Experiments and Analytical Study of Multi-modal Vortex-Induced Vibrations of Bridges

Experiments and Analytical Study of Multi-modal Vortex-Induced Vibrations of Bridges | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Experiments and Analytical Study of Multi-modal Vortex-Induced Vibrations of Bridges Yihan Xiao, Wei Cui, Shuyang Cao, Lin Zhao This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-8826423/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Under Review Version 1 posted 7 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Modal frequencies of super-long-span bridges are often closely spaced, allowing multiple vortex-induced vibration (VIV) modes to be excited simultaneously. Existing VIV theories are largely single-mode and thus cannot capture the multi-modal responses of such bridges. Within overlapping lock-in regions, mode competition commonly occurs: one mode becomes dominant while others are suppressed.To investigate this, a multi-degree-of-freedom suspended sectional model exhibiting symmetric and anti-symmetric modal characteristics is developed, and wind-tunnel tests are conducted across a range of wind speeds. The experiments reveal rich nonlinear behaviors in the overlapping lock-in ranges, including mode competition and multi-stability.Based on the wake-oscillator concept, a two-degree-of-freedom wake-oscillator model is derived, and the averaging method is applied to obtain a reduced theoretical framework that captures the nonlinear multi-modal dynamics during lock-in.Theoretical analysis indicates that the mode competition may exhibit two stable equilibrium, and the final state is determined by both the wind speed and the initial excitation condition. Long-span bridge Vortex-induced vibration Multi-mode Averaging method Wake-oscillator model Full Text Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Under Review Version 1 posted Reviews received at journal 29 Mar, 2026 Reviewers agreed at journal 03 Mar, 2026 Reviewers agreed at journal 02 Mar, 2026 Reviewers invited by journal 01 Mar, 2026 Editor assigned by journal 09 Feb, 2026 Submission checks completed at journal 09 Feb, 2026 First submitted to journal 09 Feb, 2026 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-8826423","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":599845689,"identity":"e7b56901-40f3-48d6-8dab-8c58a54d00d9","order_by":0,"name":"Yihan Xiao","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Tongji University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Yihan","middleName":"","lastName":"Xiao","suffix":""},{"id":599845690,"identity":"19b494a9-8013-46db-b910-ed44bd7e40b1","order_by":1,"name":"Wei Cui","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA10lEQVRIiWNgGAWjYFACxgYGBgMbMNMgAcIlSkuaBClawOCwBLIJ+AH/jOQ2iQ8F5+v4pdsvFDxgsJHdcID52QN8WiRuJLZJzjC4LSE550wB0GFpxhsOsJkb4NNiIJHYdpsHqMXgRk4CUMvhxA0HeNgkCGr5Y3AOpuU/kVoYDA4AtaQfAGo5QFiLxJmH7T97DJIlZ87IAQayQbLxzMNsZni18LenPzb48ceOn18i/Znhjwo72b7jzc/wakECPGYGDKCgYiZSPRCwP35AvOJRMApGwSgYSQAAi5lJfGlpVgwAAAAASUVORK5CYII=","orcid":"","institution":"Tongji University","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Wei","middleName":"","lastName":"Cui","suffix":""},{"id":599845691,"identity":"c1979c39-2623-4b17-8fd1-053f0a168b3c","order_by":2,"name":"Shuyang Cao","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Tongji University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Shuyang","middleName":"","lastName":"Cao","suffix":""},{"id":599845692,"identity":"f73cf9b5-a6ac-404c-a207-43d10a604298","order_by":3,"name":"Lin Zhao","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Tongji University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Lin","middleName":"","lastName":"Zhao","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2026-02-09 06:10:44","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-8826423/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-8826423/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":104402266,"identity":"7f7afae3-852d-4d87-87f9-9b74ae31269a","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-03-11 12:14:51","extension":"pdf","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":1365532,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"ExperimentsandAnalyticalStudyofMultimodalVortexInducedVibrationsofBridges.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8826423/v1_covered_fdee5db9-9bd7-430a-8138-b70b386bb62f.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Experiments and Analytical Study of Multi-modal Vortex-Induced Vibrations of Bridges","fulltext":[],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":false,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":true,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":true,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"nonlinear-dynamics","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"nody","sideBox":"Learn more about [Nonlinear Dynamics](https://www.springer.com/journal/11071)","snPcode":"11071","submissionUrl":"https://submission.nature.com/new-submission/11071/3","title":"Nonlinear Dynamics","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"stoa","reportingPortfolio":"Springer Hybrid","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":false},"keywords":"Long-span bridge,Vortex-induced vibration, Multi-mode,Averaging method, Wake-oscillator model","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-8826423/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-8826423/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"Modal frequencies of super-long-span bridges are often closely spaced, allowing multiple vortex-induced vibration (VIV) modes to be excited simultaneously. Existing VIV theories are largely single-mode and thus cannot capture the multi-modal responses of such bridges. Within overlapping lock-in regions, mode competition commonly occurs: one mode becomes dominant while others are suppressed.To investigate this, a multi-degree-of-freedom suspended sectional model exhibiting symmetric and anti-symmetric modal characteristics is developed, and wind-tunnel tests are conducted across a range of wind speeds. The experiments reveal rich nonlinear behaviors in the overlapping lock-in ranges, including mode competition and multi-stability.Based on the wake-oscillator concept, a two-degree-of-freedom wake-oscillator model is derived, and the averaging method is applied to obtain a reduced theoretical framework that captures the nonlinear multi-modal dynamics during lock-in.Theoretical analysis indicates that the mode competition may exhibit two stable equilibrium, and the final state is determined by both the wind speed and the initial excitation condition.","manuscriptTitle":"Experiments and Analytical Study of Multi-modal Vortex-Induced Vibrations of Bridges","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2026-03-05 11:04:03","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-8826423/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2026-03-29T12:04:06+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"330819763580830902861932876210559849597","date":"2026-03-03T08:46:37+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"197778563099196867241193674261028869102","date":"2026-03-02T10:08:05+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2026-03-02T02:49:17+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2026-02-09T14:35:36+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"checksComplete","content":"","date":"2026-02-09T14:34:56+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"Nonlinear Dynamics","date":"2026-02-09T06:02:17+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"nonlinear-dynamics","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"nody","sideBox":"Learn more about [Nonlinear Dynamics](https://www.springer.com/journal/11071)","snPcode":"11071","submissionUrl":"https://submission.nature.com/new-submission/11071/3","title":"Nonlinear Dynamics","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"stoa","reportingPortfolio":"Springer Hybrid","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":false}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"d4a9929e-a1e0-468f-8274-1b9940898667","owner":[],"postedDate":"March 5th, 2026","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"under-review","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2026-03-05T11:04:03+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2026-03-05 11:04:03","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-8826423","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-8826423","identity":"rs-8826423","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"XKTyCvWXoU3ODBz1xrDgd","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}