DYNAMICAL ANALYSIS OF TOXIN PRODUCING PHYTOPLANKTON-ZOOPLANKTON SYSTEM WITH ALLEE EFFECTS

The paper studies a toxin-producing phytoplankton–zooplankton dynamical system incorporating Allee effects, analyzing equilibria existence, stability, and local dynamics. Using bifurcation theory, it investigates Hopf and Bogdanov–Takens bifurcations and reports numerical simulations showing complex behaviors including limit cycles and homoclinic cycles. It explicitly emphasizes that the Allee effect, together with parameters such as toxin release, predator absorption rate, and mortality rate, significantly shapes the system’s dynamical behavior. The authors note that the work is a preprint and has not been peer reviewed, so findings may be preliminary. The paper does not explicitly discuss endometriosis or adenomyosis; it was included in the corpus via a keyword match in the upstream search index.

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