Assessing the Impact of Climate Variability on Vegetation Patterns in Bakhira Wildlife Sanctuary Using Remote Sensing

Assessing the Impact of Climate Variability on Vegetation Patterns in Bakhira Wildlife Sanctuary Using Remote Sensing | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Assessing the Impact of Climate Variability on Vegetation Patterns in Bakhira Wildlife Sanctuary Using Remote Sensing Deepak Kumar Chaurasia¹, P. K. Garg² This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-8094604/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Ramsar convention in Uttar Pradesh has several sites, and Bakhira Wildlife Sanctuary in one of them. It holds ecological importance due to its role in sustaining diverse floral and faunal species to regulate hydrological processes. The goal of the study is to assess the impact of climate on land use and land cover (LULC) dynamics within the sanctuary and a 3-kilometer buffer zone from 2013 to 2024.Remote sensing and Geographic Information System (GIS) methodologies along with Landsat 8 satellite imagery are utilized, and a supervised classification approach was employed to delineate five distinct LULC classes: Agriculture, Wetland Vegetation, Built-up, Water, and Bare Land. Further, analysis of climate-related change is done by calculating spectral indices: Land Surface Temperature (LST), Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), and Normalized Difference Water Index (NDWI). Results shows a total land transformation of 2,768.73 hectares. Agricultural land shrink by 414.9 ha (-4.0%), and bare land reduced by 328.9 ha (-56.9%). On the other hand, wetland vegetation, built-up areas, and water bodies increased by 314.4 ha (18.4%), 246.6 ha (23.7%), and 182.2 ha (18.5%), respectively. A remarkable change in LST is observed, where maximum temperatures dropped from 48°C in 2013 to 31.20°C in 2024, and minimum temperatures rose from 15.24°C to 21.26°C. Increase in NDVI and NDWI values indicate healthier vegetation and improved water availability. The result confirms climate-driven LULC changes and highlight the need for sustainable conservation. It also underlines the importance of remote sensing tools for regular monitoring and managing ecologically sensitive regions. Ramsar Wetland Supervised Classification LST NDVI NDWI Climate Impact Full Text Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-8094604","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":545456727,"identity":"ebc2de09-8c0e-42b1-80bf-aaa6effb65f3","order_by":0,"name":"Deepak Kumar Chaurasia¹","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA3klEQVRIiWNgGAWjYJACCTDB3nzwAZDm4SNeC8+xZAOQFjbitUjkqIEZBLUYHD/88MaHijvykjNy2Cq/5tjJsDEwP3x0A5+WM2nGljPOPDOczfP22G3ZbclAh7EZG+fg03KDh02at+0w4zz2vLTbktuYgVqAIgS1/P132H4eQ45ZseS2eiK1MDYcTpzNkWPG+HHbYcJaJEF+6Tn2LHlmz7FkacZtx3nYmAn4hQ8UYj9q7tjOON588OPPbdX2/OzNDx/j0wIFB8AkMw+YJKwcoYXxB3GqR8EoGAWjYIQBAKXJSknu1sZtAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC","orcid":"","institution":"Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Deepak","middleName":"Kumar","lastName":"Chaurasia¹","suffix":""},{"id":545456728,"identity":"68f154ba-a1c7-4b44-819d-6d2224744629","order_by":1,"name":"P. 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It holds ecological importance due to its role in sustaining diverse floral and faunal species to regulate hydrological processes. The goal of the study is to assess the impact of climate on land use and land cover (LULC) dynamics within the sanctuary and a 3-kilometer buffer zone from 2013 to 2024.Remote sensing and Geographic Information System (GIS) methodologies along with Landsat 8 satellite imagery are utilized, and a supervised classification approach was employed to delineate five distinct LULC classes: Agriculture, Wetland Vegetation, Built-up, Water, and Bare Land. Further, analysis of climate-related change is done by calculating spectral indices: Land Surface Temperature (LST), Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), and Normalized Difference Water Index (NDWI). Results shows a total land transformation of 2,768.73 hectares. Agricultural land shrink by 414.9 ha (-4.0%), and bare land reduced by 328.9 ha (-56.9%). On the other hand, wetland vegetation, built-up areas, and water bodies increased by 314.4 ha (18.4%), 246.6 ha (23.7%), and 182.2 ha (18.5%), respectively. A remarkable change in LST is observed, where maximum temperatures dropped from 48\u0026deg;C in 2013 to 31.20\u0026deg;C in 2024, and minimum temperatures rose from 15.24\u0026deg;C to 21.26\u0026deg;C. Increase in NDVI and NDWI values indicate healthier vegetation and improved water availability. The result confirms climate-driven LULC changes and highlight the need for sustainable conservation. 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