The antimicrobial activity of alcoholic extracts of leaves and bark from two varieties of ”Sangre de Drago” compared with the antimicrobial activity present in the latex of the same species

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Methods: The activity of the alcoholic extracts and latex were evaluated against bacterial strains of Staphylococcus epidermidis, Bacillus subtilis and Escherichia coli. The extraction of the alcoholic extracts (20% Tincture) of the leaves, bark and latex from the two Croton species was carried out by maceration using 70% alcohol as a menstruum, at room temperature, for 2 to 7 days, with shaking at least twice a day. A 20% tincture was obtained, from which the physical and chemical parameters were determined as indicated by the Ecuadorian Quality Control Standard for natural medicinal products. Results: It was found that both the alcoholic extracts of the plant material and the crude latex indicate antimicrobial activity for S. epidermidis, moderate antimicrobial activity for B. subtilis and no antimicrobial activity for E. coli. The moderate antimicrobial activity against B. subtilis, at doses of 125 p.p.m., is in line with the findings of previous studies by other authors. Conclusions: he antimicrobial activity of the latex of the two species against S. epidermidis is not registered in literature and, the negative antimicrobial activity for E. coli does not agree with what has been reported by previous studies." } { "@context": "http://schema.org", "@type": "BreadcrumbList", "itemListElement": [ { "@type": "ListItem", "position": "1", "item": { "@id": "https://f1000research.com/", "name": "Home" } }, { "@type": "ListItem", "position": "2", "item": { "@id": "https://f1000research.com/browse/articles", "name": "Browse" } }, { "@type": "ListItem", "position": "3", "item": { "@id": "https://f1000research.com/articles/7-1200/v1", "name": "The antimicrobial activity of alcoholic extracts of leavesand bark..." } } ] } Home Browse The antimicrobial activity of alcoholic extracts of leavesand bark... ALL Metrics - Views Downloads Get PDF Get XML Cite How to cite this article Barba Guevara C, Montaluisa L and Maldonado Rodriguez ME. The antimicrobial activity of alcoholic extracts of leaves and bark from two varieties of ”Sangre de Drago” compared with the antimicrobial activity present in the latex of the same species [version 1; peer review: 1 approved with reservations, 1 not approved] . F1000Research 2018, 7 :1200 ( https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.14575.1 ) NOTE: If applicable, it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in all citations of this article. Close Copy Citation Details Export Export Citation Sciwheel EndNote Ref. Manager Bibtex ProCite Sente EXPORT Select a format first Track Share ▬ ✚ Research Article The antimicrobial activity of alcoholic extracts of leaves and bark from two varieties of ”Sangre de Drago” compared with the antimicrobial activity present in the latex of the same species [version 1; peer review: 1 approved with reservations, 1 not approved] Cecilia Barba Guevara https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1773-8821 1 , Luis Montaluisa 2 , María Elena Maldonado Rodriguez 3 Cecilia Barba Guevara https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1773-8821 1 , Luis Montaluisa 2 , María Elena Maldonado Rodriguez 3 PUBLISHED 06 Aug 2018 Author details Author details 1 Ingeniería Ambiental, Universidad Politécnica Salesiana, Quito, 170702, Ecuador 2 Communicación Social, Universidad Politécnica Salesiana, Quito, 170702, Ecuador 3 Carrera de Biotecnología, Universidad Politécnica Salesiana, Quito, 170702, Ecuador Cecilia Barba Guevara Roles: Conceptualization, Investigation, Methodology, Project Administration, Supervision, Writing – Original Draft Preparation Luis Montaluisa Roles: Investigation, Methodology, Writing – Original Draft Preparation María Elena Maldonado Rodriguez Roles: Investigation, Methodology, Project Administration OPEN PEER REVIEW DETAILS REVIEWER STATUS Abstract Background: This research was carried out in order to study the antimicrobial effectiveness of crude latex of two varieties of "Sangre de Drago": Croton lechleri Muller Arg. and Croton urucurana Baill and compare that effectiveness to the antimicrobial activity of the alcoholic extracts of its leaves and bark. Methods: The activity of the alcoholic extracts and latex were evaluated against bacterial strains of Staphylococcus epidermidis , Bacillus subtilis and Escherichia coli . The extraction of the alcoholic extracts (20% Tincture) of the leaves, bark and latex from the two Croton species was carried out by maceration using 70% alcohol as a menstruum, at room temperature, for 2 to 7 days, with shaking at least twice a day. A 20% tincture was obtained, from which the physical and chemical parameters were determined as indicated by the Ecuadorian Quality Control Standard for natural medicinal products. Results: It was found that both the alcoholic extracts of the plant material and the crude latex indicate antimicrobial activity for S. epidermidis , moderate antimicrobial activity for B. subtilis and no antimicrobial activity for E. coli . The moderate antimicrobial activity against B. subtilis , at doses of 125 p.p.m., is in line with the findings of previous studies by other authors. Conclusions: he antimicrobial activity of the latex of the two species against S. epidermidis is not registered in literature and, the negative antimicrobial activity for E. coli does not agree with what has been reported by previous studies. READ ALL READ LESS Keywords Sangre de Drago, Croton lechleri Muller Arg., Croton urucurana Baill, antimicrobial activity Corresponding Author(s) Cecilia Barba Guevara ( [email protected] ) Close Corresponding author: Cecilia Barba Guevara Competing interests: No competing interests were disclosed. Grant information: The author(s) declared that no grants were involved in supporting this work. Copyright: © 2018 Barba Guevara C et al . This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Data associated with the article are available under the terms of the Creative Commons Zero "No rights reserved" data waiver (CC0 1.0 Public domain dedication). How to cite: Barba Guevara C, Montaluisa L and Maldonado Rodriguez ME. The antimicrobial activity of alcoholic extracts of leaves and bark from two varieties of ”Sangre de Drago” compared with the antimicrobial activity present in the latex of the same species [version 1; peer review: 1 approved with reservations, 1 not approved] . F1000Research 2018, 7 :1200 ( https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.14575.1 ) First published: 06 Aug 2018, 7 :1200 ( https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.14575.1 ) Latest published: 06 Aug 2018, 7 :1200 ( https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.14575.1 ) Introduction In Ecuador, there is a growing interest in medical plants from medical practitioners 1 , 2 . “Sangre de Drago“, the name by which the plant and its medicinal latex are known, are a group of Croton (Euphorbiaceae) tree species widely distributed in Latin America. In Ecuador, they are found in the Amazon region and, as in Bolivia, Colombia and Peru, the most commonly identified species of Sangre de Drago is Croton lechleri Muller Arg 3 . Croton urucurana Baill, a species found in the subtropics of South America, which is representative of the north of the country, islands and coasts of the Uruguay River, does not appear in the literature information for the Croton genus in Ecuador 4 . The red latex and bark of Sangre de Drago have been used in popular South American indigenous medicine for different purposes, including wound healing 5 , diarrhoea, influenza, tonsillitis, intestinal disorders, herpes, fertility enhancement, tuberculosis 6 , hepatitis, cancer prevention, anti-inflammatory problems, acne, weight loss, coughs and colds 7 . In Ecuador, C. lechleri is used for treating haemorrhages, wounds and tuberculosis 2 . The chemical composition of latex has been widely studied, revealing the presence of different metabolites, amongst which are the alkaloid taspine and its salt, lignans, proanthocyanidins, terpenes and phenolic compounds. These metabolites are responsible for the different activities that this medicinal plant presents. Taspine and lignans have anti-inflammatory activity, taspine hydrochloride has wound healing activity, and phenolic compounds have antimicrobial and antiviral activity 8 . The antimicrobial activity of Sangre de Drago in Gram-positive bacteria has been demonstrated, such as Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 6538 and Staphylococcus epidermidis ATCC 12228; and with the Gram-negative Pseudomonas and Klebsiela FDA 602 9 . In this study, the antimicrobial activity of latex and of alcoholic extracts of leaves and bark of two species of Sangre de Drago was evaluated in vitro against specific bacterial strains in order to compare their antibacterial properties. Methods Botanical material The vegetal material used from the two species of Sangre de Drago was collected in the localities of Talag and Canelos belonging to the provinces of Napo and Pastaza, respectively, and located at 1°, 3’, 57” south latitude; 77°, 54’, 26” west longitude; 40° west longitude; and 1°, 35’, 22” south latitude; 77°, 44’, 48” west longitude; 40° west longitude, respectively. The sample collection was permitted by the Ministerio del Medio Ambiente, Ecuador (MAE), (registration number: 2015-RO. Nro. 449 and 905-RO.- suplemento 553). Aerial parts (leaves and bark) and latex of the trees aged 3 to 4 years and in a flowering-fructification stage were used. The crude latex for the analysis was obtained from indigenous merchants in the areas. One of the two latex samples corresponding to the Canelos sector was extracted from the same tree from which the plant material was collected. The collecting folders for each species were prepared and sent to the National Herbarium of Ecuador (QCNE) for taxonomic identification. The folder regarding the material collected in the Province of Napo was identified as C. lechleri Muller Arg. and the one corresponding to the province of Pastaza as C. urucurana Baill. The aerial parts (leaves and bark) of the two species were dried at 49°C, in a JP SELECTA series 0385081 stove with circulating air for 3 days. The plant material was removed at least once a day for uniform drying until a constant weight was achieved. Next, the parts were crushed in a hammer mill until a moderately thick powder was obtained. The batches of the plant material were identified for the corresponding analyses with the letters “l” and “b” for leaves and bark, respectively, accompanied by the letters T and C to identify provenance from Talag and Canelos, respectively. The latex samples were refrigerated at 4°C for 2 weeks, during which time their analysis began from their acquisition. They were coded with the letters “T” and “C” and the letter “C” was accompanied with numbers “1” and “2” for the latex provided by the indigenous merchants and for the latex obtained from the same tree as the vegetal material was collected, respectively. Physical-chemical evaluation The extraction of the alcoholic extracts (20 % Tincture) of the leaves, bark and latex from the two Croton species was carried out by maceration using 70% alcohol as a menstruum, at room temperature, for 2 to 7 days, with shaking at least twice a day. A 20% tincture was obtained, from which the physical and chemical parameters were determined as indicated by the Ecuadorian Quality Control Standard for natural medicinal products . Under the same conditions, the physical-chemical constants of the crude latex of Sangre de Drago samples were determined. For the determination of the refractive index, a Clean-Prison series 003021 ABBE refractometer was used. pH determination was carried out in a Metrohm potentiometer, type 1.744.0010. Chromatography analysis The fractionation of the analysed alcoholic extracts was achieved by thin-layer chromatography, tapping 0.1 ml of the alcoholic extract by means of a glass capillary 1 cm from the bottom edge of 60GF254 silica gel plates. It was allowed to dry for a moment before each application and at the end of it. Then the plates were placed in saturated glass chambers for at least 30 minutes with steam from the components of each of the mobile phases used, which are listed below as ratios: • Butanol-acetic acid-water (BAW): 4-1-5 • Chloroform-acetone-diethylamine: 7-3-1 • Toluene-ethyl acetate: 70–30 The following were used as developers: 254 nm and 366 nm ultraviolet light, Dragendorff reagent, ammonia fumes. Each chromatography experiment was repeated twice. Microbiological quality The microbiological quality of the alcoholic extracts of leaves and barks, as with crude latex, was verified as outlined by the World Health Organization (WHO) 10 . The tally of bacteria, fungi and yeast was read after 5 days of incubation as indicated by the WHO. Regarding the reading for the determination of pathogenic bacteria, this was performed at 24 and 48 h of incubation with two repeats. The results of bacterial growth were compared with that described by Porter and Kaplan 11 for each culture medium used, for the purpose of bacterial recognition. Evaluation of antibacterial and antifungal Activity The evaluation of the antimicrobial activity was carried out against six bacterial strains ( Escherichia. coli , S. aureus , Pseudomonas aeruginosa , S. epidermidis , Bacillus subtilis and Streptococcus sp .) maintained in nutritious agar at 4°C according to Garcia and Uruburu 12 . The antifungal activity was not assessed since growth problems were encountered for the strain Candida albicans ATCC10231. The method used was described in the “CYTED” Research Techniques Manual 9 . The extracts were solubilized using dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) to their respective dilutions (5000, 2500, 1250, 1000, 500, 250 and 125 p.p.m.). Gentamicin sulfate (0.1 mg/0.1 ml) was used as a standard antibiotic and as a growth inhibition solution. As a negative control, Muller Hilton Agar and Muller Hilton Agar boxes with DMSO (0.1 ml) were prepared. Results and discussion Physical and chemical constants Table 1 shows the results of density, total solids, pH and refractive index of the alcoholic extracts of the bark, leaves and latex of the two Sangre de Drago varieties analyzed. As can be seen, there is no marked difference between the values of density, total solids and pH of the different extracts analysed. The organoleptic characteristics, on the other hand, differ clearly between the extracts of the two Croton species. In the same way, the capillary analysis shows a clear differentiation between the extracts and basically between the latex extracts ( Figure 1 ). The presence of a fluorescent blue colour on the fringe of the capillary analysis image was characteristic in all the analysed extracts. When the wet paper strip was exposed to ammonia fumes, revealed with 366 nm UV light and the environment left to dry, a weaker blue color was observed on the paper strips with 366 nm UV light. According to the consulted literature 13 , these results are characteristic of flavonoid-anthocyanidin type metabolites. Table 1. My caption. SPECIES SAMPLE ORGANOLEPTIC CHARACTERISTICS Other aspects Physical-Chemical Parameters Colour Odour σ ST (%) Ph η C. lechleri leaves yellowish-green characteristic transparent with an absence of sedimentation 0,89 1,0 7,02 1,37 C. lechleri bark reddish-brown characteristic transparent with an absence of sedimentation 0,89 2% 6,29 1,36 C. lechleri latex wine red characteristic transparent with an absence of sedimentation 0,90 WNR WNR 1,37 C. urucurana leaves dark green characteristic transparent with an absence of sedimentation 0,89 1 7,05 1,37 C. urucurana bark reddish-brown characteristic transparent with an absence of sedimentation 0,89 1 6,62 1,37 C. urucurana latex reddish-brown characteristic transparent with an absence of sedimentation 0,93 WNR WNR 1,37 C. urucurana latex reddish-brown characteristic transparent with an absence of sedimentation 0,98 WNR WNR 1,37 Figure 1. Capillary analysis of alcoholic extracts of leaves, bark and latex of Croton lechleri and Croton urucurana. Table 2 shows the values of the physical and chemical parameters of the crude latex of the two varieties of Sangre de Drago analysed. As can be seen, the organoleptic characteristics allow the two varieties to be clearly differentiated. In terms of density parameters, total solids and pH, the results vary for each species. The refractive index cannot be determined by the physical characteristics of the samples (colour and viscous consistency). Table 2. Organoleptic characteristics and physical-chemical parameters of the latex. Species Sample Organoleptic Characteristics (Colour, Odour and Appearance) Physical-chemical parameters δ TS pH C. lecheri Latex Dark wine red. Viscous, dense liquid, absence of solid substances in suspension Milky-red upon contact with water. Does not allow passing of light Hardens upon contact with air and leaves a reddish stain when applied to the skin. 0.8972 0.03% 3.7 C. urucurana Latex C1 Dark reddish brown. Lightly viscous, dense liquid, absence of solid substances in suspension. Upon contact with the water it precipitates a pinkish white colour. Under light, it is cloudy. Hardens upon contact with air and leaves a reddish-brown stain when applied to the skin. 0.9286 0.02% 4.6 C. urucurana latex C2 Reddish brown. Lightly viscous, dense liquid, absence of solid substances in suspension. Upon contact with the water it precipitates a pinkish white color. Under light, it is cloudy. It presents foam on the surface. Hardens upon contact with air and leaves a reddish-brown stain when applied to the skin. 0.9826 0.03% 3.9 ð, density g/ml; ST, total solids. Chromatographic analysis Figure 2 presents the results of the thin layer chromatography, RF of the spots and colours visualized with the developers: 366 nm UV light, 254 nm UV light, ammonia fumes, Drangendorf reagent, alcoholic extracts of leaves, bark and latex. Figure 2. Chromatograms obtained for the alcoholic extract of the plant material and latex of the two Sangre de Drago species analysed in the following systems: 1) chloroform-acetone-diethylamine 70:20:10; 2) BAW 4:1:5 and 3) toluene ethylacetate 70:30. As can be seen, the separation of the respective fractions occurs with greater clarity in the plates run in the mobile phases of BAW and 70–30 toluene-ethyl acetate. The different fractions obtained are observed as yellow at the point of application and faint orange to the naked eye during the course of the shift. When revealed with 366 nm UV light, fluorescent orange spots are observed at different RF. When revealed with 254 nm UV light, faint grey spots are observed. The plates were passed through ammonia fumes and observed under 366nm UV light, where it was observed that the orange-coloured dots turned fluorescent blue. The phases were run in chloroform-acetone-diethylamine (7-2-1) mobile phase. Under natural light, no stain can be seen, but under the 366nm UV light, reddish spots are observed at a 0.48 RF and under 254 nm UV light, blue spots are observed. The RF of the calculated spots is closer to that reported in the literature for the alkaloid taspine (Theoretical RF of 0.50). When revealing the spots with Drangendorf’s reagent, a faint brown color was observed that disappeared after a few seconds. The presence of orange spots that turn blue in the presence of ammonia is characteristic of flavonoid-type phenolic compounds, and within these the anthocyanidins group, which are components present in Sangre de Drago 14 . Microbiological control The results obtained from the count of bacteria, fungi and yeasts of the alcoholic extracts of leaves, bark and crude latex in colony forming units/ml of sample are found in Table 3 . Table 3. Microbiological count (total aerobics, moulds and yeasts) of tinctures of the bark, leaves and crude latex of Sangre de Drago. Sample Total bacterial count (cfu/ml) on 2nd incubation day at 37°C Total yeast and mould count (cfu/ml) on 5th day of incubation at room temperature Tincture of leaves (T) 51 53 Bark tincture (T) 40 Absence of growth Tincture of leaves (C) 153 11 Bark tincture (C) 50 Absence of growth Latex (T) Absence of growth Innumerable Latex (C1) Absence of growth Innumerable Latex (C2) 113 Innumerable T, Talag; C, Canelos; C1, latex from unidentified tree; C2, latex from identified tree. As can be observed, the values corresponding to the microbiological count of bacteria of the alcoholic extracts are within those established for crude drugs (see Table 4 ). The other two samples of latex did not present bacterial growth. The count of moulds and yeasts presents similar results to the bacterial count in the alcoholic extracts. The same cannot be said for the crude latex, because on the fifth day, the three analysed samples presented massive growth, which did not allow for the counting of the colony forming units. The presence of pathogenic batteries was negative for the alcoholic extracts and for the latex samples from “C1“ Talag and Canelos. This was not so for the “C2“ Canelos latex sample, which showed growth of pink colonies, characteristic of E. coli in red Violet Agar. The abundant bacterial growth with a metallic luster in Mac Conkey Agar of the planting in lines of characteristic colonies in Red Violet Agar confirmed the presence of E. coli . It was impossible to count the colony forming units, as they surpassed what was established by the WHO for this type of sample. All samples were negative for bacterial growth in Cetrimide Agar specific for P. aeruginosa and in Baird Parker Agar for S. aureus . Table 4. Microbiological limits acceptable for (a) pre-treated plants and (b) for raw plants. a) MICROORGANISMS LIMIT Total aerobic count Maximum 10 E7 cfu/g Moulds and yeasts Maximum 10 E4 cfu/g Escherichia coli Maximum 10 E2 cfu/g Other enterobacteria Maximum 10 E4 cfu/g Salmonella spp Absent b) MICROORGANISMS LIMIT Total aerobic count Maximum 10 E4 cfu/g Moulds and yeasts Maximum 10 E5 cfu/g Source: Quality Control Methods for Medicinal Plant Materials 9 Antimicrobial activity For the determination of the antibacterial activity by means of the method described in the CYTE Research Techniques Manual 9 , a battery of six bacteria was used ( E. coli , S. aureus , P. aeruginosa , S. epidermidis , B. subtilis and Streptococcus sp. ). The preliminary results of each of the bioassays performed are presented in Table 5 , in which the moderate antimicrobial activity (±) for B. subtilis can be observed in the seven samples analysed (extracts and crude latex). For the remaining five bacteria, the antibacterial activity was negative (-) for the alcoholic extracts. The Sangre de Drago latex coded “T“ and “C1“ were active (+) for S. epidermidis at doses of 2500 p.p.m. and 5000 p.p.m. and the “C2“ latex is active (+) at a dose of 1250 p.p.m. For the four remaining bacteria, they did not exhibit antimicrobial activity. The negative activity (-) for E. coli does not agree with previous reports 15 – 17 . Regarding B. subtilis , it could be said that it is similar to results from other authors’ studies. The literature does not present information relating to activity on S. epidermidis . As for fungal activity, this test was not performed due to growth problems that arose with the C. albicans strain. Table 5. Results of the antimicrobial activity in alcoholic extracts and latex of Croton lechleri and Croton urucurana . Species Sample Concentration (ppm) Bacteria Strain Ec Sa Se Ssp Pa Bs C. lecheri Tinture of leaves 5000 R R R R R I 2500 R R R R R I 1250 R R R R R I 1000 R R R R R I 500 R R R R R I 250 R R R R R I 125 R R R R R I C. lecheri Tinture of bark 5000 R R R R R I 2500 R R R R R I 1250 R R R R R I 1000 R R R R R I 500 R R R R R I 250 R R R R R I 125 R R R R R I C. urucurana Tinture of leaves 5000 R R R R R I 2500 R R R R R I 1250 R R R R R I 1000 R R R R R I 500 R R R R R I 250 R R R R R I 125 R R R R R I C. urucurana Tinture of bark 5000 R R R R R I 2500 R R R R R I 1250 R R R R R I 1000 R R R R R I 500 R R R R R I 250 R R R R R I 125 R R R R R I C. lecheri Latex 5000 R R R R R I 2500 R R I R R I 1250 R R I R R I 1000 R R I R R I 500 R R R R R I 250 R R R R R I 125 R R R R R I C. urucurana C1 latex 5000 R R I R R I 2500 R R I R R I 1250 R R R R R I 1000 R R R R R I 500 R R R R R I 250 R R R R R I 125 R R R R R I C. urucurana C2 latex 5000 R R R R R I 2500 R R I R R I 1250 R R I R R I 1000 R R I R R I 500 R R R R R I 250 R R R R R I 125 R R R R R I Leyenda: Ec=Escherichia coli, Sa= Staphylococcus aureus, Pa= Pseudomona aeruginosa, Se= Staphylococcus epidermidis, Bs= Bacilus suptilis, Ssp= Streptococcus sp. R=resistant I= intermediate sensitivity Dataset 1. Images and raw data from all chromatography experiments under all development methods with RF values, in addition to complete microbiological counts and physical/chemical characteristics of extracts. Also included are images of the plates used in this study, although it should be noted that these images were captured after storage for 2 or more years. Chromatography data 1 contains data generated using a mobile phase of Butanol:acetic acid:water (4:1:5) visualized using ferric chloride. Chromatography data 2 contains data generated using a mobile phase of chloroform:acetone:water (7:3:1) visualized using ammonia vapor; Chromatography data 3 contains data using a mobile phase of chloroform: acetone:diethylamine (7:3:1) visualized using ammonia vapor. Conclusions 1. The results of the physical-chemical constants of the alcoholic extracts do not allow one to differentiate the two Croton species studied. However, the organoleptic characteristics and the capillary analysis allow for differentiation between the alcoholic extracts and latex of C. lechleri and C. urucurana . 2. The organoleptic characteristics of the latex of the two varieties allow one to differentiate them from each other. Regarding physical-chemical parameters, the values are very similar, which allows them to be used for their differentiation. 3. The average pH value, of 3.7 for C. lechleri latex, 4.6 for C. urucuran C1 latex and 3.9 for C. urucurana C2 latex, are similar to that found in the literature (pH 4.4). 4. The chromatographic analysis of the extracts of bark, leaves and latex of the two Sangre de Drago species allowed for the separation of this species’ characteristic components, alkaloids and phenols. These compounds make up the metabolites responsible for the biological properties of the Sangre de Drago. 5. The antimicrobial activity of the alcoholic extracts of leaves, bark and latex was negative for S. epidermidis and E. coli , but not for B. subtilis , which was moderately positive. 6. The three latex samples show antimicrobial activity for S. epidermidis . However, the sample of Canelos latex, obtained from the same tree that leaves and bark were collected from, presented antimicrobial activity at lower doses, 1250 p.p.m. Antimicrobial activity was not found in the reviewed literature. In relation to B. subtilis , moderate activity was observed in the three latex samples, an activity that was also evident in the alcoholic extracts of leaves and bark. 7. The values of antimicrobial activity against E. coli and B. subtilis are found in the literature 15 – 17 for C. Lechleri , but not for C. Urucurana , a species for which no information is available. Data availability Dataset 1. Images and raw data from all chromatography experiments under all development methods with RF values, in addition to complete microbiological counts and physical/chemical characteristics of extracts. Also included are images of the plates used in this study, although it should be noted that these images were captured after storage for 2 or more years. Chromatography data 1 contains data generated using a mobile phase of Butanol:acetic acid:water (4:1:5) visualized using ferric chloride. Chromatography data 2 contains data generated using a mobile phase of chloroform:acetone:water (7:3:1) visualized using ammonia vapor; Chromatography data 3 contains data using a mobile phase of chloroform:acetone:diethylamine (7:3:1) visualized using ammonia vapor. DOI: 10.5256/f1000research.14575.d211358 18 . Competing interests No competing interests were disclosed. Grant information The author(s) declared that no grants were involved in supporting this work. Faculty Opinions recommended References 1. Tapia W, Garzón K, Granda N, et al. : Alexiteric activity of Costus pulverulentus C. Presl., Desmodium adscendens (Sw.) DC., Begonia glabra Aubl. and Equisetum bogotense on the poison of Bothrops asper (equis) [version 1; referees: 2 not approved]. F1000Research. 2018; 7 : 136. Publisher Full Text 2. Risco E, Vila R, Henriques A, et al. : Bases químicas y farmacològicas de utilizaciòn de sangre de drago. Revista de Fitoterapia. 2005; 5 (2): 101–114. Reference Source 3. Risco E, Iglesias J, Cañigueral S: Sangre de Drago. Interés Terapéutico del látex de Croton lechleri . 12 eme Forum De Natura Rerum. Paris. 2001. Reference Source 4. Moacir P: Ditermpenos clerodano de corteza de Croton urucurana Baillon. Recuperado el26 de October, 2015. 5. Pieters L: Aislamiento de un dihidrobenzofurano (Croton spp.) como inhibidor de la proliferaciòn celular. J Nat Prod. 1993; 899–900. 6. Tempesta MS: Proanthocyanidin polymers having antiviral activity and methods of obtaining same. 1993; 4, 212, 944. Reference Source 7. Ubillas R, Jolad SD, Bruening RC, et al. : SP-303, an antiviral oligomeric proanthocyanidin from the latex of Croton lechleri (Sangre de Drago). Phytomedicine. 1994; 1 (2): 77–106. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text 8. Zapata R: Actividad antimicrobiana in vitro de la droga comercializada como sangre de grado. Lima, Perú: UNMSM. 9. WHO: Edition of Quality control methods for medicinal plant materials. 1998. Reference Source 10. 1. Plants, Medicinal. 2. Medicine, Herbal. 3. Medicine, Traditional. 4. Quality control. 5. Manuals. I. World Health. Organization. ISBN 978 92 4 150073 9 (NLM classification: QV 766), 2011. Reference Source 11. Porter R, Kaplan J: Merck EM. Editorial Medica Panamericana, ISBN 9788498357530, 2014. Reference Source 12. García M, Uruburu F: La conservación de cepas microbianasColección microbiana de cultivos tipo (CECT) Universidad de Valencia, España. Temas de la actualidad. 13. Lock O: Investigación Fitoquímica. Métodos en el estudio de productos naturales. Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú. Segunda Edición, 1994; 123–124. Reference Source 14. Ramírez G: Sangre de Drago ( Croton lechleri Muell. Arg ). Fitoterapia. Revisiones Monográficas. Natura Medicatrix. 2003; 21 (4): 213–217. Reference Source 15. Zaidan MR, Noor Rain A, Badrul AR, et al. : In vitro screening of five local medicinal plants for antibacterial activity using disc diffusion method. Trop Biomed. 2005; 22 (2): 165–170. PubMed Abstract 16. Yaya JH, Flores MF, Castro HL: Control microbiológico y evaluación de la actividad antibacteriana in Vitro de croton lechleri "Sangre de grado". [en línea], 2003. [revisado 2018]. Reference Source 17. Gallardo Vásquez GJ, Barboza Mejía L: Efecto cicatrizante del gel elaborado del látex de Croton lechleri "Sangre de Drago". Revista Científica Ciencia Médica. 2015; 18 (1): 10–16. Reference Source 18. Barba Guevara C, Montaluisa L, Maldonado Rodriguez ME: Dataset 1 in: The antimicrobial activity of alcoholic extracts of leaves and bark from two varieties of "Sangre de Drago" compared with the antimicrobial activity present in the latex of the same species. F1000Research. 2018. http://www.doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.14575.d211358 Comments on this article Comments (0) Version 1 VERSION 1 PUBLISHED 06 Aug 2018 ADD YOUR COMMENT Comment Author details Author details 1 Ingeniería Ambiental, Universidad Politécnica Salesiana, Quito, 170702, Ecuador 2 Communicación Social, Universidad Politécnica Salesiana, Quito, 170702, Ecuador 3 Carrera de Biotecnología, Universidad Politécnica Salesiana, Quito, 170702, Ecuador Cecilia Barba Guevara Roles: Conceptualization, Investigation, Methodology, Project Administration, Supervision, Writing – Original Draft Preparation Luis Montaluisa Roles: Investigation, Methodology, Writing – Original Draft Preparation María Elena Maldonado Rodriguez Roles: Investigation, Methodology, Project Administration Competing interests No competing interests were disclosed. Grant information The author(s) declared that no grants were involved in supporting this work. Article Versions (1) version 1 Published: 06 Aug 2018, 7:1200 https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.14575.1 Copyright © 2018 Barba Guevara C et al . This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Data associated with the article are available under the terms of the Creative Commons Zero "No rights reserved" data waiver (CC0 1.0 Public domain dedication). Download Export To Sciwheel Bibtex EndNote ProCite Ref. Manager (RIS) Sente metrics Views Downloads F1000Research - - PubMed Central info_outline Data from PMC are received and updated monthly. - - Citations open_in_new 0 open_in_new 0 open_in_new SEE MORE DETAILS CITE how to cite this article Barba Guevara C, Montaluisa L and Maldonado Rodriguez ME. The antimicrobial activity of alcoholic extracts of leaves and bark from two varieties of ”Sangre de Drago” compared with the antimicrobial activity present in the latex of the same species [version 1; peer review: 1 approved with reservations, 1 not approved] . F1000Research 2018, 7 :1200 ( https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.14575.1 ) NOTE: If applicable, it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in all citations of this article. COPY CITATION DETAILS track receive updates on this article Track an article to receive email alerts on any updates to this article. TRACK THIS ARTICLE Share Open Peer Review Current Reviewer Status: ? Key to Reviewer Statuses VIEW HIDE Approved The paper is scientifically sound in its current form and only minor, if any, improvements are suggested Approved with reservations A number of small changes, sometimes more significant revisions are required to address specific details and improve the papers academic merit. Not approved Fundamental flaws in the paper seriously undermine the findings and conclusions Version 1 VERSION 1 PUBLISHED 06 Aug 2018 Views 0 Cite How to cite this report: Trueba G. Reviewer Report For: The antimicrobial activity of alcoholic extracts of leaves and bark from two varieties of ”Sangre de Drago” compared with the antimicrobial activity present in the latex of the same species [version 1; peer review: 1 approved with reservations, 1 not approved] . F1000Research 2018, 7 :1200 ( https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.15862.r36855 ) The direct URL for this report is: https://f1000research.com/articles/7-1200/v1#referee-response-36855 NOTE: it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in this citation. Close Copy Citation Details Reviewer Report 22 Aug 2018 Gabriel Trueba , Institute of Microbiology, College of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of San Francisco, Quito, Quito, Ecuador Not Approved VIEWS 0 https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.15862.r36855 The paper entitled "The antimicrobial activity of alcoholic extracts of leaves and bark from two varieties of ”Sangre de Drago” compared with the antimicrobial activity present in the latex of the same species" describes some chemical analysis and antimicrobial properties ... Continue reading READ ALL The paper entitled "The antimicrobial activity of alcoholic extracts of leaves and bark from two varieties of ”Sangre de Drago” compared with the antimicrobial activity present in the latex of the same species" describes some chemical analysis and antimicrobial properties of the alcoholic extract and latex form a medicinal plant from Ecuador. The topic of the paper is interesting but there is little additional information compared with previously published reports. Additionally, the purification methods and physiochemical analysis are simple and insufficient to provide useful information. The paper should not have the results of standard microbiological parameters accepted by Ecuadorian institutions. Minor points Before considering for indexing, the paper requires a lot of improvement in style. The authors should pay attention to the references. References 8 and 9 don't correspond with the text. Page 3: This should be eliminated "Under the same conditions, the physical chemical constants of the crude latex of Sangre de Drago samples were determined. For the determination of the refractive index, a Clean-Prison series 003021 ABBE refractometer was used. pH determination was carried out in a Metrohm potentiometer, type 1.744.0010." Page 4, thin layer chromatography results are insufficient to identify taspine as indicated in the text Page 5. The methods utilized to detect E. coli are not adequate. Table 1 . legend requires a lot more information Figure 1. This figure does not provide any relevant information. Table 5. There is no explanation about what intermediate sensitivity means Is the work clearly and accurately presented and does it cite the current literature? No Is the study design appropriate and is the work technically sound? Partly Are sufficient details of methods and analysis provided to allow replication by others? Partly If applicable, is the statistical analysis and its interpretation appropriate? Not applicable Are all the source data underlying the results available to ensure full reproducibility? Partly Are the conclusions drawn adequately supported by the results? No Competing Interests: No competing interests were disclosed. Reviewer Expertise: Microbial genetics I confirm that I have read this submission and believe that I have an appropriate level of expertise to state that I do not consider it to be of an acceptable scientific standard, for reasons outlined above. Close READ LESS CITE CITE HOW TO CITE THIS REPORT Trueba G. Reviewer Report For: The antimicrobial activity of alcoholic extracts of leaves and bark from two varieties of ”Sangre de Drago” compared with the antimicrobial activity present in the latex of the same species [version 1; peer review: 1 approved with reservations, 1 not approved] . F1000Research 2018, 7 :1200 ( https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.15862.r36855 ) The direct URL for this report is: https://f1000research.com/articles/7-1200/v1#referee-response-36855 NOTE: it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in all citations of this article. COPY CITATION DETAILS Report a concern Respond or Comment COMMENT ON THIS REPORT Views 0 Cite How to cite this report: Peiris DC. Reviewer Report For: The antimicrobial activity of alcoholic extracts of leaves and bark from two varieties of ”Sangre de Drago” compared with the antimicrobial activity present in the latex of the same species [version 1; peer review: 1 approved with reservations, 1 not approved] . F1000Research 2018, 7 :1200 ( https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.15862.r36857 ) The direct URL for this report is: https://f1000research.com/articles/7-1200/v1#referee-response-36857 NOTE: it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in this citation. Close Copy Citation Details Reviewer Report 16 Aug 2018 Dinithi C. Peiris , Department of Zoology (Centre for Biotechnology), University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Nugegoda, Sri Lanka Approved with Reservations VIEWS 0 https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.15862.r36857 Geuvara et al., describes a comparison of antimicrobial activities of leaves and bark of 2 varieties “Sandre de Dargo” to that of latex of the same species. However, several points should be corrected/clarified before acceptance. ... Continue reading READ ALL Geuvara et al., describes a comparison of antimicrobial activities of leaves and bark of 2 varieties “Sandre de Dargo” to that of latex of the same species. However, several points should be corrected/clarified before acceptance. The name of the botanist with complete affiliation after the scientific name “in Gram-positive bacteria has been demonstrated, such as Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 6538 and Staphylococcus epidermidis ATCC 12228” – Better to revise the sentence. Better to include the time and the period of collection. Did authors deposit a voucher specimen and allocated a herbarium number? Why did authors conducted alcoholic extraction? Was it based on previous studies? The introduction should include a survey of previous work of the plant the authors are investigating What are the gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria used? Please separate the strains accordingly. Better to expand antimicrobial testing experiment Did authors only count the colonies formed. You can go through the following paper for methodological details. Bandara K.V., Padumadasa C., Peiris L.D.C. (2018) 1 . Authors should report how they measure diameter of inhibition zone and MIC. Figure 1 – Please italic the scientific name and also better to indicate what the colors denote. What is the title of the table 1 Is the work clearly and accurately presented and does it cite the current literature? Partly Is the study design appropriate and is the work technically sound? Partly Are sufficient details of methods and analysis provided to allow replication by others? Partly If applicable, is the statistical analysis and its interpretation appropriate? Not applicable Are all the source data underlying the results available to ensure full reproducibility? Partly Are the conclusions drawn adequately supported by the results? Yes References 1. Bandara KRV, Padumadasa C, Peiris DC: Potent antibacterial, antioxidant and toxic activities of extracts from Passiflora suberosa L. leaves. PeerJ . 2018; 6 : e4804 PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text Competing Interests: No competing interests were disclosed. Reviewer Expertise: Cancer research, diabetes, antimicrobial, signalling pathways etc.. I confirm that I have read this submission and believe that I have an appropriate level of expertise to confirm that it is of an acceptable scientific standard, however I have significant reservations, as outlined above. Close READ LESS CITE CITE HOW TO CITE THIS REPORT Peiris DC. Reviewer Report For: The antimicrobial activity of alcoholic extracts of leaves and bark from two varieties of ”Sangre de Drago” compared with the antimicrobial activity present in the latex of the same species [version 1; peer review: 1 approved with reservations, 1 not approved] . F1000Research 2018, 7 :1200 ( https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.15862.r36857 ) The direct URL for this report is: https://f1000research.com/articles/7-1200/v1#referee-response-36857 NOTE: it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in all citations of this article. COPY CITATION DETAILS Report a concern Respond or Comment COMMENT ON THIS REPORT Comments on this article Comments (0) Version 1 VERSION 1 PUBLISHED 06 Aug 2018 ADD YOUR COMMENT Comment keyboard_arrow_left keyboard_arrow_right Open Peer Review Reviewer Status info_outline Alongside their report, reviewers assign a status to the article: Approved The paper is scientifically sound in its current form and only minor, if any, improvements are suggested Approved with reservations A number of small changes, sometimes more significant revisions are required to address specific details and improve the papers academic merit. Not approved Fundamental flaws in the paper seriously undermine the findings and conclusions Reviewer Reports Invited Reviewers 1 2 Version 1 06 Aug 18 read read Dinithi C. Peiris , University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Nugegoda, Sri Lanka Gabriel Trueba , University of San Francisco, Quito, Quito, Ecuador Comments on this article All Comments (0) Add a comment Sign up for content alerts Sign Up You are now signed up to receive this alert Browse by related subjects keyboard_arrow_left Back to all reports Reviewer Report 0 Views copyright © 2018 Trueba G. This is an open access peer review report distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. 22 Aug 2018 | for Version 1 Gabriel Trueba , Institute of Microbiology, College of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of San Francisco, Quito, Quito, Ecuador 0 Views copyright © 2018 Trueba G. This is an open access peer review report distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. format_quote Cite this report speaker_notes Responses (0) Not Approved info_outline Alongside their report, reviewers assign a status to the article: Approved The paper is scientifically sound in its current form and only minor, if any, improvements are suggested Approved with reservations A number of small changes, sometimes more significant revisions are required to address specific details and improve the papers academic merit. Not approved Fundamental flaws in the paper seriously undermine the findings and conclusions The paper entitled "The antimicrobial activity of alcoholic extracts of leaves and bark from two varieties of ”Sangre de Drago” compared with the antimicrobial activity present in the latex of the same species" describes some chemical analysis and antimicrobial properties of the alcoholic extract and latex form a medicinal plant from Ecuador. The topic of the paper is interesting but there is little additional information compared with previously published reports. Additionally, the purification methods and physiochemical analysis are simple and insufficient to provide useful information. The paper should not have the results of standard microbiological parameters accepted by Ecuadorian institutions. Minor points Before considering for indexing, the paper requires a lot of improvement in style. The authors should pay attention to the references. References 8 and 9 don't correspond with the text. Page 3: This should be eliminated "Under the same conditions, the physical chemical constants of the crude latex of Sangre de Drago samples were determined. For the determination of the refractive index, a Clean-Prison series 003021 ABBE refractometer was used. pH determination was carried out in a Metrohm potentiometer, type 1.744.0010." Page 4, thin layer chromatography results are insufficient to identify taspine as indicated in the text Page 5. The methods utilized to detect E. coli are not adequate. Table 1 . legend requires a lot more information Figure 1. This figure does not provide any relevant information. Table 5. There is no explanation about what intermediate sensitivity means Is the work clearly and accurately presented and does it cite the current literature? No Is the study design appropriate and is the work technically sound? Partly Are sufficient details of methods and analysis provided to allow replication by others? Partly If applicable, is the statistical analysis and its interpretation appropriate? Not applicable Are all the source data underlying the results available to ensure full reproducibility? Partly Are the conclusions drawn adequately supported by the results? No Competing Interests No competing interests were disclosed. Reviewer Expertise Microbial genetics I confirm that I have read this submission and believe that I have an appropriate level of expertise to state that I do not consider it to be of an acceptable scientific standard, for reasons outlined above. reply Respond to this report Responses (0) Trueba G. Peer Review Report For: The antimicrobial activity of alcoholic extracts of leaves and bark from two varieties of ”Sangre de Drago” compared with the antimicrobial activity present in the latex of the same species [version 1; peer review: 1 approved with reservations, 1 not approved] . F1000Research 2018, 7 :1200 ( https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.15862.r36855) NOTE: it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in this citation. The direct URL for this report is: https://f1000research.com/articles/7-1200/v1#referee-response-36855 keyboard_arrow_left Back to all reports Reviewer Report 0 Views copyright © 2018 Peiris D. This is an open access peer review report distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. 16 Aug 2018 | for Version 1 Dinithi C. Peiris , Department of Zoology (Centre for Biotechnology), University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Nugegoda, Sri Lanka 0 Views copyright © 2018 Peiris D. This is an open access peer review report distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. format_quote Cite this report speaker_notes Responses (0) Approved With Reservations info_outline Alongside their report, reviewers assign a status to the article: Approved The paper is scientifically sound in its current form and only minor, if any, improvements are suggested Approved with reservations A number of small changes, sometimes more significant revisions are required to address specific details and improve the papers academic merit. Not approved Fundamental flaws in the paper seriously undermine the findings and conclusions Geuvara et al., describes a comparison of antimicrobial activities of leaves and bark of 2 varieties “Sandre de Dargo” to that of latex of the same species. However, several points should be corrected/clarified before acceptance. The name of the botanist with complete affiliation after the scientific name “in Gram-positive bacteria has been demonstrated, such as Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 6538 and Staphylococcus epidermidis ATCC 12228” – Better to revise the sentence. Better to include the time and the period of collection. Did authors deposit a voucher specimen and allocated a herbarium number? Why did authors conducted alcoholic extraction? Was it based on previous studies? The introduction should include a survey of previous work of the plant the authors are investigating What are the gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria used? Please separate the strains accordingly. Better to expand antimicrobial testing experiment Did authors only count the colonies formed. You can go through the following paper for methodological details. Bandara K.V., Padumadasa C., Peiris L.D.C. (2018) 1 . Authors should report how they measure diameter of inhibition zone and MIC. Figure 1 – Please italic the scientific name and also better to indicate what the colors denote. What is the title of the table 1 Is the work clearly and accurately presented and does it cite the current literature? Partly Is the study design appropriate and is the work technically sound? Partly Are sufficient details of methods and analysis provided to allow replication by others? Partly If applicable, is the statistical analysis and its interpretation appropriate? Not applicable Are all the source data underlying the results available to ensure full reproducibility? Partly Are the conclusions drawn adequately supported by the results? Yes References 1. Bandara KRV, Padumadasa C, Peiris DC: Potent antibacterial, antioxidant and toxic activities of extracts from Passiflora suberosa L. leaves. PeerJ . 2018; 6 : e4804 PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text Competing Interests No competing interests were disclosed. Reviewer Expertise Cancer research, diabetes, antimicrobial, signalling pathways etc.. I confirm that I have read this submission and believe that I have an appropriate level of expertise to confirm that it is of an acceptable scientific standard, however I have significant reservations, as outlined above. reply Respond to this report Responses (0) Peiris DC. Peer Review Report For: The antimicrobial activity of alcoholic extracts of leaves and bark from two varieties of ”Sangre de Drago” compared with the antimicrobial activity present in the latex of the same species [version 1; peer review: 1 approved with reservations, 1 not approved] . F1000Research 2018, 7 :1200 ( https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.15862.r36857) NOTE: it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in this citation. The direct URL for this report is: https://f1000research.com/articles/7-1200/v1#referee-response-36857 Alongside their report, reviewers assign a status to the article: Approved - the paper is scientifically sound in its current form and only minor, if any, improvements are suggested Approved with reservations - A number of small changes, sometimes more significant revisions are required to address specific details and improve the papers academic merit. Not approved - fundamental flaws in the paper seriously undermine the findings and conclusions Click here to access the data. The problem Spreadsheet data files may not format correctly if your computer is using different default delimiters (symbols used to separate values into separate cells) - a spreadsheet created in one region is sometimes misinterpreted by computers in other regions. You can change the regional settings on your computer so that the spreadsheet can be interpreted correctly. How to fix it Save downloaded CSV file Open spreadsheet program (e.g. Excel) Click the ‘Data’ tab at the top Click the ‘From text’ icon (top left) Browse for downloaded CSV file, click ‘Import’ Ensure ‘Delimited’ radio button is selected, click ‘Next’ Check one of the appropriate delimiter checkboxes (you can visualize the formatting by looking at the data preview below these options) Click ‘Finish’ Downloaded data do not display as expected? Download the data Dataset citation: Barba Guevara C, Montaluisa L and Maldonado Rodriguez ME. 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