Psychosocial experiences of Widows during the cleansing ritual: A scoping review Protocol of Southern African

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These rituals include medicinal body baths, isolation, deprivation of specific foods or behaviour, wearing dark clothing and shaving hair, among others. Cleansing rituals are an important cultural practice that is believed to purify the widow and help her cope with her loss. However, the rituals may also create psychological stress for widows who may feel stigmatised in their communities. To shed light on this topic, the present scoping review aims to identify and map the literature on the psychosocial experiences of widows during the cleansing ritual in Southern African countries. This review will follow the PRISMA guidelines and involve a comprehensive search of relevant databases, such as PubMed, Scopus, Google Scholar, and PsycINFO, for peer-reviewed articles that focus on the experiences of widows in Africa during death cleansing rituals. The review’s findings are expected to have significant implications for policy and practice. Governments and support organisations should prioritise the development of culturally sensitive support services, including counselling and economic empowerment programs, to aid widows in Southern Africa. Furthermore, policies should be implemented to protect the rights of widows and prevent gender-based violence and discrimination." } { "@context": "http://schema.org", "@type": "BreadcrumbList", "itemListElement": [ { "@type": "ListItem", "position": "1", "item": { "@id": "https://f1000research.com/", "name": "Home" } }, { "@type": "ListItem", "position": "2", "item": { "@id": "https://f1000research.com/browse/articles", "name": "Browse" } }, { "@type": "ListItem", "position": "3", "item": { "@id": "https://f1000research.com/articles/14-1456", "name": "Psychosocial experiences of Widows during the cleansing ritual: A..." } } ] } Home Browse Psychosocial experiences of Widows during the cleansing ritual: A... ALL Metrics - Views Downloads Get PDF Get XML Cite How to cite this article Mphephu P and Muthivhi M. Psychosocial experiences of Widows during the cleansing ritual: A scoping review Protocol of Southern African [version 1; peer review: 2 approved with reservations] . F1000Research 2025, 14 :1456 ( https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.173422.1 ) NOTE: If applicable, it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in all citations of this article. Close Copy Citation Details Export Export Citation Sciwheel EndNote Ref. Manager Bibtex ProCite Sente EXPORT Select a format first Track Share ▬ ✚ Systematic Review Psychosocial experiences of Widows during the cleansing ritual: A scoping review Protocol of Southern African [version 1; peer review: 2 approved with reservations] Pelewe Mphephu https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2622-1456 1 , Mashudu Muthivhi https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2418-4436 2 Pelewe Mphephu https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2622-1456 1 , Mashudu Muthivhi https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2418-4436 2 PUBLISHED 26 Dec 2025 Author details Author details 1 Arts and Social Sciences, University of Venda School of Human and Social Sciences, Thohoyandou, Limpopo, 0950, South Africa 2 Human Sciences, University of Venda School of Human and Social Sciences, Thohoyandou, Limpopo, 0950, South Africa Pelewe Mphephu Roles: Conceptualization, Writing – Original Draft Preparation Mashudu Muthivhi Roles: Formal Analysis, Methodology, Writing – Review & Editing OPEN PEER REVIEW DETAILS REVIEWER STATUS Abstract The psychosocial experiences of widows during the death cleansing rituals have significant implications for their mental health and well-being. These rituals include medicinal body baths, isolation, deprivation of specific foods or behaviour, wearing dark clothing and shaving hair, among others. Cleansing rituals are an important cultural practice that is believed to purify the widow and help her cope with her loss. However, the rituals may also create psychological stress for widows who may feel stigmatised in their communities. To shed light on this topic, the present scoping review aims to identify and map the literature on the psychosocial experiences of widows during the cleansing ritual in Southern African countries. This review will follow the PRISMA guidelines and involve a comprehensive search of relevant databases, such as PubMed, Scopus, Google Scholar, and PsycINFO, for peer-reviewed articles that focus on the experiences of widows in Africa during death cleansing rituals. The review’s findings are expected to have significant implications for policy and practice. Governments and support organisations should prioritise the development of culturally sensitive support services, including counselling and economic empowerment programs, to aid widows in Southern Africa. Furthermore, policies should be implemented to protect the rights of widows and prevent gender-based violence and discrimination. READ ALL READ LESS Keywords Culture, Death Cleansing Rituals, Psychosocial, Religion, Trauma, and Widows Corresponding Author(s) Pelewe Mphephu ( [email protected] ) Close Corresponding author: Pelewe Mphephu Competing interests: No competing interests were disclosed. Grant information: The author(s) declared that no grants were involved in supporting this work. Copyright: © 2025 Mphephu P and Muthivhi M. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. How to cite: Mphephu P and Muthivhi M. Psychosocial experiences of Widows during the cleansing ritual: A scoping review Protocol of Southern African [version 1; peer review: 2 approved with reservations] . F1000Research 2025, 14 :1456 ( https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.173422.1 ) First published: 26 Dec 2025, 14 :1456 ( https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.173422.1 ) Latest published: 26 Dec 2025, 14 :1456 ( https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.173422.1 ) Introduction The death of a spouse is one of the most challenging life stressors, bringing emotional, social, religious, and financial consequences, especially when children are involved. In African societies, widows are expected to undergo mandatory cleansing rituals set out to reinstate spiritual balance and social order after the death of their husbands. 1 These rituals, which include medicinal baths, hair shaving, wearing black or dark blue mourning attire, self-isolation, restriction of sexual intercourse, and avoidance of certain foods, are common cultural and religious traditions aimed at purifying the widow and reintegrating her into society. 2 , 3 While these practices hold cultural significance, they may also expose widows to psychosocial distress, stigma, religious, and gender-based discrimination. The intersection between widowhood, cultural rituals, and psychosocial well-being has not been extensively studied in the Southern African context. Although several studies, such as, 4 – 8 have explored the cultural symbolism, human rights, and social dimensions of cleansing rituals; however, few have comprehensively examined the psychological, spiritual, and emotional consequences for widows. Therefore, this knowledge gap impedes the development of culturally sensitive interventions and policies that could lessen the hostile psychosocial effects experienced by widows. Due to the complexity of this topic, which involves the intersection of spirituality, gender, and socio-cultural identity, a scoping review is ideal for charting existing evidence, highlighting gaps in knowledge, and synthesising findings from various disciplines. This scoping review protocol, therefore, details a systematic approach to reviewing the literature on the psychosocial experiences of widows during cleansing rituals in Southern African countries. The review aims to provide a summary of existing empirical research, highlight the contextual factors that shape widows’ experiences, and inform future psychosocial support strategies and policy frameworks that uphold dignity, human rights, and cultural values sensitivity. Aim of the scoping review The primary aim of this scoping review is to identify and summarise the available literature on the psychosocial experiences of widows during the death cleansing rituals in the Southern African countries, to provide a comprehensive overview of the findings, which can inform future interventions and policy initiatives to support widows in the region. Objectives of the scoping review ▪ To attain the main objective, this scoping review seeks to accomplish the following aims: ▪ To identify the existing literature on the psychosocial experiences of widows during the cleansing ritual in Southern African countries. ▪ To synthesise the findings of existing research to identify common themes and patterns in the psychosocial experiences of widows. ▪ To assess the quality and rigour of existing research on this topic and identify gaps in the literature. ▪ To provide recommendations for future research and interventions to support widows during the cleansing ritual. Scoping review questions The review undertakes to explore the literature on the lived experiences of African widows, guided by the PCC framework. The primary question The most prominent question for this review is: “What are the psychosocial experiences of widows during the death cleansing rituals in Southern African countries, and how do these experiences vary based on factors such as age, socioeconomic status, religion, and cultural background?” This question endeavours to capture the complexity of the psychosocial experiences of widows during this ritual, while also acknowledging the potential influence of contextual factors, such as age, socioeconomic status, and culture, on these experiences. This question was formulated based on the PCC component (Population Concept and Context), which is one of the recommended scoping review frameworks ( see Table 1 ). Table 1. PCC framework. Component Description Population Southern African widows who have gone through Traditional death cleansing rituals. Concept Comprehensive overview of the death cleansing rituals, future interventions, and policy initiatives to support widows in the Southern African region. Context Southern African countries, including those with a high proportion of young and elderly widows. Potential sub-questions for the scoping review ▪ What do widows report as the most common psychosocial experiences during the death cleansing rituals, and how do these experiences vary based on factors such as age, socioeconomic status, and cultural background? ▪ What role do cultural beliefs and practices play in shaping the psychosocial experiences of widows during the cleansing ritual? ▪ How do social support networks and community structures affect the psychosocial experiences of widows during the cleansing ritual? ▪ What interventions and policy initiatives could be developed to support the psychosocial well-being of widows during the cleansing ritual and beyond? Research design and methods Study design The study is designed as a scoping review, following the PRISMA-ScR method. 9 This design is appropriate for examining broad and complex topics, identifying knowledge gaps, and synthesising diverse types of evidence. Search strategy A thorough search will be done through various multidisciplinary databases. The grey literature, including dissertations, government reports, and publications from non-governmental organisations, will also be searched. The search will involve a combination of the search terms with Boolean operators (“AND” and “OR”). A systematic search of electronic databases will include: • EBSCOhost • Pubmed • Scopus • Sabinet • JSTOR • Google Scholar Selection of sources Inclusion criteria • Studies focused on widows’ experiences during or after death cleansing rituals • Studies exploring psychosocial, emotional, or cultural aspects of widowhood • Peer-reviewed journal articles or grey literature • English publications • Publications from 2015 to 2025 Exclusion criteria • Studies conducted outside Southern Africa • Non-English publications • Publications prior to 2015 Selection of sources Every citation that is identified will be downloaded into EndNote. Duplicates will be removed, and titles and abstracts will be examined independently by two reviewers. Eligible studies will be reviewed in full-text format, and incongruities will be resolved by consensus and/or a third reviewer. Data extraction A data extraction framework will be developed to capture: • Author(s), year, country • Study aims, design, and methodology • Population characteristics • Type and description of death cleansing ritual • Key psychosocial themes • Findings and recommendations • Identified gaps Timeline The review is anticipated to span three months. Activity Timeline 1. Protocol development 1 month 2. Database search and selection 1 month 3. Data extraction and analysis 1 month 4. Writing and finalisation of manuscript 1 month Expected results The review expects to disclose substantial psychosocial burdens experienced by widows at cleansing rituals, which include trauma, depression, social isolation, and identity loss. Sufficient identification of resilience mechanisms will also be expected, particularly those that emerge from cultural beliefs, communities of support, and spiritual coping. Additionally, the review findings will explore research gaps in the context of gender sensitive policy development and culturally responsive counselling practices. Ethical considerations The review will utilise secondary data from published literature and does not require ethics clearance. Proper citation and acknowledgement of sources will be paramount. The protocol will be registered with the Open Science Framework (OSF) to promote transparency and accountability. Conclusion The scoping review will provide a critical understanding of the psychosocial experiences of widows engaging with death cleansing rites in Southern Africa. The review findings will serve as a basis to inform concerted actions through advocacy, academic discourse, and interventions that are culturally appropriate to promote the rights and dignity of widows after death cleansing. This review contributes to the decolonisation of psychosocial research and support, and for progressing processes towards an inclusive social justice in African contexts. Supplementary material No supplementary materials are included at this stage of the protocol. Data availability For a CC0 license: Data are available under the terms of the Creative Commons Zero “No rights reserved” data waiver (CC0 1.0 Public domain dedication). Or for CC-BY: Data are available under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license (CC-BY 4.0). Extended data Mphephu, P., & Muthivhi, M. (2025, December 18). Psychosocial experiences of Widows during the cleansing ritual: A scoping review Protocol of Southern Africa. https://doi.org/10.17605/OSF.IO/BQ7W8 . 10 The project contains the following extended data: • 1. PRISMA-ScR Protocol Checklist References 1. Mabunda YP, Ross E: Experiences of Black South African widows regarding mourning rituals following the death of their spouses: Upholding cultural practices or violating human rights? Death Stud. 2023; 47 (3): 328–338. Publisher Full Text 2. Tshifhumulo R, Itsweni P: Coping strategies employed by young Vhavenda widows in Vhembe in dealing with death and bereavement. Gend. Behav. 2018; 16 (2): 11705–11727. 3. Gallagher NE: Medicine and power in Tunisia, 1780-1900. Vol. 2 . . Cambridge University Press; 2002. 4. Ayikukwei RM, Ngare D, Sidle JE, et al. : Social and cultural significance of the sexual cleansing ritual and its impact on HIV prevention strategies in Western Kenya. Sex. Cult. 2007; 11 (3): 32–50. Publisher Full Text 5. McGuire MB: Ritual, symbolism and healing. Soc. Compass. 1987; 34 (4): 365–379. Publisher Full Text 6. Lobar SL, Youngblut JM, Brooten D: Cross-cultural beliefs, ceremonies, and rituals surrounding the death of a loved one. Pediatr. Nurs. 2006; 32 (1): 44–50. PubMed Abstract 7. Munala L, Mwangi E, Harris M, et al. : “I was forced into it”: The continued violation of widows from the Luo community of Kenya through sexual cleansing rituals. Front. Glob. Womens Health. 2022; 3 : 942635. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | Free Full Text 8. Nwokike C: Widowhood Cleansing Rituals in Mbaukwu: Implications for Policy Makers. Available at SSRN 3092072. 2017. 9. Sarkis-Onofre R, Catalá-López F, Aromataris E, et al. : How to properly use the PRISMA Statement. Syst. Rev. 2021; 10 (1): 117. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | Free Full Text 10. Mphephu P, Muthivhi M: Psychosocial Experiences of Widows During the Cleansing Ritual: A Scoping Review Protocol of Southern Africa. OSF. 2025. Publisher Full Text Comments on this article Comments (0) Version 1 VERSION 1 PUBLISHED 26 Dec 2025 ADD YOUR COMMENT Comment Author details Author details 1 Arts and Social Sciences, University of Venda School of Human and Social Sciences, Thohoyandou, Limpopo, 0950, South Africa 2 Human Sciences, University of Venda School of Human and Social Sciences, Thohoyandou, Limpopo, 0950, South Africa Pelewe Mphephu Roles: Conceptualization, Writing – Original Draft Preparation Mashudu Muthivhi Roles: Formal Analysis, Methodology, Writing – Review & Editing Competing interests No competing interests were disclosed. Grant information The author(s) declared that no grants were involved in supporting this work. Article Versions (1) version 1 Published: 26 Dec 2025, 14:1456 https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.173422.1 Copyright © 2025 Mphephu P and Muthivhi M. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Download Export To Sciwheel Bibtex EndNote ProCite Ref. Manager (RIS) Sente metrics Views Downloads F1000Research - - PubMed Central info_outline Data from PMC are received and updated monthly. - - Citations open_in_new 0 open_in_new 0 open_in_new SEE MORE DETAILS CITE how to cite this article Mphephu P and Muthivhi M. Psychosocial experiences of Widows during the cleansing ritual: A scoping review Protocol of Southern African [version 1; peer review: 2 approved with reservations] . F1000Research 2025, 14 :1456 ( https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.173422.1 ) NOTE: If applicable, it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in all citations of this article. COPY CITATION DETAILS track receive updates on this article Track an article to receive email alerts on any updates to this article. TRACK THIS ARTICLE Share Open Peer Review Current Reviewer Status: ? Key to Reviewer Statuses VIEW HIDE Approved The paper is scientifically sound in its current form and only minor, if any, improvements are suggested Approved with reservations A number of small changes, sometimes more significant revisions are required to address specific details and improve the papers academic merit. Not approved Fundamental flaws in the paper seriously undermine the findings and conclusions Version 1 VERSION 1 PUBLISHED 26 Dec 2025 Views 0 Cite How to cite this report: Panchadhyayi S. Reviewer Report For: Psychosocial experiences of Widows during the cleansing ritual: A scoping review Protocol of Southern African [version 1; peer review: 2 approved with reservations] . F1000Research 2025, 14 :1456 ( https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.191238.r452157 ) The direct URL for this report is: https://f1000research.com/articles/14-1456/v1#referee-response-452157 NOTE: it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in this citation. Close Copy Citation Details Reviewer Report 27 Jan 2026 Sayendri Panchadhyayi , RV University, Bangalore, Karnataka, India Approved with Reservations VIEWS 0 https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.191238.r452157 The manuscript is positioned as an important contribution in the field of widowhood studies. In the absence of the full manuscript made available to the reviewer, my comments are more presumptive rather than conclusive. The social variable of economic status ... Continue reading READ ALL The manuscript is positioned as an important contribution in the field of widowhood studies. In the absence of the full manuscript made available to the reviewer, my comments are more presumptive rather than conclusive. The social variable of economic status of these widows within the income pyramid is a crucial indicator; resource allocation and resource mobilization could be inextricable in understanding the performativity and avoidance of death cleansing rituals. A more detailed and dialectical explanation of the death cleansing rituals and its moorings would be useful. Cultural norms and customary laws have historically been weaponized to treat men and women differently whereas the woman is perceived as an inferior being. Whether widowhood cleansing rituals extend to the widowers would act as counterpoints, discordance and unwarping gendered micro-politics. Representations of widows through anecdotes, folklores and aphorisms in the public discourse and vernacular literature could strengthen the background information given the study is culturally anchored. Finally, the social variables of widowhood with a surviving child, nature of support from natal and marital kins, abandonment and ostracization, intergenerational ties and social network theory, and post-widowhood intimacy and community response towards it will go a long way in making this paper taut, nuanced and not an apologist of discursive violence legitimized through canons. Ramphele, M. (1996). Political widowhood in South Africa: The embodiment of ambiguity. Daedalus, 125(1), 99-117. Are the rationale for, and objectives of, the Systematic Review clearly stated? Yes Are sufficient details of the methods and analysis provided to allow replication by others? Yes Is the statistical analysis and its interpretation appropriate? I cannot comment. A qualified statistician is required. Are the conclusions drawn adequately supported by the results presented in the review? Yes If this is a Living Systematic Review, is the ‘living’ method appropriate and is the search schedule clearly defined and justified? (‘Living Systematic Review’ or a variation of this term should be included in the title.) Not applicable References 1. Manala M: African traditional widowhood rites and their benefits and/or detrimental effects on widows in a context of African Christianity. HTS Teologiese Studies / Theological Studies . 2015; 71 (3). Publisher Full Text 2. Somhlaba N, Wait J: Stress, Coping Styles, and Spousal Bereavement: Exploring Patterns of Grieving Among Black Widowed Spouses in Rural South Africa. Journal of Loss and Trauma . 2009; 14 (3): 196-210 Publisher Full Text 3. Panchadhyayi S, Saha S: Ageing Widows in the Devotional Geography of Rural West Bengal. Society . 2025; 62 (2): 172-182 Publisher Full Text Competing Interests: No competing interests were disclosed. Reviewer Expertise: Ageing, medical anthropology, death and bereavement, gender, and work & employment I confirm that I have read this submission and believe that I have an appropriate level of expertise to confirm that it is of an acceptable scientific standard, however I have significant reservations, as outlined above. Close READ LESS CITE CITE HOW TO CITE THIS REPORT Panchadhyayi S. Reviewer Report For: Psychosocial experiences of Widows during the cleansing ritual: A scoping review Protocol of Southern African [version 1; peer review: 2 approved with reservations] . F1000Research 2025, 14 :1456 ( https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.191238.r452157 ) The direct URL for this report is: https://f1000research.com/articles/14-1456/v1#referee-response-452157 NOTE: it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in all citations of this article. COPY CITATION DETAILS Report a concern Respond or Comment COMMENT ON THIS REPORT Views 0 Cite How to cite this report: Konechni BA. Reviewer Report For: Psychosocial experiences of Widows during the cleansing ritual: A scoping review Protocol of Southern African [version 1; peer review: 2 approved with reservations] . F1000Research 2025, 14 :1456 ( https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.191238.r450202 ) The direct URL for this report is: https://f1000research.com/articles/14-1456/v1#referee-response-450202 NOTE: it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in this citation. Close Copy Citation Details Reviewer Report 16 Jan 2026 Bartholomew A Konechni , Sciences Po Paris, Paris, France Approved with Reservations VIEWS 0 https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.191238.r450202 Firstly, thank you for the opportunity to review this very interesting protocol for a prospective literature review on psychosocial experiences of widows during the death cleansing rituals in Southern Africa. Overall I found the topic very interesting and I think ... Continue reading READ ALL Firstly, thank you for the opportunity to review this very interesting protocol for a prospective literature review on psychosocial experiences of widows during the death cleansing rituals in Southern Africa. Overall I found the topic very interesting and I think the methods are highly compelling. I have some additional suggestions for the authors in terms of improving the robustness of their research, hopefully with a view to eventual publication in a top outlet. However, my overall assessment is positive and I look forward to seeing this work come to fruition. Inclusion/Exclusion Criteria 1) Why limit the studies to 2015-2025? Given the limited literature available on this topic I think it would be better for the authors to cast a potentially wider net. In my mind 1990 onwards would make more sense. But if there are important reasons the authors consider 2015 to be a pivotal year then they should make that clear. 2) Which countries do you count as being in Southern Africa? I ask this question in all sincerity (as someone who is more of a widowhood expert than a regional expert). I think it would help if the authors could explicitly list the countries they want to focus on, possibly with some additional justification as to why those countries constitute a coherent cultural grouping. 3) Could the authors say something about methods in their criteria? I imagine that much of the literature that the authors will ultimately cite is going to be qualitative. I think it would be very helpful to explicitly layout what kinds of methods are therefore acceptable for your review. For example, is ethnography an acceptable method or only interviews? I think addressing these kinds of questions and providing justification will strengthen the work to come. Preregistered Search String 4) I would not insist upon it, but I think having a preregistered search string would make a lot of sense here. Many journals ask for them upon submission and I can see no reason not to write it down here. Integrating a Hand Search 5) I would also recommend to the authors that they integrate at least one round of hand search following a forwards/backwards search strategy. My experience with systematic reviews and meta-studies is that a lot of literature gets lots in string searches and doing at least some hand searching can greatly improve your coverage of the literature. Introducing a Systematic Quality Check 6) The authors state that they are going to assess the quality of existing evidence, but they do not (as far as I can see) clarify how they are going to do this. I would strongly encourage the authors to integrate a systematic quality assessment check into their protocol. As I suspect that the authors are going to use a combination of quantitative and qualitative literature I would strongly recommend QATSDD (see Sirriyeh et al 2011 for a full explanation of this tool and Carbuccia et al 2025 for an applied example). Concluding Remarks Overall I think this is a fascinating project, one which I hope that this report will help to strengthen. References Carbuccia, L., Thouzeau, V., Barone, C. et al. Unequal access to early childcare: What role do cognitive and behavioral factors play? A PRISMA systematic review. Mind Soc 24 , 587–620 (2025). https://doi-org.scpo.idm.oclc.org/10.1007/s11299-025-00331-2 Sirriyeh, R., Lawton, R., Gardner, P. and Armitage, G. (2012), Reviewing studies with diverse designs: the development and evaluation of a new tool. Journal of Evaluation in Clinical Practice, 18: 746-752. https://doi-org.scpo.idm.oclc.org/10.1111/j.1365-2753.2011.01662.x Are the rationale for, and objectives of, the Systematic Review clearly stated? Yes Are sufficient details of the methods and analysis provided to allow replication by others? Partly Is the statistical analysis and its interpretation appropriate? Yes Are the conclusions drawn adequately supported by the results presented in the review? Partly If this is a Living Systematic Review, is the ‘living’ method appropriate and is the search schedule clearly defined and justified? (‘Living Systematic Review’ or a variation of this term should be included in the title.) No Competing Interests: No competing interests were disclosed. Reviewer Expertise: Widowhood; life course sociology, health and wellbeing I confirm that I have read this submission and believe that I have an appropriate level of expertise to confirm that it is of an acceptable scientific standard, however I have significant reservations, as outlined above. Close READ LESS CITE CITE HOW TO CITE THIS REPORT Konechni BA. Reviewer Report For: Psychosocial experiences of Widows during the cleansing ritual: A scoping review Protocol of Southern African [version 1; peer review: 2 approved with reservations] . F1000Research 2025, 14 :1456 ( https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.191238.r450202 ) The direct URL for this report is: https://f1000research.com/articles/14-1456/v1#referee-response-450202 NOTE: it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in all citations of this article. COPY CITATION DETAILS Report a concern Respond or Comment COMMENT ON THIS REPORT Comments on this article Comments (0) Version 1 VERSION 1 PUBLISHED 26 Dec 2025 ADD YOUR COMMENT Comment keyboard_arrow_left keyboard_arrow_right Open Peer Review Reviewer Status info_outline Alongside their report, reviewers assign a status to the article: Approved The paper is scientifically sound in its current form and only minor, if any, improvements are suggested Approved with reservations A number of small changes, sometimes more significant revisions are required to address specific details and improve the papers academic merit. Not approved Fundamental flaws in the paper seriously undermine the findings and conclusions Reviewer Reports Invited Reviewers 1 2 Version 1 26 Dec 25 read read Bartholomew A Konechni , Sciences Po Paris, Paris, France Sayendri Panchadhyayi , RV University, Bangalore, India Comments on this article All Comments (0) Add a comment Sign up for content alerts Sign Up You are now signed up to receive this alert Browse by related subjects keyboard_arrow_left Back to all reports Reviewer Report 0 Views copyright © 2026 Panchadhyayi S. This is an open access peer review report distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. 27 Jan 2026 | for Version 1 Sayendri Panchadhyayi , RV University, Bangalore, Karnataka, India 0 Views copyright © 2026 Panchadhyayi S. This is an open access peer review report distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. format_quote Cite this report speaker_notes Responses (0) Approved With Reservations info_outline Alongside their report, reviewers assign a status to the article: Approved The paper is scientifically sound in its current form and only minor, if any, improvements are suggested Approved with reservations A number of small changes, sometimes more significant revisions are required to address specific details and improve the papers academic merit. Not approved Fundamental flaws in the paper seriously undermine the findings and conclusions The manuscript is positioned as an important contribution in the field of widowhood studies. In the absence of the full manuscript made available to the reviewer, my comments are more presumptive rather than conclusive. The social variable of economic status of these widows within the income pyramid is a crucial indicator; resource allocation and resource mobilization could be inextricable in understanding the performativity and avoidance of death cleansing rituals. A more detailed and dialectical explanation of the death cleansing rituals and its moorings would be useful. Cultural norms and customary laws have historically been weaponized to treat men and women differently whereas the woman is perceived as an inferior being. Whether widowhood cleansing rituals extend to the widowers would act as counterpoints, discordance and unwarping gendered micro-politics. Representations of widows through anecdotes, folklores and aphorisms in the public discourse and vernacular literature could strengthen the background information given the study is culturally anchored. Finally, the social variables of widowhood with a surviving child, nature of support from natal and marital kins, abandonment and ostracization, intergenerational ties and social network theory, and post-widowhood intimacy and community response towards it will go a long way in making this paper taut, nuanced and not an apologist of discursive violence legitimized through canons. Ramphele, M. (1996). Political widowhood in South Africa: The embodiment of ambiguity. Daedalus, 125(1), 99-117. Are the rationale for, and objectives of, the Systematic Review clearly stated? Yes Are sufficient details of the methods and analysis provided to allow replication by others? Yes Is the statistical analysis and its interpretation appropriate? I cannot comment. A qualified statistician is required. Are the conclusions drawn adequately supported by the results presented in the review? Yes If this is a Living Systematic Review, is the ‘living’ method appropriate and is the search schedule clearly defined and justified? (‘Living Systematic Review’ or a variation of this term should be included in the title.) Not applicable References 1. Manala M: African traditional widowhood rites and their benefits and/or detrimental effects on widows in a context of African Christianity. HTS Teologiese Studies / Theological Studies . 2015; 71 (3). Publisher Full Text 2. Somhlaba N, Wait J: Stress, Coping Styles, and Spousal Bereavement: Exploring Patterns of Grieving Among Black Widowed Spouses in Rural South Africa. Journal of Loss and Trauma . 2009; 14 (3): 196-210 Publisher Full Text 3. Panchadhyayi S, Saha S: Ageing Widows in the Devotional Geography of Rural West Bengal. Society . 2025; 62 (2): 172-182 Publisher Full Text Competing Interests No competing interests were disclosed. Reviewer Expertise Ageing, medical anthropology, death and bereavement, gender, and work & employment I confirm that I have read this submission and believe that I have an appropriate level of expertise to confirm that it is of an acceptable scientific standard, however I have significant reservations, as outlined above. reply Respond to this report Responses (0) Panchadhyayi S. Peer Review Report For: Psychosocial experiences of Widows during the cleansing ritual: A scoping review Protocol of Southern African [version 1; peer review: 2 approved with reservations] . F1000Research 2025, 14 :1456 ( https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.191238.r452157) NOTE: it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in this citation. The direct URL for this report is: https://f1000research.com/articles/14-1456/v1#referee-response-452157 keyboard_arrow_left Back to all reports Reviewer Report 0 Views copyright © 2026 Konechni B. This is an open access peer review report distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. 16 Jan 2026 | for Version 1 Bartholomew A Konechni , Sciences Po Paris, Paris, France 0 Views copyright © 2026 Konechni B. This is an open access peer review report distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. format_quote Cite this report speaker_notes Responses (0) Approved With Reservations info_outline Alongside their report, reviewers assign a status to the article: Approved The paper is scientifically sound in its current form and only minor, if any, improvements are suggested Approved with reservations A number of small changes, sometimes more significant revisions are required to address specific details and improve the papers academic merit. Not approved Fundamental flaws in the paper seriously undermine the findings and conclusions Firstly, thank you for the opportunity to review this very interesting protocol for a prospective literature review on psychosocial experiences of widows during the death cleansing rituals in Southern Africa. Overall I found the topic very interesting and I think the methods are highly compelling. I have some additional suggestions for the authors in terms of improving the robustness of their research, hopefully with a view to eventual publication in a top outlet. However, my overall assessment is positive and I look forward to seeing this work come to fruition. Inclusion/Exclusion Criteria 1) Why limit the studies to 2015-2025? Given the limited literature available on this topic I think it would be better for the authors to cast a potentially wider net. In my mind 1990 onwards would make more sense. But if there are important reasons the authors consider 2015 to be a pivotal year then they should make that clear. 2) Which countries do you count as being in Southern Africa? I ask this question in all sincerity (as someone who is more of a widowhood expert than a regional expert). I think it would help if the authors could explicitly list the countries they want to focus on, possibly with some additional justification as to why those countries constitute a coherent cultural grouping. 3) Could the authors say something about methods in their criteria? I imagine that much of the literature that the authors will ultimately cite is going to be qualitative. I think it would be very helpful to explicitly layout what kinds of methods are therefore acceptable for your review. For example, is ethnography an acceptable method or only interviews? I think addressing these kinds of questions and providing justification will strengthen the work to come. Preregistered Search String 4) I would not insist upon it, but I think having a preregistered search string would make a lot of sense here. Many journals ask for them upon submission and I can see no reason not to write it down here. Integrating a Hand Search 5) I would also recommend to the authors that they integrate at least one round of hand search following a forwards/backwards search strategy. My experience with systematic reviews and meta-studies is that a lot of literature gets lots in string searches and doing at least some hand searching can greatly improve your coverage of the literature. Introducing a Systematic Quality Check 6) The authors state that they are going to assess the quality of existing evidence, but they do not (as far as I can see) clarify how they are going to do this. I would strongly encourage the authors to integrate a systematic quality assessment check into their protocol. As I suspect that the authors are going to use a combination of quantitative and qualitative literature I would strongly recommend QATSDD (see Sirriyeh et al 2011 for a full explanation of this tool and Carbuccia et al 2025 for an applied example). Concluding Remarks Overall I think this is a fascinating project, one which I hope that this report will help to strengthen. References Carbuccia, L., Thouzeau, V., Barone, C. et al. Unequal access to early childcare: What role do cognitive and behavioral factors play? A PRISMA systematic review. Mind Soc 24 , 587–620 (2025). https://doi-org.scpo.idm.oclc.org/10.1007/s11299-025-00331-2 Sirriyeh, R., Lawton, R., Gardner, P. and Armitage, G. (2012), Reviewing studies with diverse designs: the development and evaluation of a new tool. Journal of Evaluation in Clinical Practice, 18: 746-752. https://doi-org.scpo.idm.oclc.org/10.1111/j.1365-2753.2011.01662.x Are the rationale for, and objectives of, the Systematic Review clearly stated? Yes Are sufficient details of the methods and analysis provided to allow replication by others? Partly Is the statistical analysis and its interpretation appropriate? Yes Are the conclusions drawn adequately supported by the results presented in the review? Partly If this is a Living Systematic Review, is the ‘living’ method appropriate and is the search schedule clearly defined and justified? (‘Living Systematic Review’ or a variation of this term should be included in the title.) No Competing Interests No competing interests were disclosed. Reviewer Expertise Widowhood; life course sociology, health and wellbeing I confirm that I have read this submission and believe that I have an appropriate level of expertise to confirm that it is of an acceptable scientific standard, however I have significant reservations, as outlined above. reply Respond to this report Responses (0) Konechni BA. Peer Review Report For: Psychosocial experiences of Widows during the cleansing ritual: A scoping review Protocol of Southern African [version 1; peer review: 2 approved with reservations] . F1000Research 2025, 14 :1456 ( https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.191238.r450202) NOTE: it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in this citation. The direct URL for this report is: https://f1000research.com/articles/14-1456/v1#referee-response-450202 Alongside their report, reviewers assign a status to the article: Approved - the paper is scientifically sound in its current form and only minor, if any, improvements are suggested Approved with reservations - A number of small changes, sometimes more significant revisions are required to address specific details and improve the papers academic merit. 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