Recall of Speech is Impaired by Subsequent Masking Noise: A Direct Replication of Rabbitt (1968)

Introduction: The presence of masking noise can impair speech intelligibility and increase the attentionaland cognitive resources necessary to understand speech. The first study to demonstrate the negative cognitive effects of noisy speech found that participants had poorer recall for aurally-presented digits early in a list when later digits were presented in noise relative to quiet (Rabbitt, 1968). However, despite being cited nearly 500 times and providing the foundation for a wealth of subsequent research on the topic, the original study has never been directly replicated. Methods: This study replicated Rabbitt (1968) with a large online sample and tested its robustness to a variety of analytical and scoring techniques. Results: We replicated Rabbitt’s key finding that listening to speech in noise impairs recall for items that came earlier in the list. The results were consistent when we used the original analytical technique (an ANOVA) and scoring method, the original analytical technique with a more lenient scoring method, and a more powerful analytical technique (generalized linear mixed effects models) that was not available when the original paper was published. Discussion: These findings support the claim that effortful listening can impair encoding or rehearsal of previously presented information.