Complete Substitution of fish meal with black soldier flies Hermetia illucens (L. 1758) larvae meal at varying incorporation rates for feeding Oreochromis niloticus raised in captivity

Complete Substitution of fish meal with black soldier flies Hermetia illucens (L. 1758) larvae meal at varying incorporation rates for feeding Oreochromis niloticus raised in captivity | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Complete Substitution of fish meal with black soldier flies Hermetia illucens (L. 1758) larvae meal at varying incorporation rates for feeding Oreochromis niloticus raised in captivity Juste Vital Vodounnou, Romaric Iko, Godwin Okou, Diane Kpogue, and 2 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-5078964/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Under Review Version 1 posted 13 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Background Black soldier fly larvae are exceptional ingredients, often used to replace fish meal. They can be easily cultured using waste and by-products. This study assesses the effect of black soldier fly larvae (BSFL) meal on the growth of Oreochromis niloticus raised in captivity, as well as the economic impact of replacing fish meal with BSFL meal in its diet. Method Black soldier fly larvae (BSFL) were produced for 15 days after egg hatching. The substrate of BSFL production was Soy bran obtained by processing soy cheese. Five different treatments were applied, with TR (imported feed); T0 (diet with 0% incorporation of black soldier fly larvae meal); T40; T50 and T60 are diets with 40%, 50% and 60% incorporation of black soldier fly larvae meal. The feeding frequency was 4 times/day. Each treatment was tested in triplicate for 28 days. Results The specific growth rate obtained during the experiment varied significantly (P < 0.05) with the treatments from 2.88 ± 0.09 to 4.50 ± 0.12%/day. The feed conversion rate (FCR), ranged from 2.25 ± 0.05 (T40) to 1.08 ± 0.04 (T60). The protein efficiency ratio (PER) showed a significant difference (P < 0.05) with the treatment. It ranged from 0.81 ± 0.07 (T40) to 2.34 ± 0.06 (TR). The survival rates varied from (T0) (92.66 ± 3.52) to (T50) (100.00 ± 0.00). The economic conversion ratio (ECR) presented a significant difference (P < 0.05). The best ECR was obtained with T60 (1.62 ± 0.09) and T50 (2.42 ± 0.17). Based on the parameters studied, 40%, 50%, and 60% of BSFL meals showed better performance compared to fish meal. The cost production analyses were used to evaluate the economic impact of utilizing BSFL meal instead of fish meal in O. niloticus feeding. Conclusion It is recommended to use 50% and 60% substitution rates for better economic profitability. Black soldier fly larvae Oreochromis niloticus fish meal substitution incorporation rates Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Introduction Fish is one of the most traded food products in the world (FAO, 2020 ). Average annual fish consumption per person has increased significantly from 9.0 kg in 1961 to 20.5 kg in 2018. This growth is mainly due to aquaculture, as production has remained relatively constant since the late 1980s (FAO, 2020 ). In sub-Saharan Africa, fish farming often faces the issue of expensive and unavailable fish feed. This is because of the lack of high-quality fish meal, which is a crucial component in aquaculture feed. (Abou et al. 2007 , Djissou et al. 2017 ; Djissou et al. 2019 ; Adéyèmi et al. 2020 ; Agbohessou et al. 2021 ). Several aquaculture researchers and farmer have studied the use of animal by-products as ingredients in aquaculture feeds to replace fish meals. (Monentcham et al. 2010 ; Chabi et al. 2015 , Vodounnou et al. 2016 , Wang et al. 2017 ; Kpogue et al. 2019 ; Vodounnou et al. 2024 ). Black soldier fly larvae stand out among the agricultural ingredients and by-products used to replace fish meal. These larvae can be cultured on waste and by-products, are highly efficient in converting food, and pose a low risk of transmitting zoonotic infections (Wang et al. 2017 ). Among insect species capable of rapidly producing significant biomass in controlled breeding conditions, the black soldier fly is currently the main species widely studied for bioconversion and food ingredients. (Makkar et al. 2014 ). They are insects with a low environmental impact and are a source of protein with a well-balanced profile of essential amino acids (EAAs), almost comparable to fish meal. (Barroso et al. 2014 ; Henry et al. 2015 ; Müller et al. 2017 ). The protein content of H. illucens ranges from 37–63% of dry matter while the lipid content varies from 7–39% mainly depending on the livestock substrate (Henry et al. 2015 ; Barragan-Fonseca et al. 2017 ). The larvae of black soldier flies are saprophagous and are currently being produced on an industrial scale globally due to their abundance and nutritional value. (Wang et Shelomi, 2017; Devic et al. 2018 ; Li et al. 2020 ). The production of Black Soldier Flies Larvae (LMSN) Hermetia illucens (L. 1758) for its use in aquaculture feeding represents a major revolution in the mass production of aquacultural resources for human consumption (Gougbedji et al. 2020 , Agbohessou et al. 2021 , Gougbedji et al. 2021 ). Among these aquaculture resources, Oreochromis niloticus is a species that requires a high level of protein in its diet during larval breeding (35–45%). This species is commonly found across Africa and is one of the most cultivated fish in aquaculture. It is known for its rapid growth and is greatly valued by consumers. (Ansah et al. 2014 ). The mass production of this species in aquaculture requires close control of its production, particularly the feed supply. The cost of fish feed makes up a large portion of the overall production cost, sometimes reaching up to 60%. (Jamu et Ayinla, 2003). The present study aims to improve the growth performance and reduce production costs by completely replacing fish meal with black soldier fly larvae meal at varying incorporation rates for feeding Oreochromis niloticus larvae raised in captivity. Materials and Methods Study Area The research was carried out at the Aquaculture and Fisheries Management Research Unit (URAGeP) of the School of Aquaculture (EAq) at the National University of Agriculture (UNA) in the Benin Republic. URAGeP is situated in Adjohoun, Ouémé Department in southern Benin (6° 46' 18.73'' N | 2° 30' 2.32'' E). Black soldier fly larvae production Black soldier fly larvae (BSFL) were produced for 15 days after egg hatching. The substrate of BSFL production was Soy bran obtained by processing soy cheese. The soy bran was dried and analyzed before using (Table 1 ). At the end of the production, the larvae were harvested and weighed. These larvae were dried in an oven at 50°C for 6 hours (Gougbedji et al. 2021 ). The harvested and dried larvae were assayed in the laboratory for proteins, lipids and dry matter (Table 2 ). Table 1 Chemical parameters of the rearing substrates Parameters Dry Matter(%) Organic Matter (%) Ash (%) Carbon (%) Nitrogen(%) P 2 O 5 (mg/l) Soy bran 91.44 ± 0.11 67.45 ± 0.18 32.54 ± 0.17 34.54 ± 0.22 6.15 ± 0.61 0.72 ± 0.25 Table 2 Nutritional values of (BSFL) produced Parameters Dry Matter (%) Protein (%) Lipid (%) BSFL 38.62 ± 0.56 41.54 ± 038 29.55 ± 0.22 Experimental design Diet formulation The nutritional requirements of O. niloticus (NRC, 2011; Mugo-Bundi et al. 2015 ) were taken into account when formulating the diets (Table 3 ). A total of four iso-protein, iso-lipid and iso-energy diets were formulated for the study. Three of these diets included varying levels of BSFL meal (40%, 50%, and 60%) to substitute completely fish meal. While one diet served as a control without adding BSFL meal (0%), another diet was a reference composed of imported commercial feed. (Gouessant ®"ി. The ingredients were ground and mixed before being manufactured using a 0.1 mm sieve. The feeds were then stored in boxes in a refrigerator at a temperature of 5°C. The protein, lipid, carbohydrate, ash, and dry matter contents of the manufactured feeds were analyzed according to the AOAC, 1990 (Table 4 ). Table 3 Feed formulations containing BSFL meal in the diet of O. niloticus Ingredient (%) TR T0 T40 T50 T60 Fish meal - 54 0 0 0 BSFL meal - 0 40 50 60 Soybean meal - 19 33 24 14 Wheat bran - 2 2 2 3 Corn flour - 13 13 16 17 Methionine - 3.5 3.5 2 1 Lysine - 3.5 3.5 2 1 Dicalcium phosphate - 1 1 1 1 Premix (Vit. + Min.) * - 2 2 2 2 Soy oil - 2 2 1 1 Total (%) - 100 100 100 100 Protein (%) 40.86 40.55 40.78 40.94 Lipid (%) 10.18 10.02 10.21 10.48 Carbohydrate (%) 29.14 29.08 29.36 29.86 Energy (kcal/100g) 448.06 444.55 448.79 454.29 TR: reference diet composed of commercial feed (Gouessant ®"); T0: Diet without BSFL meal, T40: Diet with 40% of BSFL meal, T50: Diet with 50% of BSFL meal, T60: Diet with 60% of BSFL meal * premix (vitamin–mineral) contains (‰): vitamin A, 4,000,000 U.I.; vitamin D, 800,000 IU; vitamin E, 40,000 IU; vitamin K3, 1600 mg; vitamin B1, 4000 mg; vitamin B2, 3000 mg; vitamin B6, 3800 mg; vitamin B12, 3 mg; vitamin C, 60,000 mg; biotin, 100 mg; inositol, 10,000 mg; pantothenic acid, 8,000 mg; nicotinic acid, 18,000 mg; folic acid, 800 mg; choline chloride, 120,000 mg; colbat carbonate, 150 mg; ferrous sulphate, 8000 mg; potassium iodide, 400 mg; manganese oxide, 6000 mg; copper, 800 mg; sodium selenite, 40 mcg; lysine, 10,000 mg; methionine, 10,000 mg; zinc sulfate, 8000 mg Table 4 Nutritional composition of the experimental diet of O. niloticus Chemical analysis of constituted diets based on analyses TR T0 T40 T50 T60 Dry matter 93.54 89.83 90.22 90.17 90.03 Ash 9.42 9.84 10.17 10.28 10.34 Protein (%) 40.48 39.75 39.97 40.88 41.94 Lipid (%) 11.66 10.56 10.68 10.87 11.02 Carbohydrate (%) 25.47 24.57 24.95 25.08 25.66 Energy (kcal/100g) 444.76 426.576 430.516 438.022 447.852 Experimental design The larvae of Oreochromis niloticus of average initial weight 0.012 ± 0.00g were randomly distributed in 15 tanks at a rate of 50 larvae per tank. Five different treatments were applied, with TR (imported feed); T0 (diet with 0% incorporation of black soldier fly larvae meal); T40; T50 and T60 are diets with 40%, 50% and 60% incorporation of black soldier fly larvae meal. The feeding frequency was 4 times/day. Each treatment was tested for 28 days and each experimental diet was in triplicate. The water was renewed at a flow rate of 1 l/min. Each tank contained 25 L of water. Growth control was carried out every 7 days. The physicochemical parameters such as dissolved oxygen, pH, and temperature, were monitored three times daily. These parameters were monitored with an oxygen meter, a pH meter and thermometer respectively. Zootechnical parameters and feed utilization To evaluate feed performance, zootechnical and feed utilization parameters such as the survival rate (SR), daily weight gain (DWG), Biomass gain (BG), specific growth rate (SGR), feed conversion rate (FCR), protein efficiency ratio (PER) were calculated. SR (%) = 100 × (final number of fish/initial number of fish) DWG (g/day) = body mass gain (g)/∆T Δt: the duration of the experiment in the number of days BG = final biomass weight - initial biomass weight SGR (%/day) = 100 x (ln (final biomass weight) – ln (initial biomass weight))/∆T ln: natural logarithm FCR = dry feed fed (g)/body mass gain (g) PER = wet body mass gain/crude protein fed Chemical Analyses The substrate of BSFL production and feed ingredients were analyzed following AOAC, 1995 . Dry matter (DM) was determined by the sample that had been oven-dried for six hours to constant weight at 105°C. Crude protein was analyzed by the Kjeldahl method after acid digestion. The nitrogen content was measured and converted to crude protein content using a nitrogen factor for the crude protein calculation of 6.25. Ash contents were determined by incinerating samples in a muffle furnace heated to 550°C at a constant rate of 50°C every 30 min for 4 h and then cooling in a desiccator. Organic matter was determined by MO % = C%9 1.724. The lipid was extracted by heating the sample in diethyl ether under reflux at 105°C for 30 min in a VELP Solvent Extraction unit. The ether extract was calculated as the difference between the original sample and the ether extract residue. Total phosphorus was analyzed using the colorimetric method with molybdenum in sulphuric acid. Cost production analyses The cost production analyses were used to evaluate the economic impact of BSFL meal utilization instead of fish meal utilization in O. niloticus feeding. The cost of formulated diets was calculated based on the cost of the ingredients in each diet. The ingredient costs were based on the prevailing market prices within the experiment (Table 5 ). The US dollar exchange rate against FCFA was pegged at 600 FCFA. We calculated the cost of feed required to produce 1 kg of biomass. The study assumed that all other costs of production were constant for all dietary treatments and thus not considered. The economic conversion ratio (ECR) was calculated with the following equation: ECR = feed conversion rate * feed cost Table 5 Feed cost of experiment diet Ingredients Cost USD/kg TR T0 T40 T50 T60 Fish meal 3,5 - 1,89 0,00 0,00 0,00 BSFL meal 1,66 - 0,00 0,66 0,83 1,00 Soybean meal 0,83 - 0,16 0,27 0,20 0,12 Wheat bran 0,25 - 0,01 0,01 0,01 0,01 Corn flour 0,5 - 0,07 0,07 0,08 0,09 Methionine 7,5 - 0,26 0,26 0,15 0,08 Lysine 5,83 - 0,20 0,20 0,12 0,06 Dicalcium phosphate 1,5 - 0,02 0,02 0,02 0,02 Premix (Vit. + Min.) 5,83 - 0,12 0,12 0,12 0,12 Soy oil 3,33 - 0,07 0,07 0,03 0,03 Feed cost (USD)/kg 3.5* 2.78 1.67 1.55 1.50 *Cost of kg of commercial feed (Gouessant ®") Data processing Data were collected and encoded in Excel software. Physico-chemical parameters, zootechnical parameters, and feed utilization parameters were calculated. The mean and range of each parameter were calculated and graphs were drawn. The data were analyzed using a one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) with the facilities of STATVIEW version 5.01 software, after the verification of variance homogeneity, using Hartley’s test. Significant differences among means were determined using Fisher’s test p = 0.05 significance level. Results Water quality Throughout the experiment, the physicochemical parameters of the water were recorded. The average temperature during the experiment varied from 26.78 (T0) to 27.07°C (TR). The average pH was ranging from 6.87 (T60) to 7.24 (TR). The average level of dissolved oxygen was ranging from 6.89 (TR) to 6.95 (T60) mg/L. Zootechnical and Feed Utilization Parameters The biomass evolution over time differed significantly among the treatments (Fig. 1 ). Table 6 shows that final biomass varied significantly with the treatment (P < 0.05). Diet T60 presented the highest final biomass. No significant difference was observed between this diet and the diet composed of commercial feed (Gouessant ®") (TR). Final biomass observed with treatments T0 (1.37 ± 0.03 g) and T40 (1.31 ± 0.03 g) were not significantly different (P > 0.05) and presented the lowest final biomass. The same trend was observed for the daily weight gain (DWG) which varied from 0.02 ± 0.00 g (T0, T40) to 0.05 ± 0.00 g (TR, T60). The specific growth rate obtained during the experiment varied significantly (P < 0.05) with the treatments from 2.88 ± 0.09 to 4.50 ± 0.12%/day (Table 6 ). While the highest SGR was obtained with diets TR and T60 and T40 showed the lowest results of this parameter. About feed conversion rate (FCR), a significant difference was observed (P < 0.05). It ranged from 2.25 ± 0.05 (T40) to 1.08 ± 0.04 (T60). However, no significant difference was observed between T60 and the reference diet (TR) (Fig. 2 ). The protein efficiency ratio (PER) showed a significant difference (P < 0.05) with the treatment. It ranged from 0.81 ± 0.07 (T40) to 2.34 ± 0.06 (TR). But no significant difference was observed between TR and (T60) (Table 6 ). The box plot of biomass gains (BG) showed that a significant difference (P < 0.05) was observed between the treatments. It varied from 0.71 ± 0.02 (T40) to 1.47 ± 0.03 (T60) (Fig. 3 ) Table 6 Zootechnical and feed utilization performance of O. niloticus fed the experimental diets Parameter TR T0 T40 T50 T60 F-Value P-Value IBW (g) 0.59 ± 0.01 a 0.60 ± 0.01 a 0.59 ± 0.01 a 0.60 ± 0.01 a 0.60 ± 0.02 a 0.36 0.83 FBW (g) 2.01 ± 0.03 a 1.37 ± 0.03 b 1.31 ± 0.03 b 1.82 ± 0.04 c 2.07 ± 0.03 a 294.26 0.00 DWG (g/day) 0.05 ± 0.00 a 0.02 ± 0.00 b 0.02 ± 0.00 b 0.04 ± 0.00 c 0.05 ± 0.00 a 226.01 0.00 PER 2.34 ± 0.06 a 1.11 ± 0.02 b 0.81 ± 0.07 c 1.55 ± 0.05 d 2.20 ± 0.08 a 103.92 0.00 SGR (%/day) 4.50 ± 0.12 a 3.23 ± 0.12 b 2.88 ± 0.09 c 3.94 ± 0.07 d 4.49 ± 0.07 a 54.70 0.00 TR: reference diet composed of commercial feed (Gouessant ®"); T0: Diet without BSFL meal, T40: Diet with 40% of BSFL meal, T50: Diet with 50% of BSFL meal, T60: Diet with 60% of BSFL meal. Initial Body Weight (IBW), Final Body Weight (FBW), Daily Weight Gain (DWG), Protein Efficiency Ratio (PER), Survival Rate (SR) The values ​​are expressed as the means ± standard deviations. Values with the same alphabetical letters in the same row are not significantly different at p > 0.05. Survival rate and economic analyses About survival rate (SR), No significant difference (p > 0.05) was observed between the treatment excepted (T0) (92.66 ± 3.52) which presented a significant difference (P < 0.05) with (T50) (100.00 ± 0.00). The economic conversion ratio (ECR) presented a significant difference (P 0.05) Table 7 Survival rate and economic conversion ratio O. niloticus larvae fed the experimental diets Parameters TR T0 T40 T50 T60 SR (%) 96.66 ± 1.76 ab 92.66 ± 3.52 a 98.00 ± 1.15 ab 100.00 ± 0.00 b 98.00 ± 1.15 ab ECR 3.67 ± 0.18 b 6.26 ± 0.21 c 5.23 ± 0.19 d 2.42 ± 0.17 a 1.62 ± 0.09 a Discussion Water quality The temperature range (26.78°C to 27.07°C), the pH range (6.87 to 7.24), and the dissolved oxygen levels (6.89 to 6.95 mg/L) remained within the acceptable range for the species during the experiment. (Abo-State et al. 2014 ) Growth and Nutrient Usage Performance It has been generally proven that insect meal can be utilized as a source of animal protein in aquaculture feeds. (Kariuki et al. 2024 ; Nairuti et al. 2022 ). Among these, black soldier fly larvae are increasingly used in aquaculture feed because of their nutritional quality for partial or complete replacement of fish meal. (Kariuki et al. 2024 ; Fricke et al. 2024 ). The complete replacement of fish meal with BSFL meal at various incorporation rates in this study confirms that fish meal in aquaculture feed for O. niloticus can be entirely avoided. (Cummins et al. 2017 ; Xiao et al. 2018 ; Li et al. 2020 ). The growth curves of the different diets showed a significant difference depending on the treatments (P 0.05) from the reference feed (TR), which is a commercial feed. (Gouessant ®"). Fishmeal (T0) and 40% BSFL meal achieved the lowest zootechnical performance. No significant difference (p > 0.05) was observed between T0 and T40 treatments. The results show that adding 40% BSFL meal to a non-fish meal feed promotes the growth of O. niloticus larvae. Additionally, incorporating 50% (T50) and 60% (T60) of BSFL meal improves the zootechnical performance of O. niloticus larvae. All non-fish meal treatments (T50 and T60) showed better zootechnical performance compared to the treatment using only fish meal (T0), except for treatment T40, which did not significantly differ from treatment T0. The same trend was achieved with the other zootechnical parameters considered (DWG, SGR, FCR et PER). However, studies by Kariuki et al. ( 2024 ) suggest a partial replacement of fish meal with BSFL (Black Soldier Fly Larvae) meal up to 75%. This study showed that there is no significant difference in growth parameters when substituting 0 to 75% of fish meal with BSFL meal in the feeding of O. niloticus . Our results support the findings of Shati et al. ( 2022 ), which focused on a total replacement of fish meal with BSFL meal in the feeding of O. niloticus . The best weight gain was achieved with the 100% replacement treatment using 30% of BSFL meal in the feed. Similarly, studies by Tippayadara et al. ( 2021 ) have also shown that completely replacing fish meal with BSFL meal does not affect the growth of O. niloticus juveniles. This study shows that there was no significant difference in growth, food consumption, and blood parameters between the subjects that were fed a diet containing fishmeal and those fed with a diet containing black soldier fly larvae (BSFL) meal. Additionally, the subjects fed with BSFL meal showed a better immune response compared to those fed with fish meal. In contrast, studies by Devic et al. 2017 and Lu et al. 2020 do not recommend a complete replacement of fish meal with BSFL meal in the feeding of O. niloticus and carp Ctenopharyngodon idellus . Indeed, these studies highlight the high level of fiber (chitin) and amino acid imbalance in BSFL meals compared to fish meals. The high levels of chitin and the imbalance of amino acids in BSFL meal would hinder weight gain in fishes fed with BSFL meal-based treatments. Studies by (Muin et al. 2017 and Zhou et al. 2018) showed that a 50% replacement of fish meal with BSFL meal would be ideal for feeding O. niloticus and the carp Cyprinus carpio . Survival rate and economic analyses The study demonstrated that completely replacing fish meal with BSFL meal had no negative impact on the survival rate of O. niloticus . The survival rate ranged from 92.66 ± 3.52 (T0) to 100.00 ± 0.00 (T50). All treatments that do not contain fish meal T40, T50 and T60) have a higher survival rate than treatments containing fish meal (92.66 ± 3.52, T0). These results confirm the findings of several authors who have assessed the use of BSFL meal in feeding O. niloticus .(Tippayadara et al. 2021 ; Kariuki et al. 2024 ) and other species such as Clarias gariepinus , ctenopharyngodon idellus , Pelteosbagrus fulvidraco (Djissou et al. 2016 ; Xiao et al. 2018 ; Lu et al. 2020 ) does not adversely affect their survival rates. Good survival rates also indicate favorable livestock conditions during breeding. A high survival rate depends not only on the diet but also on breeding conditions and fish handling. (Devic et al. 2018 ). In terms of economic analysis, the current study demonstrates that using BSFL (Black Soldier Fly Larvae) meal in the feed for O. niloticus (Nile tilapia) has a positive impact on the economic profitability of production. This is attributed to the efficient dietary conversion of feeds containing BSFL meal, similar to those based on fish meal. BSFL meal has a good nutritional profile as well as fish meal and is cheaper than fish meal. Based on economic profitability, our study shows that the incorporation of 50 (T50) and 60% (T60) of BSFL meal into O. niloticus feed provides the best economy profit. These results support the findings of Wachira et al. 2022, who achieved the highest economic profitability by completely replacing fish meal with BSFL meal to feed O. niloticus fry. Similarly, the work of Limbu et al. 2022 ; Shati et al. 2022 and Kariuki and al. 2024 also promotes the use of BSFL meal in feeding O. niloticus for partial or total substitution to make the production profitable. Conclusion The present study shows that it is possible to produce aquaculture feed using BSFL meal as a complete substitute for fish meal to feed the larvae of O. niloticus . The results indicate that 40%, 50%, and 60% of BSFL meals outperform fish meal-based feed in terms of biomass gain, consumption index, and specific growth rate. For better economic profitability, 60 and 50% of BSFL meal in a total substitution is recommended. Declarations Ethics approval and consent to participate Note applicable Consent for publication Note applicable Competing interests The authors have no relevant financial or non-financial interests to disclose Funding information This study was financed by SWISSCONTACT which financed a part of this research through its project Benin inclusive. Author Contribution Author contributions V.JV., I.R., O.G., K.D., and A.S. carried out the conceptualization, conducting the research, data analysis and data interpretation. V. JV. and M.J-C. carried out developing methods. V.JV. and I.R. wrote the main manuscript text and carried out the figures and tables. All authors reviewed the manuscript. Acknowledgement We thank on the one hand “SWISSCONTACT” which facilitated part of this research through its project “Benin inclusive” and on the other hand the Research Unit in Aquaculture and Fisheries Management (URAGeP). Data availability: The data used and/or analyzed during the current study is available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request References Abo-State H, Yasser Hammouda HY, El-Nadi A, Abo Zaid H. Evaluation of feeding raw moringa ( Moringa oleifera Lam. ) leaves meal in Nile tilapia fingerlings ( Oreochromis niloticus ) diets. Global Veterinaria. 2014; 13(1):105–111. Abou Y, Fiogbe ED, Micha J-C. 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Total replacement of fish meal with black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) larvae meal does not compromise the gut health of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). Aquaculture. 2020; https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2020.734967 Limbu SM, Shoko AP, Ulotu EE, Luvanga SA, Munyi F, John JO, Opiyo MA. Black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens, L.) larvae meal improves growth performance, feed efficiency and economic returns of Nile tilapia ( Oreochromis niloticus , L.) fry. Aquaculture, Fish Fisher. 2022; 2 (3) : 167–178. https://doi.org/10.1002/aff2.48 Lu R, Chen Y, Yu W, Lin M, Yang G, Qin C, Nie G. Defatted black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) larvae meal can replace soybean meal in juvenile grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idellus) diets, Aquac. Rep. 2020; https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aqrep.2020.100520 Makkar HPS, Tran G, Heuz V, Ankers P. State-of-the-art on use of insects as animal feed. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. 2014; 197:1–33. https://doi.org/10.1016 Monentcham S-E, Kouam J, Chuba D, Wathelet B, Pouomogne V, Kestemont P. Partial substitution of fish meal with soybean and cottonseed meals in diets for African bonytongue, Heterotis niloticus (Cuvier, 1829) fingerlings: effects on growth, feed efficiency and body composition. Aquaculture Research. 2010; 41(10):385–392. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2109.2009.02461.x Mugo-Bundi J, Oyoo-Okoth E, Ngugi CC, Manguya-Lusega D, Rasowo J, Chepkirui-Boit V, Opiyo M, Njiru J. Utilization of Caridina nilotica (Roux) meal as a protein ingredient in feeds for Nile tilapia ( Oreochromis niloticus ). Aquaculture Research. 2015; 46: 346–357, https://doi.org/10.1111/are.12181 Muin H, Taufek N, Kamarudin M, Razak S. Growth performance, feed Utilization and body composition of nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus (Linnaeus, 1758) fed with different levels of black soldier fly, Hermetia illucens (Linnaeus, 1758) maggot meal diet. IJFS. 2017; 16 (2):567–577. Müller A, Wolf D, Gutzeit HO. The black soldier fly, Hermetia illucens – a promising source for sustainable production of proteins, lipids and bioactive substances. Z. Naturforsch, C: Biosci. 2017; 72: 351–363. https://doi.org/10.1515 Nairuti RN, Musyoka SN, Yegon MJ, Opiyo MA. Utilization of Black Soldier Fly ( Hermetia illucens Linnaeus) Larvae as a Protein Source for Fish Feed – a Review. Aquaculture Studies. 2022; 22(2), http://doi.org/10.4194/AQUAST697 NRC. Nutrient requirements of fish and shrimp. National Research Council of the National Academies Washington. 2011; D. C. (U.S.). 363 Shati, S.M., Opiyo, M.A., Nairuti, R.N., Shoko, A.P., Munyi, F., Ogello, E.O. (2022). Black soldier fly ( Hermatia illucens ) larvae meal improves growth performance, feed utilization, amino acids profile, and economic benefits of Nile tilapia ( Oreochromis niloticus , L.). Aquatic Research, 5(3), 238–249. https://doi.org/10.3153/AR22023 Tippayadara N, Dawood MAO, Krutmuang P, Hoseinifar SH, Doan HV, Paolucci M. Replacement of Fish Meal by Black Soldier Fly ( Hermetia illucens ) Larvae Meal: Effects on Growth, Haematology, and Skin Mucus Immunity of Nile Tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus . Animals. 2021; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani11010193 Vodounnou DSJV, Kpogue DNS, Tossavi CE, Mensah GA, Fiogbe ED. Effect of animal waste and vegetable compost on production and growth of earthworm ( Eisenia fetida ) during vermiculture. Int J Recycl Org Waste Agricult. 2016; 5, 87–92 http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40093-016-0119-5 Vodounnou JV, Dossa V, Djissou C, Kpogue D, Agadjihouede H, Fiogbe ED, Micha J-C. Feeding Optimization of Water Hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) Leaves as Rearing Substrate for the Production of Black Soldier Fly (Hermetia illucens) Larvae. Waste and Biomass Valorization. 2024; https://doi.org/10.1007/s12649-023-02408-w Wachira M, Osuga I, Munguti J, Ambula M, Subramanian S, Tanga C. Efficiency and Improved Profitability of Insect-Based Aquafeeds for Farming Nile Tilapia Fish ( Oreochromis niloticus L.). Animals. 2021; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani11092599 Wang L, Li J, Jin JN, Zhu F, Roffeis M Zhang XZ. A comprehensive evaluation of replacing fishmeal with housefly ( Musca domestica ) maggot meal in the diet of Nile tilapia ( Oreochromis niloticus ): growth performance, flesh quality, innate immunity and water environment. Aquaculture Nutrition. 2017; 23(5):983–993. https://doi.org/10.1111/anu.12466 Xiao X, Jin P, Zheng L, Cai M, Yu Z, Yu J, Zhang J. Effects of black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) larvae meal protein as a fishmeal replacement on the growth and immune index of yellow catfish (Pelteobagrus fulvidraco). Aquac. Res. 2018; 49 (4) : 1569–1577. https://doi.org/10.1111/are.13611 Zhou JS, Liu SS, Yu H. Effect of replacing dietary fish meal with black soldier fly larvae meal on growth and fatty acid composition of Jian carp ( Cyprinus carpio var. Jian). Aquaculture Nutrition. 2017; http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/anu.12574 Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-5078964","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":366618731,"identity":"62908fc4-e8b6-4b71-b0ab-b0cbb67bacbd","order_by":0,"name":"Juste Vital Vodounnou","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA70lEQVRIiWNgGAWjYBACxgYQeUACRDA+AJI8fERoASKIFmYDkBY24iw6AGawSYBJQuqZZ6Q/f/DhjEWevOMZs8qvOXYybAzMDx/dwGfFjBzDxhk3JIoND5wxuy27LRnoMDZj4xz8WhibeT5IJG5sOJZ2W3IbM1ALD5s0fi3pD5v/QLUUS26rJ0ZLgmEzww2JxPkMh48xftx2mAgtPW8MZ/ackUjcwHD4sDTjtuM8bMwE/GLYnv7gw49jdYnzZxxs/PhzW7U9P3vzw8d4tTRAGQY3DjAw84BYzHiUg4A8nNEPTAc/CKgeBaNgFIyCkQkAAFxQqPJF6w4AAAAASUVORK5CYII=","orcid":"","institution":"Université Nationale d'Agriculture (UNA)","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Juste","middleName":"Vital","lastName":"Vodounnou","suffix":""},{"id":366618732,"identity":"fdb05824-cb6f-45c0-8330-ab31cb6ff7a7","order_by":1,"name":"Romaric Iko","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Université Nationale d'Agriculture (UNA)","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Romaric","middleName":"","lastName":"Iko","suffix":""},{"id":366618733,"identity":"787d0f20-d5e5-4b12-aed6-fc840f3645cf","order_by":2,"name":"Godwin Okou","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Université Nationale d'Agriculture (UNA)","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Godwin","middleName":"","lastName":"Okou","suffix":""},{"id":366618734,"identity":"16e54715-ae4b-4860-857f-44145e2e8ad8","order_by":3,"name":"Diane Kpogue","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Université Nationale d'Agriculture (UNA)","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Diane","middleName":"","lastName":"Kpogue","suffix":""},{"id":366618735,"identity":"87f0b56f-615c-4a01-9809-327ab153f287","order_by":4,"name":"Simon Ahouansou Montcho","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Université Nationale d'Agriculture (UNA)","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Simon","middleName":"Ahouansou","lastName":"Montcho","suffix":""},{"id":366618736,"identity":"ef72af4d-f7c9-4de4-8ecb-4a3b4897c788","order_by":5,"name":"Jean-Claude Micha","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"University of Namur","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Jean-Claude","middleName":"","lastName":"Micha","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2024-09-12 16:07:01","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-5078964/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-5078964/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":68079854,"identity":"8c78913e-955a-4811-9c2c-7f4d68b56c28","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-11-02 12:46:48","extension":"jpg","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":95573,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eGrowth evolution of \u003cem\u003eO. niloticus\u003c/em\u003e larvae during experimentation\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"Picture1.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5078964/v1/7d14ec87bbc514b70a73e319.jpg"},{"id":68079756,"identity":"e57a9d00-6f3c-4acd-be91-e6ab64f1e894","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-11-02 12:38:48","extension":"jpg","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":14389,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eVariation of feed conversion rate of \u003cem\u003eO. niloticus\u003c/em\u003e during experimentation\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"Picture2.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5078964/v1/22e70c8c2ceb43c4988a8e89.jpg"},{"id":68079757,"identity":"87e66b9f-032c-4efa-9725-c9ef9d89caa4","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-11-02 12:38:48","extension":"jpg","order_by":3,"title":"Figure 3","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":15539,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eBox plot of biomass gain of \u003cem\u003eO. niloticus\u003c/em\u003e during experimentation\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"Picture3.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5078964/v1/80e317f8ba27e67f0ef200fa.jpg"},{"id":68080231,"identity":"ccf8530c-deca-408f-9a76-d5cdf03954fe","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-11-02 12:54:49","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":926964,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5078964/v1/8e2e380d-c3c2-45a1-aba7-c2ac027e2242.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Complete Substitution of fish meal with black soldier flies Hermetia illucens (L. 1758) larvae meal at varying incorporation rates for feeding Oreochromis niloticus raised in captivity","fulltext":[{"header":"Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eFish is one of the most traded food products in the world (FAO, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e). Average annual fish consumption per person has increased significantly from 9.0 kg in 1961 to 20.5 kg in 2018. This growth is mainly due to aquaculture, as production has remained relatively constant since the late 1980s (FAO, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e). In sub-Saharan Africa, fish farming often faces the issue of expensive and unavailable fish feed. This is because of the lack of high-quality fish meal, which is a crucial component in aquaculture feed. (Abou et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2007\u003c/span\u003e, Djissou et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e; Djissou et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e; Ad\u0026eacute;y\u0026egrave;mi et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e; Agbohessou et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e). Several aquaculture researchers and farmer have studied the use of animal by-products as ingredients in aquaculture feeds to replace fish meals. (Monentcham et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2010\u003c/span\u003e ; Chabi et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e, Vodounnou et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR37\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e, Wang et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR40\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e ; Kpogue et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e ; Vodounnou et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR38\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e). Black soldier fly larvae stand out among the agricultural ingredients and by-products used to replace fish meal. These larvae can be cultured on waste and by-products, are highly efficient in converting food, and pose a low risk of transmitting zoonotic infections (Wang et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR40\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e). Among insect species capable of rapidly producing significant biomass in controlled breeding conditions, the black soldier fly is currently the main species widely studied for bioconversion and food ingredients. (Makkar et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR28\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e). They are insects with a low environmental impact and are a source of protein with a well-balanced profile of essential amino acids (EAAs), almost comparable to fish meal. (Barroso et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e; Henry et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e; M\u0026uuml;ller et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR32\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e). The protein content of \u003cem\u003eH. illucens\u003c/em\u003e ranges from 37\u0026ndash;63% of dry matter while the lipid content varies from 7\u0026ndash;39% mainly depending on the livestock substrate (Henry et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e; Barragan-Fonseca et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e). The larvae of black soldier flies are saprophagous and are currently being produced on an industrial scale globally due to their abundance and nutritional value. (Wang et Shelomi, 2017; Devic et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e; Li et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e). The production of Black Soldier Flies Larvae (LMSN) \u003cem\u003eHermetia illucens\u003c/em\u003e (L. 1758) for its use in aquaculture feeding represents a major revolution in the mass production of aquacultural resources for human consumption (Gougbedji et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e, Agbohessou et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e, Gougbedji et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e). Among these aquaculture resources, \u003cem\u003eOreochromis niloticus\u003c/em\u003e is a species that requires a high level of protein in its diet during larval breeding (35\u0026ndash;45%). This species is commonly found across Africa and is one of the most cultivated fish in aquaculture. It is known for its rapid growth and is greatly valued by consumers. (Ansah et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e). The mass production of this species in aquaculture requires close control of its production, particularly the feed supply. The cost of fish feed makes up a large portion of the overall production cost, sometimes reaching up to 60%. (Jamu et Ayinla, 2003). The present study aims to improve the growth performance and reduce production costs by completely replacing fish meal with black soldier fly larvae meal at varying incorporation rates for feeding \u003cem\u003eOreochromis niloticus\u003c/em\u003e larvae raised in captivity.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Materials and Methods","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec3\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eStudy Area\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe research was carried out at the Aquaculture and Fisheries Management Research Unit (URAGeP) of the School of Aquaculture (EAq) at the National University of Agriculture (UNA) in the Benin Republic. URAGeP is situated in Adjohoun, Ou\u0026eacute;m\u0026eacute; Department in southern Benin (6\u0026deg; 46' 18.73'' N | 2\u0026deg; 30' 2.32'' E).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec4\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eBlack soldier fly larvae production\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eBlack soldier fly larvae (BSFL) were produced for 15 days after egg hatching. The substrate of BSFL production was Soy bran obtained by processing soy cheese. The soy bran was dried and analyzed before using (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e). At the end of the production, the larvae were harvested and weighed. These larvae were dried in an oven at 50\u0026deg;C for 6 hours (Gougbedji et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e). The harvested and dried larvae were assayed in the laboratory for proteins, lipids and dry matter (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eChemical parameters of the rearing substrates\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"7\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eParameters\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDry Matter(%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOrganic Matter (%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAsh (%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCarbon (%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNitrogen(%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eP\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e5\u003c/sub\u003e(mg/l)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSoy bran\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e91.44\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e67.45\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.18\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e32.54\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.17\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e34.54\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.22\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.15\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.61\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.72\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.25\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab2\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 2\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNutritional values of (BSFL) produced\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"4\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eParameters\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDry Matter (%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eProtein (%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLipid (%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBSFL\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e38.62\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.56\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e41.54\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;038\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e29.55\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.22\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec5\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eExperimental design\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec6\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eDiet formulation\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe nutritional requirements of \u003cem\u003eO. niloticus\u003c/em\u003e (NRC, 2011; Mugo-Bundi et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR30\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e) were taken into account when formulating the diets (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e). A total of four iso-protein, iso-lipid and iso-energy diets were formulated for the study. Three of these diets included varying levels of BSFL meal (40%, 50%, and 60%) to substitute completely fish meal. While one diet served as a control without adding BSFL meal (0%), another diet was a reference composed of imported commercial feed. (Gouessant \u0026reg;\"ി. The ingredients were ground and mixed before being manufactured using a 0.1 mm sieve. The feeds were then stored in boxes in a refrigerator at a temperature of 5\u0026deg;C. The protein, lipid, carbohydrate, ash, and dry matter contents of the manufactured feeds were analyzed according to the AOAC, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1990\u003c/span\u003e (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab3\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 3\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFeed formulations containing BSFL meal in the diet of \u003cem\u003eO. niloticus\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"13\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c9\" colnum=\"9\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c10\" colnum=\"10\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c11\" colnum=\"11\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c12\" colnum=\"12\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c13\" colnum=\"13\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIngredient (%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTR\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eT0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eT40\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eT50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c12\" namest=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eT60\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c13\" namest=\"c13\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFish meal\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e54\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c11\" namest=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c13\" namest=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBSFL meal\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e40\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c11\" namest=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c13\" namest=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e60\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSoybean meal\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e33\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c11\" namest=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c13\" namest=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWheat bran\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c11\" namest=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c13\" namest=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCorn flour\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c11\" namest=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c13\" namest=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMethionine\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c11\" namest=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c13\" namest=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLysine\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c11\" namest=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c13\" namest=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDicalcium phosphate\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c11\" namest=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c13\" namest=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePremix (Vit. + Min.) *\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c11\" namest=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c13\" namest=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSoy oil\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c11\" namest=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c13\" namest=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTotal (%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c11\" namest=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c13\" namest=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eProtein (%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e40.86\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e40.55\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c11\" namest=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e40.78\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c13\" namest=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e40.94\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLipid (%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.18\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.02\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c11\" namest=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.21\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c13\" namest=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.48\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCarbohydrate (%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e29.14\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e29.08\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c11\" namest=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e29.36\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c13\" namest=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e29.86\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEnergy (kcal/100g)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e448.06\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e444.55\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c11\" namest=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e448.79\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c13\" namest=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e454.29\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003ctfoot\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"13\"\u003eTR: reference diet composed of commercial feed (Gouessant \u0026reg;\"); T0: Diet without BSFL meal, T40: Diet with 40% of BSFL meal, T50: Diet with 50% of BSFL meal, T60: Diet with 60% of BSFL meal\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"13\"\u003e* premix (vitamin\u0026ndash;mineral) contains (\u0026permil;): vitamin A, 4,000,000 U.I.; vitamin D, 800,000 IU; vitamin E, 40,000 IU; vitamin K3, 1600 mg; vitamin B1, 4000 mg; vitamin B2, 3000 mg; vitamin B6, 3800 mg; vitamin B12, 3 mg; vitamin C, 60,000 mg; biotin, 100 mg; inositol, 10,000 mg; pantothenic acid, 8,000 mg; nicotinic acid, 18,000 mg; folic acid, 800 mg; choline chloride, 120,000 mg; colbat carbonate, 150 mg; ferrous sulphate, 8000 mg; potassium iodide, 400 mg; manganese oxide, 6000 mg; copper, 800 mg; sodium selenite, 40 mcg; lysine, 10,000 mg; methionine, 10,000 mg; zinc sulfate, 8000 mg\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tfoot\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab4\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 4\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNutritional composition of the experimental diet of \u003cem\u003eO. niloticus\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"6\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"6\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eChemical analysis of constituted diets based on analyses\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTR\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eT0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eT40\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eT50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eT60\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDry matter\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e93.54\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e89.83\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e90.22\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e90.17\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e90.03\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAsh\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.42\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.84\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.17\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.28\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.34\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eProtein (%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e40.48\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e39.75\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e39.97\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e40.88\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e41.94\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLipid (%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.66\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.56\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.68\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.87\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.02\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCarbohydrate (%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.47\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.57\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.95\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.08\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.66\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEnergy (kcal/100g)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e444.76\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e426.576\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e430.516\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e438.022\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e447.852\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec7\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eExperimental design\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe larvae of \u003cem\u003eOreochromis niloticus\u003c/em\u003e of average initial weight 0.012\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.00g were randomly distributed in 15 tanks at a rate of 50 larvae per tank. Five different treatments were applied, with TR (imported feed); T0 (diet with 0% incorporation of black soldier fly larvae meal); T40; T50 and T60 are diets with 40%, 50% and 60% incorporation of black soldier fly larvae meal. The feeding frequency was 4 times/day. Each treatment was tested for 28 days and each experimental diet was in triplicate. The water was renewed at a flow rate of 1 l/min. Each tank contained 25 L of water. Growth control was carried out every 7 days. The physicochemical parameters such as dissolved oxygen, pH, and temperature, were monitored three times daily. These parameters were monitored with an oxygen meter, a pH meter and thermometer respectively.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec8\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eZootechnical parameters and feed utilization\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eTo evaluate feed performance, zootechnical and feed utilization parameters such as the survival rate (SR), daily weight gain (DWG), Biomass gain (BG), specific growth rate (SGR), feed conversion rate (FCR), protein efficiency ratio (PER) were calculated.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSR (%)\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;100 \u0026times; (final number of fish/initial number of fish)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDWG (g/day)\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;body mass gain (g)/∆T\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eΔt: the duration of the experiment in the number of days\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBG\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;final biomass weight - initial biomass weight\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSGR (%/day)\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;100 x (ln (final biomass weight) \u0026ndash; ln (initial biomass weight))/∆T\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eln: natural logarithm\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFCR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;dry feed fed (g)/body mass gain (g)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePER\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;wet body mass gain/crude protein fed\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec9\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eChemical Analyses\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe substrate of BSFL production and feed ingredients were analyzed following AOAC, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1995\u003c/span\u003e. Dry matter (DM) was determined by the sample that had been oven-dried for six hours to constant weight at 105\u0026deg;C. Crude protein was analyzed by the Kjeldahl method after acid digestion. The nitrogen content was measured and converted to crude protein content using a nitrogen factor for the crude protein calculation of 6.25. Ash contents were determined by incinerating samples in a muffle furnace heated to 550\u0026deg;C at a constant rate of 50\u0026deg;C every 30 min for 4 h and then cooling in a desiccator. Organic matter was determined by MO % = C%9 1.724. The lipid was extracted by heating the sample in diethyl ether under reflux at 105\u0026deg;C for 30 min in a VELP Solvent Extraction unit. The ether extract was calculated as the difference between the original sample and the ether extract residue. Total phosphorus was analyzed using the colorimetric method with molybdenum in sulphuric acid.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec10\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eCost production analyses\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe cost production analyses were used to evaluate the economic impact of BSFL meal utilization instead of fish meal utilization in \u003cem\u003eO. niloticus\u003c/em\u003e feeding. The cost of formulated diets was calculated based on the cost of the ingredients in each diet. The ingredient costs were based on the prevailing market prices within the experiment (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e). The US dollar exchange rate against FCFA was pegged at 600 FCFA. We calculated the cost of feed required to produce 1 kg of biomass. The study assumed that all other costs of production were constant for all dietary treatments and thus not considered. The economic conversion ratio (ECR) was calculated with the following equation:\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eECR\u003c/b\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;feed conversion rate * feed cost\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab5\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 5\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFeed cost of experiment diet\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"7\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIngredients\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCost USD/kg\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTR\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eT0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eT40\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eT50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eT60\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFish meal\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3,5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1,89\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBSFL meal\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1,66\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,66\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,83\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1,00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSoybean meal\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,83\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,16\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,27\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWheat bran\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,25\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,01\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,01\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,01\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,01\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCorn flour\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,07\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,07\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,08\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,09\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMethionine\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7,5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,26\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,26\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,08\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLysine\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5,83\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,06\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDicalcium phosphate\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1,5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,02\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,02\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,02\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,02\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePremix (Vit. + Min.)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5,83\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSoy oil\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3,33\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,07\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,07\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,03\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,03\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eFeed cost (USD)/kg\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e3.5*\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e2.78\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e1.67\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e1.55\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e1.50\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003ctfoot\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"7\"\u003e*Cost of kg of commercial feed (Gouessant \u0026reg;\")\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tfoot\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec11\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eData processing\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eData were collected and encoded in Excel software. Physico-chemical parameters, zootechnical parameters, and feed utilization parameters were calculated. The mean and range of each parameter were calculated and graphs were drawn. The data were analyzed using a one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) with the facilities of STATVIEW version 5.01 software, after the verification of variance homogeneity, using Hartley\u0026rsquo;s test. Significant differences among means were determined using Fisher\u0026rsquo;s test p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.05 significance level.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Results","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec13\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eWater quality\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThroughout the experiment, the physicochemical parameters of the water were recorded. The average temperature during the experiment varied from 26.78 (T0) to 27.07\u0026deg;C (TR). The average pH was ranging from 6.87 (T60) to 7.24 (TR). The average level of dissolved oxygen was ranging from 6.89 (TR) to 6.95 (T60) mg/L.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec14\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eZootechnical and Feed Utilization Parameters\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe biomass evolution over time differed significantly among the treatments (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e). Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab6\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e shows that final biomass varied significantly with the treatment (P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05). Diet T60 presented the highest final biomass. No significant difference was observed between this diet and the diet composed of commercial feed (Gouessant \u0026reg;\") (TR). Final biomass observed with treatments T0 (1.37\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.03 g) and T40 (1.31\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.03 g) were not significantly different (P\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;0.05) and presented the lowest final biomass. The same trend was observed for the daily weight gain (DWG) which varied from 0.02\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.00 g (T0, T40) to 0.05\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.00 g (TR, T60).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe specific growth rate obtained during the experiment varied significantly (P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05) with the treatments from 2.88\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.09 to 4.50\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.12%/day (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab6\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e). While the highest SGR was obtained with diets TR and T60 and T40 showed the lowest results of this parameter. About feed conversion rate (FCR), a significant difference was observed (P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05). It ranged from 2.25\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.05 (T40) to 1.08\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.04 (T60). However, no significant difference was observed between T60 and the reference diet (TR) (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e). The protein efficiency ratio (PER) showed a significant difference (P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05) with the treatment. It ranged from 0.81\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.07 (T40) to 2.34\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.06 (TR). But no significant difference was observed between TR and (T60) (Table \u003cspan refid=\"Tab6\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e). The box plot of biomass gains (BG) showed that a significant difference (P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05) was observed between the treatments. It varied from 0.71\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.02 (T40) to 1.47\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.03 (T60) (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab6\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 6\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eZootechnical and feed utilization performance of \u003cem\u003eO. niloticus\u003c/em\u003e fed the experimental diets\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"8\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eParameter\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTR\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eT0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eT40\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eT50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eT60\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eF-Value\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eP-Value\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIBW (g)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.59\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.01 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.60\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.01 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.59\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.01 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.60\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.01\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.60\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.02 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.36\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.83\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFBW (g)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.01\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.03 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.37\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.03 \u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.31\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.03 \u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.82\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.04 \u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.07\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.03 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e294.26\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDWG (g/day)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.05\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.00 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.02\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.00 \u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.02\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.00 \u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.04\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.00 \u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.05\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.00 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e226.01\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePER\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.34\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.06 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.11\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.02 \u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.81\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.07 \u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.55\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.05 \u003csup\u003ed\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.20\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.08 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e103.92\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSGR (%/day)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.50\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.12 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.23\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.12 \u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.88\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.09 \u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.94\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.07 \u003csup\u003ed\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.49\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.07 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e54.70\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTR: reference diet composed of commercial feed (Gouessant \u0026reg;\"); T0: Diet without BSFL meal, T40: Diet with 40% of BSFL meal, T50: Diet with 50% of BSFL meal, T60: Diet with 60% of BSFL meal.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eInitial Body Weight (IBW), Final Body Weight (FBW), Daily Weight Gain (DWG), Protein Efficiency Ratio (PER), Survival Rate (SR)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe values ​​are expressed as the means\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;standard deviations. Values with the same alphabetical letters in the same row are not significantly different at p\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;0.05.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec15\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eSurvival rate and economic analyses\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eAbout survival rate (SR), No significant difference (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;0.05) was observed between the treatment excepted (T0) (92.66\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.52) which presented a significant difference (P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05) with (T50) (100.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.00). The economic conversion ratio (ECR) presented a significant difference (P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05). The best ECR (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab7\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e) was obtained with T60 (1.62\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.09) and T50 (2.42\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.17) witch presented no significant difference (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;0.05)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab7\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 7\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSurvival rate and economic conversion ratio \u003cem\u003eO. niloticus\u003c/em\u003e larvae fed the experimental diets\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"6\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eParameters\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTR\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eT0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eT40\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eT50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eT60\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSR (%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e96.66\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.76 \u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e92.66\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.52 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e98.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.15 \u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.00 \u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e98.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.15 \u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eECR\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.67\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.18 \u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.26\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.21 \u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.23\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.19 \u003csup\u003ed\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.42\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.17 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.62\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.09 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Discussion","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec17\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eWater quality\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe temperature range (26.78\u0026deg;C to 27.07\u0026deg;C), the pH range (6.87 to 7.24), and the dissolved oxygen levels (6.89 to 6.95 mg/L) remained within the acceptable range for the species during the experiment. (Abo-State et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec18\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eGrowth and Nutrient Usage Performance\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eIt has been generally proven that insect meal can be utilized as a source of animal protein in aquaculture feeds. (Kariuki et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e; Nairuti et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR33\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e). Among these, black soldier fly larvae are increasingly used in aquaculture feed because of their nutritional quality for partial or complete replacement of fish meal. (Kariuki et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e; Fricke et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e). The complete replacement of fish meal with BSFL meal at various incorporation rates in this study confirms that fish meal in aquaculture feed for \u003cem\u003eO. niloticus\u003c/em\u003e can be entirely avoided. (Cummins et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e; Xiao et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR41\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e; Li et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e). The growth curves of the different diets showed a significant difference depending on the treatments (P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05). The use of 60% BSFL meal in the feed (T60) resulted in the best zootechnical performance and was not significantly different (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;0.05) from the reference feed (TR), which is a commercial feed. (Gouessant \u0026reg;\"). Fishmeal (T0) and 40% BSFL meal achieved the lowest zootechnical performance. No significant difference (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;0.05) was observed between T0 and T40 treatments. The results show that adding 40% BSFL meal to a non-fish meal feed promotes the growth of \u003cem\u003eO. niloticus\u003c/em\u003e larvae. Additionally, incorporating 50% (T50) and 60% (T60) of BSFL meal improves the zootechnical performance of \u003cem\u003eO. niloticus\u003c/em\u003e larvae. All non-fish meal treatments (T50 and T60) showed better zootechnical performance compared to the treatment using only fish meal (T0), except for treatment T40, which did not significantly differ from treatment T0. The same trend was achieved with the other zootechnical parameters considered (DWG, SGR, FCR et PER). However, studies by Kariuki et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e) suggest a partial replacement of fish meal with BSFL (Black Soldier Fly Larvae) meal up to 75%. This study showed that there is no significant difference in growth parameters when substituting 0 to 75% of fish meal with BSFL meal in the feeding of \u003cem\u003eO. niloticus\u003c/em\u003e. Our results support the findings of Shati et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR35\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e), which focused on a total replacement of fish meal with BSFL meal in the feeding of \u003cem\u003eO. niloticus\u003c/em\u003e. The best weight gain was achieved with the 100% replacement treatment using 30% of BSFL meal in the feed. Similarly, studies by Tippayadara et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR36\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e) have also shown that completely replacing fish meal with BSFL meal does not affect the growth of \u003cem\u003eO. niloticus\u003c/em\u003e juveniles. This study shows that there was no significant difference in growth, food consumption, and blood parameters between the subjects that were fed a diet containing fishmeal and those fed with a diet containing black soldier fly larvae (BSFL) meal. Additionally, the subjects fed with BSFL meal showed a better immune response compared to those fed with fish meal. In contrast, studies by Devic et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e and Lu et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e do not recommend a complete replacement of fish meal with BSFL meal in the feeding of \u003cem\u003eO. niloticus\u003c/em\u003e and carp \u003cem\u003eCtenopharyngodon idellus\u003c/em\u003e. Indeed, these studies highlight the high level of fiber (chitin) and amino acid imbalance in BSFL meals compared to fish meals. The high levels of chitin and the imbalance of amino acids in BSFL meal would hinder weight gain in fishes fed with BSFL meal-based treatments. Studies by (Muin et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR31\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e and Zhou et al. 2018) showed that a 50% replacement of fish meal with BSFL meal would be ideal for feeding \u003cem\u003eO. niloticus\u003c/em\u003e and the carp \u003cem\u003eCyprinus carpio\u003c/em\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec19\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eSurvival rate and economic analyses\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe study demonstrated that completely replacing fish meal with BSFL meal had no negative impact on the survival rate of \u003cem\u003eO. niloticus\u003c/em\u003e. The survival rate ranged from 92.66\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.52 (T0) to 100.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.00 (T50). All treatments that do not contain fish meal T40, T50 and T60) have a higher survival rate than treatments containing fish meal (92.66\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.52, T0). These results confirm the findings of several authors who have assessed the use of BSFL meal in feeding \u003cem\u003eO. niloticus\u003c/em\u003e.(Tippayadara et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR36\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e; Kariuki et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e) and other species such as \u003cem\u003eClarias gariepinus\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003ectenopharyngodon idellus\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003ePelteosbagrus fulvidraco\u003c/em\u003e (Djissou et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e; Xiao et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR41\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e; Lu et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e) does not adversely affect their survival rates. Good survival rates also indicate favorable livestock conditions during breeding. A high survival rate depends not only on the diet but also on breeding conditions and fish handling. (Devic et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e). In terms of economic analysis, the current study demonstrates that using BSFL (Black Soldier Fly Larvae) meal in the feed for O. niloticus (Nile tilapia) has a positive impact on the economic profitability of production. This is attributed to the efficient dietary conversion of feeds containing BSFL meal, similar to those based on fish meal. BSFL meal has a good nutritional profile as well as fish meal and is cheaper than fish meal. Based on economic profitability, our study shows that the incorporation of 50 (T50) and 60% (T60) of BSFL meal into \u003cem\u003eO. niloticus\u003c/em\u003e feed provides the best economy profit. These results support the findings of Wachira et al. 2022, who achieved the highest economic profitability by completely replacing fish meal with BSFL meal to feed \u003cem\u003eO. niloticus\u003c/em\u003e fry. Similarly, the work of Limbu et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e; Shati et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR35\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e and Kariuki and al. 2024 also promotes the use of BSFL meal in feeding \u003cem\u003eO. niloticus\u003c/em\u003e for partial or total substitution to make the production profitable.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Conclusion","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe present study shows that it is possible to produce aquaculture feed using BSFL meal as a complete substitute for fish meal to feed the larvae of \u003cem\u003eO. niloticus\u003c/em\u003e. The results indicate that 40%, 50%, and 60% of BSFL meals outperform fish meal-based feed in terms of biomass gain, consumption index, and specific growth rate. For better economic profitability, 60 and 50% of BSFL meal in a total substitution is recommended.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e \u003cstrong\u003eEthics approval and consent to participate\u003c/strong\u003e \u003cp\u003eNote applicable\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cstrong\u003eConsent for publication\u003c/strong\u003e \u003cp\u003eNote applicable\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cstrong\u003eCompeting interests\u003c/strong\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe authors have no relevant financial or non-financial interests to disclose\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eFunding information\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis study was financed by SWISSCONTACT which financed a part of this research through its project Benin inclusive.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eAuthor Contribution\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eAuthor contributions V.JV., I.R., O.G., K.D., and A.S. carried out the conceptualization, conducting the research, data analysis and data interpretation. V. JV. and M.J-C. carried out developing methods. V.JV. and I.R. wrote the main manuscript text and carried out the figures and tables. All authors reviewed the manuscript.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eAcknowledgement\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eWe thank on the one hand \u0026ldquo;SWISSCONTACT\u0026rdquo; which facilitated part of this research through its project \u0026ldquo;Benin inclusive\u0026rdquo; and on the other hand the Research Unit in Aquaculture and Fisheries Management (URAGeP).\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eData availability:\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe data used and/or analyzed during the current study is available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eAbo-State H, Yasser Hammouda HY, El-Nadi A, Abo Zaid H. 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Aquaculture Nutrition. 2017; \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttp://dx.doi.org/10.1111/anu.12574\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1111/anu.12574\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":true,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"aquaculture-science-and-management","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"Learn more about [Aquaculture Science and Management](https://aquaculturesciencemanagement.biomedcentral.com/)","snPcode":"44365","submissionUrl":"https://submission.springernature.com/new-submission/44365/3","title":"Aquaculture Science and Management","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"stoa","reportingPortfolio":"BMC/SO AJ","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Black soldier fly larvae, Oreochromis niloticus, fish meal, substitution, incorporation rates","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-5078964/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-5078964/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003ch2\u003eBackground\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eBlack soldier fly larvae are exceptional ingredients, often used to replace fish meal. They can be easily cultured using waste and by-products. This study assesses the effect of black soldier fly larvae (BSFL) meal on the growth of \u003cem\u003eOreochromis niloticus\u003c/em\u003e raised in captivity, as well as the economic impact of replacing fish meal with BSFL meal in its diet.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eMethod\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eBlack soldier fly larvae (BSFL) were produced for 15 days after egg hatching. The substrate of BSFL production was Soy bran obtained by processing soy cheese. Five different treatments were applied, with TR (imported feed); T0 (diet with 0% incorporation of black soldier fly larvae meal); T40; T50 and T60 are diets with 40%, 50% and 60% incorporation of black soldier fly larvae meal. The feeding frequency was 4 times/day. Each treatment was tested in triplicate for 28 days.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eResults\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe specific growth rate obtained during the experiment varied significantly (P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05) with the treatments from 2.88\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.09 to 4.50\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.12%/day. The feed conversion rate (FCR), ranged from 2.25\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.05 (T40) to 1.08\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.04 (T60). The protein efficiency ratio (PER) showed a significant difference (P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05) with the treatment. It ranged from 0.81\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.07 (T40) to 2.34\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.06 (TR). The survival rates varied from (T0) (92.66\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.52) to (T50) (100.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.00). The economic conversion ratio (ECR) presented a significant difference (P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05). The best ECR was obtained with T60 (1.62\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.09) and T50 (2.42\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.17). Based on the parameters studied, 40%, 50%, and 60% of BSFL meals showed better performance compared to fish meal. The cost production analyses were used to evaluate the economic impact of utilizing BSFL meal instead of fish meal in \u003cem\u003eO. niloticus\u003c/em\u003e feeding.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eConclusion\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eIt is recommended to use 50% and 60% substitution rates for better economic profitability.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Complete Substitution of fish meal with black soldier flies Hermetia illucens (L. 1758) larvae meal at varying incorporation rates for feeding Oreochromis niloticus raised in captivity","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2024-11-02 12:38:44","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-5078964/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"decision","content":"Revision requested","date":"2024-10-16T07:11:21+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2024-10-15T10:32:17+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2024-10-06T09:11:33+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2024-10-03T02:18:00+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"272550871249377505963196975988005938676","date":"2024-09-22T14:53:45+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"147525875336293036168096438351522595056","date":"2024-09-21T09:41:36+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"188155446173489511347050581190832216081","date":"2024-09-19T12:45:59+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"280822422420594402096752348729941984193","date":"2024-09-19T06:44:32+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"312179044607072433350010151501787313932","date":"2024-09-16T08:09:07+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2024-09-16T07:43:54+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2024-09-16T06:40:31+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"checksComplete","content":"","date":"2024-09-16T06:38:42+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"Aquaculture Science and Management","date":"2024-09-12T16:05:30+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"aquaculture-science-and-management","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"Learn more about [Aquaculture Science and Management](https://aquaculturesciencemanagement.biomedcentral.com/)","snPcode":"44365","submissionUrl":"https://submission.springernature.com/new-submission/44365/3","title":"Aquaculture Science and Management","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"stoa","reportingPortfolio":"BMC/SO AJ","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"602e5220-3dc4-4ab4-9908-608b9d4e0cf3","owner":[],"postedDate":"November 2nd, 2024","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"under-review","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2024-11-26T10:08:27+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2024-11-02 12:38:44","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-5078964","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-5078964","identity":"rs-5078964","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}