from eggs to adult fish, but infections have often been considered secondary to stress, handling, or environmental factors. However, primary infections are increasingly documented (Steciow et al., 2014; Shreves et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR38\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eDespite their critical importance in aquaculture, a significant knowledge gap exists in the reliable molecular identification of these species in trout farm settings. Traditional morphological identification methods are frequently insufficient due to the high occurrence of sterile isolates lacking sexual structures, overlapping morphological features between species, and the difficulty in distinguishing closely related taxa (Sandoval-Sierra \u0026amp; Di\u0026eacute;guez-Uribeondo, 2015; Steciow et al., 2014). The lack of standardized molecular protocols, combined with taxonomic inconsistencies and misidentified strains in public databases, hampers effective species-level identification. This knowledge gap is particularly problematic given that different species may exhibit varying pathogenicity levels and treatment responses, making accurate identification essential for targeted disease management strategies in intensive trout farming operations.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eTo address this knowledge gap, the current study was conducted at two trout farms in Brazil, with the aim to isolate and identify species in these systems based on both morphological characteristics and molecular data.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Materials and methods","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec3\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003eStudy area and trout production\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThis study was performed in two trout farms, Particular Unit - \u003cb\u003eUP\u003c/b\u003e (22\u0026deg;46'56.6\"S and 45\u0026deg;36'05.5\"W) and Research and Development Unit - \u003cb\u003eUPD\u003c/b\u003e (24\u0026ordm;44'10''S and 45\u0026ordm;34'34''W) of the \u0026ldquo;Ag\u0026ecirc;ncia Paulista de Tecnologia dos Agroneg\u0026oacute;cios\u0026rdquo; (APTA), both located at Campos do Jord\u0026atilde;o, S\u0026atilde;o Paulo State, Brazil. In these trout farms, the production occurs with growing juvenile and adult fishes in masonry tanks with running water. Fertilization is artificial with hatchery production. There are two different water bodies for the systems in each trout farming. In UPD the surface water that supplies the tanks comes from the \u0026ldquo;Ribeir\u0026atilde;o Galharada\u0026rdquo;, while the hatchery lab is supplied with spring water. In UP, surface water from the tanks comes from the \u0026ldquo;Ribeir\u0026atilde;o Lajeado\u0026rdquo; and hatchery lab gets supplied with spring water.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eSampling and laboratory analyses\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFour samplings were carried out in August/November 2016 and March/June 2017 in these two trout farms (UP and UPD). For both trout farms, water samples were collected, in triplicate, at the entrance of the systems (1), in three aleatory juvenile fish tanks (2, 3 and 4) and three adult tanks (5, 6 and 7), and in the outflow of the systems (8). In addition, we collected water of the laboratory inlet (spring) (9), that bathed the eggs (10) of the fingerlings (11), as well as laboratory outflow (12). Dead fish and colonized eggs trout were collected, when present. In the laboratory, aliquots (30 mL) of water samples were plated and baited with cellulosic (\u003cem\u003eSorghum\u003c/em\u003e spp. seeds, onion skin and corn leaves) and keratinous (snake skin) substrates according to Milanez (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1989\u003c/span\u003e). The plates were incubated at room temperature (around 22\u0026ordm; C) and the baits were examined after 5-7d of incubation in order to isolate \u003cem\u003eSaprolegniaceae\u003c/em\u003e species. Isolation and purification of the isolates were made onto solid MP\u003csub\u003e5\u003c/sub\u003e media (4 g maltose, 1 g peptone, 15 g agar and 1000 mL reverse-osmosis water). Taxonomic placement of the obtained genera and species followed Beakes and Thines (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e) and Pires-Zottarelli et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e). The specimens were deposited in the CCIBt (\u0026ldquo;Cole\u0026ccedil;\u0026atilde;o de Culturas de Algas, Fungos e Cianobact\u0026eacute;rias do Instituto de Bot\u0026acirc;nica\u0026rdquo;) culture collection.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eDNA extraction, PCR amplification and sequencing\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe mycelia of the isolated specimens for DNA extraction were obtained by cultivating each isolate in falcon tubes containing 20 mL of liquid MP\u003csub\u003e5\u003c/sub\u003e. After incubation for 3-5d at 21\u0026ordm;C, the mycelia were centrifuged at 13000 rpm for 15 min in order to obtain mycelial pellets. The supernatants were discarded and 1 mL of sterile reverse-osmosis water was added to the tubes followed by vortexing at 2500 rpm. The tubes were again centrifuged and the supernatant discarded. The pellets were treated according to the protocol described in the PureLink Genomic DNA kit (Invitrogen\u0026reg;). The ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 region was amplified using the primers UN-up18S42/UN-1o28S22 (Robideau et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR31\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2011\u003c/span\u003e). DNA was amplified with the PCR Super Mix kit (Invitrogen\u0026reg;) for a final volume of 25 \u0026micro;L in a C1000 Touch\u0026trade; Thermal Cycler Bio-Rad following the conditions described in Marano et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e). Amplicons were purified using protocol described in Schmitz and Riesner (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR37\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2006\u003c/span\u003e). Sequencing was performed using the same PCR primers and also using the same primers in macrogen\u0026trade; in Korea. Assembly of contigs and correction of ambiguous bases were performed manually using Sequencher 4.1.4. program.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003ePhylogenetic analysis\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFor phylogenetic analysis, the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) rDNA sequences obtained from each specimen were compared to publicly available sequences in GenBank that exhibited high molecular similarity. Phylogenetic reconstruction of the Saprolegniales was conducted based on ITS sequences, using \u003cem\u003eApodachlya brachynema\u003c/em\u003e CBS 557.69 and \u003cem\u003eA. minima\u003c/em\u003e CBS 185.82 as outgroup taxa. Sequence alignment was performed in MEGA7 using the Clustal alignment algorithm, applying a gap opening penalty of 10 and a gap extension penalty of 0.2 for pairwise alignments. Following the removal of leading and trailing gaps, Maximum Likelihood (ML) and Bayesian inferences were conducted using RAxML and MrBayes, respectively, with default parameters, implemented via the TrEase web server (Mishra et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e). In addition, phylogenetic trees were also reconstructed using the Minimum Evolution (ME) method in MEGA7 with 1,000 bootstrap replicates. The analysis employed the Tamura\u0026ndash;Nei substitution model and pairwise deletion of gaps/missing data, while all other parameters were maintained at default settings.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Results","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec8\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003eDiversity of species found in the trout farms\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eA total of 280 water samples, three deceased fish, and five colonized eggs were analyzed. From these, 171 isolates belonging to the family Saprolegniaceae were identified, encompassing eight species: \u003cem\u003eCokeria radiosa\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eNewbya apiculata\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eN. oblongata\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eSaprolegnia aenigmatica\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eS. diclina\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eS. ferax\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eS. parasitica\u003c/em\u003e, and \u003cem\u003eS. terrestris\u003c/em\u003e (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e). \u003cem\u003eCokeria radiosa\u003c/em\u003e represented the most frequently isolated species, with 65 isolates distributed across all sampling sites, followed by \u003cem\u003eSaprolegnia diclina\u003c/em\u003e, with 38 isolates. Deceased fish colonized by \u003cem\u003eCokeria radiosa\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eNewbya apiculata\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eSaprolegnia aenigmatica\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eS\u003c/em\u003e. \u003cem\u003ediclina\u003c/em\u003e were recorded exclusively at the UP, while colonized eggs, with \u003cem\u003eCokeria radiosa\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eSaprolegnia diclina\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eS\u003c/em\u003e. \u003cem\u003eterrestris\u003c/em\u003e, were observed only at the UPD. All identified species represent the first documented occurrence in trout farming environments in Brazil. Notably, \u003cem\u003eNewbya oblongata\u003c/em\u003e is reported here for the first time in the country.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eOccurrence of \u003cem\u003eSaprolegniaceae\u003c/em\u003e species recorded in different water sample, dead fish and colonized eggs in both trout farms studied. \u003cb\u003e1\u003c/b\u003e: entrance of the systems; \u003cb\u003e2, 3, 4\u003c/b\u003e: juvenile fish tanks water; \u003cb\u003e5, 6, 7\u003c/b\u003e: adult tanks; \u003cb\u003e8\u003c/b\u003e: outflow of the systems; \u003cb\u003e9\u003c/b\u003e: water of the laboratory inlet (spring); \u003cb\u003e10\u003c/b\u003e: water that bathed the eggs; \u003cb\u003e11\u003c/b\u003e: water of the fingerlings; \u003cb\u003e12\u003c/b\u003e: laboratory outflow. \u003cb\u003eUP\u003c/b\u003e: Particular Unit; \u003cb\u003eUPD\u003c/b\u003e: Research and Development Unit\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"22\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c9\" colnum=\"9\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c10\" colnum=\"10\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c11\" colnum=\"11\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c12\" colnum=\"12\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c13\" colnum=\"13\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c14\" colnum=\"14\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c15\" colnum=\"15\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c16\" colnum=\"16\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c17\" colnum=\"17\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c18\" colnum=\"18\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c19\" colnum=\"19\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c20\" colnum=\"20\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c21\" colnum=\"21\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c22\" colnum=\"22\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCokeria\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eradiosa\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eNewbya\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eapiculata\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eNewbya\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eoblongata\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c11\" namest=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eSaprolegnia\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eaenigmatica\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c13\" namest=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eSaprolegnia\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ediclina\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c15\" namest=\"c14\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eSaprolegnia ferax\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c17\" namest=\"c16\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eSaprolegnia\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eparasitica\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c20\" namest=\"c18\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eSaprolegnia\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eterrestris\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c22\" namest=\"c21\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTotal\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eUnit/Locations\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eUP\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eUPD\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eUP\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eUPD\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eUP\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eUPD\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eUP\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eUPD\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eUP\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eUPD\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eUP\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eUPD\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c16\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eUP\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c17\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eUPD\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c18\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eUP\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c19\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eUPD\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c21\" namest=\"c20\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c22\" namest=\"c22\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e1\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c16\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c17\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c18\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c19\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c22\" namest=\"c20\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e14\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e2\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c16\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c17\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c18\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c19\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c22\" namest=\"c20\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e16\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e3\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c16\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c17\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c18\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c19\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c22\" namest=\"c20\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e19\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e4\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c16\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c17\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c18\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c19\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c22\" namest=\"c20\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e11\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e5\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c16\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c17\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c18\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c19\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c22\" namest=\"c20\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e11\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e6\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c16\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c17\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c18\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c19\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c22\" namest=\"c20\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e11\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e7\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c16\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c17\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c18\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c19\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c22\" namest=\"c20\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e16\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e8\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c16\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c17\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c18\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c19\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c22\" namest=\"c20\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e9\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c16\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c17\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c18\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c19\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c22\" namest=\"c20\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e10\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c16\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c17\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c18\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c19\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c22\" namest=\"c20\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e15\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e11\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c16\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c17\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c18\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c19\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c22\" namest=\"c20\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e11\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e12\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c16\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c17\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c18\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c19\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c22\" namest=\"c20\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e22\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eColonized eggs\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c16\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c17\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c18\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c19\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c22\" namest=\"c20\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eDead fish\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c16\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c17\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c18\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c19\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c22\" namest=\"c20\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eTaxa\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eoccurrence\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e65\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e13\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e13\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c11\" namest=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c13\" namest=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e38\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c15\" namest=\"c14\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c17\" namest=\"c16\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e19\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c20\" namest=\"c18\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c22\" namest=\"c21\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e171\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eFirst record of Newbya oblonga for Brazil\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eNewbya oblongata\u003c/b\u003e (de Bary) Mark A. Spencer 2002\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eBasionym: \u003cem\u003eAchlya oblongata\u003c/em\u003e de Bary, Bot. Ztg. 46(40): 645 (1888)\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eSynonymy: \u003cem\u003eAchlya oblongata\u003c/em\u003e var. \u003cem\u003eglobosa\u003c/em\u003e Humphrey, Trans. Am. phil. Soc., New Series 17(3): 122 (1893)\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAchlya oblongata\u003c/em\u003e var. \u003cem\u003egigantica\u003c/em\u003e E.J. Forbes, Trans. Br. mycol. Soc. 19(3): 231 (1935)\u003cdiv class=\"BlockQuote\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eNewbya oblongata\u003c/em\u003e var. \u003cem\u003egigantea\u003c/em\u003e (E.J. Forbes) Mark A. Spencer [as 'gigantica'], in Spencer, Vick \u0026amp; Dick, Mycol. Res. 106(5): 559 (2002)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eFigure\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003ea-e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDescription\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cp\u003eMonoecious. Mycelium dense; hyphae slender, branched. Sporangia present; terminal, fusiform, 80,0\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;200,0 \u0026times; 30,0\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;50,0 \u0026micro;m; renewed cymosely or sympodially. Discharge and behavior of the zoospores from primary sporangia achlyoid; zoospore cysts, 10,0\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;15,0 \u0026micro;m diam. Gemmae present. Oogonia lateral and terminal, some branched, obovate or obpyriform, 80,0\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;175,0 \u0026times; 62,5\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;125,0 \u0026micro;m, occasionally spherical, wall smooth, unpitted; oogonial stalks simple, 1\u0026ndash;6 times the diameter of the oogonium. Oospheres generally not maturing and never filling it. Antheridial branches diclinous; slender; frequently branched. Antheridial cell simple, attached apically and laterally; sometimes hyphae attached on the hyphae and peduncle; fertilization tube present. Oospores, when mature, subcentric, spherical, 17,5\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;40,0 \u0026micro;m diam., 4\u0026ndash;18 per oogonium.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eSpecimens examined: BRASIL, Campos do Jord\u0026atilde;o, Research and Development Unit - UPD, water sample in trout (\u003cem\u003eOncorhynchus mykiss\u003c/em\u003e Walbaum) farm with juvenile fish tank water, on corn leaves, 16 Aug 2016, SCO da Paix\u0026atilde;o and CLA Pires-Zottarelli, \u003cem\u003es.n\u003c/em\u003e., (CCIBt 4299); Particular Unit - UP, outflow of the system, on \u003cem\u003eSorghum\u003c/em\u003e spp. seed, 06 Jun 2017, SCO da Paix\u0026atilde;o and CLA Pires-Zottarelli s.n. (SCP70).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eComments: \u003cem\u003eNewbya oblongata\u003c/em\u003e is characterized by the presence of obovate and obpyriform oogonia, oospores subcentric with oospheres generally not maturing and never filling the oogonium, and antheridial branches diclinous. The original colony presented oogonia in abundance. However, observations of the colony after cultivation on medium culture showed only few oogonia with some immature oospheres and persistentntheridia. The sexual stage disappeared after cultivation in culture medium after several transfers.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003ePhylogenetic analysis\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe sequences of selected isolates obtained in the present study, along with reference sequences retrieved from the GenBank database and included in the phylogenetic analyses, are listed in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e. Phylogenetic reconstruction based on the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e) revealed three major lineages within the order \u003cem\u003eSaprolegniales\u003c/em\u003e: \u003cem\u003eAchlyaceae\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eSaprolegniaceae\u003c/em\u003e, and \u003cem\u003eVerrucalvaceae\u003c/em\u003e, consistent with Pires-Zottarelli et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e). The clade corresponding to \u003cem\u003eSaprolegniaceae\u003c/em\u003e was supported with bootstrap and posterior probability values of 92%, 74%, and 1 in Maximum Evolution (ME), Maximum Likelihood (ML), and Bayesian Inference (BI) analyses, respectively. Within this family, the genera \u003cem\u003eAplanopsis\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eCokeria\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eLeptolegnia\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eNewbya\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eProtoachlya\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003ePythiopsis\u003c/em\u003e, and \u003cem\u003eSaprolegnia\u003c/em\u003e were represented. The phylogenetic tree supported the morphological identification of the Saprolegniaceae isolates examined in this study. Specifically, the genera \u003cem\u003eCokeria\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eNewbya\u003c/em\u003e, and \u003cem\u003eSaprolegnia\u003c/em\u003e formed well-supported and distinct clades, with the \u003cem\u003eSaprolegnia\u003c/em\u003e clade receiving strong support in the ML analysis (100%). The sequences of \u003cem\u003eNewbya apiculata\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eN. oblongata\u003c/em\u003e obtained herein were placed with high confidence within the \u003cem\u003eNewbya\u003c/em\u003e clade, in accordance with the generic concept proposed by Spencer et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR39\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2002\u003c/span\u003e). Notably, these sequences represent the first entries for these species in the GenBank database. The isolates identified as \u003cem\u003eN. apiculata\u003c/em\u003e exhibited morphological traits characteristic of the species, including achlyoid zoospore discharge, apiculate oogonia, and peduncles that are coiled and twisted (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003ea\u0026ndash;d), consistent with the descriptions provided by Johnson et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2002\u003c/span\u003e). It is important to note that the GenBank sequence labeled as \u003cem\u003eAchlya oblongata\u003c/em\u003e (LC149928) appears to be misidentified, as it is placed within the genus \u003cem\u003eAchlya\u003c/em\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ctable id=\"Tab2\" border=\"1\" style=\"margin-right: calc(0%); width: 100%;\"\u003e\n \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 2\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGenBank number of the sequences inserted in our phlylogenetic analysis. SCP: Sarah da Paix\u0026atilde;o isolates sequence. Isolates from this study are indicated in boldface\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/caption\u003e\n \u003cthead\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 37.6645%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTaxa\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 24.6481%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eStrain Number\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" style=\"width: 1.2572%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGenBank accession number\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" style=\"width: 27.2791%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eITS\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/thead\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" style=\"width: 37.6645%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAchlya aquatica\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" style=\"width: 24.6481%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCBS10367\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" style=\"width: 37.803%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHQ643085\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" style=\"width: 37.6645%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAchlya ambisexualis\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" style=\"width: 24.6481%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCBS10150\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" style=\"width: 37.803%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHQ643083\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" style=\"width: 37.6645%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAchlya ambisexualis\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" style=\"width: 24.6481%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCBS38379\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" style=\"width: 37.803%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHQ643082\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" style=\"width: 37.6645%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAchlya americana\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" style=\"width: 24.6481%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCBS10052\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" style=\"width: 37.803%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHQ643084\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" style=\"width: 37.6645%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAchlya bisexualis\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" style=\"width: 24.6481%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCBS10042\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" style=\"width: 37.803%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHQ643088\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" style=\"width: 37.6645%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAchlya bisexualis\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" style=\"width: 24.6481%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBHU-BOT-MMT-148\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" style=\"width: 37.803%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMH685199\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" style=\"width: 37.6645%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAchlya caroliniana\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" style=\"width: 24.6481%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCBS54467\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" style=\"width: 37.803%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHQ643089\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" style=\"width: 37.6645%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAchlya caroliniana\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" style=\"width: 24.6481%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCCIBt3870\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" style=\"width: 37.803%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eKP006458\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" style=\"width: 37.6645%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAchlya caroliniana\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" style=\"width: 24.6481%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCCIBt1258\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" style=\"width: 37.803%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOK270972\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" style=\"width: 37.6645%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAchlya diffusa\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" style=\"width: 24.6481%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCCIBt4396\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" style=\"width: 37.803%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOK270977\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" style=\"width: 37.6645%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAchlya diffusa\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" style=\"width: 24.6481%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCCIBt4405\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" style=\"width: 37.803%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOK270979\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" style=\"width: 37.6645%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAchlya flagellata\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" style=\"width: 24.6481%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCCIBt4425\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" style=\"width: 37.803%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOK270980\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" style=\"width: 37.6645%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAchlya flagellata\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" style=\"width: 24.6481%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCCIBt4400\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" style=\"width: 37.803%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOK270982\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" style=\"width: 37.6645%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAchlya klebsiana\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" style=\"width: 24.6481%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCCIBt4339\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" style=\"width: 37.803%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOK270983\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" style=\"width: 37.6645%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAchlya oblongata\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" style=\"width: 24.6481%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIPMB1403\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" style=\"width: 37.803%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLC149928\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" style=\"width: 37.6645%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAchlya orion\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" style=\"width: 24.6481%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCCIBt3984\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" style=\"width: 37.803%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eKT213550\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" style=\"width: 37.6645%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAchlya orion\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" style=\"width: 24.6481%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCCIBt4384\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" style=\"width: 37.803%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOK270988\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" style=\"width: 37.6645%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAchlya primoachlya\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" style=\"width: 24.6481%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAVM7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" style=\"width: 37.803%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eKX580959\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" style=\"width: 37.6645%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAchlya primoachlya\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" style=\"width: 24.6481%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCCIBt3982\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" style=\"width: 37.803%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eKM058757\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" style=\"width: 37.6645%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAchlya prolifera\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" style=\"width: 24.6481%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eF1533\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" style=\"width: 37.803%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEU849169\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" style=\"width: 37.6645%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAchlya prolifera\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" style=\"width: 24.6481%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGHJ39\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" style=\"width: 37.803%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMK818528\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" style=\"width: 37.6645%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAchlya proliferoides\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" style=\"width: 24.6481%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCCIBt4418\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" style=\"width: 37.803%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOK270989\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" style=\"width: 37.6645%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAchlya proliferoides\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" style=\"width: 24.6481%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCCIBt4419\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" style=\"width: 37.803%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOK270990\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" style=\"width: 37.6645%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAchlya recurva\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" style=\"width: 24.6481%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCBS10850\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" style=\"width: 37.803%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHQ643107\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" style=\"width: 37.6645%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAchlya recurva\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" style=\"width: 24.6481%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBHU-BOT-MMT-147\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" style=\"width: 37.803%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMH685195\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" style=\"width: 37.6645%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAphanomyces helicoides\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" style=\"width: 24.6481%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCCIBt4331\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" style=\"width: 37.803%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMK513781\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" style=\"width: 37.6645%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAphanomyces laevis\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" style=\"width: 24.6481%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCBS127282\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" style=\"width: 37.803%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHQ111469\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" style=\"width: 37.6645%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAphanomyces stellatus\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" style=\"width: 24.6481%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCCIBt3994\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" style=\"width: 37.803%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eKP006462\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" style=\"width: 37.6645%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAplanopsis terrestris\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" style=\"width: 24.6481%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCCIBt4037\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" style=\"width: 37.803%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eKM058756\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" style=\"width: 37.6645%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eApodachlya brachynema\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" style=\"width: 24.6481%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCBS55769\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" style=\"width: 37.803%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHQ643125\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" style=\"width: 37.6645%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eApodachlya minima\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" style=\"width: 24.6481%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCBS18582\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" style=\"width: 37.803%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHQ643126\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" style=\"width: 37.6645%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eBeakesia catenulata\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" style=\"width: 24.6481%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCCIBt4029\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" style=\"width: 37.803%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eKP006455\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" style=\"width: 37.6645%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eBeakesia catenulata\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" style=\"width: 24.6481%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCCIBt4030\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" style=\"width: 37.803%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eKP006456\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" style=\"width: 37.6645%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eBrevilegnia longicaulis\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" style=\"width: 24.6481%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCCIBt3989\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" style=\"width: 37.803%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eKM245940\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" style=\"width: 37.6645%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eBrevilegnia longicaulis\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" style=\"width: 24.6481%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCCIBt4356\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" style=\"width: 37.803%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOK270994\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" style=\"width: 37.6645%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCokeria racemosa\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" style=\"width: 24.6481%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCCIBt10338\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" style=\"width: 37.803%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHQ643105\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" style=\"width: 37.6645%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCokeria radiosa\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" style=\"width: 24.6481%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCCIBt2309\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" style=\"width: 37.803%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eKT935274\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" style=\"width: 37.6645%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCokeria radiosa\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" style=\"width: 24.6481%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCCIBt4039\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" style=\"width: 37.803%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eKT935273\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" style=\"width: 37.6645%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCokeria radiosa\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" style=\"width: 24.6481%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCCIBt4296\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" style=\"width: 37.803%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMN879848\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" style=\"width: 37.6645%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCokeria radiosa\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" style=\"width: 24.6481%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCCIBt4687\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" style=\"width: 37.803%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMN879849\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" style=\"width: 37.6645%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCokeria radiosa\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" style=\"width: 24.6481%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCCIBt4688\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" style=\"width: 37.803%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMN879850\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" style=\"width: 37.6645%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCokeria radiosa\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" style=\"width: 24.6481%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCBS54767\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" style=\"width: 37.803%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHQ643106\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" style=\"width: 37.6645%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCokeria sparrowii\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" style=\"width: 24.6481%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eVKMF-2217\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" style=\"width: 37.803%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eKP098344\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" style=\"width: 37.6645%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eDictyuchus pseudodictyon\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" style=\"width: 24.6481%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCCIBt4378\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" style=\"width: 37.803%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOK271003\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" style=\"width: 37.6645%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eDictyuchus pseudodictyon\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" style=\"width: 24.6481%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCCIBt4108\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" style=\"width: 37.803%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eKT935276\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" style=\"width: 37.6645%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eLeptolegnia chapmanii\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" style=\"width: 24.6481%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCEP010\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" style=\"width: 37.803%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eKT935277\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" style=\"width: 37.6645%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eLeptolegnia chapmanii\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" style=\"width: 24.6481%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCEP433\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" style=\"width: 37.803%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eKT935278\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" style=\"width: 37.6645%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eLeptolegnia caudata\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" style=\"width: 24.6481%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCBS68069\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" style=\"width: 37.803%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eKP098340\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" style=\"width: 37.6645%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eNewbya androgyna\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" style=\"width: 24.6481%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCCIBt3993\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" style=\"width: 37.803%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eKP006459\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" style=\"width: 37.6645%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eNewbya androgyna\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" style=\"width: 24.6481%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCCIBt4306\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" style=\"width: 37.803%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMN880074\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" style=\"width: 37.6645%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eNewbya apiculata\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" style=\"width: 24.6481%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCCIBt4313\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" style=\"width: 37.803%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMN879853\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" style=\"width: 37.6645%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eNewbya apiculata\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" style=\"width: 24.6481%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSCP53\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" style=\"width: 37.803%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMN879854\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" style=\"width: 37.6645%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eNewbya dichotoma\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" style=\"width: 24.6481%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMB808617\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" style=\"width: 37.803%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eKP098345\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" style=\"width: 37.6645%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eNewbya oblongata\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" style=\"width: 24.6481%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCCIBt4299\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" style=\"width: 37.803%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMN879855\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" style=\"width: 37.6645%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eNewbya oblongata\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" style=\"width: 24.6481%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSCP70\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" style=\"width: 37.803%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMN879856\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" style=\"width: 37.6645%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eNewbya pascuicola\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" style=\"width: 24.6481%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCBS57667\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" style=\"width: 37.803%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eKP098347\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" style=\"width: 37.6645%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ePhragmosporangium uniseriatum\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" style=\"width: 24.6481%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCCIBt4107\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" style=\"width: 37.803%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eKT935286\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" style=\"width: 37.6645%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ePhragmosporangium uniseriatum\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" style=\"width: 24.6481%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCCIBt3986\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" style=\"width: 37.803%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eKT213554\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" style=\"width: 37.6645%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ePlectospira gemmifer\u003c/em\u003ea\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" style=\"width: 24.6481%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGHJ01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" style=\"width: 37.803%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eKX084705\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" style=\"width: 37.6645%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eProtoachlya paradoxa\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" style=\"width: 24.6481%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCBS15845\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" style=\"width: 37.803%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDQ393553\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" style=\"width: 37.6645%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eProtoachlya paradoxa\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" style=\"width: 24.6481%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eATCC44892\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" style=\"width: 37.803%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDQ393555\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" style=\"width: 37.6645%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ePythiopsis cymosa\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" style=\"width: 24.6481%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCBS110.055\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" style=\"width: 37.803%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAB219381\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" style=\"width: 37.6645%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ePythiopsis irregularis\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" style=\"width: 24.6481%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCCIBt3985\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" style=\"width: 37.803%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eKT935284\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" style=\"width: 37.6645%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ePythiopsis irregularis\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" style=\"width: 24.6481%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCCIBt4311\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" style=\"width: 37.803%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOK271009\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" style=\"width: 37.6645%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ePythiopsis terrestris\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" style=\"width: 24.6481%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCBS110.058\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" style=\"width: 37.803%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eKP098350\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" style=\"width: 37.6645%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eSaprolegnia aenigmatica\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" style=\"width: 24.6481%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRJBC0028\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" style=\"width: 37.803%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eKR872872\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" style=\"width: 37.6645%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSaprolegnia aenigmatica\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" style=\"width: 24.6481%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCCIBt4324\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" style=\"width: 37.803%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMN879858\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" style=\"width: 37.6645%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSaprolegnia aenigmatica\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" style=\"width: 24.6481%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCCIBt4300\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" style=\"width: 37.803%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMN879859\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" style=\"width: 37.6645%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSaprolegnia aenigmatica\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" style=\"width: 24.6481%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSCP76\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" style=\"width: 37.803%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMN879860\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" style=\"width: 37.6645%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eSaprolegnia diclina\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" style=\"width: 24.6481%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eABDN252\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" style=\"width: 37.803%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eKM061644\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" style=\"width: 37.6645%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eSaprolegnia diclina\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" style=\"width: 24.6481%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSAP0229\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" style=\"width: 37.803%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eKF717744\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" style=\"width: 37.6645%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSaprolegnia diclina\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" style=\"width: 24.6481%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCCIBt4301\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" style=\"width: 37.803%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMN747438\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" style=\"width: 37.6645%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSaprolegnia diclina\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" style=\"width: 24.6481%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCCIBt4671\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" style=\"width: 37.803%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMN879863\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" style=\"width: 37.6645%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSaprolegnia diclina\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" style=\"width: 24.6481%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSCP47\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" style=\"width: 37.803%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMN879864\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" style=\"width: 37.6645%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSaprolegnia diclina\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" style=\"width: 24.6481%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSCP101\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" style=\"width: 37.803%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMN879865\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" style=\"width: 37.6645%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSaprolegnia diclina\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" style=\"width: 24.6481%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSCP121\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" style=\"width: 37.803%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMN879867\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" style=\"width: 37.6645%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSaprolegnia diclina\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" style=\"width: 24.6481%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSCP122\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" style=\"width: 37.803%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMN879868\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" style=\"width: 37.6645%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eSaprolegnia ferax\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" style=\"width: 24.6481%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCCIBt4099\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" style=\"width: 37.803%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eKT964708\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" style=\"width: 37.6645%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSaprolegnia ferax\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" style=\"width: 24.6481%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCCIBt4681\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" style=\"width: 37.803%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMN747440\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" style=\"width: 37.6645%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eSaprolegnia ferax\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" style=\"width: 24.6481%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSAP0255\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" style=\"width: 37.803%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eKF717884\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" style=\"width: 37.6645%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eSaprolegnia parasitica\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" style=\"width: 24.6481%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e684F2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" style=\"width: 37.803%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eKP189430\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" style=\"width: 37.6645%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSaprolegnia parasitica\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" style=\"width: 24.6481%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCCIBt4701\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" style=\"width: 37.803%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMN747446\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" style=\"width: 37.6645%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSaprolegnia parasitica\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" style=\"width: 24.6481%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSCP62\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" style=\"width: 37.803%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMN879869\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" style=\"width: 37.6645%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSaprolegnia parasitica\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" style=\"width: 24.6481%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSCP75\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" style=\"width: 37.803%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMN879870\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" style=\"width: 37.6645%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eSaprolegnia terrestris\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" style=\"width: 24.6481%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSAP1327\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" style=\"width: 37.803%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eKF718138\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" style=\"width: 37.6645%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSaprolegnia terrestris\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" style=\"width: 24.6481%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCCIBt4680\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" style=\"width: 37.803%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMN879862\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" style=\"width: 37.6645%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eThraustotheca clavata\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" style=\"width: 24.6481%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCBS34333\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" style=\"width: 37.803%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHQ644018\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" style=\"width: 37.6645%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eThraustotheca clavata\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" style=\"width: 24.6481%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCBS55767\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" style=\"width: 37.803%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHQ644017\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" style=\"width: 37.6645%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eThraustotheca terrestris\u003c/em\u003e*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" style=\"width: 24.6481%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCBS109851\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" style=\"width: 37.803%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHQ665057\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e"},{"header":"Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003eIn the present study, we recorded \u003cem\u003eSaprolegniaceae\u003c/em\u003e species in trout farm systems in Brazil, including species commonly related to fish disease (Cao et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2012\u003c/span\u003e; Sarowar et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR36\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e; Mastan \u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e; Egblom et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e; Markovskaja et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e; Eszterbauer et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2025\u003c/span\u003e). Our phylogenetic analysis using ITS region corroborated the morphological identification of these species. All of them have been reported in trout farms worldwide (Carballo et al.1992; Hussein and Hatai \u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2002\u003c/span\u003e; Mousavi et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2009\u003c/span\u003e; Vega-Ramirez et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR44\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2013\u003c/span\u003e; Sandoval-Sierra et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR33\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e; Czeczuga et al \u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015a\u003c/span\u003e; Markovskaja et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e; Eszterbauer et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2025\u003c/span\u003e), where problems with oomycetes are routine, especially in eggs, with the predominance of \u003cem\u003eSaprolegniaceae\u003c/em\u003e species. \u003cem\u003eCokeria radiosa\u003c/em\u003e was more prevalent in the analysed samples, having a wide distribution, including the presence in colonized eggs and dead fish, followed by \u003cem\u003eSaprolegnia diclina\u003c/em\u003e, which in previou studies has been found associated with the early embryonic stages of some fish (Kiziewicz et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2013\u003c/span\u003e; van den Berg et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR42\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2013\u003c/span\u003e) and colonized eggs (Czeczuga et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015a\u003c/span\u003e). \u003cem\u003eCokeria radiosa was\u003c/em\u003e positioned into \u003cem\u003eSaprolegniaceae\u003c/em\u003e in our phylogenetic analysis, agreeing with Pires-Zottarelli et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eBased on our phylogenetic analysis, we confirm the taxonomic transfer of \u003cem\u003eAchlya oblongata\u003c/em\u003e to the genus \u003cem\u003eNewbya\u003c/em\u003e, as proposed by Spencer et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR39\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2002\u003c/span\u003e). Currently, two sequences labeled as \u003cem\u003eA. oblongata\u003c/em\u003e are available in the GenBank database. However, one of these sequences (DQ324365) is of poor quality and lacks associated metadata or publication, while the other (LC149928), which was included in the present study, is of questionable identity. Lau et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e) reported an oomycete infection in \u003cem\u003eLates calcarifer\u003c/em\u003e and identified the isolate (IPMB 1403) as \u003cem\u003eA. oblongata\u003c/em\u003e based on morphological features, particularly the achlyoid type of zoospore discharge. Notably, the isolate did not exhibit sexual reproductive structures, limiting the reliability of morphological identification. In their phylogenetic analysis, the sequence clustered with DQ324365 (unpublished), as well as with other \u003cem\u003eAchlya\u003c/em\u003e species exhibiting eccentric oospores, showing closest affinity to \u003cem\u003eA. bissexualis\u003c/em\u003e. As reported by Choi et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e), A. \u003cem\u003ebissexualis\u003c/em\u003e possesses eccentric oospores, which is a diagnostic feature of species within \u003cem\u003eAchlya sensu stricto\u003c/em\u003e (\u003cem\u003eAchlyaceae\u003c/em\u003e) (Rocha et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR32\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e). Our results, in conjunction with the analysis presented by Lau et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e), suggest that both GenBank sequences currently labeled as \u003cem\u003eA. oblongata\u003c/em\u003e are likely misidentified. The present study provides the first reliable sequences of \u003cem\u003eNewbya oblongata\u003c/em\u003e, based on well-characterized specimens, which include detailed morphological observations and phylogenetic placement.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eHistorically, morphological variation observed in \u003cem\u003eNewbya oblongata\u003c/em\u003e led to the recognition of intraspecific forms at the variety level (Johnson et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2002\u003c/span\u003e). Upon transferring the species to the genus \u003cem\u003eNewbya\u003c/em\u003e, Spencer et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR39\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2002\u003c/span\u003e) retained the two previously recognized varieties. The specimens examined in the present study correspond to \u003cem\u003eNewbya oblongata\u003c/em\u003e var. \u003cem\u003eoblongata\u003c/em\u003e, based on the size and shape of the oogonia, the size and number of oospores, and the presence of antheridia, which are consistent with the original description. In contrast, the specimen described as \u003cem\u003eAchlya oblongata\u003c/em\u003e var. \u003cem\u003egigantica\u003c/em\u003e by Forbes (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1935\u003c/span\u003e) was reported to be parasitized in the original material, as noted by Johnson et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2002\u003c/span\u003e), which raises concerns regarding the validity of its morphological features. In light of this, and given the lack of supporting data, we have chosen not to adopt varietal distinctions in the current study until further research can clarify the taxonomic relevance of this intraspecific variation.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe detection of these oomycetes in the studied trout farms underscores the need for ongoing monitoring, given the well-documented pathogenicity of several Saprolegniaceae species and their potential to cause severe disease outbreaks in aquaculture settings.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003eFinancial interests: The authors declare they have no financial interests.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConflict of interest:\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEthics approval:\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cp\u003eNot applicable.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConsent to participate\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cp\u003eand consent for publication: All authors have participated of this manuscript and they have accepted its publication in Mycological Progress. This manuscript represents original work that is not being considered for publication, in whole or in part, in another journal, book, conference, proceedings, or government publication with a substantial circulation.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eFunding\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eWe wish to thank \u0026ldquo;Funda\u0026ccedil;\u0026atilde;o de Amparo \u0026agrave; Pesquisa do Estado de S\u0026atilde;o Paulo\u0026rdquo; (FAPESP) - (Process n\u0026ordm; 2016/18787-5), \u0026ldquo;Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient\u0026iacute;fico e Tecnol\u0026oacute;gico\u0026rdquo; (CNPq) - (Process n\u0026ordm; 152741/2016) and \u0026ldquo;Coordena\u0026ccedil;\u0026atilde;o de Aperfei\u0026ccedil;oamento de Pessoal de N\u0026iacute;vel Superior\u0026rdquo; (CAPES) for the financial support given to Sarah Cristina de Oliveira da Paix\u0026atilde;o through her post-graduation program. Marco Thines is funded by the excellence initiative of the government of Hesse in the framework of the LOEWE Centre for Translational Biodiversity Genomics (TBG).\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eAuthors Contributions:\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eAll authors have contributed to this manuscript. Sample collection, strain isolation and morphological characterization of the isolates were performed by Sarah C.O. Paix\u0026atilde;o and Carmen Lidia A. Pires-Zottarelli. The DNA extraction, sequencing and fasta were performed by Sarah C.O. Paix\u0026atilde;o, Gustavo Henrique Jer\u0026ocirc;nimo and Carmen Lidia A. Pires-Zottarelli. Phylogenetic analysis was performed by Marco Thines. The authors have also commented on previous versions of the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final version of this manuscript.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eAcknowledgements\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eWe would like to thank the owners of the two trout farms involved in this study and Dr. Yara A. Tabata from the \u0026ldquo;Instituto de Pesca\u0026rdquo; for her valuable contribution to this research.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eData availability statement\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe full text of the manuscript will be available in Mycological Progress, the sequences at GenBank, and the specimens in the CCIBt Culture Collection.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAlvarez F, Razquin B, Villena A, Lopez-Fierro P, Zapata A. (1988) Alterations in the peripheral lymphoid organs and differential leukocyte counts in \u003cem\u003eSaprolegnia\u003c/em\u003e infected brown trout, \u003cem\u003eSalmo trutta \u003c/em\u003eFario. Vet. immunol. immunopathol.: 18: 181\u0026ndash;193. https://doi.org/10.1016/0165-2427(88)90060-8\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eBeakes GW, Honda D, Thines M (2014) Systematics of the Straminipila: Labyrinthulomycota, Hyphochytriomycota, and Oomycota. In: McLaughlin DJ, Spatafora JW, eds. The Mycota\u003cem\u003e \u003c/em\u003eVIII, Part A: Systematic and Evolution. Berlin: Springer-Verlag. pp. 39\u0026ndash;97. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-55318-9_3\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eBeakes GW, Thines M (2017) Hyphochytriomycota and Oomycota. In: Archibald J, Simpson A, Slamovits C (eds.) Handbook of the Protists. Springer International Publishing, Cham, pp. 435\u0026ndash;505. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-32669-6_26-1\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eCao H, Zheng W, Xu J, Ou R., He S, Yang X (2012) Identification of an isolate of \u003cem\u003eSaprolegnia\u003c/em\u003e \u003cem\u003eferax\u003c/em\u003e as the causal agent of saprolegniosis of yellow catfish (\u003cem\u003ePelteobagrus fulvidraco\u003c/em\u003e) eggs. Vet. Res. Commun., 36:239\u0026ndash;244. https:// doi. org/ 10.1007/s11259-012-9536-8\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eCarballo M, Torroba M, Munoz MJ, Sanchez C, Tarazona JV, Dominguez J (1992) Effect of copper and cyanide on some immunological parameters and stress in rainbow trout (\u003cem\u003eOnconrhynchus mykiss\u003c/em\u003e). Fish Shellfish Immunol. 2: 121\u0026ndash;129. https:// doi. org/10.1016/S1050-4648(05)80041-5\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eChoi YJ, Lee SH, Nguyen TTT, Nam B, Lee HB (2019) Characterization of \u003cem\u003eAchlya americana\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eA. bisexualis\u003c/em\u003e (Saprolegniales, Oomycota) Isolated from Freshwater Environments in Korea. Mycobiology 47: 135\u0026ndash;142. https:// doi. org/10.1080/12298093.2018.1551855\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eCzeczuga B, Czeczuga-Semniuk E, Semniuk-Grell A (2015a) Observations of mycotal species growth on the rainbow trout eggs (\u003cem\u003eOncorhynchus mykiss\u003c/em\u003e). Afr. J. Microbiol. 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Mycologist 20:99\u0026ndash;104. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mycol.2006.06.004\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eVega-Ramirez MT, Moreno-Lafont MC, Valenzuela R, Cervantes-Olivares R, Aller-Gancedo JM, Fregeneda-Grandes JM, Damas-Aguilar JL, Gac\u0026iacute;a-Flores V, L\u0026oacute;pez-Santiago R (2013) New records of Saprolegniaceae isolated from rainbow trout, from their eggs, and water in a fish farm from the State of Mexico. Rev. Mex. Biodiv. 84:637\u0026ndash;649. https://doi.org/10.7550/rmb.28627\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":true,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"mycological-progress","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"mypr","sideBox":"Learn more about [Mycological Progress](https://www.springer.com/journal/11557)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"https://www.editorialmanager.com/mypr/default.aspx","title":"Mycological Progress","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"Springer Hybrid","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":false},"keywords":"diversity, Oomycota, phylogeny, Saprolegniales, taxonomy","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7951886/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-7951886/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eMembers of the family \u003cem\u003eSaprolegniaceae\u003c/em\u003e are widely recognized as pathogens in salmonid aquaculture worldwide. In the present study, we investigated the presence and diversity of Saprolegniaceae in two trout farms located in Campos do Jord\u0026atilde;o, S\u0026atilde;o Paulo State, Brazil. Sampling included the water supply, rearing tanks across various developmental stages of trout, as well as trout eggs and deceased fish. A total of 167 isolates were obtained using a baiting technique. These isolates were identified through both morphological and molecular analyses and were assigned to the genera \u003cem\u003eCokeria\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eNewbya\u003c/em\u003e, and \u003cem\u003eSaprolegnia\u003c/em\u003e. \u003cem\u003eCokeria radiosa\u003c/em\u003e was the most frequently isolated species across the two farms. Notably, \u003cem\u003eNewbya oblongata\u003c/em\u003e was sequenced for the first time and is here reported for the first time in Brazil. All species identified in this study have previously been reported in association with trout and trout eggs in other regions of the world. This study represents the first comprehensive assessment of Saprolegniaceae diversity in Brazilian trout farming systems. The findings contribute to a better understanding of the distribution and ecology of these zoosporic organisms in aquaculture environments and support future efforts in monitoring and managing potential pathogenic species in fish farming operations.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Comprehensive assessment of Saprolegniaceae in two Brazilian trout farms","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-11-24 06:27:59","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7951886/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"","date":"2025-11-21T04:12:33+00:00","index":0,"fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2025-11-12T08:23:28+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvited","content":"Mycological Progress","date":"2025-11-12T07:24:09+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2025-11-07T03:46:44+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"Mycological Progress","date":"2025-11-05T09:00:45+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"mycological-progress","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"mypr","sideBox":"Learn more about [Mycological Progress](https://www.springer.com/journal/11557)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"https://www.editorialmanager.com/mypr/default.aspx","title":"Mycological Progress","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"Springer Hybrid","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":false}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"4e13e050-7585-43f2-8e0e-753c1866d01d","owner":[],"postedDate":"November 24th, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"under-review","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2026-02-17T09:29:11+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2025-11-24 06:27:59","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-7951886","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-7951886","identity":"rs-7951886","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}