Highly efficient, all-organic bioluminescence-photosensitizer conjugate eradicates early-stage tumors and prevents metastasis in mice

Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is an established treatment modality using light-activatable drugs. Despite its unique cytotoxic mechanism, the shallow penetration of light has been a serious drawback limiting the applications of PDT. Here, we report bioluminescence-activated PDT (BL-PDT) using efficient bioluminescence resonance energy transfer (BRET) conjugates of clinically approved photosensitizers, Ce6, and luciferase proteins. A high photon-to-Ce6 conversion efficiency (80%), along with intracellular delivery by membrane-fusion liposomes, enabled effective cancer cell killing in vitro . In a syngeneic mouse model of aggressive 4T1 triple-negative breast cancer, as well as a xenograft model of MDA-MB-231 tumors, BL-PDT resulted in complete tumor remission and prevention of metastasis, as well as neo-adjuvant effects. Our result shows the promise of molecularly activable, clinically viable, depth-unlimited phototherapy.