Cancer- and non-cancer risk assessment of chlorination by-products in indoor swimming pools in Shenzhen, China

Cancer- and non-cancer risk assessment of chlorination by-products in indoor swimming pools in Shenzhen, China | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Cancer- and non-cancer risk assessment of chlorination by-products in indoor swimming pools in Shenzhen, China Qingcheng Liu, Peng Shao, Jian Sun, Rongjie Shi, Langwen Li, Wei Zeng, and 3 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-4489283/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Background Trihalomethanes (THMs) generated in chlorinated pools have raised great concerns for potential genotoxic, carcinogenic and mutagenic features. The present study aimed to assess multi-exposure cancer and non-cancer risk of THMs in indoor swimming pools in Shenzhen, China. Methods Six representative indoor swimming pools located in west, central and east of Shenzhen were selected, with waters at 30 cm below and air at 1.2 m above water surface sampled. Headspace gas chromatography-electron capture detector (HSGC-ECD) was used to measure water THMs, and thermal desorption gas chromatography (TD-GC) was adopted to measure air THMs. Swimmer Exposure Assessment Model (SWIMODEL) recommended by USEPA was performed to assess the lifetime cancer and non-cancer risk of THMs. Results The median THMs in pool waters was 48.69 µg/L (IQR: 36.81–65.72), and 45.69 µg/m 3 (IQR: 24.61–112.50) for ambient air, both with chloroform (TCM) and bromodichloromethane (BDCM) as predominant components. The daily THMs intake was 1.40E-02 µg/kg.d (range: 6.72E-03–3.96E-02), with estimated lifetime cancer risk 9.39E-07 (range: 3.59E-07–3.05E-06) and non-cancer risk 1.26E-03 (range: 6.21E-04–3.58E-03). Inhalation was major exposure route, accounting for 70.5% of total THMs intaking. Female swimmers had significantly higher cancer risk ( P = 0.028) and non-cancer risk ( P = 0.028) than male swimmers. Conclusions The estimated lifetime cancer risk of THMs in indoor swimming pools in Shenzhen was below the USEPA‘s regulatory threshold of 1.0E-06, and non-cancer risk was less than the unacceptable level of 1.0. The lifetime cancer- and non-cancer risk was acceptable for THMs in indoor swimming pools in Shenzhen, China. Disinfection by-products Trihalomethanes Indoor swimming pools Cancer risk Hazard index Swimmer exposure assessment model Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Introduction Chlorine is the most widely used agent for swimming pool water disinfectant to kill pathogens (Genisoglu et al. 2023 ). Many chlorination by-products, including chloroform (TCM), bromodichloromethane (BDCM), dibromochloromethane (DBCM) and bromoform (TBM), are generated in the chlorination disinfecting process (Mao et al. 2018 ). The formation has been reported to be the interaction of chlorine-based disinfectants with the natural organic matter in filling waters and the organic micropollutants brought in by swimmers, such as perspiration, urine, skin tissue, hair, saliva, analgesics, antibiotics, sunscreens, lotions, cosmetics and soaps (Carter &Joll 2017 ). The chlorination by-product trihalomethanes (THMs) have been reported to be potentially genotoxic, carcinogenic, teratogenic, and mutagenic (Couto et al. 2021 , Liberatore et al. 2022 ). Epidemiologic evidences indicated significantly increased risk for bladder cancer, melanoma, chronic lymphocytic leukemia, colorectal cancer and all-cause mortality with chronic exposure to THMs, and the WHO International Agency for Research on Cancer recognized TCM as group 2B carcinogen, and TBM as Group 3 carcinogen(Beane Freeman et al. 2017 , Costet et al. 2011 , Donat-Vargas et al. 2023 , Helte et al. 2023 , Sun et al. 2021 ). The respiratory symptom is also an important target for THMs toxicity, as THMs are easily volatile and could partition from pool waters into ambient air(Carter et al. 2019b ). THMs initiate airway damage by stimulating inflammatory signaling cascade and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, disrupting tight junction and increasing lung epithelium permeability(Bernard 2007 , Bonetto et al. 2006 , Sun et al. 2023 ). In addition, significant concentration-response relationship was reported to be between THMs concentrations and irritant eye, nasal, and throat symptoms(Massin et al. 1998 ). Swimming is very popular in Shenzhen, a southern city in China, for the climate and demographic characteristics. Shenzhen is located at longitude east 113°46′ − 114°37′ and latitude north 22°27′ − 22°52, and falls within low-latitude tropical and subtropical monsoon climate zones. The summer is over 6 months long, about 202 days, with temperature up to 39℃, and the average annual temperature is 23.3℃ (data from Meteorological Bureau of Shenzhen Municipaity, http://weather.sz.gov.cn/ ). In addition, Shenzhen is rapidly developing and highly technological, with much younger population than other cities (National Bureau of Statistics of China, http://tjj.sz.gov.cn/ ). Swimming is preferred for the young population in Shenzhen, with mensal swimming 598 mins for male and 464 mins for female, as reported in the Exposure Factors Handbook of Chinese Population. Swimming is beneficial to cardiopulmonary fitness and lung function. However, emerging concerns have been raised about the health hazards of disinfection by-products (DBPs) in swimming pool waters. Exposing to chlorination by-products in drinking water had been studied extensively, whereas the concentrations of THMs in swimming pool waters are much higher, and more cytotoxic and genotoxic(Chowdhury et al. 2016 , Hang et al. 2016 ). The present study was conducted to assess the multi-exposure cancer and non-cancer risk of THMs in indoor swimming pools in Shenzhen, China. Methods Sample collection Six representative indoor swimming pools located in the west, central and east of Shenzhen were selected. The basic characteristics and details of pool designs were collected by structured questionnaires, including opening date, swimming pool size, daily number of swimmers, disinfectant type, disinfectant dosage, water cycle time, water recirculation rate and daily water replenishment. Pool waters were collected at 10:00 am repeatedly in four consecutive days in July or August according to the GB/T 18,204.6–2013 method (AHWSJD 2013). Two sampling points (two sides of the swimming pools) were selected when the pool size ≤ 1000 m 2 , or else three sampling points were selected (two sides and central of the swimming pools). Water samples were collected about 1 m from the edge of pools and 30 cm below the water surface, and put in a 500 mL brown glassbottles without headspace. Air samples at 1.2 m above water surface was collected by air-autosampler PC-1500 with stainless steel sampling tube TenaxTA according to the HJ 194–2017 method (MEE 2018). All samples were immediately transferred to the laboratory. Chlorination by-product quantification THMs in pool waters were measured by the headspace gas chromatography-electron capture detector (HSGC-ECD) (Agilent 7890A, USA), equipped with a HP-5 column (30 m × 0.32 mm × 0.25 µm). Pool waters were preprocessed and detected according to the Standard Test Method for Drinking Water of China (GB/T 5750.8–2006 and GB/T 5750.8–2023). Extraction of 500 µL was injected for chromatographic detection, with gas separated at l.0 mL/min flow rate and shunt ratio of 10:1. The oven temperature program was as follows: initial temperature 40°C for 5 min; first ramp of 20°C/min to 80°C; second ramp of 40°C/min to 240°C, then running at 240°C for 2 mins. The injector temperature was 250℃, and the detector temperature was 300°C. THMs in ambient air was quantified by thermal desorption gas chromatography system (PerkinElmer Clarus 680 GC and PerkinElmer TurboMatrix 650 ATD, USA), equipped with a flame ionization detector and a DB-1 column (30 m × 0.32 mm × 0.25 µm). The air samples were preprocessed and detected according to the Standards for indoor air quality of China (GB/T 18883 − 2022). For pool waters, the limits of detection (LOD) were 0.2 µg/L for TCM, 0.4 µg/L for BDCM, 0.4 µg/L for DBCM, and 0.6 µg/L for TBM. For ambient air, the LOD were 0.001 µg/L for TCM, 0.001 µg/L for BDCM, 0.001 µg/L for DBCM, and 0.004 µg/L for TBM. Half of LOD was set as the value for the measured concentrations below LOD. Environmental factor measurement Environmental factors were measured according to Hygienic Indicators and Limits for Public Places of China (GB/T 37488 − 2019). Free residual chlorine in pool waters was measured by the residual chlorine dioxide detector DR 300 (HACH, USA), water PH was measured by Lumiso Pooltest 3 Photometer (Balinda, UK), and the Digital hygrograph Fluke 971 (Fluke Test Instruments LTD, Shanghai) was used to measure water temperature, air temperature and humidity. Health risk assessment Total lifetime cancer risk The total lifetime cancer risk (TLR) of THMs from oral ingestion, dermal absorption and inhalation was assessed according to the Swimmer Exposure Assessment Model (SWIMODEL) recommended by USEPA (USEPA, 2003), estimated based on the formulas as follows: CDI, the average daily intake via different routes, mg/Kg.d; i, the number of different chemicals; j, the number of different exposure routes; SF, the slope factor, mg/Kg.d; C w , the measured concentration in pool waters, µg/L; IR, the ingestion rate, L/h; ET, the duration of each swimming, h/event; EF, the swimming frequency, events/year; ED, the exposure duration, years; BW, body weight, the average BW for Shenzhen population is 59.5 kg (64.2 kg for male, and 55.4 kg for female) based on the Exposure Factors Handbook of Chinese Population; AT, the average time, days; SA, skin surface area, the average skin surface area for Shenzhen population is 1.6 m 2 (1.7 m 2 for male, and 1.6 m 2 for female) based on the Exposure Factors Handbook of Chinese Population; K p , dermal permeability coefficient, cm/h; C vp , ambient air concentration, µg/m³; IR’, inhalation rate, m 3 /h; H', unitless Henry's law constant. All the parameters mentioned above, except the body weight and skin surface area, were cited from the study conducted in 41 swimming pools in a rapidly developing city of China(Peng et al. 2020 ). In addition, the life expectancy 76.7 was adopted according to the 2017 Statistical Bulletin on the Development of China's Health Care (China, 2018). The parameters mentioned above are summarized in Online Resource 1 and Online Resource 2 . Total lifetime non-cancer risk The hazard index (HI) of lifetime non-cancer was assessed basing the equation as follow: $$\text{H}\text{I}=\sum _{i}^{m}{\text{C}\text{D}\text{I}}_{i}/{\text{R}\text{f}\text{D}}_{i}$$ RfD, the reference dose for non-cancer risk, the RfDs are 0.01 mg/kg.d for TCM, 0.02 mg/kg.d for BDCM, 0.02 mg/kg.d for DBCM, and 0.02 mg/kg.d for TBM. Statistical analysis The Shapiro-Wilk test was performed to examine the normal distribution of continuous variables. Data with normal distribution were presented as means ± SDs, or else presented as medians (interquartile ranges, IQRs) or medians (ranges). Average concentrations in the 4 consecutive days were calculated and compared between the 2 or 3 sampling points of swimming pools by Wilcoxon Signed Ranks Test. In addition, the measured concentrations in pool waters were compared with China limits by One-Sample Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test. Repeated measures correlation analysis (rmcorr) was performed to determine the association between THMs and environmental factors. The lifetime cancer- and non-cancer risk between male and female were compared by Wilcoxon Signed Ranks Test. All statistical analyses were performed by SPSS software (SPSS version 25; IBM Corporation) and R (version 0.3.0), with 2-sided P value < 0.05 set as significant. Results Basic characteristics of the swimming pools Six indoor swimming pools located in west, central and east of Shenzhen were assessed in the present study. The swimming pools were newly built, with open dates ranging from 2006 to 2021 year, and the pool sizes ranged from 60 m 2 to 525 m 2 , with load of 20 - 250 swimmers everyday. The median residual chlorine in pool waters was 0.72 mg/L (IQR: 0.32-1.20), median temperature was 29.20 0 C (IQR: 28.50-29.80), and PH was 7.35 (IQR: 7.09-7.54). The median relative humidity of the pool air was 82.15% (IQR: 78.18-84.43), and temperature was 30.70 0 C (29.95-31.18). The pool designs and environmental factors of the 6 indoor swimming pools were showed in Table 1 . THM concentrations in pool waters and ambient air The median THMs was 48.69 mg/L (IQR: 36.81-65.72) in pool waters, with TCM and BDCM as predominant components, accounting for 87.6% and 9.7% of total THMs, respectively. The median THMs in ambient air was 45.69 mg/m 3 (IQR: 24.61-112.50), and TCM and BDCM were also the major components. The measured THM concentrations in the 6 pools were showed in Table 2 . The Wilcoxon Signed Ranks Test showed no significant difference in water THMs between sampling points, whereas both significantly lower than China limits. No significant difference existed between sampling points for THMs in ambient air, whereas air THMs in both pool east and west were significantly higher than that in the rest area, as showed in Fig 1 . Association of THMs with environmental factors Repeated measures correlation analysis showed significant association between water TCM and air TCM, whereas no correlation existed between other THMs ( Fig 2) . Pool water PH was moderately associated with pool water TCM (r rmcorr = 0.55, P < 0.001), BDCM (r rmcorr = 0.43, P = 0.004) and total THMs (r rmcorr = 0.56, P < 0.001), and closely correlated with air TCM (r rmcorr = 0.70, P < 0.001) and total THMs (r rmcorr = 0.60, P < 0.001). No significant associations were observed between water and air THMs and other environmental factors, as showed in Table 3 . Estimated average daily intake dose of THMs The estimated multi-exposure THMs intake was 1.40E-02 mg/kg.d (range: 6.72E-03 - 3.96E-02), with 1.43E-03 mg/kg.d (range: 9.99E-04 - 2.26E-03) from dermal absorption, 2.64E-03 mg/kg.d (range: 1.82E-03 - 4.06E-03) from oral ingestion, and 9.87E-03 mg/kg.d (range: 3.90E-03 - 3.33E-02) from inhalation ( Table 4 ). The Wilcoxon Signed Ranks Test showed significantly higher daily THMs intake from inhalation than that from dermal absorption ( P = 0.028) and oral ingestion ( P = 0.028), and the daily intake from oral ingestion was significantly higher than that from dermal absorption ( P = 0.028). In addition, female swimmers had significantly higher daily THMs intake than male swimmers ( P = 0.028). Estimated lifetime cancer risk Swimmer Exposure Assessment Model (SWIMODEL) recommended by USEPA (USEPA, 2003) was used to assess the total lifetime cancer risk of THMs. The median lifetime cancer risk of THMs from dermal absorption was 4.70E-08 (range: 3.24E-08 - 7.17E-08), 2.91E-08 (range: 1.98E-08 - 8.10E-08) from oral ingestion, and 8.33E-07 (range: 3.07E-07 - 2.95E-06) from inhalation. The multi-exposure total cancer risk was 9.39E-07 (range: 3.59E-07 - 3.05E-06), which was below the regulatory threshold of 1.0 ´ 10 -6 recommended by USEPA. The results were showed in Table 5 . The Wilcoxon Signed Ranks Test showed significant higher cancer risk from inhalation than from dermal absorption ( P = 0.028) and oral ingestion ( P = 0.028), and the cancer risk from dermal absorption were comparable to that from oral ingestion ( P = 0.116). In addition, the total lifetime cancer risk for female swimmers was significantly higher than that in male swimmers ( P = 0.028). Estimated lifetime non-cancer risk The multi-exposure non-cancer risk of THMs was 1.26E-03 (range: 6.21E-04 - 3.58E-03), with 1.33E-04 (range: 9.71E-05 - 2.22E-04) from dermal absorption, 2.45E-04 (range: 1.74E-04 - 3.94E-04) from oral ingestion, and 8.89E-04 (range: 3.50E-04 - 2.97E-03) from inhalation. The non-cancer risk of THMs was less than the unacceptable level of 1.0 ( Table 6) . The Wilcoxon Signed Ranks Test showed significant higher non-cancer risk from inhalation than from dermal absorption ( P = 0.028) and oral ingestion ( P = 0.028). In addition, there were significantly higher non-cancer risk in female swimmers than male swimmers ( P = 0.028). Discussion Swimming is a worldwide popular sport, with benefits for mental relaxation, lung function and cardiorespiratory fitness. However, DBPs generated in pool water disinfection is hazardous for their potential genotoxic, carcinogenic, teratogenic and mutagenic features(Daiber et al. 2016 , Liberatore et al. 2022 , Manasfi et al. 2017 ). Chlorination is the mostly used disinfections and THMs were the prominent DBPs. Continuous monitoring of health risk of THMs are essential to protect swimmers. In the present study, the measured median THMs was 48.69 µg/L in pool waters and 45.69 µg/m 3 in ambient air in indoor swimming pools in Shenzhen, China. The multi-exposure daily THMs intake was 1.40E-02 µg/kg.d, with estimated lifetime cancer risk 9.39E-07 and non-cancer risk 1.26E-03. Inhalation was the major exposure route, contributed most to the lifetime cancer risk and non-cancer risk. The chlorination by-product THMs in swimming pool waters have been reported to range from 25.7 to 482 µg/L in China, and between 25.6 to 282.0 µg/L in America, Germany, Canada, Spain, Australia, and Greece (Carter et al. 2019a , Hang et al. 2016 , Li et al. 2023 , Marco et al. 2015 , Peng et al. 2016 , Peng et al. 2020 , Saleem et al. 2019 , Wang &Dong 2020 , Zare Afifi &Blatchley 2015 ). The measured concentration of THMs in the present study was comparable to that in Beijing, whereas much less than that in Nanjing, whereas significantly higher than that in Suzhou and Changsha (Hang et al. 2016 , Li et al. 2023 , Peng et al. 2020 , Wang &Dong 2020 ). The China limit in swimming pool waters was 200 µg/L for THMs, with TCM 60 µg/L, BDCM 60 µg/L, DBCM 100 µg/L, and TBM 100 µg/L (Ministry of Health of the PRC 2019). All the measured THMs in pool waters in the present study were significantly less than China limits. Thus, the chlorination by-product THMs in indoor swimming pools in Shenzhen was in accordance with hygienic standards of China. Compared to other countries, pool water THMs in Shenzhen was in line with that in Canada, Spain and Australia, and less than that in Greece and America, whereas significantly higher than Germany. This may be due to the different national limits, as World Health Organization, United Kingdom and Finland set the standard to 100 µg/L, Netherlands and Hungary 50 µg/L, ECHA 50 µg/L, and Federation International de Nation Amateur (FINA) and Germany have the most stringent standards, setting the limit to 20 µg/L(Bessonneau et al. 2011 , Tardif et al. 2016 ). For ambient air, the median THMs in the present study was 45.69 µg/m 3 , which was comparable to that published previously (Carter &Joll 2017 , Carter et al. 2019b , Nitter &Svendsen 2019 ). However, abnormally high THMs have been reported in some studies, with maximum concentrations ranging from 477 to 853 µg/m 3 , and some even up to 6490 µg/m 3 (Carter et al. 2019b , Font-Ribera et al. 2010 , Manasfi et al. 2017 ). The unusually high THMs in ambient air pose a great threat to the respiratory system and cancer risk (Fantuzzi et al. 2010 , Font-Ribera et al. 2019 ). However, no safe limits have been set about ambient air THMs in China and WHO. PH had been reported to be determinant on the formation of THM4 during chlorination of Br-containing water, with greater THMs generated at higher water PH(Mao et al. 2018 ). This was in line with the findings in the present study, as PH was positively associated with pool water TCM, BDCM and total THMs, and closely correlated with air TCM and total THMs. This may be due to the intermediating of OH − generated in alkaline environment on the alkaline hydrolysis of the Br-THMs. In addition, THMs were easily volatile, the great formation of THMs in pool waters with high PH led to great THMs in ambient air(Li et al. 2022 , Siddique et al. 2023 ). This results in the present study was consistent with the studies published previously (Lee et al. 2009 , Mao et al. 2018 , Saleem et al. 2019 ). However, the pool water PH was advised to be in the range of 7.0-7.8 according to the Swimming Pool Water Quality Standards (CJ244-2007) of China. In the present study, the pool water PH varied from 6.48 to 8.24, thus moderately reducing PH may be a potential approach to further reduce the production of THMs in the chlorination disinfecting process. The multi-exposure cancer risk in indoor swimming pools in the present study was 9.39E-07, ranging from 3.59E-07 to 3.05E-06, which was significantly less than the regulatory threshold of 1.0E-06 recommended by USEPA (USEPA, 2006), indicating acceptable carcinogenic risk to swimmers in Shenzhen. The regulatory threshold for cancer risk differentiated among intergovernmental organizations, for example, it was 1.0E-05–1.0E-07 for Canadian authorities, and 1.0E-05 for World Health Organization (WHO, 2001)(Kargaki et al. 2020 ). The lifetime cancer risks were reported to be in the range of 1.37E-5 -1.97E-5 in Taiyuan, 6.87E-5 for male and 6.87E-5 for female swimmers in Taiwan, 5.5E-7–8.5E-5 for coaches and 1.4E-5–3.6E-4 for swimmers in Portugal(Chen et al. 2011 , Gouveia et al. 2019 , Zheng et al. 2023 ). Compared to the cancer risks reported in previous studies, the risk values in the present study were at normal level. In addition, hazard indexes > 1.0 are considered unacceptable level for non-cancer risk according to USEPA (USEPA, 2006). In the present study, the hazard index of THMs was 1.26E-03, ranging from 6.21E-04 to 3.58E-03, indicating that the lifetime non-cancer risk of THMs was acceptable and can be neglected in indoor swimming pools in Shenzhen. Inhalation was the dominant exposure route in the present study, accounting for 70.5% of total THM intaking. The lifetime cancer risk from inhalation was 8.33E-07, which was significantly higher than that from oral ingestion (2.91E-08) and dermal absorption (4.70E-08). This was in accordance with the studies conducted by Peng et, al., Sdougkou et, al., and Marco et, al., who also reported a significantly higher contribution to total cancer risk by inhalation than by oral and dermal routes, and the lifetime cancer risks posed by inhalation accounted for more than 90% (Marco et al. 2015 , Peng et al. 2020 , Sdougkou et al. 2021 ). In the study conducted in Taiwan, inhalation had been reported to contribute to more than 99% of total health risk (Chen et al. 2011 ). In addition, female swimmers had significantly higher lifetime cancer risk and non-cancer risk than male swimmers. This was in line with the studies conducted by Dehghani et al. and Peng et al.(Dehghani et al. 2022 , Peng et al. 2020 ). The higher health risk of THMs in female swimmers compared to male swimmers may be owing to the less proficient in swimming, which lead to tense state and fast breathe. In addition, the more skin surface area and less body weight in female swimmers may also partly explain the higher health risk compared to male swimmers. The present study assessed the multi-exposure cancer and non-cancer risk of THMs in indoor swimming pools in Shenzhen, China, and found they were within the acceptable levels recommended by USEPA. Shenzhen is a rapidly developing and highly technological city in China, with much younger demographic composition. Moreover, Shenzhen falls within low-latitude tropical and subtropical monsoon climate zones, having long and hot summer. Thus, the acceptable cancer and non-cancer risk of THMs in indoor swimming pools in Shenzhen make it more habitable. However, limitations existed in the present study. On one hand, the sample size was relatively small; on the other hand, the parameters used to assess the health risk, except the body weight and skin surface area, were cited from the studies published previously, not the investigated data in Shenzhen. The exposure time and frequency were much higher than that reported in other cities in China, thus the evaluated cancer and non-cancer risk in Shenzhen in the present study may be underestimated. Conclusions The present study found that the estimated multi-exposure lifetime cancer and non-cancer risk of THMs in indoor swimming pools in Shenzhen were within the limit levels recommended by the USEPA. The carcinogenic risk of THMs to swimmers in indoor swimming pools in Shenzhen was acceptable. Abbreviations Trihalomethanes, THMs; Chloroform, TCM; Bromodichloromethane, BDCM; Dibromochloromethane, DBCM; Bromoform, TBM; Disinfection by-products, DBPs; Headspace gas chromatography-electron capture detector, HSGC-ECD; Thermal desorption gas chromatography, TD-GC; Swimmer Exposure Assessment Model, SWIMODEL; Reactive oxygen species, ROS; Total lifetime cancer risk, TLR; Hazard index, HI; Interquartile ranges, IQRs. Declarations Ethical approval: Not applicable. Consent to participate: Not applicable. Consent for publication: Not applicable. Author contributions: Conceptualization: Qingcheng Liu; Methodology: Qingcheng Liu, Jian Sun, Peng Shao; Software: Peng Shao, Fengping Chen, Langwen Li and Wenjie Li; Validation: Li Li and Qingcheng Liu; Formal analysis: Li Li and Qingcheng Liu; Investigation: Langwen Li, Wenjie Li, Rongjie Shi and Wei Zeng; Resources: Qingcheng Liu, Rongjie Shi and Wei Zeng; Data curation: Qingcheng Liu and Jian Sun; Writing - original draft: Li Li; Writing - review & editing: Qingcheng Liu and Li Li; Visualization: Qingcheng Liu and Li Li; Supervision: Jian Sun; Project administration: Qingcheng Liu and Jian Sun; Funding acquisition: Qingcheng Liu. Funding: This work was supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Shenzhen Municipality No. JCYJ20210324135802008. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. Competing interests: The authors have no relevant financial or non-financial interests to disclose. 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Tables Table 1 Details of pool design and environmental factors of the swimming pools Variables Poo1_1 Poo1_2 Poo1_3 Poo1_4 Poo1_5 Poo1_6 Opening date (year) 2010 2006 2012 2021 2014 2018 Number of swimmers (person/day) 250 20 50 150 200 20 Swimming pool size (m 2 ) 500 120 60 525 425 96 Water cycle time (h) 8 5 4 24 10 4 Water recirculation rate (m³/h) 55 30 28 55 64 50 Daily water replenishment (m³/d) 40 20 12 50 100 8 Disinfectant type TCICA TCICA TCICA TCICA TCICA TCICA Disinfectant dosage (mg/L) 0.65 0.50 0.30 0.50 0.50 0.50 Water Temperature (℃) 29.20 29.18 27.31 30.38 29.35 28.90 Water free residual chlorine (mg/L) 0.74 1.28 0.47 0.85 0.42 0.99 Water PH 7.59 7.20 7.49 7.52 6.68 7.32 Air Temperature (℃) 30.93 30.98 27.10 30.20 30.73 31.28 Air relative humidity (%) 80.85 82 85.475 80.05 82.05 75.65 Trichloroisocyanuric acid, TCICA. Table 2 The measured concentrations of THMs in the swimming pools Variables Pool_1 Pool_2 Pool_3 Pool_4 Pool_5 Pool_6 Pool water chloroform ( m g/L) Pool east 51.427 37.484 41.069 39.299 70.580 31.552 Pool west 49.113 37.840 37.437 41.830 70.952 29.669 Pool water BDCM ( m g/L) Pool east 4.383 3.779 3.158 12.226 3.886 2.973 Pool west 4.167 3.869 2.662 12.827 3.851 2.211 Pool water DBCM ( m g/L) Pool east 0.200 0.200 0.200 5.554 0.200 0.200 Pool west 0.200 0.200 0.200 5.696 0.200 0.200 Pool water TBM ( m g/L) Pool east 0.300 0.300 0.300 0.328 0.300 0.300 Pool west 0.300 0.300 0.300 0.300 0.300 0.300 Pool water THMs ( m g/L) Pool east 56.310 41.763 44.726 57.406 74.966 35.025 Pool west 53.779 42.209 40.599 60.654 75.303 32.380 Pool air chloroform ( m g/L) Pool east 0.017 0.025 0.089 0.023 0.060 0.009 Pool west 0.018 0.027 0.084 0.022 0.101 0.010 Rest area 0.016 0.021 0.057 0.018 0.059 0.009 Pool air BDCM ( m g/L) Pool east 0.003 0.004 0.012 0.012 0.039 0.002 Pool west 0.004 0.005 0.011 0.015 0.047 0.003 Rest area 0.003 0.005 0.009 0.008 0.028 0.002 Pool air DBCM ( m g/L) Pool east 0.002 0.002 0.002 0.007 0.006 0.001 Pool west 0.003 0.003 0.002 0.005 0.004 0.002 Rest area 0.003 0.003 0.001 0.005 0.006 0.001 Pool air TBM ( m g/L) Pool east 0.002 0.014 0.002 0.002 0.008 0.008 Pool west 0.002 0.016 0.002 0.002 0.021 0.007 Rest area 0.002 0.016 0.002 0.002 0.007 0.009 Pool air THMs ( m g/L) Pool east 0.024 0.044 0.106 0.044 0.113 0.021 Pool west 0.028 0.050 0.099 0.044 0.173 0.021 Rest area 0.025 0.046 0.069 0.033 0.100 0.021 TCM, Trichloromethane; BDCM, Bromodicloromethane; DBCM, Dibronochloromethane; TBM, Tribromomethane; THMs, Trihalomethanes. Table 3 Repeated measurement correlation analysis of THMs with environmental factors Variables Water temperature Water PH Residual chlorine Air temperature Relative humidity r rmcorr (95%CI) P r rmcorr (95%CI) P r rmcorr (95%CI) P r rmcorr (95%CI) P r rmcorr (95%CI) P Water TCM 0.07 (-0.25, 0.37) 0.666 0.55 (0.29, 0.73) <0.001 0.20 (-0.11, 0.48) 0.192 0.41 (0.12, 0.64) 0.006 -0.18 (-0.46, 0.14) 0.247 Water BDCM -0.06 (-0.36, 0.26) 0.719 0.43 (0.14, 0.65) 0.004 0.16 (-0.15, 0.45) 0.293 -0.04 (-0.34, 0.27) 0.804 0.33 (0.03, 0.58) 0.030 Water DBCM 0.04 (-0.27, 0.35) 0.781 0.04 (-0.27, 0.34) 0.800 -0.28 (-0.54, 0.03) 0.070 -0.44 (-0.66, -0.15) 0.003 0.25 (-0.06, 0.52) 0.099 Water TBM -0.07 (-0.37, 0.24) 0.643 0.01 (-0.30, 0.32) 0.933 -0.15 (-0.44, 0.16) 0.322 -0.02 (-0.33, 0.29) 0.901 0.21 (-0.11, 0.49) 0.179 Water THMs 0.06 (-0.25, 0.36) 0.704 0.56 (0.31, 0.74) <0.001 0.20 (-0.11, 0.48) 0.197 0.37 (0.08, 0.61) 0.013 -0.13 (-0.42, 0.18) 0.399 Air TCM 0.27 (-0.04, 0.53) 0.083 0.70 (0.51, 0.83) <0.001 0.01 (-0.30, 0.32) 0.946 0.24 (-0.07, 0.51) 0.122 -0.03 (-0.33, 0.28) 0.861 Air BDCM -0.19 (-0.47, 0.12) 0.213 0.43 (0.14, 0.65) 0.004 0.09 (-0.22, 0.39) 0.566 -0.03 (-0.33, 0.28) 0.849 0.17 (-0.15, 0.45) 0.283 Air DBCM -0.25 (-0.52, 0.06) 0.104 -0.24 (-0.51, 0.07) 0.124 -0.16 (-0.45, 0.15) 0.291 -0.19 (-0.47, 0.12) 0.213 0.16 (-0.16, 0.45) 0.303 Air TBM 0.45 (0.16, 0.67) 0.003 -0.02 (-0.33, 0.29) 0.874 -0.27 (-0.53, 0.04) 0.078 -0.10 (-0.39, 0.22) 0.530 0.28 (-0.03, 0.54) 0.072 Air THMs 0.30 (-0.01, 0.56) 0.050 0.60 (0.36, 0.77) <0.001 -0.07 (-0.37, 0.24) 0.646 0.14 (-0.18, 0.43) 0.369 0.10 (-0.21, 0.40) 0.519 TCM, Trichloromethane; BDCM, Bromodicloromethane; THMs, Trihalomethanes. Table 4 The estimated average daily intake dose of trihalomethanes in the swimming pools Variables Dermal ( m g/kg.d) Ingestion ( m g/kg.d) Inhalation ( m g/kg.d) Total intake ( m g/kg.d) Median min max Median min max Median min max Median min max All adult population TCM 1.23E-03 9.42E-04 2.18E-03 2.19E-03 1.65E-03 3.82E-03 7.91E-03 3.09E-03 2.81E-02 1.12E-02 5.69E-03 3.21E-02 BDCM 7.71E-05 5.20E-05 2.51E-04 2.09E-04 1.40E-04 6.77E-04 1.16E-03 3.65E-04 6.15E-03 1.41E-03 5.57E-04 6.44E-03 DBCM 2.70E-06 2.70E-06 7.59E-05 1.08E-05 1.08E-05 3.04E-04 1.67E-04 8.78E-05 4.02E-04 1.80E-04 1.01E-04 7.81E-04 TBM 2.70E-06 2.70E-06 2.82E-06 1.62E-05 1.62E-05 1.70E-05 2.24E-04 9.47E-05 6.97E-04 2.43E-04 1.14E-04 7.16E-04 THMs 1.43E-03 9.99E-04 2.26E-03 2.77E-03 1.82E-03 4.06E-03 9.87E-03 3.90E-03 3.33E-02 1.40E-02 6.72E-03 3.96E-02 Male TCM 1.21E-03 9.28E-04 2.14E-03 2.03E-03 1.53E-03 3.54E-03 7.33E-03 2.87E-03 2.60E-02 1.05E-02 5.33E-03 2.99E-02 BDCM 7.60E-05 5.12E-05 2.47E-04 1.94E-04 1.30E-04 6.27E-04 1.08E-03 3.39E-04 5.70E-03 1.31E-03 5.19E-04 5.97E-03 DBCM 2.66E-06 2.66E-06 7.47E-05 1.00E-05 1.00E-05 2.82E-04 1.55E-04 8.13E-05 3.72E-04 1.67E-04 9.40E-05 7.28E-04 TBM 2.66E-06 2.66E-06 2.78E-06 1.50E-05 1.50E-05 1.57E-05 2.08E-04 8.77E-05 6.46E-04 2.26E-04 1.05E-04 6.64E-04 THMs 1.40E-03 9.84E-04 2.23E-03 2.57E-03 1.69E-03 3.76E-03 9.15E-03 3.62E-03 3.08E-02 1.31E-02 6.29E-03 3.68E-02 Female TCM 1.24E-03 9.49E-04 2.19E-03 2.35E-03 1.78E-03 4.11E-03 8.50E-03 3.32E-03 3.01E-02 1.20E-02 6.05E-03 3.43E-02 BDCM 7.77E-05 5.23E-05 2.53E-04 2.24E-04 1.50E-04 7.27E-04 1.25E-03 3.92E-04 6.61E-03 1.51E-03 5.95E-04 6.91E-03 DBCM 2.72E-06 2.72E-06 7.64E-05 1.16E-05 1.16E-05 3.26E-04 1.79E-04 9.43E-05 4.31E-04 1.93E-04 1.09E-04 8.34E-04 TBM 2.72E-06 2.72E-06 2.84E-06 1.74E-05 1.74E-05 1.82E-05 2.41E-04 1.02E-04 7.49E-04 2.61E-04 1.22E-04 7.69E-04 THMs 1.43E-03 1.01E-03 2.28E-03 2.97E-03 1.96E-03 4.36E-03 1.06E-02 4.19E-03 3.57E-02 1.50E-02 7.15E-03 4.24E-02 TCM, Trichloromethane; BDCM, Bromodicloromethane; DBCM, Dibronochloromethane; TBM, Tribromomethane; THMs, Trihalomethanes. Table 5 The estimated lifetime cancer risk of trihalomethanes in the swimming pools Variables Dermal Ingestion Inhalation Total cancer risk Median min max Median min max Median min max Median min max All adult population TCM 3.75E-08 2.87E-08 6.64E-08 1.32E-08 1.01E-08 2.33E-08 6.41E-07 2.51E-07 2.27E-06 6.90E-07 2.89E-07 2.32E-06 BDCM 4.88E-09 3.29E-09 1.59E-08 1.29E-08 8.68E-09 4.20E-08 1.51E-07 4.75E-08 8.00E-07 1.66E-07 5.95E-08 8.18E-07 DBCM 3.78E-10 3.78E-10 1.06E-08 9.08E-10 9.08E-10 2.55E-08 1.40E-08 7.37E-09 3.37E-08 1.53E-08 8.66E-09 6.99E-08 TBM 3.56E-11 3.56E-11 3.73E-11 1.28E-10 1.28E-10 1.34E-10 8.63E-10 3.64E-10 2.68E-09 1.03E-09 5.28E-10 2.85E-09 THMs 4.70E-08 3.24E-08 7.17E-08 2.91E-08 1.98E-08 8.10E-08 8.33E-07 3.07E-07 2.95E-06 9.39E-07 3.59E-07 3.05E-06 Male TCM 3.69E-08 2.83E-08 6.54E-08 1.22E-08 9.35E-09 2.16E-08 5.94E-07 2.32E-07 2.11E-06 6.42E-07 2.70E-07 2.15E-06 BDCM 4.81E-09 3.24E-09 1.57E-08 1.19E-08 8.05E-09 3.89E-08 1.40E-07 4.40E-08 7.41E-07 1.54E-07 5.53E-08 7.58E-07 DBCM 3.72E-10 3.72E-10 1.05E-08 8.41E-10 8.41E-10 2.37E-08 1.30E-08 6.83E-09 3.13E-08 1.42E-08 8.05E-09 6.54E-08 TBM 3.51E-11 3.51E-11 3.67E-11 1.19E-10 1.19E-10 1.24E-10 8.00E-10 3.38E-10 2.49E-09 9.57E-10 4.92E-10 2.64E-09 THMs 4.63E-08 3.19E-08 7.07E-08 2.70E-08 1.84E-08 7.51E-08 7.72E-07 2.84E-07 2.73E-06 8.73E-07 3.35E-07 2.83E-06 Female TCM 3.77E-08 2.89E-08 6.69E-08 1.41E-08 1.08E-08 2.50E-08 6.88E-07 2.69E-07 2.44E-06 7.39E-07 3.09E-07 2.49E-06 BDCM 4.92E-09 3.31E-09 1.60E-08 1.38E-08 9.32E-09 4.51E-08 1.62E-07 5.10E-08 8.59E-07 1.78E-07 6.36E-08 8.78E-07 DBCM 3.80E-10 3.80E-10 1.07E-08 9.75E-10 9.75E-10 2.74E-08 1.50E-08 7.92E-09 3.62E-08 1.64E-08 9.27E-09 7.43E-08 TBM 3.58E-11 3.58E-11 3.75E-11 1.38E-10 1.38E-10 1.44E-10 9.27E-10 3.91E-10 2.88E-09 1.10E-09 5.65E-10 3.06E-09 THMs 4.73E-08 3.27E-08 7.22E-08 3.12E-08 2.13E-08 8.70E-08 8.95E-07 3.30E-07 3.16E-06 1.01E-06 3.83E-07 3.28E-06 TCM, Trichloromethane; BDCM, Bromodicloromethane; DBCM, Dibronochloromethane; TBM, Tribromomethane; THMs, Trihalomethanes. Table 6 The estimated lifetime non-cancer risk of trihalomethanes in the swimming pools Variables Dermal Ingestion Inhalation Total non-cancer risk Median min max Median min max Median min max Median min max All adult population TCM 1.23E-04 9.42E-05 2.18E-04 2.16E-04 1.65E-04 3.82E-04 7.91E-04 3.09E-04 2.81E-03 1.12E-03 5.69E-04 3.21E-03 BDCM 3.86E-06 2.60E-06 1.26E-05 1.04E-05 7.00E-06 3.38E-05 5.80E-05 1.83E-05 3.08E-04 7.05E-05 2.79E-05 3.22E-04 DBCM 1.35E-07 1.35E-07 3.79E-06 5.40E-07 5.40E-07 1.52E-05 8.34E-06 4.39E-06 2.01E-05 9.01E-06 5.06E-06 3.91E-05 TBM 1.35E-07 1.35E-07 1.41E-07 8.10E-07 8.10E-07 8.49E-07 1.12E-05 4.73E-06 3.49E-05 1.22E-05 5.68E-06 3.58E-05 THMs 1.33E-04 9.71E-05 2.22E-04 2.45E-04 1.74E-04 3.94E-04 8.89E-04 3.50E-04 2.97E-03 1.26E-03 6.21E-04 3.58E-03 Male TCM 1.21E-04 9.28E-05 2.14E-04 2.00E-04 1.53E-04 3.54E-04 7.33E-04 2.87E-04 2.60E-03 1.05E-03 5.33E-04 2.99E-03 BDCM 3.80E-06 2.56E-06 1.24E-05 9.63E-06 6.49E-06 3.14E-05 5.38E-05 1.69E-05 2.85E-04 6.55E-05 2.60E-05 2.99E-04 DBCM 1.33E-07 1.33E-07 3.73E-06 5.01E-07 5.01E-07 1.41E-05 7.73E-06 4.07E-06 1.86E-05 8.36E-06 4.70E-06 3.64E-05 TBM 1.33E-07 1.33E-07 1.39E-07 7.51E-07 7.51E-07 7.87E-07 1.04E-05 4.39E-06 3.23E-05 1.13E-05 5.27E-06 3.32E-05 THMs 1.31E-04 9.56E-05 2.19E-04 2.27E-04 1.61E-04 3.65E-04 8.24E-04 3.24E-04 2.75E-03 1.18E-03 5.81E-04 3.33E-03 Female TCM 1.24E-04 9.49E-05 2.19E-04 2.32E-04 1.78E-04 4.11E-04 8.50E-04 3.32E-04 3.01E-03 1.20E-03 6.05E-04 3.43E-03 BDCM 3.88E-06 2.62E-06 1.26E-05 1.12E-05 7.52E-06 3.63E-05 6.23E-05 1.96E-05 3.30E-04 7.55E-05 2.97E-05 3.46E-04 DBCM 1.36E-07 1.36E-07 3.82E-06 5.80E-07 5.80E-07 1.63E-05 8.96E-06 4.71E-06 2.16E-05 9.67E-06 5.43E-06 4.17E-05 TBM 1.36E-07 1.36E-07 1.42E-07 8.70E-07 8.70E-07 9.12E-07 1.20E-05 5.08E-06 3.74E-05 1.31E-05 6.09E-06 3.85E-05 THMs 1.34E-04 9.77E-05 2.23E-04 2.63E-04 1.87E-04 4.23E-04 9.55E-04 3.76E-04 3.19E-03 1.35E-03 6.60E-04 3.83E-03 TCM, Trichloromethane; BDCM, Bromodicloromethane; DBCM, Dibronochloromethane; TBM, Tribromomethane; THMs, Trihalomethanes. 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The comparisons between sampling points were analyzed by Wilcoxon Signed Ranks Test, and difference between the measured concentrations of THMs and China limits was analyzed by One-Sample Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test. NS, no significant; TCM, chloroform; BDCM, bromodichloromethane; DBCM, dibromochloromethane; TBM, bromoform; THMs, trihalomethanes\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"Fig1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4489283/v1/043bb46f3e3c93f06e570ed7.png"},{"id":59819952,"identity":"3b1f6c02-eeda-4417-a6ed-3eb25dab6862","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-07-08 03:21:22","extension":"png","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":99701,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eAssociation between pool water THMs and air THMs. a, association between pool water TCM and air TCM; b, association between pool water BDCM and air BDCM; c, association between pool water THMs and air THMs. Repeated measures correlation analysis (rmcorr) was performed to determine the association between chlorination by-products in pool waters and ambient air. Observations from the same swimming pools were shown in the same color, with corresponding lines to show the repeated-measures correlation fit for each swimming pool.\u0026nbsp;\u003cem\u003er\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003ermcorr\u003c/sub\u003e,\u0026nbsp;\u003ca href=\"https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/nursing-and-health-professions/correlation-coefficient\" title=\"Learn more about correlation coefficient from ScienceDirect's AI-generated Topic Pages\"\u003ecorrelation coefficient\u003c/a\u003e\u0026nbsp;of repeated measures\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"Fig2.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4489283/v1/e2a9337f5c1ed0f3ba62a38a.png"},{"id":60310922,"identity":"ea1e6f6f-65bc-48c7-8b87-23998617b50a","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-07-15 12:42:06","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":1737396,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4489283/v1/93fabade-ed0d-45e0-8ba5-8b3d9e6a1bb9.pdf"},{"id":59819951,"identity":"569712d2-2b7c-4f3b-9fc0-e12818c071fa","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-07-08 03:21:22","extension":"docx","order_by":7,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"supplement","size":20279,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"OnlineResources.docx","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4489283/v1/060baab6819430ad9d15f808.docx"}],"financialInterests":"","formattedTitle":"Cancer- and non-cancer risk assessment of chlorination by-products in indoor swimming pools in Shenzhen, China","fulltext":[{"header":"Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eChlorine is the most widely used agent for swimming pool water disinfectant to kill pathogens (Genisoglu et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e). Many chlorination by-products, including chloroform (TCM), bromodichloromethane (BDCM), dibromochloromethane (DBCM) and bromoform (TBM), are generated in the chlorination disinfecting process (Mao et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR28\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e). The formation has been reported to be the interaction of chlorine-based disinfectants with the natural organic matter in filling waters and the organic micropollutants brought in by swimmers, such as perspiration, urine, skin tissue, hair, saliva, analgesics, antibiotics, sunscreens, lotions, cosmetics and soaps (Carter \u0026amp;Joll \u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe chlorination by-product trihalomethanes (THMs) have been reported to be potentially genotoxic, carcinogenic, teratogenic, and mutagenic (Couto et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e, Liberatore et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e). Epidemiologic evidences indicated significantly increased risk for bladder cancer, melanoma, chronic lymphocytic leukemia, colorectal cancer and all-cause mortality with chronic exposure to THMs, and the WHO International Agency for Research on Cancer recognized TCM as group 2B carcinogen, and TBM as Group 3 carcinogen(Beane Freeman et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e, Costet et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2011\u003c/span\u003e, Donat-Vargas et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e, Helte et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e, Sun et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR37\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e). The respiratory symptom is also an important target for THMs toxicity, as THMs are easily volatile and could partition from pool waters into ambient air(Carter et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019b\u003c/span\u003e). THMs initiate airway damage by stimulating inflammatory signaling cascade and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, disrupting tight junction and increasing lung epithelium permeability(Bernard \u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2007\u003c/span\u003e, Bonetto et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2006\u003c/span\u003e, Sun et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR38\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e). In addition, significant concentration-response relationship was reported to be between THMs concentrations and irritant eye, nasal, and throat symptoms(Massin et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR30\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1998\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSwimming is very popular in Shenzhen, a southern city in China, for the climate and demographic characteristics. Shenzhen is located at longitude east 113\u0026deg;46\u0026prime; \u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;114\u0026deg;37\u0026prime; and latitude north 22\u0026deg;27\u0026prime; \u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;22\u0026deg;52, and falls within low-latitude tropical and subtropical monsoon climate zones. The summer is over 6 months long, about 202 days, with temperature up to 39℃, and the average annual temperature is 23.3℃ (data from Meteorological Bureau of Shenzhen Municipaity, \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttp://weather.sz.gov.cn/\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"http://weather.sz.gov.cn/\" targettype=\"URL\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e). In addition, Shenzhen is rapidly developing and highly technological, with much younger population than other cities (National Bureau of Statistics of China, \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttp://tjj.sz.gov.cn/\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"http://tjj.sz.gov.cn/\" targettype=\"URL\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e). Swimming is preferred for the young population in Shenzhen, with mensal swimming 598 mins for male and 464 mins for female, as reported in the Exposure Factors Handbook of Chinese Population.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSwimming is beneficial to cardiopulmonary fitness and lung function. However, emerging concerns have been raised about the health hazards of disinfection by-products (DBPs) in swimming pool waters. Exposing to chlorination by-products in drinking water had been studied extensively, whereas the concentrations of THMs in swimming pool waters are much higher, and more cytotoxic and genotoxic(Chowdhury et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e, Hang et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e). The present study was conducted to assess the multi-exposure cancer and non-cancer risk of THMs in indoor swimming pools in Shenzhen, China.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Methods","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec3\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003eSample collection\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSix representative indoor swimming pools located in the west, central and east of Shenzhen were selected. The basic characteristics and details of pool designs were collected by structured questionnaires, including opening date, swimming pool size, daily number of swimmers, disinfectant type, disinfectant dosage, water cycle time, water recirculation rate and daily water replenishment. Pool waters were collected at 10:00 am repeatedly in four consecutive days in July or August according to the GB/T 18,204.6\u0026ndash;2013 method (AHWSJD 2013). Two sampling points (two sides of the swimming pools) were selected when the pool size \u0026le; 1000 m\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e, or else three sampling points were selected (two sides and central of the swimming pools). Water samples were collected about 1 m from the edge of pools and 30 cm below the water surface, and put in a 500 mL brown glassbottles without headspace. Air samples at 1.2 m above water surface was collected by air-autosampler PC-1500 with stainless steel sampling tube TenaxTA according to the HJ 194\u0026ndash;2017 method (MEE 2018). All samples were immediately transferred to the laboratory.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec4\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003eChlorination by-product quantification\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTHMs in pool waters were measured by the headspace gas chromatography-electron capture detector (HSGC-ECD) (Agilent 7890A, USA), equipped with a HP-5 column (30 m \u0026times; 0.32 mm \u0026times; 0.25 \u0026micro;m). Pool waters were preprocessed and detected according to the Standard Test Method for Drinking Water of China (GB/T 5750.8\u0026ndash;2006 and GB/T 5750.8\u0026ndash;2023). Extraction of 500 \u0026micro;L was injected for chromatographic detection, with gas separated at l.0 mL/min flow rate and shunt ratio of 10:1. The oven temperature program was as follows: initial temperature 40\u0026deg;C for 5 min; first ramp of 20\u0026deg;C/min to 80\u0026deg;C; second ramp of 40\u0026deg;C/min to 240\u0026deg;C, then running at 240\u0026deg;C for 2 mins. The injector temperature was 250℃, and the detector temperature was 300\u0026deg;C. THMs in ambient air was quantified by thermal desorption gas chromatography system (PerkinElmer Clarus 680 GC and PerkinElmer TurboMatrix 650 ATD, USA), equipped with a flame ionization detector and a DB-1 column (30 m \u0026times; 0.32 mm \u0026times; 0.25 \u0026micro;m). The air samples were preprocessed and detected according to the Standards for indoor air quality of China (GB/T 18883\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;2022). For pool waters, the limits of detection (LOD) were 0.2 \u0026micro;g/L for TCM, 0.4 \u0026micro;g/L for BDCM, 0.4 \u0026micro;g/L for DBCM, and 0.6 \u0026micro;g/L for TBM. For ambient air, the LOD were 0.001 \u0026micro;g/L for TCM, 0.001 \u0026micro;g/L for BDCM, 0.001 \u0026micro;g/L for DBCM, and 0.004 \u0026micro;g/L for TBM. Half of LOD was set as the value for the measured concentrations below LOD.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cdiv id=\"Sec5\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003eEnvironmental factor measurement\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEnvironmental factors were measured according to Hygienic Indicators and Limits for Public Places of China (GB/T 37488\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;2019). Free residual chlorine in pool waters was measured by the residual chlorine dioxide detector DR 300 (HACH, USA), water PH was measured by Lumiso Pooltest 3 Photometer (Balinda, UK), and the Digital hygrograph Fluke 971 (Fluke Test Instruments LTD, Shanghai) was used to measure water temperature, air temperature and humidity.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec6\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003eHealth risk assessment\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cdiv id=\"Sec7\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003eTotal lifetime cancer risk\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe total lifetime cancer risk (TLR) of THMs from oral ingestion, dermal absorption and inhalation was assessed according to the Swimmer Exposure Assessment Model (SWIMODEL) recommended by USEPA (USEPA, 2003), estimated based on the formulas as follows:\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cimg 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ULXTfDZ3tm3buq7zPHcvf3meV1V1Pp+fC+J0OmVZBpOc+89F27at2Cmnsiyrqup4PE5ncLReMaAsS1RdlqVERgOSclxT0/VKXYlkczPsAX0qWBYRoGovopseZOTxeMyyrCiKpmm8923bFkXhnNvv9w+yoL+a0+kE7eu6TlJ1XYdIiRF9n9TmsF7vfdM0WZaJ5EEWT6cTbNN2ns9n55ykFOPHCqDX9L226zpE6irCZG3b6iboxKOEwxqHGHY6naqqcs4VRaF7fxSTllgIVXuJvTaJzU3TOOfyPNc/jLZtZ6LafUqn1RBcoO9Zlk2C6X2hYb3e++PxKFpclmVVVe+Te5O+rmtJKWnGCuCGoVUb92B5TEFF0WS6CWPZI+VEa8Q1Jmm899FkdV1DuHXKbYap2tvs90irMZwJfQtlWY4ybm2apixLfUvQRhyPx7qudYwJD1dt761EmqK8913XlWWJR4rwbNpUpDcqHBZSlqWGadKnxbGua51XF562HCmjqqcLuSqZzvhcw+AQ6yOj7Vx3mKq97v4d2jp55O9T1aEF9ac7Ho99D7k4NZZqS1v6bfmPNyPLslC44ei4+DBuVDhRF04NTy9Og1CecCpqtjZgItV+umG73c45p59gdKu3E6Zqb6evUy3FSLYoilSiu89BnY1nYIhke++Hj7UHFgh1zrJM36gGSnY4nId5CULDVRuPAn0u4IuSHfUwOOeMwyRMhrtdognPMkxMAuSpfV9S3WwDVO3Zds1DDdvv95POj0ljjKSaQ0kWBoaodtd1mFBNuGJ0yUajzaFOGYaNCsO/FCaTGJNe4vsCZlhtDvtyId6MtQ+HwxDVRrJ0ySLccvN4gGFiEq4B452Xs9sJULW309eplj5MtTFl55yDhxSBlGXvz6VVG5qIf2XZxvusqf9Fqc/nM9bP6KF3IqeuUcIX0ycShKdEEM/nc1EUIpRhShMD1RarEOgba5tkpqjo4WMMCw2maqM7qNrRy3JzkY9UbRHu4ZI90EMiq0cGKi+6GcLd53PvuxQgdnJ29LE2SoY+OueGS3bo+hh3rP14wwQyVRsoqNpySWw6AE+F8ThPRwTVja7a3nusD0tPbJp2jaLaEBRTsj40Kq9PJcKjqDa88OHQ1ThShvi1xdRHGiaV4q489eyLVDfbAFV7tl3zUMOwWPsxHkPxZUtgSFPTHhIpAYt/nXNt20pkInCnhyRRsjl1g2rf6YgIZdqYZFTbnE0cPsswrCG56pacaMVyT1G1l9t3I1uOV8ZDp3BRFKOs14a5RqnNYaJJA1X7quG2SDY8KuYwYUy4hgSJEyPua1VblBFrE81h2rY+OTZzkn3J0oUbS8xhOm9fjQMNw3rti3ejtA0rOEvVXkEnjtOEqGsbY3CoNn5yerWsfm0SqhQuMdbGRTU6GqlzITxctQcOt6MaHY0MjelT7d1ul+f58PTRlOE6DSQbro9RcYR7QT+CRJP1mZSw4TGG4frkQPvPay/dSTy7KQJYI1zXNX7bTdMgBqrddZ3epAIyKsNwiEJiGjChzkN+kDLTqHtEXqgxL8vAu61vMDqX7BkSfZUG7YqekkKkXonBfKnmo08NvJEgS0IE0QUXZybDtd6ypYy2CskOh4OOTIQfbJiMqc/nMyZ767pOXGAJy1d2iqq9sg69tzn7/R4/Zoydi6Ko61p+P+XLH+qo6zrLMhn77HY7CUeNSL+znnhV2nt/Op1kez+ZMhUlwvYpWrhFJcuy1KNLMSz9znraVF0vKOl/xTyp63w+i/F5ngtMSWAC6XfW05Z77yFw2iQdlrokWZZlcuuVs9HAgw0Ts/M81xdh1LZNRVK1N9Xd9zYWY1jZDnC320Gkuq4z207dWxPzkwAJ9BCgaveAYXSMAFwZmPE7n88YmHvvd7vd8AftWMGMIwESGEpgQtVO76+P3788BCFQluXhcAhdV5g2QZqBT3NDATDdNQTgXJb96uCqPp/PoVvgmlKZlgRI4AoCU6n2kP31sfpSVLhpGsREJ1vgbN3tdlc0jknHJoCZujzP4Sw2h2PXxvJIgAQiBCZR7YH762O4LaoN6zB8y7LMTCLdsEop0lxG3UcAayeky9DR4RLv+yphbhIggRSBSVQb09Ph0l2zv35UtfvekqBqp7qR50iABDZDYHzVlqWsoXvaUO1T7ejKXKq2ocdDEiCBbRIYX7XlJYWLQPtUW1480ytwqdoXeTIBCZDAFgiMr9rQ4iGLCi6qtn4fgaotlyPui2b5TfRQsjBAAiSwGgJU7dV0JRtCAiSwCQJU7U10c7qR0XE6I0lgzgTSl/S6z46v2li6d4+HJDqf2ech0TtjzKer4PyZjz20hARIYDUExlft4fvr9/m1sYbE7HjZp9rOuee+eiN7cehroizL6b64Qb+2Rs0wCWyNwPiq7b0fuL9+n2pjiyJ5lQNd0qfaz+0w7JxpTH2uSaydBEhg3QQmUW3IsXGS6P31wTSq2rJw0Cz3DlUb2eWjWdhGEkPvruvwcry8e617Ubb9xA6Qxs79fo99NfM8l6WHXdfhXoLvrmJ0j7f2te9PPkprvs2B7LiZFUUhxaIEvAgq+3nyHqA7i2ESIAFDYBLV9t5j25C+/fVhRLgPCYS4KArzOrsUaDaWK17+pDTsZFKWZVVV5/MZmywbEYTbHeUgrBOgwPP5jK1HZVv9uq5lm/zdbidZ8PVrYy3aJXcd7CUvjaqqCs4f7K4l74hjx3fZCtX0Ew9JgARIAASmUm3vfXp//f1+j7GnjFWzLKuqKnwPXm/0nmWZ3vWiKArj1MbL9BjMQrV1gUbHMa6XAnHPkIEwPggATH1znnVdG/87ti3VTu3dbpdlmYi4qQWPIPr2EBbIi5UESIAEhMCEqi11TBTAKFWLMlzq8kUVzGqKCkNPnXMioBhry2H2/sss+OKR3noQnxPM81wkHo2Cj8U0UMu9MQk3M/0FcTNaL4pCFNwUy8PbCMC3JoMDBDBEkGvjdDrpMYSuSFx2OlI+BKO/nKkTjBtGdebaEw+haZo+HNcMljYTAgtWbYiy9k6YwTU+kaVBmyGzHinL0hfnHGRXl4yvt5hdsUx1qMjcS/Cb17eWqqqyLBOrtA0o0HiBJCUDNxOAv05etW3bFpKnb8wignIXR3Xwd8n0idiAeBkiSPzoAVwVzjlTFwyWZ0098dO2LeZmRjeGBc6BwIJVGz4WDRFjZ1HbPM/NuFWrtnFNQF7lhw2Z1oUjXNe1zF6GWWQ2UgZxJg1+geIW997r0Trsl7xh7Yy5jYBWNCkBUwgihSKOkgCBoigwDNfXBp7btOPL5Brx8HA4YLhgXGfm+jdtxLU0ohksaj4EFqzaWBPddZ1Isxlc4+kVU5QgjpnAruvO5/Nut8vzXARUZgWh1/XLH3IVRYFfLD7zKr9z/DBOp1PbtmVZYoyGERAWjeD+gYdxFIvZThnNmcE18mKvWrn3wAb+ew8Bo2goCrTlHiwz3vquiQ4y0+bIbvxgoXnpTwanv26sS8vz/Hg8Qri1bfv9Xi5F771pIyzX5TC8GgILVm2Ipl5IZ5zCMpgSlYR7GqsDMdbWAyhZyVcUhfZplGWJ0RYc31IaFoc458qylJ+TeMClhKZp8LhqsuPT4865MK/xYK7mantWQ4yiwQyothY+qLP2UB2PRywAdc7J4AA3YOdcupvk8gtbjVNyhYQJJAZXadd1uNplkCEJJBBto5xlYE0EFqzaV3VD0zSy9g4ZtUP5qqKYeHEEooqGW6m+bWOmRKtzXddwHGOdvjT8cDjoyQmJNwGos5Ha4ZKNpy7cVzB21muTTF3RNpo0PFwHga2oNgZWcDt0XYeVG0MGO+vo5o23wiha0zSYEzYXALxkWo5lpSlKELdVVVV6kJ7AazTaHCYy4pQYIA4cscHkNW00Z3m4JgJbUW24v2V1V1EU6cfbNfUx2wJF00vinHPaEyKIsNoEPivxTsh6Tag8xH349SNKLQGpLh2Ay07ShA4cORX6tfUphldGYCuqvbJuY3OuImDGobLyT953ldLwTAZB3+/3MleJtUDwlsCRItMbkjcRgF4758zoPpEFL5fpEb1Z9WTymjaaszxcEwGq9pp6k22JE4gqWnTBNdQZru2yLPV4HAv54WvWvu94lf8be4NqY0Rvng9wGL1hRNv4v1bwaCUEqNor6Ug2I0EgqmgQaLMIGt8sxUJsvbxHXBDY5fGqIbM4RiSQMFVORSc8oy9JIku0jVIaA2siQNVeU2+yLXECUUWDaoerMpAYWz/q4sR5ojdF0AmiYaPU5jCaBZHR9eCYRdduEykh2kY5y8CaCFC119SbbEucQFTRoh4S7z2UMXu/KY2UCJU3C7flbDQQ1ehopMkOF3Y4oocNepWLZIy2Uc4ysCYCVO019SbbEieQ2IckXEgHxQxnDsXRHIpptNaEOkNhE+WYHW+kfLlzhCtYsPw8UaYUwsDSCVC1l96DtP8CASigmdbDHr/RaT35GFN4FuofxkctSLyzji94yDuxJrsYnGWZng6V72bglR8RbmyogAaaLKZkHq6DAFV7Hf3IVpAACWyFAFV7Kz3NdpIACayDAFV7Hf3IVpAACWyFAFV7Kz3NdpIACayDAFV7Hf3IVpAACWyFAFV7Kz3NdpIACayDAFV7Hf3IVpAACWyFAFV7Kz3NdpIACayDAFV7Hf3IVpAACWyFAFV7Kz3NdpIACayDAFV7Hf3IVpAACWyFAFV7Kz3NdpIACayDAFV7Hf3IVpAACWyFAFV7Kz3NdpIACayDAFV7Hf3IVpAACWyFAFV7Kz3NdpIACayDAFV7Hf3IVpAACWyFAFV7Kz3NdpIACayDAFV7Hf3IVpAACWyFAFV7Kz3NdpIACayDAFV7Hf3IVpAACWyFAFV7Kz3NdpIACayDAFV7Hf3IVpAACWyFAFV7Kz3NdpIACayDAFV7Hf3IVpAACWyFAFV7Kz3NdpIACayDAFV7Hf3IVpAACWyFAFV7Kz3NdpIACayDAFV7Hf3IVpAACWyFAFV7Kz3d1862beu6zvPcvfzleV5V1fl87kv/yPjj8ViWJQxzzpVleTgcogYcDgfn3G63i54dMfJ0OmVZJiZJycZOiX9koG1b6UexUAJlWcIYbaqc1QFJOa7x6XqlrkSyuRmWZVlVVcfjUYx/TICq/RjOM63leDxmWVYURdM03vu2bYuicM7t9/unW7zb7ZxzItPQ5b7fLdQqz/MHmH06naBxXdfp6hApButTDwt3XQczdI1N02RZJuggi6fTCWl0+vP5jLujzj5iGFeXHhN0XYdIXUuYrG1b3QSdeJRwWOMQw06nU1VVzrmiKMzFMIpVfYVQtfvIrD++aRrnXJ7n+oJr23YOqg3b6rrW3VDXtUiPjhdVcs61batPTRGOShsiHz/sChuoVVjO4qkFh2VZVlUlp0z6PsiS/p4AbhhatTFWcO5/hCiaTDfhHhuieaM14reg00eT1XUN4dYpJw3/D6xJa2LhcyOAYUIoNGVZjjLWbpqmLEt9S9AEjsejEWV9FiNrY8bpdIqqdv3yhyxDhrr3GOa9D1W767o8zxPN0U1Lh7uuK8sSjz5hyrTlSG9UOCykLEvd6SZ9WhzrutZ5deFpy5Eyqnq6kKuS6YzPNQyPen1ktJ2jhKnao2BcXiHyKN2nqvc36Xg89j084lRC5iTvEDOyLDudThgZRWXdFCKFh22/aFhUtcuXP1PLbYd4bsiyLBRunLr4MG5U+KIZw9OL0yCUJ5yKmq0NmEi1n24YvHn6CUa3evQwVXt0pMsoEAPGoigmNRciaJR0iDJ2XYdJv7quQ23VNh+PR3FnY8iTTo+8NxsWqnZd1xeVVBt8MSzCrRsyULK990aF0dGJSk36RErvveij9nIMlGzvfajazjldFGo3yTDCmKFhYhIgZ1kmMZMGqNqT4p1v4fv9ftJ5J2m50WhzKMnCAGZK4XkPB3eSvqoqWTqCIU8iseTy3htLzKFOacLiIem6Dj7NcFxsslx7aDTaHKZLMyoMP1gii0mfSFvLliUAACAASURBVIlTRqPNYTq7kWM4tS6qNpKlS5Y7ioz3H2CYmIRLwnjn5ezoAar26EiXUeDDVFvr43BlBMS2bfE7h3aH4giviMRjdcfwB1WxRwJDOk9+otA755ysxxiSfWAaUerz+Yx1PnronShErNKBi+kTCcJTIojn87koChHKMKWJkd7UtvWptk4zUBAfY1hosFwSpr0THVK1JwI792Ifqdoi3M65hC+7D9n5fJZfu/nBHA4HcY8ge/by11dUGA+9vsowGWtLu7IsGyipoQGJGAh339xAX0aInZwdfayNkqGPzrnhkh16SMYdaz/eMIFM1RYUDExIAGplPM7T1XeDOBpj4IswGo1ltmZQdtXg9wbDtGp77yGLwwf4pl2Jw1FUG9YmajEqn0ipT42i2vDCmztxKO5D/Npi2yMNk0rxkDf1LJFUx7G2oNhWAAuiBz543okGyoi1WVeNanW9suhFItEEcY8gHsM38XRL4mjgNsOMasvE6ZBFh1EzopF3ekiiZUYjb1DtOx0RoUwbw4z725xNHD7LMEyo3PAcmWhL4hRVOwFn5aewSCP0yRZFYRZK3wNClBGFmMO+kvf7ffgbMC/R7XY7M/T23surQ30lS7yxxBxKsjBgVNt7j6FWlmVjveMjkg3HizkMTdIxURVOjLij6XWBJizKiPulOTSJzWGfHJuVJH3JTGnm0FhiDk1ic9hX40DDsHjp4t3IVHrzIVX7ZnSLzxh1bUP1oNq4lPWzv35tEr/29IKNqBRGIw3N/X5vnMUYa2uZzrIsVHZZ+mbG4Kb8qA3RSJMxXPmHBHDgGI/T6XTK8xxqfj6f8du++BwQ1ehoZGibNN+cit7hkOYq1Y5KYTTSGIDDqDjinqdveNFk0QIlMmpDNFKy6EC0xoGG4XcUvRR1FSOGqdojwlxeURi91nWN30zTNIiBauPZX5QI4zUZhuOaTszCJUTw4oWOBFVVwbC2beE+licDeEKiPxXIUEIc7zFMRtb6/oFlZ6hXTMK2XLjZHA4HLDxHuxJ3lIQ6g396bXjoR8Jtpm8TDyzCGbgTQEIEcalcnJnE1aXHpLL1jf7xINlwj9ODDRP7z+czLsuLbxXo1t0fpmrfz3DZJez3e/xIIDpFUdR1Ldelfuuvrms9vN3tdqJQUQTpd9YTryBDaPD2CqzC5mpiFSTbqCR2tMCgCafkBmPMu8cwDJ9RvtzPvPfaJB0PWZTnFSivNMQYBg/PzdsAiALCPPOvtgr1yvAfCysTViF9+p31i2/bQ+CMVXIoKCRZlmV9PSiJn2KY2IxtDC5yM9bef0jVvp/hmkvAgz8EsSiK3W6HHz923kgMtNcM5Zq2YVwvj/94QHn87/wak5l27gSo2nPvoefahyd67z0G4BiYe+93u93wB9jnNuG5teOJQWzAYgM5ZIAEbiBA1b4B2oayYGwo+8Bh5IjXXjZE4Y6mwuOEAuD8TbuV7qiKWbdCYF6q3XWddrNiCkVWKZjPiMC7hMd2eQKVfsMgEWlCj54kYyBNAH7YPM9B2Bym8/Is5gZx+cHpnJ5LJDESGEJgRqrdNA2WSWGdgGzNozUXQz+Jadv2cDhg3bGIuzQbT6MPe2FJ6l1TALojk0JYFygLOdbU0inaIpcrRg8PXmkwRYtY5hwIzEW1MbvlnDOLovI8F43uWyqLxVLhe8wYbovizAE3bdgUAaw631ST2dgHEJiLavctv93v9xdVWzbxMUtoqdoPuIBYRYJAWZZ81Evw4anbCMxFtbFk+OKjN/yqWsfRbHm5QA/Vqdq3XRPMNRYBTquMRZLlaAJzUW1c3xfX//aptuwTppejUbV1TzNMAiSwDgKzUG1o8ZD95y6qtvZir1W1BRdudYl/13GNshUkQAKaAFVb02CYBEiABOZOgKo99x6awr7E8JynSIAE7iEwxQ/WlDkL1ZaNx4xx4WHCQxLOZ170kIirQftVwkofFiP2hGvPH2YDKyIBEpg5gVmotvceb8pc3FWnT7VlDYl+SfKiasuumxfrfVgv4r0MvRImrFrE/eKIIMzLGBIggaUTmItqY3vGcE9k2WQOoPtUG/tjmBWBQ1QbGefTi3wvYz59QUtIYJ4E5qLakOPw8yVD3o3s25G9T7VPpxPcKVmWFS9/um/wJj3G/rLT8fF4xMe/27aVXYmPxyN2HHbO7XY7eQUfu3bIFwbMbkGm/LIs9Sr1qqrMvUfbxjAJkAAJzEW1sfmnc64oCvgH8CkQ55xWMdnYAT3Xtq3oaejlwD4ksiE9smBwjWXd2FVDD/DbtsUG/G3b4uzhcNAfJdnv9xBofFZqt9s1TYMHgqqqmqaRXfCRzOzMiY9uFEUBTw6eMLQ/ZPhO8Lx2SYAEtklgRqoNL7P+Fkme51VVydSc/oyIuHTLsjwcDuHrOXA1IJlMNoZbZTrnpHy8qpPnOUqDr1zOQsTNPQAXjRZfqLbcaYzHA8N/cb6bs6givP1s89Jkq0mABKIE5qXaURNHjMRuJyKacMvIIUQTfg94UfS+miavtipTn51FmaK8+gtemHTVDpOyLPVtAM8B4R1I18XwUwjowYSMGPBYJo9Kbdvie75IINcADEak7ty+j5ZN1ECMLbQ7znuPYYS0KBqYyB4WezOBbal2VVV6h6ndbpdlmbAzv6L9fq9/Y+ajJJILg2v5MZjhs/6oudwVkBdjef0Kfl3X2jypgoE5EMBciGhx27aQPP2JW9yzw+0n4dlzzkl2tAjxenAwUUtlca0eNIhqi5NQf6pcbkITmcRibyawLdXWI1+4sMWVIVewRinDcO89vuypzyKMAbKk1FWYcbc5hMtb/4z1d0/CihjzXAJa0cQSfFdTSyGG27pbMWeD+W1x1qEEqLZJLIWPGDgcDhhrm2GBGWSYNs5thdWIQBZd1LZUG18Z77quaZq6rsuylOlEs3YbK0DEqY2hih4XS6+jTDnU04kYi2HRSPvyJ0NvzGo65zDVCdHHWhRMb0qBDMyEgFE0WIUu1vd+3IzNpZLnOeJ1Sqi5kVHT2Hs+J6+LyvP8eDzqCRixX99yTBtx2etyGJ4DgW2pNj6X45zDV0XkhySeEMQ456qq0iMgjInEg6l7rigK8U3DByLeEgznsywT9Uf5eZ6fTqfwrAzcxB5dEcPPJWAUDcZAtbXw4VKRSwKft8ftGYtHdSug5jrGhOWSMPH4/rKZSw/TIAaXZdd1GDub8b7OFW2jTsDwHAhsS7XnQJw2LJRAVNFCfwimK/R8yfF4xLcRUILc+yGmctiHBcJtpBaRMhroy4v4+uVP7h+JDzVE25gunGcfT4Cq/XjmrHGRBIyiNU1TVZV+kJJWYd5S5LiqKkz3YWAuUns4HNLuESnQaLQ5lGR9gSzL5PkPtsk0jMli2mjO8nAmBKjaM+kImjF3AlA0szbO+K/RBvjB5JSIJqajxZ1SFIUs3rjYeFFqCVzMggR4DU0SG9skHgGqtgEyz0Oq9jz7hVbNjoBRNFn5F67bgzrDtY2wNAZv/3rv4UiRIbAkSASg1wN92VJOVVVyn/Dewy2j3e6SUj4IpWd09FmGZ0KAqj2TjqAZcydgVBvmYuiqZRHxzjm4tvf7vZZIFIKJQe37HtL4G1Qb9wbzfIDD6Ix3tI1DbGOaRxKgaj+SNutaMIGoomEoHbqnkRjrR8VVIu8EnE4nMwS+yEUcIxK4mMV7fzgcwntD9CVJlBZt45CKmOaRBKjaj6TNuhZMIKpoUO1wVQYmHvGvnvpDerzbMtw9YpTaHCaYRt/bwjvA4fMBPSQJkrM6RdWeVXfQmPkSiKp2n4cE7uMsy8JhOBwU4RC4r+VRjY5GmhJggyxZkbO4c0QNiLZRMjIwEwJU7Zl0BM2YO4HEPiR6NC3NwCvs4ZAW5YTxklEHEuoMhQ1FWbLDExImgGqHm6Vg24ZrZzulOgYeRoCq/TDUrGjBBKCAZloPS/ei03re+z73MYbnA90jdV2HsguO+CKHrAo3cMXgLMu0Y12+6YH5UjGjbVvcBhCvs5iSefh0AlTtp3cBDSABEiCBKwhQta+AxaQkQAIk8HQCVO2ndwENIAESIIErCFC1r4DFpCRAAiTwdAJU7ad3AQ0gARIggSsIULWvgMWkJEACJPB0AlTtp3cBDSABEiCBKwhQta+AxaQkQAIk8HQCVO2ndwENIAESIIErCFC1r4DFpCRAAiTwdAJU7ad3AQ0gARIggSsIULWvgMWkJEACJPB0AlTtp3cBDSABEiCBKwhQta+AxaQkQAIk8HQCVO2ndwENIAESIIErCFC1r4DFpCRAAiTwdAJU7ad3AQ0gARIggSsIULWvgMWkJEACJPB0AlTtp3cBDSABEiCBKwhQta+AxaQkQAIk8HQCVO2ndwENIAESIIErCFC1r4DFpCRAAiTwdAJU7ad3AQ0gARIggSsIULWvgMWkJEACJPB0AlTtp3cBDSABEiCBKwhQta+AxaQkQAIk8HQCVO2ndwENIAESIIErCFC1r4DFpCRAAiTwdAJU7ad3AQ0gARIggSsIULWvgMWkJEACJPB0AlTtp3cBDXgcgSzLnHPn8/lxVbImEhibAFV7bKIsb64EmqZxzmVZNlcDaRcJDCJA1R6EacWJ2rat6zrPc/fyl+d5VVUzHI2eTieMlGEneqRtW7Ec8dDlqqqOx6PptePx6Jzb7/cmfpRDY54Yg4BUauLDQ0k5ilUoJEpJqi7LckiyJxoWZVsUxW63a9t2RFBLKYqqvZSemsTO4/GYZVlRFE3TeO/bti2KYjppu7MNp9MJWtN1nRTVdR0iJUZ+5EZo6rp2zk33O4d5IoKwx9wqcFOBDefz2Tkn6ff7/XTkQ0re+6ZpsiwTA7z30WRol4EptO8MRGsMDTNs27Y9HA64i4e35ztNmn92qvb8+2gqC+ExyPNci2DbttNpx50tMTInpRnV9t7jR26cIUVR1HUtuUYP9JlX17VInnPucDig6jB9nueScnTzQkre++PxqFXbex9NppvwFMNCVnLXcc6dTqfRrZpzgVTtOffOtLZVVeWcC4cqZVlOpB3H4zGhm3Vdh8ZoBNGfbp/QGPXBmC7t+WmapixLfQ/TtaeN9973macL0YP9MH1CHLuuK8sSj0S6QITTliONARIWclUyyf4Yw0JWMACPMnmeiz1bCFC1t9DLkTbKk2mfSEXy3B0FH0VUuHFqLNWW1onJ0DU5jAYgAUVRhExwKmq5FNWnLJLABK5KD6dBlmWhcONU1Gxd40Sq/RjD+lhJR4dYdNtXFqZqr6xDhzYHP4OiKIZmGCkd1NmM5YdIdmIwG+rREJGNNggZjdNgYGmhsuz3e1OUrjRMr8+GYdFHfVMZKNnhEwlqD2sxME+nU6IJyP4AwxKsyrLUfqewReuLoWqvr08HtQhzXxd/kIPKujKR0WhzmCis76erhabrOkyxJnwdiSrg6nXOybB6oGSHN5Wu6/I8TxDua07CPKPR5jCRMVRt+MfCLBqm976qqkQTJLuxxBxKsmggrNE5q0sJVlBtMw6IVrSaSEtnNQ1jQ9IEnqja3ntRagmkrcXZvp8ufvb63zunp0SpJTDcPG2GXiISltDXnDCljhFBPJ/PWP+jh946pQkbw3Bo0oi468RDVFvmBouimMKwBCuqdtiJjFkngeeqtgh3dDq0j3jfT1cLkKweGahlfXVBr/Wguy+lxBvzphhroy4It3Puoi9bbBM5lphxx9pTG2bYSiu891RtTYPhNROAKg0cRk0BAqPs0VVb7gfi4rjN+PtV23s/rl9bGjKKakMHpUwJ6Fsg1lAOv0imMyyh2njD4M6nK2n+IgL0kCyim8Y3Eou1Qwfi+DXFShTHiARiqWxc30/XCA2WnOs1dragS8fiGJHApRx/nu8zry/vtelRzp0ekj5jJN7AlPiLgUkN62Mla0ime3nqYsMfn4Cq/Xjmc6kRr5aFg5SiKCad2zFKbQ4TdPp+uqHQoMzbhttGqc3hDeb1jbj7mpOoQpQR/h9zmMgYekiQGDbojCFMfbYvbCwxh325EB+t0RjWxwq9M/xpIG3JUs5StZfSU+PbGXVtYwwO1e66DvK32+0w3ZTneZZlGNfs93vMhnnv8XpxlmXpBdfivjDJBgp33083/NnfPNyOanQ0MuyPPvP63snsSx+WjJioFEYjoyWElLz3u93OvKISTRYtUCKjNkQjJYsORGs0hkVZdV2XvfxtarH2nzdgjY/hrRGAT7Cuawhx0zR6H5LD4YCXUzCW2e12eCA9HA7Hlz9M/R1e/jAvZF4iNzwT6ow5JaPmJrvMNOp4eUY2P13UVVWVTpwOJ9QZd7j04B3mmXHf4XDo2yEA1RnR7LMwIYJQtPTMpFDS5WOxhzZYkhmYOpcJP8Yww7ZtW6zvzLIs/b6rsXYdh1TtdfTj7a3Y7/dQagx5MDDUvwTsAigVOOfkJw3dkY01IG2SMgwk3llPvxiNaTHZ3k+ERra7cs7leS6GYScstKgsy4FOz/Q76wnjjXmoV/8bepxk8yOsDrxoYfqd9bTlmpK2Svigp3SyPM9D11nYoXgCSyyNH8Ww0+kkXS/2l2V5OBzuXCkUbdH8I6na8++jJ1uoh4rmTTls8Sr27Xa7Z01vig0MkMDqCVC1V9/FdzUQT98y7JI9XVFonudweeOwKAoZBd9VKzOTAAn0E6Bq97Phmfer2eAwqetanCGyF7N4oqHvckh4JEACExEYQbWxRa/2N8n4S/anl7N4oSv6EQqTeKIGs9irCGAy7XQ61S9/Oi8miOCxxbxWerJO52WYBEjgZgJ3qTZmkLDhFqYF8CPXzs1w8lfmYcJxGRI757Y5yXBzL06XUb6cIE4SqWu322HlH77PEk64SUoGSIAERiRwl2pjKwP91CwLcsXE6EJLrBYKP0IRTSxFMTArAmVZXrWublbG0xgSWC6B21VbRmGm8VBeiewT4uhi1b7EUhoD8yHgnBNX2HysoiUksHoCt6s2lnld/N32CXF0PX9f4tV3w+IaiJ7SiwIX1wQaTAILJXC7auNlttDdaUAkhBglaAdLIrEplockQAIksE0Ct6s2loXol+iiBBNCHG6Mm0gcLXybkaCkl+X0hbfJh60mgXUToGqvu3/ZOhIggbURoGqvrUeHtKdvbM54Elg0gSEX/wrS3K7a2M/lHg9J+BGKPg8J4i/Whf7AHka3bYp/T159NVzcR0knZpgESIAEhhO4XbWxWPviuxV9QixrSPRuZ32JIYLDX73BCyDDKeiU1+bd7Xbh5htlWRZFoYsdMQxKQ8ZEI1bKokiABGZC4HbVxmuQoTbh/UZpXp8QY7220bu+xFLawMA9L4BclRf7sl+8dQ00m8lIgARI4CKB21UbguWcM44L8+3nqBD3fYQimhiDSlFGrBPH3UI+oWIWIGZZtt/vZd908+p80zQwEl/gzvNcj+KRV4M7nU5w5mRZVte13GlQvh7zyscDDRZ8FAZf/NLb5omFbduez2c4naSl2gaGSYAESAAEbldt7ASPPSggml3XDdmHRKTKyL0uUHcPBu+oQn9CZb/fY613nueipLIdvmxQZ87iZfq6rruXP3xSS6rDC5/aML3xP87q17jRXu3kwVed9FYqXdcVL39IVlUVPl/Sti3MwLsqCOMLLGIPAyRAAiRgCNyl2viSRVVVGEVCwcuylNHiVR+h0Im1CkO19XAYWimv5+R5rnebg86KDUVRaJ0ty1J/88n4Q1CyMMIzgS4cW2VJAvNZAMTvdjvtOIKjXOyHj16+umLuBNECpToGSIAESOBe1X4AQfPdT++9DFdll2dRcPMBU8x5yllIpHaYhCqsBdcMpeHAEcH13psbBmiYr7vCryKgoNoyPDdVmHuM5GLgZgJt24bfr8IXy/B8g5ITGwWj3/WFgYtQnGMyRLjZyIsZ4dMznkC8pyZmhAE9+rlYBRMshcACVNuIoNFKjKy1kur0GKfLWSOR5qwp2dwecD/QX7PFh8D1PUDuIhKJH7wcokxdiB5co0C5xyzlGpq/nbJgSUyVuQ39kVzcULV3C+kxlaL3H9bx+lFMyh83IJ+cN3WZXSWg2qg6OkU0rlUs7VkEFqDaZjhstLKuay2Cf3523jkRPrOMDz9LYY05RjnEb1srbPnyhwRt22ZZpgcv+GFoJ7jMRsp9wqSB8Xpopkfr4R1IbGPgTgJa0aQojMGlx0UcJQECRVHAB2j62vi+TK4RDw+HA8ba2rnnvTf+PdNGPXM+ojEs6ukE5q7aUL3T6YR5SO+9kTYIa9d1cF4blcS6aTmLvOfzGYs6MM6Vs2FduCV0Xdc0DX4DdV03TYOdDlHa6XRq21Y+U40bA8qHGyTLMtiGb2DrwR1kQu4xclOp61pcKE+/RNZhgFE0NCrcCQc3crnpyuQ2htv6duu91091UUrpL5SnP/quC8zz/Hg8Qri1bWVZyi0H4xX9QICPTOlyGF4HgbmrNhZgZFkmW8Ka4TOksyxLXM0ifOge+EBksZ18fAfpcTbPc+SVuuTH2TQNhmNwgOKnKwKN9M45qR3Ts1mW4WcGG6SQ7GXhoExLypoZ+R1ifUue58Z9uY5L7bmtSKi2Fj50sdxHMUrAFeKc09PauOOmeworgoxbAxxwSlfdxweTMV3X4VKXizNMH21jmIwxSycwd9VeOl/aPxMCoaJBdrMsC++jWp3rusaIAUukpDl4V0AO+wJQZyO1wyUbH4eC7sNgMymq6w3bqM8yvBoCVO3VdCUbkiJgFA1vTsljluTE3IaeKcmyDANquFPEc1VVVXQQLUVJwGi0OZRkfQExAD6ZxAY7po19BTJ+6QSo2kvvQdo/iAAUTf+bZZmZXURB2rUt3gnvPZxv8GlA3NPuEW2WKLUE9NlEGK+kSYLQgSOnQr+2PsXwmghQtdfUm2xLLwEzDpWVf+F4GeoM1/Z+v5dVQ5ishrcEMyLatdJb8fsT0Gvn3BBf9vtMf76aoC0072RJMgRMG81ZHq6GAFV7NV3JhqQIRBUNw2ojo1BnuLbLstQzk845uJXruta+71TF78/doNqyzFw/IiAcvWFE2/i+fv6/HgJU7fX0JVuSIBBVNAyr9WAWJWDiEaIpK3ywPhrv4GRZZrQ+UTVmFDHKvspDEp3wjL4kKWbrlX9pk3h2uQSo2svtO1p+BYGEasuiUilO1nGbt1rEeRK+Pyl5w4BRanMYppeY6HpwvN8b3mno1xZuqw9QtVffxWzgnwSiqh31kHjvoYzZy/p6jQ/OE7NwWycIw1GNjkaavOGeOUgAG/QqF8kYbaOcZWA1BKjaq+lKNqSXgDiIJYXMRkaXP0Mxw5lDKWegeyShzhjOJ8qBJyRMIHcOs4IFq7kT6wKl7QwsnQBVe+k9SPsvEMBGAhiH6n/NTKMpBRuPhJN+GJ6H8SY7DhPvrOM1Xe001yVAsuFe19Oh8ukMnBLh1vF5nkdXNOryGV40Aar2oruPxpMACWyOAFV7c13OBpMACSyaAFV70d1H40mABDZHgKq9uS5ng0mABBZNgKq96O6j8SRAApsjQNXeXJezwSRAAosmQNVedPfReBIggc0RoGpvrsvZYBIggUUToGovuvtoPAmQwOYIULU31+VsMAmQwKIJULUX3X00ngRIYHMEqNqb63I2mARIYNEEqNqL7j4aTwIksDkCVO3NdTkbTAIksGgCVO1Fdx+NJwES2BwBqvbmupwNJgESWDQBqvaiu4/GkwAJbI4AVXtzXc4GkwAJLJoAVXvR3UfjSYAENkeAqr25LmeDSYAEFk2Aqr3o7qPxJEACmyNA1d5cl7PBJEACiyZA1V5099F4EiCBzRGgam+uy9lgEiCBRROgai+6+2g8CZDA5ghQtTfX5WwwCZDAoglQtRfdfTSeBEhgcwSo2pvrcjaYBEhg0QSo2ovuPhpPAiSwOQJU7c11ORtMAiSwaAJU7UV3H43/L4G//eWv+avXf//pp/9GMUQCayRA1V5jr26yTR998GH+6vXvb99usvVs9IYIULXH6ezf3rz521/+CuHIX73+4rPPv/vm23//8cc4pU9Zyr//+OO7b7799ONP8lev81evP/34k7/95a+/vXkzZZ2Xyz79818CM3/1WjL8/aefYCf+lfh///FH/ur1119+JTHTBf7x888fffBhX/ngCfO++Ozz0z//FU356/EXMP/ogw+/++bbd+/ehcl+e/Pm6y+/QlF/+8tfeUMKEW0zhqo9Qr//+P0P+avXItO/vXkDxXm69l1s26/HXz764MMvPvscivDvP/744rPPZ+JnOP3zXxAso2j/+Pnn/NXrjz74UMf/evwlf/X61+MvF5t8T4Lf374VGY2W8+8//gDPdy9/333zbdQqXDCwFlfLF599rpvjvUfzv/vmW+89+uWjDz6kcEexby2Sqn1vj0NE/vaXv+qCICIzV+3f377F4FrrBQatc/AO//bmTXT4HI3/8fsfPv34E90Fo4f//tNPH33wIbznevivK4JMyzPWu3fvPvrgQ3ODAWHIMfLiAcIw//TjT3SLoq3WVTO8HQJU7Xv7GsNq+aFKcfmr1zNXbQhQOD79+suvjIJIo64KYGSqbwk6+6/HX7Ry6VMI9+lUNP6Lzz5P2/zu3buvv/yqb6yaNtV7/+vxlx+//wFtMc4Zsfzdu3dwjkmM9z6EjIG29pzI7VMyYqD94/c/SIz3vu9K02kY3gIBqvZdvYxf1xeffX5XKc/IDInJX73uU9X7jcIDR/jsDxGETylRS1SdvffR+E8//iTdkN/fvsWwNxRunIraGTWvT7W1T0MyYhyt9Rc+KHObN74g7UKRouCc0XIvpxjYFAGq9l3dHf4m7yrugZmhfVPfbyDcZpIQkemBdp86J+IvwhPh1vp+rWR77/tUO+roCAlEs2NmUh7OINByiKbB/ZJ+pLgIgQlWQICqfVcn4tf14B8SBBc//vS/ibZBYoyeJtLffMpotDlMFBsdU9+j2t57xqiPZQAABSZJREFUo9HmMGGMPhWVXe99VLXDVkSzG5k2h6g9Wr42jOGNEKBq39XRT1Htuyx+n/lhqq39IcMlW9S577Z08/1GlLpv8cZ7Qr3/R2WXqt3LiyfGJkDVvosoVXsgPuj1RV+2Li0cpeJsX7zOmw5DuDFzqL0l6VxylqotKBh4CgGq9l3Yl+tqhIzePGK9ltpmVRtTlJpzVPQxRSmO7KiHBFOUD3bHXdvRTP8AAlTtuyBjsbb+Td5V3LDMGGz2uQ50fKI8rDbrW3ecyHjDKXGMSGBIIX1j6r74IWVq1/boHhK0zqzcD53RmHg0S1mMlGM08I+ff9aNikq5TsDwRghQte/qaNE+86CNdXUydLqrjskyY/1vuJLs4trnqywySm0OE0X1qXNffKIoOSVObfSXOZRk6YBRWEkcLrv23kN/NeRwBTfeu9HreTAaMMtsIPfmSpPaGdgOAar2vX0ddW3jVwfVfvfuHX66WLT7+9u3n378yUcffPjvP/7Qp969e4dH4E8//sQMxO41sSd/dEIS0oPHcDRNDx71y+4Qr/AlHV1bVKOjkToXwn3q3BcflmBiohodjTQZzWGfanvvw3H0Rx98qF9xlLlZTRVXiyYJHde7naBfjI4bw3i4EQJU7Xs7GltP5K9e/+PnnzEOkp2PoNr/+PlnvHoHRwpesUP6H7//4fe3b3/8/oevv/zqu2++/e3NG7wDrX/S99qXzA93quyg8vvbt3ofEhgj/h/IpfhV4bFNDP0S6owbRlqDUL6RPNmgI4xPNtSu+dOJ0a6Bb9nAqr7NBaUofUsOH7lwO4QDBI4agSyGCaL/f6tT9iFJ0JaMDKyeAFV7hC7GkBnjLAzEvv7yq//XYv3+G/bSk8r0zx4jcRlff/3lV+FvWDKOHvj7Tz9BqWE5disUodHGfPfNt9igDjb8+P0PadlNv7P+3Tff6tGladfpn/8SnprGb2/eRONN9vAw/c562lSU9vWXX8GnBFDYwkXbhmS/vXkjPPt2T8RzFUr79ONP/v7TT1E5/sfPP6OxwK4vp7CBjNkOAar2g/pa+xZO//yX/rV/+vEnWv6++OxzffZB9vVUgzuKbDuHxwLv/bt37y6+RN5TJKNJgATuIkDVvgvfwMx4cJYpKdkZFWqYv3otpzCNKV6IgeVPlwzP6ZhV++3NGwzMvfc/fv+DWeEwnQ0smQRIQBOgamsaU4Wh2nA7fPfNt1rv4CeVh1+opBxOZdDgcmHer8dfMPyHqxq79Q8ugwlJgATGJEDVHpNmX1lYJHD657++++Zb7QzBoFX2dA3XEvQV+LB43G8+/fgT3EjM4cPMYEUkQAJCgKotKCYMyEpe8YRIZV989jn2v8fsVphAUj4lYDw2aMjcjHwKGVZKAs8iQNV+Fvn/1IslgE82gtWTAAkshwBV+5l9ZWYpn2kK6yYBElgIAar2MzsKc4/i136mKaybBEhgIQSo2gvpKJpJAiRAAi8EqNq8EEiABEhgSQSo2kvqLdpKAiRAAlRtXgMkQAIksCQCVO0l9RZtJQESIAGqNq8BEiABElgSAar2knqLtpIACZAAVZvXAAmQAAksiQBVe0m9RVtJgARIgKrNa4AESIAElkSAqr2k3qKtJEACJEDV5jVAAiRAAksiQNVeUm/RVhIgARKgavMaIAESIIElEaBqL6m3aCsJkAAJULV5DZAACZDAkghQtZfUW7SVBEiABKjavAZIgARIYEkEqNpL6i3aSgIkQAJUbV4DJEACJLAkAv8HiFzijAhhEB0AAAAASUVORK5CYII=\" height=\"391\" width=\"487\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCDI, the average daily intake via different routes, mg/Kg.d;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ei, the number of different chemicals;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ej, the number of different exposure routes;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSF, the slope factor, mg/Kg.d;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003ew\u003c/sub\u003e, the measured concentration in pool waters, \u0026micro;g/L;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIR, the ingestion rate, L/h;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eET, the duration of each swimming, h/event;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEF, the swimming frequency, events/year;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eED, the exposure duration, years;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBW, body weight, the average BW for Shenzhen population is 59.5 kg (64.2 kg for male, and 55.4 kg for female) based on the Exposure Factors Handbook of Chinese Population;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAT, the average time, days;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSA, skin surface area, the average skin surface area for Shenzhen population is 1.6 m\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e (1.7 m\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e for male, and 1.6 m\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e for female) based on the Exposure Factors Handbook of Chinese Population;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eK\u003csub\u003ep\u003c/sub\u003e, dermal permeability coefficient, cm/h;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003evp\u003c/sub\u003e, ambient air concentration, \u0026micro;g/m\u0026sup3;;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIR\u0026rsquo;, inhalation rate, m\u003csup\u003e3\u003c/sup\u003e/h;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eH\u0026apos;, unitless Henry\u0026apos;s law constant.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAll the parameters mentioned above, except the body weight and skin surface area, were cited from the study conducted in 41 swimming pools in a rapidly developing city of China(Peng et al. \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e). In addition, the life expectancy 76.7 was adopted according to the 2017 Statistical Bulletin on the Development of China\u0026apos;s Health Care (China, 2018). The parameters mentioned above are summarized in \u003cstrong\u003eOnline Resource 1 and Online Resource 2\u003c/strong\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec8\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003eTotal lifetime non-cancer risk\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe hazard index (HI) of lifetime non-cancer was assessed basing the equation as follow:\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cdiv id=\"Equa\" class=\"Equation\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"mathdisplay\" id=\"FileID_Equa\" name=\"EquationSource\"\u003e$$\\text{H}\\text{I}=\\sum _{i}^{m}{\\text{C}\\text{D}\\text{I}}_{i}/{\\text{R}\\text{f}\\text{D}}_{i}$$\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRfD, the reference dose for non-cancer risk, the RfDs are 0.01 mg/kg.d for TCM, 0.02 mg/kg.d for BDCM, 0.02 mg/kg.d for DBCM, and 0.02 mg/kg.d for TBM.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec9\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003eStatistical analysis\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe Shapiro-Wilk test was performed to examine the normal distribution of continuous variables. Data with normal distribution were presented as means\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;SDs, or else presented as medians (interquartile ranges, IQRs) or medians (ranges). Average concentrations in the 4 consecutive days were calculated and compared between the 2 or 3 sampling points of swimming pools by Wilcoxon Signed Ranks Test. In addition, the measured concentrations in pool waters were compared with China limits by One-Sample Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test. Repeated measures correlation analysis (rmcorr) was performed to determine the association between THMs and environmental factors. The lifetime cancer- and non-cancer risk between male and female were compared by Wilcoxon Signed Ranks Test. All statistical analyses were performed by SPSS software (SPSS version 25; IBM Corporation) and R (version 0.3.0), with 2-sided \u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e value\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05 set as significant.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Results","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBasic characteristics of the swimming pools\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSix indoor swimming pools located in west, central and east of Shenzhen were assessed in the present study.\u0026nbsp;The swimming pools were newly built, with open dates ranging from 2006 to 2021 year, and the\u0026nbsp;pool sizes ranged from 60 m\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e to 525 m\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e, with load of 20 - 250 swimmers everyday. The median residual chlorine in pool waters was 0.72 mg/L (IQR: 0.32-1.20), median temperature was 29.20 \u003csup\u003e0\u003c/sup\u003eC (IQR: 28.50-29.80), and PH was 7.35 (IQR: 7.09-7.54). The median relative humidity of the pool air was 82.15% (IQR: 78.18-84.43), and temperature was 30.70 \u003csup\u003e0\u003c/sup\u003eC (29.95-31.18). The pool designs and environmental factors of the 6 indoor swimming pools were showed in \u003cstrong\u003eTable 1\u003c/strong\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTHM concentrations in pool waters and ambient air\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe median THMs was\u0026nbsp;48.69\u0026nbsp;mg/L (IQR: 36.81-65.72) in pool waters, with TCM and BDCM as predominant components, accounting for 87.6% and 9.7% of total THMs, respectively. The median THMs in ambient air\u0026nbsp;was 45.69\u0026nbsp;mg/m\u003csup\u003e3\u003c/sup\u003e (IQR: 24.61-112.50), and TCM and BDCM were also the major components.\u0026nbsp;The\u0026nbsp;measured THM concentrations in the 6 pools\u0026nbsp;were showed in \u003cstrong\u003eTable 2\u003c/strong\u003e. The Wilcoxon Signed Ranks Test showed no significant difference in water THMs between sampling points, whereas both significantly lower than China limits. No significant difference existed between sampling points for THMs in ambient air, whereas air THMs in both pool east and west were significantly higher than that in the rest area, as showed in \u003cstrong\u003eFig 1\u003c/strong\u003e. \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAssociation of THMs with environmental factors\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eRepeated measures correlation analysis showed significant association between water TCM and air TCM, whereas no correlation existed between other THMs (\u003cstrong\u003eFig 2)\u003c/strong\u003e. Pool water PH was moderately associated with pool water TCM (r\u003csub\u003ermcorr\u0026nbsp;\u003c/sub\u003e= 0.55, \u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e \u0026lt;\u0026nbsp;0.001), BDCM (r\u003csub\u003ermcorr\u0026nbsp;\u003c/sub\u003e= 0.43, \u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e = 0.004) and total THMs (r\u003csub\u003ermcorr\u0026nbsp;\u003c/sub\u003e= 0.56, \u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e \u0026lt;\u0026nbsp;0.001), and closely correlated with air TCM (r\u003csub\u003ermcorr\u0026nbsp;\u003c/sub\u003e= 0.70, \u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e \u0026lt;\u0026nbsp;0.001) and total THMs (r\u003csub\u003ermcorr\u0026nbsp;\u003c/sub\u003e= 0.60, \u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e \u0026lt;\u0026nbsp;0.001). No significant associations were observed between water and air THMs and other environmental factors, as showed in \u003cstrong\u003eTable 3\u003c/strong\u003e.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEstimated\u0026nbsp;average daily\u0026nbsp;intake\u0026nbsp;dose of THMs\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe estimated\u0026nbsp;multi-exposure THMs\u0026nbsp;intake was\u0026nbsp;1.40E-02\u0026nbsp;mg/kg.d (range: 6.72E-03 - 3.96E-02), with 1.43E-03\u0026nbsp;mg/kg.d (range: 9.99E-04 - 2.26E-03)\u0026nbsp;from\u0026nbsp;dermal absorption, 2.64E-03\u0026nbsp;mg/kg.d (range: 1.82E-03 - 4.06E-03) from\u0026nbsp;oral ingestion, and 9.87E-03\u0026nbsp;mg/kg.d (range: 3.90E-03 - 3.33E-02) from\u0026nbsp;inhalation\u0026nbsp;(\u003cstrong\u003eTable 4\u003c/strong\u003e).\u0026nbsp;The Wilcoxon Signed Ranks Test showed significantly higher daily THMs intake from inhalation than that from\u0026nbsp;dermal absorption (\u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e = 0.028) and\u0026nbsp;oral ingestion (\u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e = 0.028), and the\u0026nbsp;daily intake from oral ingestion was significantly higher than that from\u0026nbsp;dermal absorption (\u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e = 0.028). In addition, female swimmers had significantly higher daily THMs intake than male swimmers (\u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e = 0.028).\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEstimated\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003elifetime cancer risk\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSwimmer Exposure Assessment Model (SWIMODEL) recommended by USEPA (USEPA, 2003) was used to assess the total lifetime cancer risk of THMs. The median lifetime cancer risk of THMs from\u0026nbsp;dermal absorption was 4.70E-08 (range:\u0026nbsp;3.24E-08 - 7.17E-08), 2.91E-08 (range:\u0026nbsp;1.98E-08 - 8.10E-08) from\u0026nbsp;oral ingestion,\u0026nbsp;and 8.33E-07 (range: 3.07E-07 - 2.95E-06) from\u0026nbsp;inhalation. The\u0026nbsp;multi-exposure\u0026nbsp;total\u0026nbsp;cancer\u0026nbsp;risk was\u0026nbsp;9.39E-07 (range: 3.59E-07 - 3.05E-06), which\u0026nbsp;was below the regulatory threshold of\u0026nbsp;1.0\u0026nbsp;\u0026acute;\u0026nbsp;10\u003csup\u003e-6\u0026nbsp;\u003c/sup\u003erecommended by USEPA. The results were showed in \u003cstrong\u003eTable 5\u003c/strong\u003e.\u0026nbsp;The Wilcoxon\u0026nbsp;Signed\u0026nbsp;Ranks\u0026nbsp;Test showed\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003esignificant higher cancer risk from inhalation than from dermal absorption (\u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e = 0.028) and oral ingestion (\u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e = 0.028), and the cancer risk from dermal absorption were comparable to that from oral ingestion (\u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e = 0.116). In addition, the total lifetime cancer risk for female swimmers was significantly higher than that in male swimmers (\u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e = 0.028).\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEstimated\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003elifetime non-cancer risk\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe multi-exposure non-cancer risk of THMs was\u0026nbsp;1.26E-03\u0026nbsp;(range:\u0026nbsp;6.21E-04\u0026nbsp;-\u0026nbsp;3.58E-03), with 1.33E-04 (range: 9.71E-05 - 2.22E-04) from dermal absorption, 2.45E-04 (range: 1.74E-04 - 3.94E-04) from oral ingestion, and\u0026nbsp;8.89E-04\u0026nbsp;(range:\u0026nbsp;3.50E-04\u0026nbsp;-\u0026nbsp;2.97E-03) from inhalation. The non-cancer risk of THMs was less than the unacceptable level of 1.0 (\u003cstrong\u003eTable 6)\u003c/strong\u003e.\u0026nbsp;The Wilcoxon Signed Ranks Test showed significant higher\u0026nbsp;non-cancer risk\u0026nbsp;from inhalation than from\u0026nbsp;dermal absorption (\u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e = 0.028) and\u0026nbsp;oral ingestion (\u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e = 0.028).\u0026nbsp;In addition, there were significantly higher non-cancer risk in female swimmers than male swimmers (\u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e = 0.028).\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003eSwimming is a worldwide popular sport, with benefits for mental relaxation, lung function and cardiorespiratory fitness. However, DBPs generated in pool water disinfection is hazardous for their potential genotoxic, carcinogenic, teratogenic and mutagenic features(Daiber et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e, Liberatore et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e, Manasfi et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e). Chlorination is the mostly used disinfections and THMs were the prominent DBPs. Continuous monitoring of health risk of THMs are essential to protect swimmers. In the present study, the measured median THMs was 48.69 \u0026micro;g/L in pool waters and 45.69 \u0026micro;g/m\u003csup\u003e3\u003c/sup\u003e in ambient air in indoor swimming pools in Shenzhen, China. The multi-exposure daily THMs intake was 1.40E-02 \u0026micro;g/kg.d, with estimated lifetime cancer risk 9.39E-07 and non-cancer risk 1.26E-03. Inhalation was the major exposure route, contributed most to the lifetime cancer risk and non-cancer risk.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe chlorination by-product THMs in swimming pool waters have been reported to range from 25.7 to 482 \u0026micro;g/L in China, and between 25.6 to 282.0 \u0026micro;g/L in America, Germany, Canada, Spain, Australia, and Greece (Carter et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019a\u003c/span\u003e, Hang et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e, Li et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e, Marco et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e, Peng et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR32\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e, Peng et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR33\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e, Saleem et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR34\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e, Wang \u0026amp;Dong \u003cspan citationid=\"CR40\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e, Zare Afifi \u0026amp;Blatchley \u003cspan citationid=\"CR41\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e). The measured concentration of THMs in the present study was comparable to that in Beijing, whereas much less than that in Nanjing, whereas significantly higher than that in Suzhou and Changsha (Hang et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e, Li et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e, Peng et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR33\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e, Wang \u0026amp;Dong \u003cspan citationid=\"CR40\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e). The China limit in swimming pool waters was 200 \u0026micro;g/L for THMs, with TCM 60 \u0026micro;g/L, BDCM 60 \u0026micro;g/L, DBCM 100 \u0026micro;g/L, and TBM 100 \u0026micro;g/L (Ministry of Health of the PRC 2019). All the measured THMs in pool waters in the present study were significantly less than China limits. Thus, the chlorination by-product THMs in indoor swimming pools in Shenzhen was in accordance with hygienic standards of China. Compared to other countries, pool water THMs in Shenzhen was in line with that in Canada, Spain and Australia, and less than that in Greece and America, whereas significantly higher than Germany. This may be due to the different national limits, as World Health Organization, United Kingdom and Finland set the standard to 100 \u0026micro;g/L, Netherlands and Hungary 50 \u0026micro;g/L, ECHA 50 \u0026micro;g/L, and Federation International de Nation Amateur (FINA) and Germany have the most stringent standards, setting the limit to 20 \u0026micro;g/L(Bessonneau et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2011\u003c/span\u003e, Tardif et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR39\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e). For ambient air, the median THMs in the present study was 45.69 \u0026micro;g/m\u003csup\u003e3\u003c/sup\u003e, which was comparable to that published previously (Carter \u0026amp;Joll \u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e, Carter et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019b\u003c/span\u003e, Nitter \u0026amp;Svendsen \u003cspan citationid=\"CR31\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e). However, abnormally high THMs have been reported in some studies, with maximum concentrations ranging from 477 to 853 \u0026micro;g/m\u003csup\u003e3\u003c/sup\u003e, and some even up to 6490 \u0026micro;g/m\u003csup\u003e3\u003c/sup\u003e(Carter et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019b\u003c/span\u003e, Font-Ribera et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2010\u003c/span\u003e, Manasfi et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e). The unusually high THMs in ambient air pose a great threat to the respiratory system and cancer risk (Fantuzzi et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2010\u003c/span\u003e, Font-Ribera et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e). However, no safe limits have been set about ambient air THMs in China and WHO.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePH had been reported to be determinant on the formation of THM4 during chlorination of Br-containing water, with greater THMs generated at higher water PH(Mao et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR28\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e). This was in line with the findings in the present study, as PH was positively associated with pool water TCM, BDCM and total THMs, and closely correlated with air TCM and total THMs. This may be due to the intermediating of OH\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u003c/sup\u003e generated in alkaline environment on the alkaline hydrolysis of the Br-THMs. In addition, THMs were easily volatile, the great formation of THMs in pool waters with high PH led to great THMs in ambient air(Li et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e, Siddique et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR36\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e). This results in the present study was consistent with the studies published previously (Lee et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2009\u003c/span\u003e, Mao et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR28\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e, Saleem et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR34\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e). However, the pool water PH was advised to be in the range of 7.0-7.8 according to the Swimming Pool Water Quality Standards (CJ244-2007) of China. In the present study, the pool water PH varied from 6.48 to 8.24, thus moderately reducing PH may be a potential approach to further reduce the production of THMs in the chlorination disinfecting process.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe multi-exposure cancer risk in indoor swimming pools in the present study was 9.39E-07, ranging from 3.59E-07 to 3.05E-06, which was significantly less than the regulatory threshold of 1.0E-06 recommended by USEPA (USEPA, 2006), indicating acceptable carcinogenic risk to swimmers in Shenzhen. The regulatory threshold for cancer risk differentiated among intergovernmental organizations, for example, it was 1.0E-05\u0026ndash;1.0E-07 for Canadian authorities, and 1.0E-05 for World Health Organization (WHO, 2001)(Kargaki et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e). The lifetime cancer risks were reported to be in the range of 1.37E-5 -1.97E-5 in Taiyuan, 6.87E-5 for male and 6.87E-5 for female swimmers in Taiwan, 5.5E-7\u0026ndash;8.5E-5 for coaches and 1.4E-5\u0026ndash;3.6E-4 for swimmers in Portugal(Chen et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2011\u003c/span\u003e, Gouveia et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e, Zheng et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR42\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e). Compared to the cancer risks reported in previous studies, the risk values in the present study were at normal level. In addition, hazard indexes \u0026gt; 1.0 are considered unacceptable level for non-cancer risk according to USEPA (USEPA, 2006). In the present study, the hazard index of THMs was 1.26E-03, ranging from 6.21E-04 to 3.58E-03, indicating that the lifetime non-cancer risk of THMs was acceptable and can be neglected in indoor swimming pools in Shenzhen.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eInhalation was the dominant exposure route in the present study, accounting for 70.5% of total THM intaking. The lifetime cancer risk from inhalation was 8.33E-07, which was significantly higher than that from oral ingestion (2.91E-08) and dermal absorption (4.70E-08). This was in accordance with the studies conducted by Peng et, al., Sdougkou et, al., and Marco et, al., who also reported a significantly higher contribution to total cancer risk by inhalation than by oral and dermal routes, and the lifetime cancer risks posed by inhalation accounted for more than 90% (Marco et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e, Peng et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR33\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e, Sdougkou et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR35\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e). In the study conducted in Taiwan, inhalation had been reported to contribute to more than 99% of total health risk (Chen et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2011\u003c/span\u003e). In addition, female swimmers had significantly higher lifetime cancer risk and non-cancer risk than male swimmers. This was in line with the studies conducted by Dehghani et al. and Peng et al.(Dehghani et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e, Peng et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR33\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e). The higher health risk of THMs in female swimmers compared to male swimmers may be owing to the less proficient in swimming, which lead to tense state and fast breathe. In addition, the more skin surface area and less body weight in female swimmers may also partly explain the higher health risk compared to male swimmers.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe present study assessed the multi-exposure cancer and non-cancer risk of THMs in indoor swimming pools in Shenzhen, China, and found they were within the acceptable levels recommended by USEPA. Shenzhen is a rapidly developing and highly technological city in China, with much younger demographic composition. Moreover, Shenzhen falls within low-latitude tropical and subtropical monsoon climate zones, having long and hot summer. Thus, the acceptable cancer and non-cancer risk of THMs in indoor swimming pools in Shenzhen make it more habitable. However, limitations existed in the present study. On one hand, the sample size was relatively small; on the other hand, the parameters used to assess the health risk, except the body weight and skin surface area, were cited from the studies published previously, not the investigated data in Shenzhen. The exposure time and frequency were much higher than that reported in other cities in China, thus the evaluated cancer and non-cancer risk in Shenzhen in the present study may be underestimated.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Conclusions","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe present study found that the estimated multi-exposure lifetime cancer and non-cancer risk of THMs in indoor swimming pools in Shenzhen were within the limit levels recommended by the USEPA. The carcinogenic risk of THMs to swimmers in indoor swimming pools in Shenzhen was acceptable.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Abbreviations","content":"\u003cp\u003eTrihalomethanes, THMs; Chloroform, TCM; Bromodichloromethane, BDCM; Dibromochloromethane, DBCM; Bromoform, TBM; Disinfection by-products, DBPs; Headspace gas chromatography-electron capture detector, HSGC-ECD; Thermal desorption gas chromatography, TD-GC; Swimmer Exposure Assessment Model, SWIMODEL; Reactive oxygen species, ROS; Total lifetime cancer risk, TLR; Hazard index, HI; Interquartile ranges, IQRs.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEthical approval:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eNot applicable.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConsent to participate:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eNot applicable.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConsent for publication:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eNot applicable.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthor contributions:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eConceptualization: Qingcheng Liu; Methodology: Qingcheng Liu, Jian Sun, Peng Shao; Software: Peng Shao, Fengping Chen, Langwen Li and Wenjie Li; Validation: Li Li and Qingcheng Liu; Formal analysis: Li Li and\u0026nbsp;Qingcheng Liu; Investigation: Langwen Li, Wenjie Li, Rongjie Shi and Wei Zeng; Resources: Qingcheng Liu, Rongjie Shi and Wei Zeng; Data curation: Qingcheng Liu and Jian Sun; Writing - original draft: Li Li; Writing - review \u0026amp; editing: Qingcheng Liu and Li Li; Visualization: Qingcheng Liu and Li Li; Supervision: Jian Sun; Project administration: Qingcheng Liu and Jian Sun; Funding acquisition: Qingcheng Liu.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFunding:\u003c/strong\u003e This work was supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Shenzhen Municipality No. JCYJ20210324135802008. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCompeting interests:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eThe authors have no relevant financial or non-financial interests to disclose. \u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eData Availability Statements\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e：\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eRaw data used and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eBeane Freeman LE, Cantor KP, Baris D, Nuckols JR, Johnson A, Colt JS, Schwenn M, Ward MH, Lubin JH, Waddell R, Hosain GM, Paulu C, McCoy R, Moore LE, Huang AT, Rothman N, Karagas MR, Silverman DT (2017): Bladder Cancer and Water Disinfection By-product Exposures through Multiple Routes: A Population-Based Case-Control Study (New England, USA). 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Environmental science and pollution research international 30:18354-18363. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-022-23498-4.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"},{"header":"Tables","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 1\u003c/strong\u003e Details of pool design and\u0026nbsp;environmental factors\u0026nbsp;of the swimming pools\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" align=\"\" width=\"102%\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"38.775510204081634%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eVariables\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.204081632653061%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePoo1_1\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.204081632653061%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePoo1_2\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.204081632653061%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePoo1_3\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.204081632653061%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePoo1_4\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.204081632653061%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePoo1_5\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.204081632653061%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePoo1_6\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"38.775510204081634%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOpening date (year)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.204081632653061%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2010\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.204081632653061%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2006\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.204081632653061%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2012\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.204081632653061%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2021\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.204081632653061%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2014\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.204081632653061%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2018\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"38.775510204081634%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNumber of swimmers (person/day)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.204081632653061%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e250\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.204081632653061%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.204081632653061%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e50\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.204081632653061%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e150\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.204081632653061%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e200\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.204081632653061%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"38.775510204081634%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSwimming pool size (m\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.204081632653061%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e500\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.204081632653061%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e120\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.204081632653061%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e60\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.204081632653061%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e525\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.204081632653061%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e425\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.204081632653061%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e96\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"38.775510204081634%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWater cycle time (h)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.204081632653061%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.204081632653061%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.204081632653061%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.204081632653061%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e24\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.204081632653061%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.204081632653061%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"38.775510204081634%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWater recirculation rate (m\u0026sup3;/h)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.204081632653061%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e55\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.204081632653061%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e30\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.204081632653061%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e28\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.204081632653061%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e55 \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.204081632653061%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e64\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.204081632653061%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e50\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"38.775510204081634%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDaily water replenishment (m\u0026sup3;/d)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.204081632653061%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e40\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.204081632653061%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.204081632653061%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.204081632653061%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e50\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.204081632653061%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e100\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.204081632653061%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"38.775510204081634%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDisinfectant type\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.204081632653061%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTCICA\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.204081632653061%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTCICA\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.204081632653061%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTCICA\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.204081632653061%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTCICA\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.204081632653061%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTCICA\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.204081632653061%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTCICA\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"38.775510204081634%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDisinfectant dosage\u0026nbsp;(mg/L)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.204081632653061%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.65\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.204081632653061%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.50\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.204081632653061%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.30\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.204081632653061%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.50\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.204081632653061%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.50\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.204081632653061%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.50\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"38.775510204081634%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWater Temperature (℃)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.204081632653061%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e29.20\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.204081632653061%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e29.18\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.204081632653061%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e27.31\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.204081632653061%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e30.38\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.204081632653061%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e29.35\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.204081632653061%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e28.90\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"38.775510204081634%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWater free residual chlorine (mg/L)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.204081632653061%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.74\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.204081632653061%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.28\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.204081632653061%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.47\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.204081632653061%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.85\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.204081632653061%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.42\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.204081632653061%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.99\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"38.775510204081634%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWater PH\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.204081632653061%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.59\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.204081632653061%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.20\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.204081632653061%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.49\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.204081632653061%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.52\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.204081632653061%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.68\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.204081632653061%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.32\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"38.775510204081634%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAir Temperature (℃)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.204081632653061%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e30.93\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.204081632653061%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e30.98\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.204081632653061%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e27.10\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.204081632653061%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e30.20\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.204081632653061%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e30.73\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.204081632653061%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e31.28\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"38.775510204081634%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAir relative humidity (%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.204081632653061%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e80.85\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.204081632653061%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e82\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.204081632653061%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e85.475\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.204081632653061%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e80.05\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.204081632653061%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e82.05\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.204081632653061%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e75.65\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTrichloroisocyanuric acid,\u0026nbsp;TCICA.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 2\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eThe measured concentrations of THMs in the swimming pools\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"557\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"28.776978417266186%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eVariables\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.870503597122303%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePool_1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.870503597122303%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePool_2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.870503597122303%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePool_3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.870503597122303%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePool_4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.870503597122303%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePool_5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.870503597122303%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePool_6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"100%\" colspan=\"7\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePool water chloroform (\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003em\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eg/L)\u003c/strong\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"28.776978417266186%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePool east\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.870503597122303%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e51.427\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.870503597122303%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e37.484\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.870503597122303%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e41.069\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.870503597122303%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e39.299\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.870503597122303%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e70.580\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.870503597122303%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e31.552\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"28.776978417266186%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePool west\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.870503597122303%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e49.113\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.870503597122303%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e37.840\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.870503597122303%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e37.437\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.870503597122303%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e41.830\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.870503597122303%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e70.952\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.870503597122303%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e29.669\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"100%\" colspan=\"7\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePool water\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;BDCM\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e(\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003em\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eg/L)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"28.776978417266186%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePool east\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.870503597122303%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.383\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.870503597122303%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.779\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.870503597122303%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.158\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.870503597122303%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12.226\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.870503597122303%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.886\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.870503597122303%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.973\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"28.776978417266186%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePool west\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.870503597122303%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.167\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.870503597122303%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.869\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.870503597122303%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.662\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.870503597122303%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12.827\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.870503597122303%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.851\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.870503597122303%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.211\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"100%\" colspan=\"7\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePool water\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;DBCM\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e(\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003em\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eg/L)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"28.776978417266186%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePool east\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.870503597122303%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.200\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.870503597122303%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.200\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.870503597122303%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.200\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.870503597122303%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.554\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.870503597122303%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.200\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.870503597122303%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.200\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"28.776978417266186%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePool west\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.870503597122303%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.200\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.870503597122303%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.200\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.870503597122303%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.200\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.870503597122303%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.696\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.870503597122303%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.200\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.870503597122303%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.200\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"100%\" colspan=\"7\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePool water\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;TBM\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e(\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003em\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eg/L)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"28.776978417266186%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePool east\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.870503597122303%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.300\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.870503597122303%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.300\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.870503597122303%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.300\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.870503597122303%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.328\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.870503597122303%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.300\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.870503597122303%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.300\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"28.776978417266186%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePool west\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.870503597122303%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.300\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.870503597122303%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.300\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.870503597122303%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.300\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.870503597122303%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.300\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.870503597122303%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.300\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.870503597122303%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.300\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"100%\" colspan=\"7\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePool water\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;THMs\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e(\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003em\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eg/L)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"28.776978417266186%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePool east\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.870503597122303%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e56.310\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.870503597122303%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e41.763\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.870503597122303%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e44.726\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.870503597122303%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e57.406\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.870503597122303%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e74.966\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.870503597122303%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e35.025\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"28.776978417266186%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePool west\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.870503597122303%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e53.779\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.870503597122303%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e42.209\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.870503597122303%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e40.599\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.870503597122303%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e60.654\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.870503597122303%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e75.303\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.870503597122303%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e32.380\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"100%\" colspan=\"7\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePool air chloroform (\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003em\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eg/L)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e \u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"28.776978417266186%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePool east\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.870503597122303%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.017\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.870503597122303%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.025\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.870503597122303%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.089\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.870503597122303%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.023\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.870503597122303%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.060\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.870503597122303%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.009\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"28.776978417266186%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePool west\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.870503597122303%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.018\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.870503597122303%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.027\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.870503597122303%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.084\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.870503597122303%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.022\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.870503597122303%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.101\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.870503597122303%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.010\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"28.776978417266186%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRest area\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.870503597122303%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.016\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.870503597122303%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.021\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.870503597122303%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.057\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.870503597122303%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.018\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.870503597122303%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.059\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.870503597122303%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.009\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"100%\" colspan=\"7\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePool air BDCM (\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003em\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eg/L)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"28.776978417266186%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePool east\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.870503597122303%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.003\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.870503597122303%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.004\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.870503597122303%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.012\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.870503597122303%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.012\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.870503597122303%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.039\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.870503597122303%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.002\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"28.776978417266186%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePool west\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.870503597122303%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.004\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.870503597122303%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.005\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.870503597122303%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.011\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.870503597122303%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.015\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.870503597122303%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.047\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.870503597122303%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.003\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"28.776978417266186%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRest area\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.870503597122303%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.003\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.870503597122303%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.005\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.870503597122303%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.009\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.870503597122303%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.008\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.870503597122303%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.028\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.870503597122303%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.002\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"100%\" colspan=\"7\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePool air DBCM (\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003em\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eg/L)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"28.776978417266186%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePool east\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.870503597122303%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.002\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.870503597122303%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.002\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.870503597122303%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.002\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.870503597122303%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.007\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.870503597122303%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.006\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.870503597122303%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.001\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"28.776978417266186%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePool west\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.870503597122303%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.003\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.870503597122303%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.003\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.870503597122303%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.002\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.870503597122303%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.005\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.870503597122303%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.004\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.870503597122303%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.002\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"28.776978417266186%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRest area\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.870503597122303%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.003\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.870503597122303%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.003\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.870503597122303%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.001\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.870503597122303%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.005\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.870503597122303%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.006\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.870503597122303%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.001\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"100%\" colspan=\"7\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePool air TBM (\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003em\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eg/L)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"28.776978417266186%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePool east\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.870503597122303%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.002\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.870503597122303%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.014\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.870503597122303%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.002\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.870503597122303%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.002\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.870503597122303%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.008\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.870503597122303%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.008\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"28.776978417266186%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePool west\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.870503597122303%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.002\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.870503597122303%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.016\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.870503597122303%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.002\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.870503597122303%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.002\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.870503597122303%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.021\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.870503597122303%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.007\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"28.776978417266186%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRest area\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.870503597122303%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.002\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.870503597122303%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.016\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.870503597122303%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.002\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.870503597122303%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.002\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.870503597122303%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.007\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.870503597122303%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.009\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"100%\" colspan=\"7\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePool air THMs (\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003em\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eg/L)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"28.776978417266186%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePool east\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.870503597122303%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.024\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.870503597122303%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.044\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.870503597122303%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.106\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.870503597122303%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.044\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.870503597122303%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.113\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.870503597122303%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.021\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"28.776978417266186%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePool west\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.870503597122303%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.028\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.870503597122303%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.050\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.870503597122303%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.099\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.870503597122303%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.044\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.870503597122303%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.173\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.870503597122303%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.021\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"28.776978417266186%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRest area\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.870503597122303%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.025\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.870503597122303%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.046\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.870503597122303%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.069\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.870503597122303%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.033\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.870503597122303%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.100\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.870503597122303%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.021\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTCM, Trichloromethane; BDCM, Bromodicloromethane; DBCM, Dibronochloromethane; TBM, Tribromomethane; THMs, Trihalomethanes. \u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 3\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eRepeated measurement correlation analysis of THMs with environmental factors\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" align=\"\" width=\"105%\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.204081632653061%\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eVariables\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.387755102040817%\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eWater temperature\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.367346938775512%\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eWater PH\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.346938775510203%\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eResidual chlorine\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.346938775510203%\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAir temperature\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.346938775510203%\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eRelative humidity\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.662650602409638%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003er\u003csub\u003ermcorr\u0026nbsp;\u003c/sub\u003e(95%CI)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.024096385542169%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.457831325301205%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003er\u003csub\u003ermcorr\u0026nbsp;\u003c/sub\u003e(95%CI)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.024096385542169%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.457831325301205%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003er\u003csub\u003ermcorr\u0026nbsp;\u003c/sub\u003e(95%CI)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.819277108433735%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.457831325301205%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003er\u003csub\u003ermcorr\u0026nbsp;\u003c/sub\u003e(95%CI)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.819277108433735%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.457831325301205%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003er\u003csub\u003ermcorr\u0026nbsp;\u003c/sub\u003e(95%CI)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.819277108433735%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.75268817204301%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eWater TCM\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.978494623655914%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.07 (-0.25, 0.37)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.376344086021505%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.666\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.903225806451612%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.55 (0.29, 0.73)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.376344086021505%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.903225806451612%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.20 (-0.11, 0.48)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.301075268817204%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.192\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.903225806451612%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.41 (0.12, 0.64)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.301075268817204%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.006\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.903225806451612%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.18 (-0.46, 0.14)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.301075268817204%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.247\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.75268817204301%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eWater BDCM\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.978494623655914%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.06 (-0.36, 0.26)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.376344086021505%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.719\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.903225806451612%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.43 (0.14, 0.65)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.376344086021505%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.004\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.903225806451612%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.16 (-0.15, 0.45)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.301075268817204%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.293\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.903225806451612%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.04 (-0.34, 0.27)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.301075268817204%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.804\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.903225806451612%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.33 (0.03, 0.58)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.301075268817204%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.030\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.75268817204301%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eWater DBCM\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.978494623655914%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.04 (-0.27, 0.35)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.376344086021505%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.781\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.903225806451612%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.04 (-0.27, 0.34)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.376344086021505%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.800\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.903225806451612%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.28 (-0.54, 0.03)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.301075268817204%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.070\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.903225806451612%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.44 (-0.66, -0.15)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.301075268817204%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.003\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.903225806451612%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.25 (-0.06, 0.52)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.301075268817204%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.099\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.75268817204301%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eWater TBM\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.978494623655914%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.07 (-0.37, 0.24)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.376344086021505%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.643\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.903225806451612%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.01 (-0.30, 0.32)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.376344086021505%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.933\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.903225806451612%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.15 (-0.44, 0.16)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.301075268817204%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.322\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.903225806451612%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.02 (-0.33, 0.29)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.301075268817204%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.901\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.903225806451612%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.21 (-0.11, 0.49)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.301075268817204%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.179\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.75268817204301%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eWater THMs\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.978494623655914%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.06 (-0.25, 0.36)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.376344086021505%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.704\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.903225806451612%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.56 (0.31, 0.74)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.376344086021505%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.903225806451612%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.20 (-0.11, 0.48)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.301075268817204%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.197\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.903225806451612%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.37 (0.08, 0.61)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.301075268817204%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.013\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.903225806451612%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.13 (-0.42, 0.18)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.301075268817204%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.399\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.75268817204301%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAir TCM\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.978494623655914%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.27 (-0.04, 0.53)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.376344086021505%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.083\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.903225806451612%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.70 (0.51, 0.83)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.376344086021505%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.903225806451612%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.01 (-0.30, 0.32)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.301075268817204%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.946\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.903225806451612%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.24 (-0.07, 0.51)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.301075268817204%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.122\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.903225806451612%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.03 (-0.33, 0.28)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.301075268817204%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.861\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.75268817204301%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAir BDCM\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.978494623655914%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.19 (-0.47, 0.12)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.376344086021505%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.213\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.903225806451612%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.43 (0.14, 0.65)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.376344086021505%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.004\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.903225806451612%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.09 (-0.22, 0.39)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.301075268817204%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.566\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.903225806451612%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.03 (-0.33, 0.28)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.301075268817204%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.849\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.903225806451612%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.17 (-0.15, 0.45)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.301075268817204%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.283\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.75268817204301%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAir DBCM\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.978494623655914%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.25 (-0.52, 0.06)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.376344086021505%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.104\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.903225806451612%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.24 (-0.51, 0.07)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.376344086021505%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.124\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.903225806451612%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.16 (-0.45, 0.15)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.301075268817204%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.291\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.903225806451612%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.19 (-0.47, 0.12)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.301075268817204%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.213\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.903225806451612%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.16 (-0.16, 0.45)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.301075268817204%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.303\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.75268817204301%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAir TBM\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.978494623655914%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.45 (0.16, 0.67)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.376344086021505%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.003\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.903225806451612%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.02 (-0.33, 0.29)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.376344086021505%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.874\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.903225806451612%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.27 (-0.53, 0.04)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.301075268817204%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.078\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.903225806451612%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.10 (-0.39, 0.22)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.301075268817204%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.530\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.903225806451612%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.28 (-0.03, 0.54)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.301075268817204%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.072\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.75268817204301%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAir THMs\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.978494623655914%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.30 (-0.01, 0.56)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.376344086021505%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.050\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.903225806451612%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.60 (0.36, 0.77)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.376344086021505%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.903225806451612%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.07 (-0.37, 0.24)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.301075268817204%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.646\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.903225806451612%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.14 (-0.18, 0.43)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.301075268817204%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.369\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.903225806451612%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.10 (-0.21, 0.40)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.301075268817204%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.519\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTCM, Trichloromethane; BDCM, Bromodicloromethane; THMs, Trihalomethanes. \u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 4\u003c/strong\u003e The estimated average daily intake dose of trihalomethanes in the swimming pools\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" align=\"\" width=\"935\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.02139037433155%\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eVariables\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"22.994652406417114%\" colspan=\"3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDermal (\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003em\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eg/kg.d)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"22.994652406417114%\" colspan=\"3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eIngestion (\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003em\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eg/kg.d)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"22.994652406417114%\" colspan=\"3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eInhalation (\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003em\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eg/kg.d)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"22.994652406417114%\" colspan=\"3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTotal intake (\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003em\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eg/kg.d)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.333333333333334%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMedian\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.333333333333334%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003emin\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.333333333333334%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003emax\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.333333333333334%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMedian\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.333333333333334%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003emin\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.333333333333334%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003emax\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.333333333333334%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMedian\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.333333333333334%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003emin\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.333333333333334%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003emax\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.333333333333334%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMedian\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.333333333333334%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003emin\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.333333333333334%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003emax\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"100%\" colspan=\"13\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAll adult population\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.987220447284345%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTCM\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.667731629392971%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.23E-03\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.667731629392971%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.42E-04\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.667731629392971%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.18E-03\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.667731629392971%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.19E-03\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.667731629392971%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.65E-03\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.667731629392971%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.82E-03\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.667731629392971%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.91E-03\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.667731629392971%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.09E-03\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.667731629392971%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.81E-02\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.667731629392971%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.12E-02\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.667731629392971%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.69E-03\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.667731629392971%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.21E-02\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.987220447284345%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBDCM\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.667731629392971%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.71E-05\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.667731629392971%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.20E-05\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.667731629392971%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.51E-04\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.667731629392971%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.09E-04\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.667731629392971%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.40E-04\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.667731629392971%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.77E-04\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.667731629392971%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.16E-03\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.667731629392971%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.65E-04\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.667731629392971%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.15E-03\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.667731629392971%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.41E-03\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.667731629392971%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.57E-04\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.667731629392971%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.44E-03\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.987220447284345%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDBCM\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.667731629392971%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.70E-06\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.667731629392971%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.70E-06\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.667731629392971%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.59E-05\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.667731629392971%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.08E-05\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.667731629392971%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.08E-05\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.667731629392971%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.04E-04\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.667731629392971%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.67E-04\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.667731629392971%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.78E-05\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.667731629392971%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.02E-04\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.667731629392971%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.80E-04\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.667731629392971%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.01E-04\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.667731629392971%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.81E-04\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.987220447284345%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTBM\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.667731629392971%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.70E-06\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.667731629392971%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.70E-06\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.667731629392971%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.82E-06\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.667731629392971%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.62E-05\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.667731629392971%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.62E-05\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.667731629392971%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.70E-05\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.667731629392971%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.24E-04\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.667731629392971%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.47E-05\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.667731629392971%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.97E-04\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.667731629392971%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.43E-04\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.667731629392971%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.14E-04\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.667731629392971%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.16E-04\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.987220447284345%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTHMs\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.667731629392971%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.43E-03\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.667731629392971%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.99E-04\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.667731629392971%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.26E-03\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.667731629392971%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.77E-03\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.667731629392971%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.82E-03\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.667731629392971%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.06E-03\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.667731629392971%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.87E-03\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.667731629392971%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.90E-03\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.667731629392971%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.33E-02\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.667731629392971%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.40E-02\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.667731629392971%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.72E-03\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.667731629392971%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.96E-02\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"100%\" colspan=\"13\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMale\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.987220447284345%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTCM\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.667731629392971%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.21E-03\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.667731629392971%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.28E-04\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.667731629392971%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.14E-03\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.667731629392971%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.03E-03\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.667731629392971%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.53E-03\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.667731629392971%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.54E-03\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.667731629392971%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.33E-03\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.667731629392971%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.87E-03\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.667731629392971%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.60E-02\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.667731629392971%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.05E-02\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.667731629392971%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.33E-03\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.667731629392971%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.99E-02\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.987220447284345%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBDCM\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.667731629392971%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.60E-05\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.667731629392971%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.12E-05\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.667731629392971%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.47E-04\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.667731629392971%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.94E-04\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.667731629392971%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.30E-04\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.667731629392971%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.27E-04\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.667731629392971%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.08E-03\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.667731629392971%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.39E-04\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.667731629392971%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.70E-03\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.667731629392971%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.31E-03\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.667731629392971%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.19E-04\u003c/p\u003e\n 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width=\"7.667731629392971%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.55E-04\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.667731629392971%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.13E-05\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.667731629392971%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.72E-04\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.667731629392971%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.67E-04\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.667731629392971%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.40E-05\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.667731629392971%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.28E-04\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.987220447284345%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTBM\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.667731629392971%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.66E-06\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.667731629392971%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.66E-06\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.667731629392971%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.78E-06\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.667731629392971%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.50E-05\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.667731629392971%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.50E-05\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.667731629392971%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.57E-05\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.667731629392971%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.08E-04\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.667731629392971%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.77E-05\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.667731629392971%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.46E-04\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.667731629392971%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.26E-04\u003c/p\u003e\n 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width=\"7.667731629392971%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.76E-03\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.667731629392971%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.15E-03\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.667731629392971%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.62E-03\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.667731629392971%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.08E-02\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.667731629392971%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.31E-02\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.667731629392971%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.29E-03\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.667731629392971%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.68E-02\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"100%\" colspan=\"13\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFemale\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n 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valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.91E-03\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.987220447284345%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDBCM\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.667731629392971%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.72E-06\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.667731629392971%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.72E-06\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.667731629392971%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.64E-05\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.667731629392971%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.16E-05\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.667731629392971%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.16E-05\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.667731629392971%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.26E-04\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.667731629392971%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.79E-04\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.667731629392971%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.43E-05\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.667731629392971%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.31E-04\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.667731629392971%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.93E-04\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.667731629392971%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.09E-04\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.667731629392971%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.34E-04\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.987220447284345%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTBM\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.667731629392971%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.72E-06\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.667731629392971%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.72E-06\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.667731629392971%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.84E-06\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.667731629392971%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.74E-05\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.667731629392971%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.74E-05\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.667731629392971%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.82E-05\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.667731629392971%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.41E-04\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.667731629392971%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.02E-04\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.667731629392971%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.49E-04\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.667731629392971%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.61E-04\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.667731629392971%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.22E-04\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.667731629392971%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.69E-04\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.987220447284345%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTHMs\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.667731629392971%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.43E-03\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.667731629392971%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.01E-03\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.667731629392971%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.28E-03\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.667731629392971%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.97E-03\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.667731629392971%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.96E-03\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.667731629392971%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.36E-03\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.667731629392971%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.06E-02\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.667731629392971%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.19E-03\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.667731629392971%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.57E-02\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.667731629392971%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.50E-02\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.667731629392971%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.15E-03\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.667731629392971%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.24E-02\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTCM,\u0026nbsp;Trichloromethane; BDCM, Bromodicloromethane; DBCM, Dibronochloromethane; TBM, Tribromomethane; THMs, Trihalomethanes.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 5\u003c/strong\u003e The estimated lifetime cancer risk of trihalomethanes in the swimming pools\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" align=\"\" width=\"930\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.180839612486544%\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eVariables\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"22.92787944025834%\" colspan=\"3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDermal\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"22.92787944025834%\" colspan=\"3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eIngestion\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"22.92787944025834%\" colspan=\"3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eInhalation\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"23.03552206673843%\" colspan=\"3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTotal\u003c/strong\u003e \u003cstrong\u003ecancer risk\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.333333333333334%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMedian\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.333333333333334%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003emin\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.333333333333334%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003emax\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.333333333333334%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMedian\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.333333333333334%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003emin\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.333333333333334%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003emax\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.333333333333334%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMedian\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.333333333333334%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003emin\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.333333333333334%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003emax\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.333333333333334%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMedian\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.333333333333334%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003emin\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.333333333333334%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003emax\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"100%\" colspan=\"13\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAll adult population\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.189655172413794%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTCM\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.650862068965517%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.75E-08\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.650862068965517%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.87E-08\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.650862068965517%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.64E-08\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.650862068965517%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.32E-08\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.650862068965517%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.01E-08\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.650862068965517%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.33E-08\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.650862068965517%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.41E-07\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.650862068965517%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.51E-07\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.650862068965517%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.27E-06\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.650862068965517%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.90E-07\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.650862068965517%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.89E-07\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.650862068965517%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.32E-06\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.189655172413794%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBDCM\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.650862068965517%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.88E-09\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.650862068965517%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.29E-09\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.650862068965517%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.59E-08\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.650862068965517%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.29E-08\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.650862068965517%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.68E-09\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.650862068965517%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.20E-08\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.650862068965517%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.51E-07\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.650862068965517%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.75E-08\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.650862068965517%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.00E-07\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.650862068965517%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.66E-07\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.650862068965517%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.95E-08\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.650862068965517%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.18E-07\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.189655172413794%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDBCM\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.650862068965517%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.78E-10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.650862068965517%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.78E-10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.650862068965517%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.06E-08\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.650862068965517%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.08E-10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.650862068965517%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.08E-10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.650862068965517%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.55E-08\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.650862068965517%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.40E-08\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.650862068965517%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.37E-09\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.650862068965517%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.37E-08\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.650862068965517%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.53E-08\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.650862068965517%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.66E-09\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.650862068965517%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.99E-08\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.189655172413794%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTBM\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.650862068965517%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.56E-11\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.650862068965517%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.56E-11\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.650862068965517%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.73E-11\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.650862068965517%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.28E-10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.650862068965517%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.28E-10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.650862068965517%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.34E-10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.650862068965517%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.63E-10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.650862068965517%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.64E-10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.650862068965517%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.68E-09\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.650862068965517%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.03E-09\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.650862068965517%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.28E-10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.650862068965517%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.85E-09\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.189655172413794%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTHMs\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.650862068965517%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n 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width=\"7.650862068965517%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.39E-07\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.650862068965517%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.59E-07\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.650862068965517%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.05E-06\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"100%\" colspan=\"13\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMale\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.189655172413794%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTCM\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.650862068965517%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.69E-08\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.650862068965517%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.83E-08\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.650862068965517%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.54E-08\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n 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width=\"7.650862068965517%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.05E-08\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.650862068965517%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.41E-10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.650862068965517%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.41E-10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.650862068965517%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.37E-08\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.650862068965517%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.30E-08\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.650862068965517%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.83E-09\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.650862068965517%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.13E-08\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.650862068965517%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.42E-08\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.650862068965517%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n 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width=\"7.650862068965517%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.19E-08\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.650862068965517%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.07E-08\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.650862068965517%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.70E-08\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.650862068965517%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.84E-08\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.650862068965517%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.51E-08\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.650862068965517%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.72E-07\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.650862068965517%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.84E-07\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.650862068965517%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.73E-06\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.650862068965517%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n 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valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.41E-08\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.650862068965517%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.08E-08\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.650862068965517%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.50E-08\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.650862068965517%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.88E-07\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.650862068965517%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.69E-07\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.650862068965517%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.44E-06\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.650862068965517%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.39E-07\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.650862068965517%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.09E-07\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.650862068965517%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.49E-06\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.189655172413794%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBDCM\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.650862068965517%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.92E-09\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.650862068965517%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.31E-09\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.650862068965517%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.60E-08\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.650862068965517%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.38E-08\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.650862068965517%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.32E-09\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.650862068965517%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.51E-08\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.650862068965517%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.62E-07\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.650862068965517%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.10E-08\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.650862068965517%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.59E-07\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.650862068965517%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.78E-07\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.650862068965517%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.36E-08\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.650862068965517%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.78E-07\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.189655172413794%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDBCM\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.650862068965517%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.80E-10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.650862068965517%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.80E-10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.650862068965517%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.07E-08\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.650862068965517%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.75E-10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.650862068965517%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.75E-10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.650862068965517%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.74E-08\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.650862068965517%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.50E-08\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.650862068965517%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.92E-09\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.650862068965517%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.62E-08\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.650862068965517%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.64E-08\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.650862068965517%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.27E-09\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.650862068965517%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.43E-08\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.189655172413794%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTBM\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.650862068965517%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.58E-11\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.650862068965517%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.58E-11\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.650862068965517%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.75E-11\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.650862068965517%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.38E-10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.650862068965517%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.38E-10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.650862068965517%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.44E-10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.650862068965517%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.27E-10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.650862068965517%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.91E-10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.650862068965517%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.88E-09\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.650862068965517%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.10E-09\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.650862068965517%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.65E-10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.650862068965517%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.06E-09\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.189655172413794%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTHMs\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.650862068965517%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.73E-08\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.650862068965517%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.27E-08\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.650862068965517%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.22E-08\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.650862068965517%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.12E-08\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.650862068965517%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.13E-08\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.650862068965517%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.70E-08\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.650862068965517%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.95E-07\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.650862068965517%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.30E-07\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.650862068965517%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.16E-06\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.650862068965517%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.01E-06\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.650862068965517%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.83E-07\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.650862068965517%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.28E-06\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTCM,\u0026nbsp;Trichloromethane; BDCM, Bromodicloromethane; DBCM, Dibronochloromethane; TBM, Tribromomethane; THMs, Trihalomethanes.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 6\u003c/strong\u003e The estimated lifetime non-cancer risk of trihalomethanes in the swimming pools\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" align=\"\" width=\"926\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.225108225108226%\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eVariables\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"22.943722943722943%\" colspan=\"3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDermal\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"22.943722943722943%\" colspan=\"3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eIngestion\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"22.943722943722943%\" colspan=\"3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eInhalation\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"22.943722943722943%\" colspan=\"3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTotal non-cancer risk\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.333333333333334%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMedian\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.333333333333334%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003emin\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.333333333333334%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003emax\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.333333333333334%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMedian\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.333333333333334%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003emin\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.333333333333334%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003emax\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.333333333333334%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMedian\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.333333333333334%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003emin\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.333333333333334%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003emax\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.333333333333334%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMedian\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.333333333333334%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003emin\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.333333333333334%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003emax\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"100%\" colspan=\"13\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAll adult population\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.189655172413794%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTCM\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.650862068965517%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.23E-04\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.650862068965517%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.42E-05\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.650862068965517%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.18E-04\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.650862068965517%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.16E-04\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.650862068965517%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.65E-04\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.650862068965517%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.82E-04\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.650862068965517%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.91E-04\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.650862068965517%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.09E-04\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.650862068965517%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.81E-03\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.650862068965517%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.12E-03\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.650862068965517%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.69E-04\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.650862068965517%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.21E-03\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.189655172413794%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBDCM\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.650862068965517%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.86E-06\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.650862068965517%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.60E-06\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.650862068965517%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.26E-05\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.650862068965517%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.04E-05\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.650862068965517%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.00E-06\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.650862068965517%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.38E-05\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.650862068965517%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.80E-05\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.650862068965517%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.83E-05\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.650862068965517%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.08E-04\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.650862068965517%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.05E-05\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.650862068965517%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.79E-05\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.650862068965517%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.22E-04\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.189655172413794%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDBCM\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.650862068965517%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.35E-07\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.650862068965517%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.35E-07\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.650862068965517%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.79E-06\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.650862068965517%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.40E-07\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.650862068965517%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.40E-07\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.650862068965517%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.52E-05\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.650862068965517%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n 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valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.68E-06\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.650862068965517%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.58E-05\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.189655172413794%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTHMs\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.650862068965517%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.33E-04\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.650862068965517%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.71E-05\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.650862068965517%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.22E-04\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.650862068965517%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.45E-04\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.650862068965517%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.74E-04\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.650862068965517%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n 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width=\"8.189655172413794%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTCM\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.650862068965517%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.21E-04\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.650862068965517%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.28E-05\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.650862068965517%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.14E-04\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.650862068965517%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.00E-04\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.650862068965517%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.53E-04\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.650862068965517%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.54E-04\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.650862068965517%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.33E-04\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.650862068965517%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n 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valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.99E-04\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.189655172413794%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDBCM\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.650862068965517%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.33E-07\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.650862068965517%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.33E-07\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.650862068965517%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.73E-06\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.650862068965517%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.01E-07\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.650862068965517%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.01E-07\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.650862068965517%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.41E-05\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.650862068965517%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n 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valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.27E-06\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.650862068965517%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.32E-05\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.189655172413794%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTHMs\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.650862068965517%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.31E-04\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.650862068965517%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.56E-05\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.650862068965517%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.19E-04\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.650862068965517%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.27E-04\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.650862068965517%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.61E-04\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.650862068965517%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n 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valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.46E-04\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.189655172413794%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDBCM\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.650862068965517%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.36E-07\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.650862068965517%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.36E-07\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.650862068965517%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.82E-06\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.650862068965517%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.80E-07\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.650862068965517%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.80E-07\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.650862068965517%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.63E-05\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.650862068965517%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.96E-06\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.650862068965517%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.71E-06\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.650862068965517%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.16E-05\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.650862068965517%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.67E-06\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.650862068965517%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.43E-06\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.650862068965517%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.17E-05\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.189655172413794%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTBM\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.650862068965517%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.36E-07\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.650862068965517%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.36E-07\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.650862068965517%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.42E-07\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.650862068965517%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.70E-07\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.650862068965517%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.70E-07\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.650862068965517%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.12E-07\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.650862068965517%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.20E-05\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.650862068965517%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.08E-06\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.650862068965517%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.74E-05\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.650862068965517%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.31E-05\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.650862068965517%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.09E-06\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.650862068965517%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.85E-05\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.189655172413794%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTHMs\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.650862068965517%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.34E-04\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.650862068965517%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.77E-05\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.650862068965517%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.23E-04\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.650862068965517%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.63E-04\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.650862068965517%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.87E-04\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.650862068965517%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.23E-04\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.650862068965517%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.55E-04\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.650862068965517%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.76E-04\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.650862068965517%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.19E-03\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.650862068965517%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.35E-03\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.650862068965517%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.60E-04\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.650862068965517%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.83E-03\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTCM, Trichloromethane; BDCM, Bromodicloromethane; DBCM, Dibronochloromethane; TBM, Tribromomethane; THMs, Trihalomethanes.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Disinfection by-products, Trihalomethanes, Indoor swimming pools, Cancer risk, Hazard index, Swimmer exposure assessment model","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4489283/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4489283/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003ch2\u003eBackground\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eTrihalomethanes (THMs) generated in chlorinated pools have raised great concerns for potential genotoxic, carcinogenic and mutagenic features. The present study aimed to assess multi-exposure cancer and non-cancer risk of THMs in indoor swimming pools in Shenzhen, China.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eMethods\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eSix representative indoor swimming pools located in west, central and east of Shenzhen were selected, with waters at 30 cm below and air at 1.2 m above water surface sampled. Headspace gas chromatography-electron capture detector (HSGC-ECD) was used to measure water THMs, and thermal desorption gas chromatography (TD-GC) was adopted to measure air THMs. Swimmer Exposure Assessment Model (SWIMODEL) recommended by USEPA was performed to assess the lifetime cancer and non-cancer risk of THMs.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eResults\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe median THMs in pool waters was 48.69 \u0026micro;g/L (IQR: 36.81\u0026ndash;65.72), and 45.69 \u0026micro;g/m\u003csup\u003e3\u003c/sup\u003e (IQR: 24.61\u0026ndash;112.50) for ambient air, both with chloroform (TCM) and bromodichloromethane (BDCM) as predominant components. The daily THMs intake was 1.40E-02 \u0026micro;g/kg.d (range: 6.72E-03\u0026ndash;3.96E-02), with estimated lifetime cancer risk 9.39E-07 (range: 3.59E-07\u0026ndash;3.05E-06) and non-cancer risk 1.26E-03 (range: 6.21E-04\u0026ndash;3.58E-03). Inhalation was major exposure route, accounting for 70.5% of total THMs intaking. Female swimmers had significantly higher cancer risk (\u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.028) and non-cancer risk (\u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.028) than male swimmers.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eConclusions\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe estimated lifetime cancer risk of THMs in indoor swimming pools in Shenzhen was below the USEPA\u0026lsquo;s regulatory threshold of 1.0E-06, and non-cancer risk was less than the unacceptable level of 1.0. The lifetime cancer- and non-cancer risk was acceptable for THMs in indoor swimming pools in Shenzhen, China.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Cancer- and non-cancer risk assessment of chlorination by-products in indoor swimming pools in Shenzhen, China","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2024-07-08 03:21:17","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4489283/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"40930126-becb-40fd-b210-c44e7e868132","owner":[],"postedDate":"July 8th, 2024","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2024-07-15T12:33:57+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2024-07-08 03:21:17","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-4489283","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-4489283","identity":"rs-4489283","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}