Two uptake hydrogenases differentially interact with the aerobic respiratory chain during mycobacterial growth and persistence

Aerobic soil bacteria metabolize atmospheric hydrogen (H 2 ) to persist when nutrient sources are limited. This process is the primary sink in the global H 2 cycle and supports the productivity of microbes in oligotrophic environments. To mediate this function, bacteria possess [NiFe]-hydrogenases capable of oxidising H 2 to subatmospheric concentrations. The soil saprophyte Mycobacterium smegmatis has two such [NiFe]-hydrogenases, designated Huc and Hhy, which belong to different phylogenetic subgroups. Huc and Hhy exhibit similar characteristics: both are oxygen-tolerant, oxidise H 2 to subatmospheric concentrations, and enhance survival during hypoxia and carbon limitation. These shared characteristics pose the question: Why does M. smegmatis require two hydrogenases mediating a seemingly similar function? In this work we resolve this question by showing that Huc and Hhy are differentially expressed, localised, and integrated into the respiratory chain. Huc is active in late exponential and early stationary phase, supporting energy conservation during mixotrophic growth and the transition into dormancy. In contrast, Hhy is most active during long-term persistence, providing energy for maintenance processes when carbon sources are depleted. We show that Huc and Hhy are obligately linked to the aerobic respiratory chain via the menaquinone pool and are differentially affected by respiratory uncouplers. Consistent with their distinct expression profiles, Huc and Hhy interact differentially with the terminal oxidases of the respiratory chain. Huc exclusively donates electrons to, and possibly physically associates with, the proton pumping cytochrome bcc-aa 3 supercomplex. In contrast, the more promiscuous Hhy can also provide electrons to the cytochrome bd oxidase complex. These data demonstrate that, despite their similar characteristics, Huc and Hhy perform distinct functions during mycobacterial growth and survival.